Journal articles on the topic 'Education, Higher – Jamaica'

Purpose Academic libraries do not operate in a vacuum; they must co-exist with change and competition on all levels. In order to succeed, they must know their internal strengths in order to take advantage of opportunities, whilst avoiding threats and addressing weaknesses. A SWOT analysis of Jamaican academic libraries can yield strategic insights for academic library praxis in Jamaica, the Caribbean, and the globe. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Survey and discussion group were engaged for the five local academic libraries in higher education in Jamaica. Findings Human resources and support are the most recurrent themes in the reported strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Research limitations/implications This paper focused on local academic libraries in higher education (university level) in Jamaica. A survey of academic libraries at all levels, and using more detailed strategic analytical tools, would be a useful follow up. Practical implications This paper provides academic library managers and the national/regional library associations with a situational analysis of Jamaican academic librarianship, which can be used to inform future planning and management of library and information services. Additionally, the findings can inform the Latin America and Caribbean section of international library documents on trends, issues and future position of academic libraries globally. Originality/value This paper is of value as it is the first published scholarly documentation on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in academic librarianship in Jamaica. In this regard, it makes a useful contribution to the dearth of literature on SWOT analyses of academic libraries per country. It may also represent a starting point for looking at solutions and emerging challenges in a Caribbean academic library environment and should help to focus on the need for continuing innovation.

PurposeThis paper examined the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on people, place, product and services in Jamaican academic libraries. It also compares the Jamaican academic library’s COVID-19 experience with US academic library’s COVID-19 preliminary experience.Design/methodology/approachThe local academic libraries in higher education in Jamaica (also referred to in this paper as university libraries) were surveyed.FindingsGovernment mandates, university mandates and the absence of a vaccine influenced academic library response. The measures implemented, though unplanned and developed on-the-go, constituted a behavioural change model (BCM). COVID-19 has had a positive-negative impact on library people, place, product and services and has created a new normal for Jamaican academic libraries.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper captures the preliminary response of Jamaican academic libraries to the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and its impact on library people, place, product and services. As such, a follow-up survey on changes, challenges, strengths, impact, lessons and plans would be a useful complement to this paper. As COVID-19 information is rapidly evolving, this preliminary response of Jamaica is neither the final nor complete response to the pandemic.Practical implicationsThe COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a gap in the literature on disaster management generally and pandemic management in particular, and on the management of health disasters in academic libraries; this paper seeks to fill this gap, albeit incrementally, through Jamaica's preliminary response to the COVID-19 pandemic.Originality/valueThis paper gives voice to the Caribbean academic library’s COVID-19 experience, through the voice of Jamaica. It is the first scholarly paper on the impact of COVID-19 on university libraries in the Jamaican / English-speaking Caribbean, and so presents the elements of the BCM implemented by Jamaica, which provides an important guide to Caribbean academic library leaders. The findings can also inform the Latin American and Caribbean section of international library papers on COVID-19 impact on academic libraries globally.

This study explored motivation and engagement among 585 Jamaican middle and high school students. Motivation and engagement were assessed via students’ responses to the Motivation and Engagement Scale. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) found satisfactory fit, and by most measures, multigroup CFA demonstrated comparable factor structure for males and females, younger and older students, lower and higher socio-economic groups, and Jamaican students compared with a randomly selected sample of 585 Australian students from a normative archive data set. Correlations with a set of validational factors (e.g., engagement, achievement) were also in line with previous research. Taken together, findings suggest that motivation and engagement instrumentation that has received psychometric support in other national and regional contexts also generalizes to students in an emerging regional context (Jamaica).

Using a case study approach, this paper describes the history and considers the success of an innovative hybrid school model aimed at improving access to quality primary education in inner-city Kingston, Jamaica. It examines access, student achievement, non-academic issues and the challenges of COVID-19. It draws on personal experience and data from empirical research at the Chetolah Mel Nathan Education Centre, a recent merger of the Mel Nathan Preparatory School and the Chetolah Park Primary School in inner-city Kingston. The merger of these two schools resulted in the higher aspirations and outcomes associated with the prep school ethos, along with the range of government resources. While this particular hybrid model depended on a unique situation in Jamaica, it points to the more general potential for co-production in Jamaica, the wider Caribbean and further afield.

Purpose The purpose of this case study is to focus on the role of higher education in the realisation of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 4, discussing both challenges and opportunities. Drawing on the example of The University of the West Indies (UWI) School of Education (SOE) (Mona Campus in Jamaica), this paper illustrates how higher education can move SDG 4 forward in a realistic and significant way. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on the literature and case study experiences implementing education for sustainable development-related activities within a SOE, opportunities and challenges regarding SDG 4 and higher education institutions (HEIs) are identified and outlined. The SOE at the UWI campus is used as an illustrative case study to highlight the ways in which HEIs can drive SDG 4 through teaching, programme and course development, research and outreach activities. Findings Based on the literature examined, along with the case study, the paper argues that HEIs must help to shape and lead the SDG 4 agenda by being integrally involved and no longer watching from the side lines. A framework to aid HEIs in achieving outcomes associated with SDG 4 is then proffered. The intent is that this will not only help shape discourse but also shape actions, as the demand for higher education increases across the globe. Originality/value This paper uses a Caribbean regional HEI as the basis for the framework proposed to aid HEIs in achieving SDG 4 outcomes. This brings to the fore discourse from the global south, as space that is often missing from the discussion.

PurposeThis paper examined the impact of the novel coronavirus pandemic (known as COVID-19) on Jamaican academic libraries, during the first six months, with an emphasis on revealed library strengths, biggest impact, lessons learned and plans for library business continuity.Design/methodology/approachThe local academic libraries in higher education in Jamaica (also referred to in this paper as university libraries) were surveyed.FindingsThe coronavirus pandemic revealed strengths in the areas of staffing and library modality and had the biggest impact on the latter. Lessons were learned in preparedness, communication, documentation, collaboration, staffing, library modality, and infrastructure/systems, which together shaped plans for library business re-opening/continuity.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper captures the initial response of Jamaican Academic Libraries (JAL) to the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Information on COVID-19 is rapidly evolving, and the preliminary initial response of Jamaica is neither the final nor complete response to the pandemic. As such, a follow-up survey of months 7–12 would be useful. Also, a survey of all English-speaking Caribbean academic libraries would be of value to library evidence and practice.Practical implicationsThe COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a gap in the literature on library disaster management in general but also specifically on pandemic preparedness and management, and library business continuity during a pandemic. Using JAL' response, this paper proposes: “A Pandemic Preparedness Business Continuity Planning Checklist for Jamaican Academic Libraries”, which can be adopted/adapted in other Caribbean/developing country academic libraries, as well as other library types in Jamaica, which currently look to the understudied university libraries for leadership.Originality/valueThis paper is the first scholarly paper on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on university libraries in the Jamaican / English-speaking Caribbean, with a focus on revealed strengths, biggest impact, lessons learned, plans for library business re-opening/continuity. As the scholarly literature on pandemic management in Caribbean academic libraries is non-existent, this paper seeks to fill this gap, albeit incrementally. Additionally, the findings can inform the Latin America and Caribbean section of international library papers on COVID-19 impact on academic libraries globally.

Introduction Neighbourhood characteristics are associated with several diseases, but few studies have investigated the association between neighbourhood and health in Jamaica. We evaluated the relationship between neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and blood pressure (BP) among youth, 15–24 years old, in Jamaica. Methods A pooled analysis was conducted using data from three studies (two national surveys and a birth cohort), conducted between 2005–2008, with individual level BP, anthropometric and demographic data, and household SES. Data on neighbourhood SES were obtained from the Mona Geo-Informatics Institute. Neighbourhood was defined using community boundaries from the Social Development Commission in Jamaica. Community characteristics (poverty, unemployment, dependency ratio, population density, house size, and proportion with tertiary education) were combined into SES scores using principal component analysis (PCA). Multivariable analyses were computed using mixed effects multilevel models. Results Analyses included 2,556 participants (1,446 females; 1,110 males; mean age 17.9 years) from 306 communities. PCA yielded two neighbourhood SES variables; the first, PCA-SES1, loaded highly positive for tertiary education and larger house size (higher value = higher SES); while the second, PCA-SES2, loaded highly positive for unemployment and population density (higher value = lower SES). Among males, PCA-SES1 was inversely associated with systolic BP (β-1.48 [95%CI −2.11, −0.84] mmHg, p < 0.001, for each standard deviation unit increase in PCA-SES1 score) in multivariable model accounting for age, household SES, study, BMI, fasting glucose, physical activity and diet. PCA-SES1 was not significantly associated with systolic BP among females (β −0.48 [−1.62, 0.66], p = 0.410) in a similar model. Associations for PCA-SES2 was assessed using linear splines to account for non-linear effects. The were no significant associations between systolic BP and PCA-SES2 among males. Among females, higher PCA-SES2 (i.e. lower SES) was associated with higher systolic BP at spline 2 [z-score -1 to 0] (β4.09 [1.49, 6.69], p = 0.002), but with lower systolic BP at spline 3 [z-core 0 to 1] (β-2.81 [−5.04, −0.59], p = 0.013). There were no significant associations between diastolic BP and PCA-SES1, but PCA-SES2 showed non-linear associations with diastolic BP particularly among males. Conclusion Higher neighbourhood SES was inversely associated with systolic BP among male Jamaican youth; there were non-linear associations between neighbourhood SES and systolic BP among females and for diastolic BP for both males and females.

Currently, Caribbean higher education institutions benefit from relatively high retention rates among students, however they have seen a rise in low on-time, graduation rates. Given this context, this study applies Tinto’s theoretical framework (1975) for understanding and identifying the causes of low student retention and graduation rates at a regional university in Jamaica. Within a United States context, this institution would be considered a predominantly minority-serving institution such as historically black colleges and universities (HBCU) given its large population of Black students. Analysing data from the university’s Student Experience Survey, the results indicate that, academic performance and financial issues were leading factors to non-returning students and low graduation rates. The findings reflect that full-time status is the strongest predictor of GPA and on-time graduation. To bridge the gap between access and persistence, we suggest strategies to improve issues of inequities and academic engagement at both the individual and institutional level.

Abstract Although the general literacy rate (ability to read and write at a 6th-grade level or higher) of Jamaicans is 89%, the number of people who are adequately prepared financially is not comparable. Dissertation research findings revealed that 52% (n=203) of respondents had not received any financial education. Approximately 71% of respondents who reported high levels of financial distress and low financial well-being, had not received financial information about retirement planning. Results from the 2012 Social Status on the Elderly in Jamaica showed that 60.5% (n=1,716) of respondents had no pension and of those receiving money from abroad, most (75.0%, n=813) indicated that they received it only occasionally. Those who were self-employed, women and rural residents were most likely not to have a pension. This paper describes financial literacy levels among Jamaicans using two separate data sets – the 2012 Social Status on the Elderly and the 2018 Financial Preparation Study.

Purpose Biennially, the Association of College & Research Libraries (ACRL), a division of the American Library Association, publishes a report on the top trends and issues affecting academic libraries in higher education. Harris (2016) used the trends and issues reported by the ACRL to inform a document and thematic analysis of publications written on Jamaican academic librarianship 2010-2016, to investigate the trends and issues in Jamaican academic librarianship. Harris’ (2016) paper however noted that a survey of the chief librarian in each library, regarding their perceptions of the trends and issues would be a useful follow-up to her study, and cited this as a limitation/implication of her paper. The purpose of this paper is to address the above limitation and is therefore the follow-up to Harris’ (2016) paper. Design/methodology/approach The chief librarians in five of the six local university libraries were surveyed to provide insights into the trends and issues in Jamaican academic libraries at the university level. Findings Acquisitions, budget, staffing, communicating value, digital preservation and curation, mobile environment, collaboration, scholarly communication, information technology, space, higher education, user behaviour and expectations and information literacy are the top trends and issues in Jamaican academic libraries at the university level. Research limitations/implications This survey seeks to complement rather than contest Harris’ (2016) research. Perhaps a useful follow-up to both papers would be biennial updates. Additionally, a survey of the trends and issues in all types of academic libraries throughout the English-speaking Caribbean would be a useful follow-up. Originality/value This paper is of value, as it is the first survey of trends and issues in Jamaican academic librarianship. It enriches the existing document and thematic analytical research on trends and issues in Jamaican academic libraries by adding an empirical component. It also increases the number of publications, on trends and issues in Jamaican academic librarianship, from one to two, and allows voices from the English-speaking Caribbean (Jamaica) to be incorporated into the literature dedicated to trends and issues in academic libraries.

Objective: The under-utilisation of mental health services by populations because of inadequate mental health education by community leaders and the public is of concern. The primary purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of brief 1-day workshops in educating the public about mental health. Design: Quantitative pre–post evaluation. Setting: Community-based mental health workshops in urban Jamaica. Method: A survey on awareness of mental health resources was completed by 39 community leaders. In addition, 204 participants, who attended three 1-day public educational workshops, anonymously completed evaluations of workshop objectives including met expectations, stimulated learning, and workshop strengths and weaknesses. Of these participants, 157 completed pre–post workshop evaluations to identify subjective improvements in knowledge and competency. Results: Almost 60% of community leaders reported being in regular contact with persons who expressed poor emotional well-being, but typically only referred 25%–30% for mental health counselling. The workshops on mental health education, facilitated by faith-based organisations, were well subscribed by the public and most participants rated them favourably. Significantly more participants reported satisfaction with the workshops on Parenting Practices compared to Workplace Wellness ( p < .05). Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests revealed higher mean scores overall on post-workshop evaluation indicating gain in knowledge and competency; mean pre-test score, 3.26 (0.77), and post-test, 4.38 (0.48), p < .000. Conclusion: One-day mental health education workshops met public expectations and resulted in subjective gains in knowledge and competency. Research is needed to clarify the specific benefits of using public education workshops supported by faith-based organisations to promote mental health.

In this issue of Learning and Teaching: The International Journal of Higher Education in the Social Sciences, authors from Denmark, Jamaica, the United States, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom analyse measures to encourage students to change their educational expectations and complete their degrees earlier; the experience of inclusive pedagogy on a doctoral programme; the impact of new managerial practices on the teaching of qualitative research; the positive effects of using the online platform Socrative to involve less confident students and stimulate discussion; and a game that reinforces students’ understanding of important issues in research ethics.

Abstract Introduction Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common inherited blood disorder in Jamaica. SCD is associated with significantly shortened lifespans globally. SCD has serious health complications and individuals with SCD often experience poor quality of life (QoL) and high levels of perceived stigma as a result. Stigma acts as a barrier to self-management, and affects morbidity, mortality, and QoL in individuals with SCD. Sources and perceptions of stigma depend largely on culture, society, and environment. The purpose of this study is to describe health-related QoL, perceived stigma, and measure the relationships between these concepts in adults with SCD in Jamaica. Methods Inclusion criteria were >18 years of age and self-reported diagnosis of a SCD genotype. Participants were recruited from the Sickle Cell Unit at The University of the West Indies in Kingston, Jamaica. Participants (n=50) completed interviewer-administered surveys including demographic/clinical characteristics; SCD Health Related Stigma Scale (SCD-HRSS) subscales: family, general public, doctors, nurses (scores range 10-60, total 40-240); the Measure of Sickle Cell Stigma (MoSCS) subscales: disclosure concerns, expected discrimination, social exclusion, internalized stigma (scores range 3-18, 2-12, 3-18, 3-18 respectively; total 11-66); and the Adult Sickle Cell Quality of Life Measurement System (ASCQ-Me) subscales: Emotional Impact, Sleep Impact, Social Functioning Impact, Stiffness Impact, Pain Impact, and Pain Episode Frequency and Severity. ASCQ-Me uses a T-score metric where 50 is the mean of the reference population and 10 is the standard deviation. The value of 50 indicates the health score of the average field test respondent during testing of the ASCQ-Me in the United States. Higher scores indicate healthier status for all subscales except pain episode frequency and severity. Scores were determined by using the online scoring system at Healthmeasures.net as recommended. The MoSCS and SCD-HRSS are both scored by obtaining summing the mean score of the subscales; higher scores indicate higher perceived stigma. Descriptive statistics were used to report scores per subscale. To identify a relationships between QoL and stigma a set of Spearman point-biserial correlation analyses were performed. Results Fifty individuals (average age 34.4 +/- 11.4; 94% Black) were recruited, 22 (44%) males and 28 (56%) females. The majority of the sample reported low disease severity. Participants reported average to healthier status on the ASCQ-Me domain in comparison to the normative United States population. Low to moderate levels of stigma were reported. See Table I for ASCQ-Me, SCD-HRSS, and MoSCS results. There were weak but significant relationships identified between the QoL measures and the stigma scales, according to the lenient p ≤0.10 significance level that was used for this exploratory study. A positive correlation was identified between pain frequency and stigma (SCD-HRSS: r=0.303, p: 0.043; MoSCS: r=0.379 p: 0.008), indicating that individuals who report experiencing more frequent pain may also report higher stigma. Negative correlations were identified between stigma and both emotional impact (SCD-HRSS: r=-0.335, p=0.025; MoSCS: -0.331, p=0.021) and social functioning (MoSCS: r=-0.397; p=0.005); suggesting that individuals who report less emotional impact, as a result of having SCD, and better social functioning also experience less perceived stigma. Conclusion It is important to note that while participants in this Jamaican sample of adults with SCD reported average to healthier status on the QoL measures than the normative population of individuals with SCD, this does not signify better QoL than the general population. A previous study found that in comparison to the general population, individuals with SCD reported QoL levels most similar to those undergoing hemodialysis. Our sample reported low levels of stigma, which is also consistent with also having lower disease severity. Correlational analysis revealed relationships that indicate that greater disease severity (pain frequency) could result in higher stigma levels, while experiencing less psychosocial (social functioning and emotional) impacts could result in lower stigma levels. Disclosures Bulgin: NIH NINR: Research Funding; Jonas Nurse Leaders Scholar Program: Other: Education Funding ; Duke Global Health Institute Field Work Grant: Research Funding. Tanabe:Alliant Health: Consultancy; NIH and AHRQ: Research Funding; Duke University: Employment.

In this article, a little-known but detailed history of Black women’s tradition of study abroad is presented. Specifically, the story of Dr. Anna Julia Cooper is situated within the landscape of historic African American students who studied in Japan, Germany, Jamaica, England, Italy, Haiti, India, West Africa, and Thailand, in addition to France. The story of Cooper’s intellectual production is especially intriguing because, at a time when Black women were just beginning to pursue doctorates in the United States, Anna Cooper chose to earn her Ph.D. from the Sorbonne in Paris. In this article, it is demonstrated that her research agenda and institutional choice reflected a popular trend of Black academics to construct their scholarly identities with an international foundation. The intersection of race, gender, nationality, language, and culture are critical areas of inquiry from which to study higher education.

Purpose This paper aims to examine students’ perception, views and opinions about the usage of mobile phones in an educational setting in a higher education institution located in Jamaica. The results of these findings were used to gain insights and to assist education policymakers in adopting most suitable approaches to integrating mobile technology in learning. Design/methodology/approach A survey approach was used for this study. A total of 145 students participated in the study using structured questionnaire design containing 14 questions. Findings The results indicated an overall positive student perception toward cell phones usage as a learning tool and integrating cell phones into learning activities. Students were keen on its usage as a social connectivity and collaborative tool, which they can use for flexible and personalized learning activities. Originality/value Less research has been done in Caribbean and developing countries in analyzing student perception toward using cell phones for learning purposes. This research provides insights in developing policies to assist with the integration of mobile phone technology in learning and how institutions can respond to the advent of advancing mobile technology.

[First paragraph]The women of Azua: work and family in the rural Dominican Republic, by BARBARA FINLAY. New York: Praeger, 1989. xi + 190 pp. (Cloth US$ 35.00)The psychosocial development of Puerto Rican women, edited by CYNTHIA T. GARCIA COLL & MARIA DE LOURDES MATTEI. New York: Praeger, 1989. xiii + 272 pp. (Cloth US$ 45.00)Women and the sexual division oflabour in the Caribbean, edited by KEITH HART. Mona, Jamaica: Consortium Graduate School of Social Sciences, UWI, 1989. 141 pp. (Paper n.p.)The three books under review work have a common theme: the impact of changing gender expectations on Caribbean women. The authors are mainly concerned with recent political and economie changes that might have contributed to either the improvement or deterioration of women's status in these societies. The questions raised by the contributors are strikingly similar: What has been the impact of dependent economie development on women's lives and has this resulted in increased labor participation (a problem explored for rural Dominican women as well as for Jamaican and Barbadian women) or in the migration to metropolitan centers, with its psychosocial consequences (an issue raised for Puerto Rican women living in the United States)? If patriarchal values (often referred to as traditional values) prevail in these societies, then what impact might wage work, migration, or improved education have on those values? Could it be the disintegration of the nuclear family with an increased proportion of female-headed households (Hart), higher rates of mental illness as a result of dysfunctional aceulturation (Garcia Coll and Mattei), or even an improvement of women's status within their families and communities (Finlay)?

108 Background: Rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are rising in the US. Patients at Saint Barnabas Medical Cancer Center (SBMC) present with late-stage HCC at higher rates (29%) compared to the national (16%). Chronic Hepatitis C (HCV) and Hepatitis B (HBV) are major drivers of liver cancer, yet screening rates are low. Finding these missing millions is important to reducing rates of HCC. An automated emergency department (ED) viral hepatitis (VH) screening program was initiated in 2018 at SBMC. In January 2020, it was expanded to the inpatient setting and HCV screening was modified from cohort screening (those born in 1945-65) to a one time test for anybody 18 years or over, per updated Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and USPSTF (US Preventive Services Taskforce) recommendations. Methods: The electronic medical record (EMR) was modified to automate screening. HBV testing is triggered by a patient’s country of birth or race, and HCV testing is triggered by age over 18 and no previous testing. The automated HCV (HCV Ab with reflex to HCV RNA) or HBV (HBsAg) lab orders lead to an EMR notification to the nurses of patient eligibility and education is provided to patients. Alerts of positive results are sent to nursing staff, physicians, and the patient navigator (PN). The PN is sent a real-time secure text message and works individually with patients to arrange linkage-to-care (LTC) for evaluation and treatment. Results: From March 2018 - December 2020, 44,002 patients were screened for HCV and 884 (2.0%) were HCVAb+ and 242 (0.55%) HCV RNA+. For HBV, 21,328 patients were screened and 212 (0.99%) were HBsAg+. The expanded screenings accounted for 8,716 (19.8%) of the total HCV screenings. Individuals born outside the 1945-65 birth cohort (younger and older) made up 76.2% of those screened and 41% of the infected. The top 3 countries for HBV screenings were Haiti, Jamaica, and Ecuador. LTC rates, defined as attending first medical appointment or already in care, were 86.8% for HCV and 85.4% for HBV. Of those linked to care, 43 HCV+ patients were seen at a outpatient primary care practice part of SBMC, and of those, 39 initiated HCV cure therapy and 33 were cured (confirmed sustained virologic response at 12 weeks), and 35 HBV+ patients were seen and 6 initiated treatment. Conclusions: This automated program for VH has led to a significant scale up of screening with successful LTC and treatment of patients. Expansion to universal screening of all adults and to the inpatient setting found additional viral hepatitis patients who would have otherwise been missed. In addition to the automated screening, a multidisciplinary team including internists, pharmacists, and patient navigators were part of creating a primary care based program. Integration of viral hepatitis screening and care in a hospital system can be initial steps towards establishing liver cancer prevention program.

Background: There are significant post-surgical reductions in healthrelatedquality of life (HRQOL) in prostate cancer (PCa) patientsundergoing radical prostatectomy (RP). Physical activity (PA) interventionshave improved treatment outcomes for PCa patients undergoingradiation and hormone therapy, but PA effects have notpreviously been examined in the RP setting. This study examinedthe relationship between preoperative PA levels and postoperativeHRQOL outcomes in PCa patients treated with RP.Methods: Sixty patients were interviewed regarding lifetime PAand completed preoperative (2 weeks prior to surgery) and postoperative(4 weeks after surgery) HRQOL questionnaires. Aerobicfitness testing was conducted on a subsample of 22 patients.Results: Higher levels of total past-year PA and occupational PAsignificantly correlated with lesser HRQOL declines from presurgeryto 4 weeks post-surgery (Beta = -0.364, p = 0.037 andBeta = -0.243, p = 0.089, respectively) in models adjusted forage, postoperative questionnaire completion date, Gleason scoreand education. Past-year occupational PA was highly positivelycorrelated with past-year total PA (r = 0.785, p < 0.001). Lifetimetotal PA was correlated with estimated VO2 max (r = 0.486,p = 0.026) in the 22 patients who were aerobically tested. Lifetimeand past-year PA volumes were not correlated with waist circumferenceor body mass index.Interpretation: Declines in HRQOL after RP may be reduced inpatients with higher preoperative levels of self-reported PA. Thesefindings require further study with larger samples to confirm results.If confirmed, findings suggest exercise preoperatively may improveHRQOL outcomes after RP.Contexte : Des réductions post-chirurgicales significatives dansla qualité de vie liée à la santé (QdVS) sont notées chez les patientsatteints d’un cancer de la prostate ayant subi une prostatectomieradicale (PR). La pratique d’activités physiques a amélioré lesrésultats du traitement chez les patients suivant une radiothérapieet un traitement hormonal, mais les effets de l’activité physiquen’ont jamais été mesurés en lien avec une PR. La présente étudea examiné le lien entre les niveaux d’activité physique avant l’opérationet les scores de QdVS après l’opération chez des patientsatteints de cancer de la prostate ayant subi une PR.Méthodologie : Soixante patients ont été interviewés concernantleur niveau d’activité physique à vie et ont rempli des questionnairesde QdVS 2 semaines avant et 4 semaines après l’interventionchirurgicale. On a mesuré la capacité aérobique chez unsous-groupe de 22 patients.Résultats : Des niveaux plus élevés d’activité physique totale pendantl’année précédente et d’activité physique au travail étaientsignificativement corrélés à une baisse moins importante du scorede QdVS entre la période précédant l’intervention et la mesureeffectuée 4 semaines après l’intervention (bêta = -0,364, p = 0,037et bêta = -0,243, p = 0,089, respectivement) dans des modèlescorrigés pour tenir compte de l’âge, de la date où le questionnairepostopératoire a été rempli, du score de Gleason et du niveau d’éducation.Le niveau d’activité physique au travail de l’année précédenteétait corrélé de façon nettement positive avec le niveau d’activitéphysique total de l’année précédente (r = 0,85, p < 0,001).L’activité physique totale à vie était corrélée avec la valeur estiméede consommation maximale d’oxygène (r = 0,486, p = 0,026) chezles 22 patients dont la capacité aérobique avait été évaluée. Aucunecorrélation n’a été notée entre le niveau d’activité physique à vieet au cours de l’année précédente d’une part et la circonférencede la taille ou l’indice de masse corporelle d’autre part.Interprétation : Le déclin de la qualité de vie liée à la santé aprèsune PR pourrait être réduit chez les patients dont le niveau d’activitéphysique avant l’opération est plus élevé, selon l’évaluationdes patients. Ces résultats doivent être confirmés à l’aide d’étudesportant sur de plus grandes populations de patients. Uneconfirmation de ces résultats signifierait que la pratique d’activitésphysiques avant l’intervention chirurgicale pourrait améliorerles scores de QdVS après une PR.

Building on the results of a prior study, the purpose of this qualitative study was to further explore where there is agreement on the effects of e-learning technologies in higher education learning experiences. The results confirm that (1) there are many varied and polarized perspectives about e-learning, and each position should be carefully considered by policymakers and administrators concerned with implementing e-learning technologies; (2) it is unlikely that e-learning experts will ever reach consensus on the effects of e-learning technologies within educational contexts; and, (3) the use of e-learning technologies in higher education will continue to vary based on subject matter, instructors, institutions, contexts, availability of technology and various other factors—not the least of which are the purpose of the learning activities and the epistemological beliefs about higher education. The diversity of opinions that currently exist does not make one view more correct or superior to another. Résumé: Construisant sur les résultats d’une étude antérieure, le but de cette étude qualitative était d’explorer plus à fond s’il y avait consensus sur les effets des technologies de l’eLearning dans les expériences d’apprentissage aux cycles supérieurs. Les résultats confirment que 1) il y a plusieurs perspectives variées et polarisées sur le eLearning, et chaque point de vue devrait être sérieusement considéré par les administrateurs et les rédacteurs de politiques concernés par l’implantation des technologies du eLearning, 2) il est peu probable que les experts en eLearning en arriveront jamais à un consensus sur les effets des technologies du eLearning dans un contexte éducationnel, et 3) l’utilisation des technologies du eLearning aux cycles supérieurs continuera de varier en fonction de la matière, des formateurs, des institutions, des contextes, de la disponibilité de la technologie et d’autres facteurs. Le moindre de ces facteurs n’est pas le but des activités d’apprentissage et les croyances épistémologiques à propos de l’éducation universitaire. La diversité des opinions qui existent présentement ne privilégie pas un point de vue en particulier.

New Institutional Economics has revived the important role of institutions on economic growth. North (1990) was a pioneering work. Institutions are defined as ‘the humanly devised constraints that structure human interaction. They are made up of formal constraints (for example, rules, laws, constitutions), informal constraints (for example, norms of behaviour, conventions, self-imposed codes of conduct), and their enforcement characteristics’ (North 1994, p. 360). Formal institutions are constraints sanctioned by state power if individuals violate them, while informal institutions are self-imposing constraints. According to North, of primary importance to economic performance is the economic institutions that determine transaction costs and influence the incentive structure in society such as the structure of property rights and the presence and perfection of markets. There are now various empirical studies on the effect of institutions on economic growth. Most studies used crosscountry regressions to determine the effect of institutional quality on economic growth. Knack and Keefer (1995) was a pioneering work. Four important institutional variables were proposed by Knack and Keefer (1995): protection of property rights, rule of law, corruption and bureaucratic quality. Such data were compiled from International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) data, published by the U.S.-based Political Risk Services Group, and from Business Environment Risk Intelligence (BERI), based in Switzerland. The ICRG index includes protection of property rights (expropriation risk and repudiation of contracts by government), rule of law, corruption, and bureaucratic quality. The BERI index includes contract enforceability, nationalisation potential, bureaucratic delays and infrastructure quality. Knack and Keefer run a regression vfor 97 countries in the period 1974-89. The explanatory variables include institutional quality (ICRG or BERI), initial per capita GDP, initial human capital, average annual government consumption share/GDP, distortion index (absolute value of deviation of investment price level), the number of revolutions and coups per year and the number of political assassinations per year per million population in the period 1974-89. To avoid possible simultaneity between growth and institutional quality, the authors chose the initial value of the institutional indices rather than the average for the whole period. The earliest release of BERI was 1974 and that of ICRG 1982. The scale for BERI was from 0 to 4 and for ICRG from 0 to 10 (the higher the better). The findings indicated that the ICRG index was positive and highly significant across the specifications. The BERI index was positive and significant for most specifications. Mauro (1995) used a different dataset of institutions from Business International (later incorporated into the Economist Intelligence Unit). His institutional variables included corruption and bureaucratic efficiency (including corruption, efficiency of the judiciary system, and bureaucratic red tape). The data were collected for the period 1980-83. The dependent variable was average per capita GDP growth during 1960-85. The explanatory variables included initial per capita income in 1960, population growth, primary education in 1960, government expenditure share, revolutions and coups, assassinations, political instability, two distortion indices (absolute value of deviation of investment price level and its standard deviation), dummies for regions, and Mauro’s corruption index or bureaucratic efficiency index. The finding was that both low bureaucratic efficiency and high corruption exerted strong and negative effects on growth. Their effects were statistically significant. Other significant studies include Sachs and Warner (1997a, 1997b), Barro (1998), Brunetti et al. (1997), Kaufman et al. (1999b), Aron (2000). Their findings in general indicate positive effects of institutional quality on economic growth. This paper is aimed to explore a different but relevant relationship, i.e., the question is how institutions affect on efficiency of investment. The efficiency of investment is defined as the incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR). The ICOR measures the additional amount of capital required to produce an additional unit of output. The reciprocal of ICOR measures the productivity of additional capital (Gillis et al. 1992). The efficiency of investment is vital to growth because the level of investment alone cannot fully explain growth performance across countries. It is noteworthy that some countries can achieve a fairly high investment rate, but only slow growth. For example, during the period 1961-85, Argentina, Jamaica and Zambia achieved an investment/GDP rate as high as that of Taiwan, Malaysia and Thailand, but could only achieve a growth rate less than a third of the latter group. The main hypothesis of this paper is that quality of institutions has positive effect on investment efficiency.

Introduction The genealogy of Feminist Standpoint Theory in the 1970s prioritised “locationality”, particularly the recognition of social and historical locations as valuable contribution to knowledge production. Pioneering figures such as Sandra Harding, Dorothy Smith, Patricia Hill Collins, Alison Jaggar, and Donna Haraway have argued that the oppressed must have some means (such as language, cultural practices) to enter the world of the oppressor in order to access some understanding of how the world works from the privileged perspective. In the essay “Meeting at the Edge of Fear: Theory on a World Scale”, the Australian social scientist Raewyn Connell explains that the production of feminist theory almost always comes from the global North. Connell critiques the hegemony of mainstream Northern feminism in her pyramidal model (59), showing how theory/knowledge is produced at the apex (global North) of a pyramid structure and “trickles down” (59) to the global South. Connell refers to a second model called mosaic epistemology which shows that multiple feminist ideologies across global North/South are juxtaposed against each other like tiles, with each specific culture making its own claims to validity.However, Nigerian feminist Bibi Bakare-Yusuf’s reflection on the fluidity of culture in her essay “Fabricating Identities” (5) suggests that fixing knowledge as Northern and Southern—disparate, discrete, and rigidly structured tiles—is also problematic. Connell proposes a third model called solidarity-based epistemology which involves mutual learning and critiquing with a focus on solidarity across differences. However, this is impractical in implementation especially given that feminist nomenclature relies on problematic terms such as “international”, “global North/South”, “transnational”, and “planetary” to categorise difference, spatiality, and temporality, often creating more distance than reciprocal exchange. Geographical specificity can be too limiting, but we also need to acknowledge that it is geographical locationality which becomes disadvantageous to overcome racial, cultural, and gender biases — and here are few examples.Nomenclatures: Global-North and Global South ParadigmThe global North/South terminology differentiating the two regions according to means of trade and relative wealth emerged from the Brandt Report’s delineation of the North as wealthy and South as impoverished in 1980s. Initially, these terms were a welcome repudiation of the hierarchical nomenclature of “developed” and “developing” nations. Nevertheless, the categories of North and South are problematic because of increased socio-economic heterogeneity causing erasure of local specificities without reflecting microscopic conflicts among feminists within the global North and the global South. Some feminist terms such as “Third World feminism” (Narayan), “global feminism” (Morgan), or “local feminisms” (Basu) aim to centre women's movements originating outside the West or in the postcolonial context, other labels attempt to making feminism more inclusive or reflective of cross-border linkages. These include “transnational feminism” (Grewal and Kaplan) and “feminism without borders” (Mohanty). In the 1980s, Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw’s concept of intersectionality garnered attention in the US along with Gloria Anzaldúa’s Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987), which raised feminists’ awareness of educational, healthcare, and financial disparities among women and the experiences of marginalised people across the globe, leading to an interrogation of the aims and purposes of mainstream feminism. In general, global North feminism refers to white middle class feminist movements further expanded by concerns about civil rights and contemporary queer theory while global South feminism focusses on decolonisation, economic justice, and disarmament. However, the history of colonialism demonstrates that this paradigm is inadequate because the oppression and marginalisation of Black, Indigenous, and Queer activists have been avoided purposely in the homogenous models of women’s oppression depicted by white radical and liberal feminists. A poignant example is from Audre Lorde’s personal account:I wheeled my two-year-old daughter in a shopping cart through a supermarket in Eastchester in 1967, and a little white girl riding past in her mother’s cart calls out excitedly, ‘oh look, Mommy, a baby maid!’ And your mother shushes you, but does not correct you, and so fifteen years later, at a conference on racism, you can still find that story humorous. But I hear your laughter is full of terror and disease. (Lorde)This exemplifies how the terminology global North/South is a problem because there are inequities within the North that are parallel to the division of power and resources between North and South. Additionally, Susan Friedman in Planetary Modernisms observes that although the terms “Global North” and “Global South” are “rhetorically spatial” they are “as geographically imprecise and ideologically weighted as East/West” because “Global North” signifies “modern global hegemony” and “Global South” signifies the “subaltern, … —a binary construction that continues to place the West at the controlling centre of the plot” (Friedman, 123).Focussing on research-activism debate among US feminists, Sondra Hale takes another tack, emphasising that feminism in the global South is more pragmatic than the theory-oriented feminist discourse of the North (Hale). Just as the research-scholarship binary implies myopic assumption that scholarship is a privileged activity, Hale’s observations reveal a reductive assumption in the global North and global South nomenclature that feminism at the margins is theoretically inadequate. In other words, recognising the “North” as the site of theoretical processing is a euphemism for Northern feminists’ intellectual supremacy and the inferiority of Southern feminist praxis. To wit, theories emanating from the South are often overlooked or rejected outright for not aligning with Eurocentric framings of knowledge production, thereby limiting the scope of feminist theories to those that originate in the North. For example, while discussing Indigenous women’s craft-autobiography, the standard feminist approach is to apply Susan Sontag’s theory of gender and photography to these artefacts even though it may not be applicable given the different cultural, social, and class contexts in which they are produced. Consequently, Moroccan feminist Fatima Mernissi’s Islamic methodology (Mernissi), the discourse of land rights, gender equality, kinship, and rituals found in Bina Agarwal’s A Field of One’s Own, Marcia Langton’s “Grandmothers’ Law”, and the reflection on military intervention are missing from Northern feminist theoretical discussions. Moreover, “outsiders within” feminist scholars fit into Western feminist canonical requirements by publishing their works in leading Western journals or seeking higher degrees from Western institutions. In the process, Northern feminists’ intellectual hegemony is normalised and regularised. An example of the wealth of the materials outside of mainstream Western feminist theories may be found in the work of Girindrasekhar Bose, a contemporary of Sigmund Freud, founder of the Indian Psychoanalytic Society and author of the book Concept of Repression (1921). Bose developed the “vagina envy theory” long before the neo-Freudian psychiatrist Karen Horney proposed it, but it is largely unknown in the West. Bose’s article “The Genesis and Adjustment of the Oedipus Wish” discarded Freud’s theory of castration and explained how in the Indian cultural context, men can cherish an unconscious desire to bear a child and to be castrated, implicitly overturning Freud’s correlative theory of “penis envy.” Indeed, the case of India shows that the birth of theory can be traced back to as early as eighth century when study of verbal ornamentation and literary semantics based on the notion of dbvani or suggestion, and the aesthetic theory of rasa or "sentiment" is developed. If theory means systematic reasoning and conceptualising the structure of thought, methods, and epistemology, it exists in all cultures but unfortunately non-Western theory is largely invisible in classroom courses.In the recent book Queer Activism in India, Naisargi Dev shows that the theory is rooted in activism. Similarly, in her essay “Seed and Earth”, Leela Dube reveals how Eastern theories are distorted as they are Westernised. For instance, the “Purusha-Prakriti” concept in Hinduism where Purusha stands for pure consciousness and Prakriti stands for the entire phenomenal world is almost universally misinterpreted in terms of Western binary oppositions as masculine consciousness and feminine creative principle which has led to disastrous consequences including the legitimisation of male control over female sexuality. Dube argues how heteropatriarchy has twisted the Purusha-Prakriti philosophy to frame the reproductive metaphor of the male seed germinating in the female field for the advantage of patrilineal agrarian economies and to influence a homology between reproductive metaphors and cultural and institutional sexism (Dube 22-24). Attempting to reverse such distortions, ecofeminist Vandana Shiva rejects dualistic and exploitative “contemporary Western views of nature” (37) and employs the original Prakriti-Purusha cosmology to construct feminist vision and environmental ethics. Shiva argues that unlike Cartesian binaries where nature or Prakriti is inert and passive, in Hindu Philosophy, Purusha and Prakriti are inseparable and inviolable (Shiva 37-39). She refers to Kalika Purana where it is explained how rivers and mountains have a dual nature. “A river is a form of water, yet is has a distinct body … . We cannot know, when looking at a lifeless shell, that it contains a living being. Similarly, within the apparently inanimate rivers and mountains there dwells a hidden consciousness. Rivers and mountains take the forms they wish” (38).Scholars on the periphery who never migrated to the North find it difficult to achieve international audiences unless they colonise themselves, steeping their work in concepts and methods recognised by Western institutions and mimicking the style and format that western feminist journals follow. The best remedy for this would be to interpret border relations and economic flow between countries and across time through the prism of gender and race, an idea similar to what Sarah Radcliffe, Nina Laurie and Robert Andolina have called the “transnationalization of gender” (160).Migration between Global North and Global SouthReformulation of feminist epistemology might reasonably begin with a focus on migration and gender politics because international and interregional migration have played a crucial role in the production of feminist theories. While some white mainstream feminists acknowledge the long history of feminist imperialism, they need to be more assertive in centralising non-Western theories, scholarship, and institutions in order to resist economic inequalities and racist, patriarchal global hierarchies of military and organisational power. But these possibilities are stymied by migrants’ “de-skilling”, which maintains unequal power dynamics: when migrants move from the global South to global North, many end up in jobs for which they are overqualified because of their cultural, educational, racial, or religious alterity.In the face of a global trend of movement from South to North in search of a “better life”, visual artist Naiza Khan chose to return to Pakistan after spending her childhood in Lebanon before being trained at the University of Oxford. Living in Karachi over twenty years, Khan travels globally, researching, delivering lectures, and holding exhibitions on her art work. Auj Khan’s essay “Peripheries of Thought and Practise in Naiza Khan’s Work” argues: “Khan seems to be going through a perpetual diaspora within an ownership of her hybridity, without having really left any of her abodes. This agitated space of modern hybrid existence is a rich and ripe ground for resolution and understanding. This multiple consciousness is an edge for anyone in that space, which could be effectively made use of to establish new ground”. Naiza Khan’s works embrace loss or nostalgia and a sense of choice and autonomy within the context of unrestricted liminal geographical boundaries.Early work such as “Chastity Belt,” “Heavenly Ornaments”, “Dream”, and “The Skin She Wears” deal with the female body though Khan resists the “feminist artist” category, essentially because of limited Western associations and on account of her paradoxical, diasporic subjectivity: of “the self and the non-self, the doable and the undoable and the anxiety of possibility and choice” (Khan Webpage). Instead, Khan theorises “gender” as “personal sexuality”. The symbolic elements in her work such as corsets, skirts, and slips, though apparently Western, are purposely destabilised as she engages in re-constructing the cartography of the body in search of personal space. In “The Wardrobe”, Khan establishes a path for expressing women’s power that Western feminism barely acknowledges. Responding to the 2007 Islamabad Lal Masjid siege by militants, Khan reveals the power of the burqa to protect Muslim men by disguising their gender and sexuality; women escape the Orientalist gaze. For Khan, home is where her art is—beyond the global North and South dichotomy.In another example of de-centring Western feminist theory, the Indian-British sitar player Anoushka Shankar, who identifies as a radical pro-feminist, in her recent musical album “Land of Gold” produces what Chilla Bulbeck calls “braiding at the borderlands”. As a humanitarian response to the trauma of displacement and the plight of refugees, Shankar focusses on women giving birth during migration and the trauma of being unable to provide stability and security to their children. Grounded in maternal humility, Shankar’s album, composed by artists of diverse background as Akram Khan, singer Alev Lenz, and poet Pavana Reddy, attempts to dissolve boundaries in the midst of chaos—the dislocation, vulnerability and uncertainty experienced by migrants. The album is “a bit of this, and a bit of that” (borrowing Salman Rushdie’s definition of migration in Satanic Verses), both in terms of musical genre and cultural identities, which evokes emotion and subjective fluidity. An encouraging example of truly transnational feminist ethics, Shankar’s album reveals the chasm between global North and global South represented in the tension of a nascent friendship between a white, Western little girl and a migrant refugee child. Unlike mainstream feminism, where migration is often sympathetically feminised and exotified—or, to paraphrase bell hooks, difference is commodified (hooks 373) — Shankar’s album simultaneously exhibits regional, national, and transnational elements. The album inhabits multiple borderlands through musical genres, literature and politics, orality and text, and ethnographic and intercultural encounters. The message is: “the body is a continent / But may your heart always remain the sea" (Shankar). The human rights advocate and lawyer Randa Abdel-Fattah, in her autobiographical novel Does My Head Look Big in This?, depicts herself as “colourful adjectives” (such as “darkies”, “towel-heads”, or the “salami eaters”), painful identities imposed on her for being a Muslim woman of colour. These ultimately empower her to embrace her identity as a Palestinian-Egyptian-Australian Muslim writer (Abdel-Fattah 359). In the process, Abdel-Fattah reveals how mainstream feminism participates in her marginalisation: “You’re constantly made to feel as you’re commenting as a Muslim, and somehow your views are a little bit inferior or you’re somehow a little bit more brainwashed” (Abdel-Fattah, interviewed in 2015).With her parental roots in the global South (Egyptian mother and Palestinian father), Abdel-Fattah was born and brought up in the global North, Australia (although geographically located in global South, Australia is categorised as global North for being above the world average GDP per capita) where she embraced her faith and religious identity apparently because of Islamophobia:I refuse to be an apologist, to minimise this appalling state of affairs… While I'm sick to death, as a Muslim woman, of the hypocrisy and nonsensical fatwas, I confess that I'm also tired of white women who think the answer is flashing a bit of breast so that those "poor," "infantilised" Muslim women can be "rescued" by the "enlightened" West - as if freedom was the sole preserve of secular feminists. (Abdel-Fattah, "Ending Oppression")Abdel-Fattah’s residency in the global North while advocating for justice and equality for Muslim women in both the global North and South is a classic example of the mutual dependency between the feminists in global North and global South, and the need to recognise and resist neoliberal policies applied in by the North to the South. In her novel, sixteen-year-old Amal Mohamed chooses to become a “full-time” hijab wearer in an elite school in Melbourne just after the 9/11 tragedy, the Bali bombings which killed 88 Australians, and the threat by Algerian-born Abdel Nacer Benbrika, who planned to attack popular places in Sydney and Melbourne. In such turmoil, Amal’s decision to wear the hijab amounts to more than resistance to Islamophobia: it is a passionate search for the true meaning of Islam, an attempt to embrace her hybridity as an Australian Muslim girl and above all a step towards seeking spiritual self-fulfilment. As the novel depicts Amal’s challenging journey amidst discouraging and painful, humiliating experiences, the socially constructed “bloody confusing identity hyphens” collapse (5). What remains is the beautiful veil that stands for Amal’s multi-valence subjectivity. The different shades of her hijab reflect different moods and multiple “selves” which are variously tentative, rebellious, romantic, argumentative, spiritual, and ambitious: “I am experiencing a new identity, a new expression of who I am on the inside” (25).In Griffith Review, Randa-Abdel Fattah strongly criticises the book Nine Parts of Desire by Geraldine Brooks, a Wall-Street Journal reporter who travelled from global North to the South to cover Muslim women in the Middle East. Recognising the liberal feminist’s desire to explore the Orient, Randa-Abdel calls the book an example of feminist Orientalism because of the author’s inability to understand the nuanced diversity in the Muslim world, Muslim women’s purposeful downplay of agency, and, most importantly, Brooks’s inevitable veil fetishism in her trip to Gaza and lack of interest in human rights violations of Palestinian women or their lack of access to education and health services. Though Brooks travelled from Australia to the Middle East, she failed to develop partnerships with the women she met and distanced herself from them. This underscores the veracity of Amal’s observation in Abdel Fattah’s novel: “It’s mainly the migrants in my life who have inspired me to understand what it means to be an Aussie” (340). 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