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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Education in Benue, Nigeria

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Academic literature on the topic 'Education in Benue, Nigeria'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Education in Benue, Nigeria"

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Demekaa, Bridget, and Umbur Demekaa. "The Influence of Library Satisfaction on the Provision of User Services in the Colleges of Education Libraries in Benue State, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Information Science and Technology 8, no. 3 (November 5, 2018): 67–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajist-2018.8.3.199.

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This study was carried out to determine the influence of library satisfaction on the provision of user services in the Colleges of Education libraries in Benue State. The study was guided by one objective, one research question and one hypothesis. A survey research design was adapted for the study. The population of the study comprises of all the final year students from the two Colleges of Education libraries in Benue State. The simple random sampling technique was used to draw a sample 337 respondents from the two colleges of education libraries in the area. A self-constructed questionnaire titled “Influence of Library Satisfaction on the Provision of User Services (ILSPUSQ)” was used as an instrument for data collection. Data collected for the study was analysed using mean and standard deviation to answer research question while the chi-square was used to test hypothesis at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that library satisfaction has low influence on the provision of user services in Colleges of Education libraries in Benue State. The study conducted that there was a significant influence of library satisfaction on the provision of user services in Colleges of Education libraries in Benue State. Finally, it was recommended that, in order to make the users to have satisfaction from the services proffered to them, the college libraries in Benue State should provide adequate user services.

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Akor, J. O., V. U. Obisike, E. A. Omudu, and G. N. Imandeh. "Prevalence and Socio-Environmental Factors Associated with Polyparasitism, Benue State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 42, no. 1 (April 14, 2021): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v42i1.24.

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Parasitic diseases are closely related to poor sanitation, lack of good drinking water, improper disposal of human waste, lack of latrines and poor personal hygiene. This study evaluated the prevalence and distribution of polyparasitic infections and the impact of health education and treatment. Stool and urine samples from 350 consented participants were parasitologically examined for parasites. Out of the 350 samples, 150 stool samples were infected with intestinal parasites and 2 urine samples were positive for Trichomonas vaginalis. Out of the infected 152 participants, 40 of them had co-infection (polyparasitism), specifically 5(1.43%) had triple co-infection, 35(10%) had double co-infection.Health education and treatment measures had significant (p<0.05) effect on infections. It is important that health education be intensified in areas where treatment may not be forthcoming to reduce infections. Keywords: Prevalence, helminths, polyparasitism, sanitation, Benue State

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Odoh, Ngozi Ekunyi, Simon Uguru Nwibo, Anayochukwu Victor Eze, and Esther Onyinyichi Igwe. "Farmers income and savings pattern in Benue State, Nigeria." Journal of Agricultural Extension 24, no. 1 (February 4, 2020): 128–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jae.v24i1.13.

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The study analysed farmers’ income and savings pattern in Benue State. Both multi-stage random and purposive sampling procedures were employed to select 140 respondents for the study. The study employed primary data which were collected through the use of the structured questionnaire. The result showed that farm size, level of access to credit, diversification of income sources, types of investment and risks inherent in the business are the major determinants of the income level of the small scale farmers. The farmers engaged in the following farm activities, crop production, hunting, fishing, gathering of forest products, marketing of agricultural products and livestock production. Meanwhile, trading, teaching, and non-farm wage labour were the main non-farm activities they engaged in. The result equally showed that farmers adopted both formal and informal savings methods but have higher preference for the informal method as indicated by their preference for savings in rotational savings and credit Association (ESUSU) and daily contribution schemes. Educational attainment, annual income, farming experience, and farm size had positive influence on the farmers’ savings pattern. The test of the hypothesis indicated that the socio-economic characteristics of the small scale farmers have significant effects on the savings pattern adopted in the area. Consequently, the study recommended the establishment of banks in the rural area so as to increase farmers’ savings capacity in formal sector; establishment of enlightenment programme to create awareness among the rural farmers, and introduction of risk reduction policy to minimize risks associated with farming, thereby encouraging farmers to remain in farming business.Keywords: Farm activities, non-farm activities, farmers, formal and informal savings

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Obinne, C. P. O. "Adoption of Improved Livestock Management Innovations in Nigeria: The Benue State Experience." Outlook on Agriculture 25, no. 2 (June 1996): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709602500208.

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Livestock farming in Africa Is limited by many factors, Including health, nutrition and reproductive performance. A study was carried out in Nigeria to identify the factors influencing the adoption of Improved livestock management practices. Some 980 farmers who kept livestock on a small scale were interviewed In Benue State, an area often described as the ‘food basket’ of Nigeria. Many of the farmers had no formal education, derived little income from livestock, and showed a limited degree of social participation and extension contact. The last three variables were significantly related to the adoption of improved livestock management practices. A sustained farmer education programme is vital, but there is a real need for extension agents to work with groups of farmers.

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Ochoga, M. O., A. Michael, I. Ikuren, R. O. Abah, R. Abdallah, and O. J. Dabit. "Newborn cord care practices amongst mothers in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 47, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 234–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v47i3.7.

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Background: Omphalitis is a neonatal infection resulting from unhygienic care of the umbilical cord.In 2014, the World Health Organization issued a new recommendation; the application Of daily Chlorhexidine gel to the umbilical stump. The aim of this study was to determine cord care practices common amongst mothers in Makurdi Local Government area of Benue State in North Central Nigeria. Methodology: The study was a cross-sectional study carried out at the well-baby Immunization Clinic of the Benue State University Teaching hospital (BSUTH) and the Immunization Clinic at the Epidemiology unit of the Benue State Ministry of Health both in Makurdi Local Government area of Benue State from April to July 2018.Subjects were mothers presenting with their babies at these clinics during the study period. Information was collected using a structured intervieweradministered questionnaire. Results: Three hundred and ninetyeight mother-infant pairs participated in this study. Of the infants the males were 205 (51.5%) while the females were 193 (48.5%); they were aged 1-16 days with mean age of 4.29±2.37 days. Two hundred and seventy-two (68.3%) mothers had their babies’ cords cleaned with methylated spirit alone while 11 (2.8%) cleaned with methylated spirit and another substance. The commonest substance applied to cord after cleaning was Vaseline 58(14.6%). Conclusion: The use of methylated spirit for cord care is high among mothers in Makurdi, the uptake of Chlorhexidine as recommended by WHO is significantly very low and this calls for more concerted efforts in educating mothers about the use of Chlorhexidine for cord care. Key words: Chlorhexidine, Cord care, Mothers, Newborn, Practices,

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UTULU, S. N., and T. O. LAWOYIN. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF HIV INFECTION AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN MAKURDI, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 39, no. 3 (May 2007): 397–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001489.

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Summary.Women in Benue State have for years had the highest HIV rate in the country, but because the sentinel surveys are anonymized and unlinked, not much is known about the socio-demographic, behavioural and other risk factors that predispose these women to the disease. The HIV/AIDS epidemic in Nigeria does not appear to be a single epidemic but rather multiple epidemics of varying magnitude and trends. This cross-sectional study was therefore carried out to identify the risk factors for HIV/AIDS among these women. A total of 404 consecutive consenting mothers enrolled at the booking clinic were followed up until delivery of their babies. They were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire and tested for HIV infection using an ELISA-based kit after obtaining informed consent. Mean age of the mothers was 26±6·1 years, 94·8% were married while 50·5% had at least secondary level education. Sixty-one (15·1%) mothers were HIV positive with mothers aged 15–24 years being responsible for 50·8% of all infection. Following bivariate analysis, being single, having a partner with low level of formal education, living in a rural location, being in a polygamous/multiple partner union, being a higher order polygamous wife, being married more than once and reporting a history of a sexually transmitted infection were significantly associated with HIV infection. Monogamous women who lived apart from their partners and women who had ever had blood transfusion were also more likely to be HIV positive. Following multivariate logistic regression, a young age of 15–24 years (multivariate OR=3·3, 95% CI=1·2–8·4, p=0·02); ever had other STIs (OR=1·6, 95% CI 1·1–2·3, p=0·009); no formal maternal education (OR=0·6, 95% CI 0·4–0·9, p=0·021) and having one lifetime sexual partner (OR=0·4, 95% CI 0·3–0·5, p<0·00001) were significantly associated with HIV infection in the study population. Appropriate interventions must be directed at young people and should include STI control and abstinence education. Blood safety must be ensured as well as a general improvement in the level of formal and health education in this community.

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Demekaa, Bridget, and Umbur Demekaa. "Women differentials in fertility: The case of rural and urban educational development in Benue State, Nigeria." Tropical Journal of Education 2, no. 1/2 (February 28, 2021): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.47524/tje.v2i1.9.

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This study relates women education to fertility in the Ihugh (rural) and Makurdi (urban) setting in Benue State. The general purpose of the study is to test whether women with substantial schooling do have lower fertility than those without schooling. The study reveals that there is fertility differential for rural and urban settings, and that schooling is an index of the differentials. The study presents its findings and puts forward some recommendations that can help the government to address the issue of women education, especially the girl-child education.

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Joseph Ahemba, Gbuushi,, and Ubwa, Theophilus Terwase. "Impact of Library User Education Program on Undergraduate Students in Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 14, no. 7 (March 31, 2018): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.v14n7p126.

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The study sought to examine the impact of user education on the utilization of library resources by undergraduate students of Benue State University, Makurdi. The study adopted the survey research design and the population consisted of 25,232 regular undergraduate students in 7 faculties which a sample size of 380 respondents were selected using proportional random sampling technique. Self-developed questionnaires were distributed among sample undergraduate students. However, only three hundred and forty one 341 (89.73%) questionnaires were returned in good shape and analyzed using frequency distribution, percentage and mean. The findings of the study revealed that user education positively impacted the undergraduate students’ use of library resources and the academic performance. The method employed in teaching user education includes lecture method, independent assignment, and practical exercises among others. The study identified some problems that includes; over population, lack of instructional materials, poor monitoring of staff, inadequate qualified staff, limited time allocation, inadequate accommodation and space. The strategies that can be adopted to enhance effective user education to undergraduate students as indicated in the findings includes; provision of adequate staff, proper ventilation and illumination of venue, regular monitoring and control of user education procedures, adjustment of user education time to suit students, positive attitude of staff to the program among others. The study concludes that the library occupies a central place in the achievement of educational objectives of the students and this has made user education indispensable in the library.

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Mbah, EN, CI Ezeano, and MO Agada. "Effects of rural-urban youth migration on farm families in Benue state, Nigeria." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 6, no. 1 (August 12, 2016): 14–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v6i1.29207.

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The study was assessed to determine the effects of rural-urban youth migration on farm families in Benue state, Nigeria during November 2014 to June 2015. Interview schedule was used to collect data from a sample of 80 respondents. Data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean scores and standard deviation. Results indicate that majority (76.3%) of the respondents were males, middle aged and married. Major causes of ruralurban youth migration indicated by the respondents include inadequate employment opportunities in rural areas (M=3.6), search for better education (M=3.5), inadequate social infrastructure such as schools (M=3.4), poor medical care services in rural areas (M=3.4), looking for money through labour (M=3.4), apprenticeship programme (M=3.2), etc. Findings of the study also indicate that reduction of agricultural labour force (M=3.5), low agricultural productivity (M=3.3), high cost of labour (M= 3.3), reduction on demand for locally grown foods (M=2.9), decrease in dependency ratio in the rural areas (M=2.7), reduction on number of mouths to feed (M=2.7), among others were major effects of ruralurban youth migration among farm families. The study recommends that Nigerian government should provide adequate physical and social infrastructure in rural areas in order to encourage youths to remain in agriculture, reduce rural-urban youth migration as well as sustain agriculture for enhanced food security.Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 6 (1): 14-20, June, 2016

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Alaba, Oluwayemisi O., Olusanya E. Olubusoye, and J. O. Olaomi. "Spatial patterns and determinants of fertility levels among women of childbearing age in Nigeria." South African Family Practice 59, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/safp.v59i4.4735.

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Background: Despite aggressive measures to control the population in Nigeria, the population of Nigeria still remains worrisome. Increased birth rates have significantly contributed to Nigeria being referred to as the most populous country in Africa. This study analyses spatial patterns and contributory factors to fertility levels in different states in Nigeria. Method: The 2013 Nigerian Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) data were used to investigate the determinants of fertility levels in Nigeria using the geo-additive model. The fertility levels were considered as count data. Negative Binomial distribution was used to handle overdispersion of the dependent variable. Spatial effects were used to identify the hotspots for high fertility levels. Inference was a fully Bayesian approach. Results were presented within 95% credible Interval (CI). Results: Secondary or higher level of education of the mother, Yoruba ethnicity, Christianity, family planning use, higher wealth index, previous Caesarean birth were all factors associated with lower fertility levels in Nigeria. Age at first birth, staying in rural place of residence, the number of daughters in a household, being gainfully employed, married and living with a partner, community and household effects contribute to the high fertility patterns in Nigeria. The hotspots for high fertility in Nigeria are Kano, Yobe, Benue, Edo and Bayelsa states. Conclusion: State-specific policies need to be developed to address fertility levels in Nigeria. (Full text of the research articles are available online at www.medpharm.tandfonline.com/ojfp) S Afr Fam Pract 2017; DOI: 10.1080/20786190.2017.1292693

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Education in Benue, Nigeria"

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Avenyah, William Amove. "The involvement of the Church in planning and providing alternative education for development in Benue State, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252703.

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Akoja, Innocent Elaigwu. "A study of altruistic behaviour in school children in Benue State, Nigeria." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.292833.

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Omenka, Charity Ochuole. "Factors influencing access to antiretroviral treatment in Benue State, Nigeria." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_5804_1308546328.

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The study utilized a qualitative case study design to explore the problem of poor access to ART in Benue State. PLWHAs, policy makers, program managers and health workers were involved in an effort to describe the factors influencing access to ART in the State. Semi structured interviews, exit interviews and focus group discussions were used. To analyse the findings, categorization was done into facilitators and barriers to access, in addition to the ways respondents believe these barriers can be overcome. Other sub-themes were also identified and sorted. Themes were linked to direct quotes from the respondents. Additional literature review was done to review available information on the themes identified. Facilitators of access included free cost and increased number of sites
beneficial effects of ART
disclosure, membership in a support group and having a treatment partner. Barriers included stigma and discrimination
hunger, poverty, transportation and opportunity costs
hospital factors
non-disclosure
inaccurate knowledge and perceptions about HIV and ART
certain religious beliefs and advice
coverage, capping of services and fear of non-availability of ART. In addition to stigma, patients bypass closer ART access points to further away hospitals because of business opportunities
financial assistance
perceived better standard of care and hope that a cure, when found, will be more accessible to patients in bigger hospitals.

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Alye, D. S. "The management role of the secondary school principals in Benue State, Nigeria." Thesis, Bucks New University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.356157.

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Tagoh, Selassie. "Prevalence of trachoma and risk factors for disease in Benue State, Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29851.

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Background: Trachoma is a common contagious bacterial eye infection caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovariants A, B, Ba or C. It is the leading infectious cause of blindness worldwide and is responsible for about 3% of global blindness. World Health Organization (WHO) reports suggest that of the 2.2 million people who have been rendered visually impaired worldwide by trachoma, 1.2 million are irreversibly blind while an additional 7.3 million people are suffering from trachomatous trichiasis (TT) and are at risk of developing blindness. According to WHO 2007 reports, globally about 84 million people suffer from active trachoma while an estimated 299 million people still live in trachoma endemic districts. In order to eliminate trachoma as a public health problem, The Global Trachoma Mapping Project (GTMP) was initiated on 23 July 2012 as a first step in generating population-level prevalence estimates of the disease so as to determine the need for intervention. Between 2013 and 2015, the GTMP mapped suspected endemic districts including Benue state of Nigeria. This current study took advantage of this data to generate prevalence information on Trachomatous inflammation Follicular (TF) and Trichiasis for Benue state and to describe the some of the household risk factors associated with the disease. The thesis is structured in three parts 0(Preamble), A (Protocol), B (Literature Review), C (Article) and D (Appendix). Methods: A two-stage cluster random sampling technique was utilized in a population based prevalence survey to generate estimates for TF and Trichiasis. Results: Overall unadjusted prevalence of TF among persons 1-9 years was 2.00% (95% CI: 1.20 – 2.98) and that of trichiasis among persons ≥15 years was 0.11% (95% CI 0.06 – 0.12). Trichiasis was more prevalent among adult women 0.05% (95% CI: 0.03 – 0.07) compared to males 0.03 % (95% CI: 0.02 – 0.05), (p=0.13). LGA-level prevalence of TF and Trichiasis among persons 1-9 years and persons ≥15 years ranged from 0.30% (95% CI: 0.1–0.5) to 5.30% (95% CI: 3.30–7.70) and 0.00% to 0.35% (95% CI: 0.12–0.50) respectively. Two LGAs had trichiasis prevalence above 0.2%. TF prevalence was between 5% and 9.9% in 2 LGAs. The common risk factors identified included age, sex, inaccessibility to water and latrine facility. Adults ≥15 years were 8.94(95%CI: 2.79 – 29.64) times more likely to have trichiasis compared to persons between 1-9 years of age. Conclusion: Trachoma was found to be a public health problem in 3 LGAs of Benue state. One round of mass antibiotic distribution will be required in 2 LGAs. With an estimated trichiasis backlog of 1,064, about 173 individuals with trichiasis needed to be managed to reduce the prevalence to less than the elimination threshold.

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Tor-Anyiin, Amom. "Adherence to Antiretroviral Medicines Among Adolescents and Young Adults in Benue State, Nigeria." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4820.

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Adherence to ARV medicines is essential to halt HIV progression, increase CD4 counts, decrease virologic impact, and improve quality of life for the infected people. However, sustaining good adherence among adolescents and young adults (AYA) has been a challenge caused by various problems such as distance to clinic, improved CD4 count which lead to complacency in adherence, and the nature of the environment. This was a quantitative, retrospective, correlational, cross-sectional study anchored by the transtheoretical model, which was used to understand how adherence rate among the study population was impacted by the predictive factors. Secondary data was collected from patient's medical records at the Federal Medical Center, Makurdi in Benue State, Nigeria. Univariate analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics. The study sample size of 656 patients was drawn from AYA ages 15-24 years. Independent t tests showed a statistically significant difference in adherence rates between rural (94%) and urban (89%) AYA, t (424) = -3.280, .001, p -?¤ .05. There was also a statistically significant difference in adherence rates of ART for patients who lived within 50 kilometers of the hospital and those who lived more than 50 kilometers away from the hospital, t (509) = -2.37, .018, p -?¤ .05. Also, there was a statistically significant correlation between adherence rate to ART and CD4 of less than 500 cells/mm3, R = .214, NS = .003, p -?¤ .05. This study provides findings for HIV implementing partners (IPs) and relevant health professionals in Nigeria useful for designing strategies that would improve adherence rate to antiretroviral therapy among AYA in Nigeria.

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Obiabo, Ebute. "The Idoma of Benue State Nigeria : their reception and development of Christianity since 1924." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/30598.

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The process of Idema reception and development of Christianity was initiated by British Methodist missionaries in 1924. Such a process requires a cultural transformation through which Christianity is re-shaped to suit the Idema need, custom and traditions thereby regaining the lost cultural cohesion which the Idema need to adapt Christianity and spread it among themselves. Chapter one introduces the reasons for the choice of this study and the aims, purpose, and methodology of the research. It calls attention to the need to see the Idema as subjects of religious change and not merely as objects of evangelisation by overseas missionaries. Chapter two commences with the consideration of Idema ethnicity in which the problem of the origin and development of ethnicity is briefly addressed. Having defined Idema ethnicity, the chapter considers some cultural rites of passage common to all Idema namely: birth, marriage, death and burial. This leads to a discussion of Idema theology in Chapter three, in which it is defined, explained and compared to other types of primal African theology. Chapter four focuses on the overall history of how the Idema made contact with Christianity, and their reaction to the Methodist missionaries and their early activities. Chapter five begins one of the central arguments of this thesis, focusing on the spread of Christianity in Idema and the use of education as an agency of evangelism and church growth. The methods and aims of Methodist mission education in Idema and the messages that were passed on are critically examined and evaluated. Chapter six represents the heart of this thesis, focusing on contextual factors in the reception and development of Christianity in Idema, with particular reference to Bible translation. The chapter evaluates how the New Testament was translated, and argues that the problem of inculturating Christianity into Idema life and culture has not been sufficiently looked at either scientifically, ethnographically, linguistically, historically or culturally.

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Adayi, Daniel. "River basin organisation in Nigeria : the case of the lower benue river basin development authority." Doctoral thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19091.

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Doutoramento em Estudos de Desenvolvimento
A gestão de bacias hidrográficas tem uma dimensão inerentemente política uma vez que envolve tomar decisões que são limitadas pelos contextos institucionais, caracterizados por escassez de recursos e conflitos entre múltiplos atores, políticas e estruturas institucionais. No caso de nações em desenvolvimento que padecem de instabilidades políticas, a gestão de bacias hidrográficas torna-se um teatro político em que os principais objetivos de produção alimentar e gestão ambiental ficam fragilizados perante complexos interesses políticos que envolvem o controlo de recursos, a governação de organizações e a política partidária. Enquanto medida de recuperação no pós-guerra e com o apoio das Nações Unidas, a Nigéria adotou uma abordagem integrada para a gestão das bacias hidrográficas. Esta gestão cabe às Autoridades para o Desenvolvimento das Bacias Hidrográficas (ADBH) que estão sob a alçada do governo federal. A sua evolução reflete a instabilidade que caracteriza o federalismo nigeriano. Envolvidas numa política faccionária, com recorrentes intervenções militares e várias reformas no setor da água, as ADBH têm tido um desempenho abaixo do esperado. Este estudo visa explorar a economia política das ADBH na Nigéria, mais concretamente, a trajetória de desenvolvimento das ADBH enquanto reflexo do instável federalismo nigeriano. O documento está organizado em seis capítulos autónomos mas interligados que, no conjunto, encerram uma análise de nível macro e outra de nível micro. O primeiro capítulo descreve a forma como diferentes líderes nigerianos deixaram a sua marca no desenvolvimento das ADBH, desde a sua fundação até à presente administração de Muhammadu Buhari. De uma forma ou de outra, todos os grandiosos planos para aumentar a produção alimentar terminaram em nobres ambições. O capítulo inicia-se com a identificação dos motivos que desencadearam a reorganização da rede hidrográfica na Nigéria. O rescaldo da Guerra Civil, as secas na região do Sahel e a pressão da publicação do relatório das Nações Unidas em 1969 encontram-se entre os principais motivos. Depois de um fraco desempenho inicial em que vários princípios da gestão integrada das bacias hidrográficas foram ignorados, seguiu-se um conjunto de contributos de chefes de estado e presidentes. Infelizmente, nenhuma das promessas feitas surtiu os resultados esperados. O segundo capítulo analisa as ADBH à luz da turbulência que caracterizou o federalismo nigeriano, utilizando o paralelismo como estilo. Este capítulo inicia-se com a discussão do conceito de Federalismo enquanto sistema político e prossegue com a conclusão de que o federalismo existente na Nigéria é peculiar. No início do processo de independência nigeriano, os grupos étnicos não negociaram os termos deste federalismo e a governação militar continuada erodiu os já frágeis pilares criados pelos fundadores da nação. O sistema militar criou os estados e as áreas de governo locais por fragmentação, bem como os mecanismos federais, como são exemplo as três Constituições pós-independência e o Princípio do Carácter Federativo (PCF). O capítulo aborda igualmente vários fatores que influenciaram este paralelismo entre as trajetórias do federalismo nigeriano e das ADBH, nomeadamente, a delicada e volátil questão das minorias, o papel dos militares, o boom petrolífero da década de 70 e o PCF enquanto mecanismo de consociativismo e as recorrentes descontinuidades das políticas públicas e de governação. O paralelismo estabelecido mostra-nos que as ADBH tem uma trajetória que espelha a turbulência do federalismo nigeriano. O terceiro capítulo conclui a primeira parte da tese. Este capítulo foca-se nas reformas introduzidas por diferentes administrações das ADBH e na forma como a organização foi afetada por essas reformas. Os desafios colocados às ADBH começaram com a administração de Shagari, na década de 80, apesar da primeira tentativa para reposicionar as bacias hidrográficas ter ocorrido apenas no final dessa década, com o Programa de Ajustamento Estrutural de Babangida (PAE). Neste capítulo são detalhados o quadro de comercialização parcial criado e alguns dos seus conceitos centrais, as várias fases de preparação das ADBH para o seu novo estatuto, o seu processo de recapitalização e o cronograma da organização até se tornar financeiramente autossuficiente. Todo este processo foi condicionado pela cedência de Babangida à pressão pública e sua consequente demissão. Depois desta tentativa de comercialização das ADBH, várias outras se seguiram mas nenhuma foi bem-sucedida. No capítulo quatro inicia-se a segunda parte da tese, que corresponde a uma abordagem de nível micro à Autoridade para o Desenvolvimento da Bacia Hidrográfica do rio Lower Benue (ADBHLB), uma das doze autoridades existentes no país. Foi dado enfoque a como é que as dinâmicas observadas na primeira parte da tese ocorrem no contexto de apenas uma Autoridade. Este quarto capítulo documenta as observações conseguidas em projetos de irrigação da ADBHLB. As evidencias apresentadas provêm de dezasseis instalações da organização, incluindo a sua sede. Na conclusão do capítulo, são discutidos os traços característicos dos projetos de irrigação. Todos os projetos tem recursos naturais abundantes tais como vastos terrenos, acesso a água e localização em planícies férteis. No entanto, são disfuncionais e tornaram-se dívida pública. A constante mudança política deixou uma longa cadeia de construções inacabadas (e.g. a barragem inacabada de Guma, os terrenos abandonados em Tede ou sistemas de irrigação inacabados em Doma e Guma) e gestores de projeto desesperados. O capítulo cinco trata os impactos da fragmentação do federalismo ao nível de análise micro e detalha como é que o conflito de interesses se transformou à medida que o numero de partes interessadas na ADBHLB aumentou. Este capítulo dá-nos a conhecer como é que a ADBHLB reflete a instabilidade do federalismo nigeriano através de ilustrações da fragmentação estrutural da bacia hidrográfica da ADBHLB, que passou de dois estados fundadores (Benue e Plateau) para quatro (Benue, Plateau, Kogi e Nasarawa), após a fragmentação dos estados fundadores. O capítulo apresenta igualmente casos em que a ADBHLB se tornou uma plataforma política na medida em que os seus executivos de topo utilizam as instalações governamentais para alcançar os seus objetivos políticos. Neste capítulo, é possível concluir que os reveses descritos são um efeito em cascata da fraca negociação do federalismo na Nigéria. O sexto e último capítulo da tese dedica-se a como a ADBHLB respondeu à política de comercialização parcial de Babangida, o esforço renovado de Obasanjo e administrações seguintes. O capítulo inicia-se com a análise do quadro para a comercialização criado pelo governo federal e o plano articulado pela ADBHLB como resposta. O plano estratégico da organização traçou a forma como a ADBHLB se deveria impor no mercado competitivo mas não foi feita qualquer implementação. O capítulo finaliza com a conclusão de que o plano estratégico da ADBHLB foi mal sucedido, com base numa análise aprofundada dos relatórios do trabalho de campo realizado. Esta investigação foi afetada pela limitação do acesso a documentação oficial, tanto ao nível federal como ao nível da ADBHLB. Além disso, a falta de segurança vivida no país não permitiu a cobertura de todas as instalações da ADBHLB. Contudo, o estudo mostra claramente que o fraco desempenho das ADBH reflete a instabilidade do federalismo fragmentado nigeriano. A busca pela revitalização, reposição e comercialização parcial das ADBH deve ter em consideração as suas motivações. O documento termina com um conjunto de sugestões de pesquisa futura. Entre elas, inclui-se uma análise das políticas que estão a conduzir ao crescimento do número de ADBH e, em particular, ao argumento de que não há correlação entre a dimensão das ADBH e a dotação orçamental recebida do governo federal.
The management of river basin organisations is inherently political, due to its unalienable constraints and institutional structures. Characterised by resources limitedness, conflicts of multiple actors, policies, and evolving institutional structures, river basin organisation often becomes the centre of political intrigue and power-play. In developing nations struggling with political instabilities, river basin management is the theatre of complicated politics, and its yield is often minimal since the primary goal of agriculture becomes emasculated by other interests. This study explores the political economy of the River Basin Development Authorities (RBDAs) as a mirror phenomenon of Nigeria’s peculiar and challenge-laden federalism. The mission of the RBDAs become an instrument in the politics of fissiparous fragmentations, recurrent military interventions, and a series of reforms in the water sector. In six separate but interrelated chapters, set out as macro-level and micro-level analyses, this study explores the development trajectory of the RBDAs as a reflection of the turmoil that characterises Nigerian federalism. The macro-analyses focus on the federal actors, while the micro-analyses examine the case of the Lower Benue River Basin Development Authority (LBRBDA). The literature review and the field trips confirm, at both levels of analysis, the claim that river basin organisation is intrinsically political. The study also found that the social life or the politics of the RBDAs derive its push from the general politics of its ambient environment, and bears a likeness to it, as exemplified by the case study. The quest to reposition Nigeria’s ailing RBDAs must further explore the role that politics plays in the creation and management of the RBDAs. The insights from the study will prove valuable to the stakeholders and policymakers. Considering the findings and limitations, the conclusion also highlights some areas for further research.
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Apagu, Buba Ankidawa. "Sustainability of water abstraction by hand drilling in the floodplain of River Benue of Yola, NE Nigeria." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8401.

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The aim of the research is to assess the sustainability of groundwater supply and the suitability of hand-drilling techniques for accessing groundwater for irrigation practices along the shallow alluvial floodplains of River Benue, NE Nigeria. Hand-drilling techniques are affordable means for the farmers to abstract water from these shallow aquifers. Determining the most sustainable hand-drilling techniques (taking into account the hydrology and sedimentology of the floodplain) will improve farming activities and food security in this region and the country at large. Hydrological data (obtained from fieldwork and modelling) demonstrate that the River Benue is the main source for recharge of the shallow alluvial aquifers of the floodplain during the dry season period. Water table heights were estimated by resistivity survey using ABEM Terrameter equipment and measured by automatic piezometer instruments. Floodplain sedimentology and hydrogeology were assessed at seventeen natural riverbank outcrops and twelve hand-drilled boreholes. At each location, sediment samples were collected from every exposed sedimentological unit. Locations and elevations were measured using a ProMark3 dual frequency GPS instrument, to create a detailed topographic map with updated contours. Twenty-four electrical resistivity sounding profiles and twelve-groundwater measurement were also obtained to explore the groundwater level of the floodplain. The resistivity results confirm the availability of water in the alluvial aquifers of the floodplain. In order to determine the most appropriate hand drilling techniques, a Field Shear Vane Tester was used to measure sediment shear strength at twelve different borehole locations. Shear strength forces were higher on clayey silt and sandy silt, and lower on sand formations. It appeared that in some areas of the floodplain, the farmers are already above the shear strengths that can be provided by human power. Hence, any increase of the hardness of the surface of the sediment would make low-cost hand drilling impractical. Particle size analysis for the sediment samples showed that the samples were largely sandy in nature, which enables easy movement of water through the layers for aquifer recharge. Magnetic susceptibility (used to classify the source of sediment and the process of their formation) revealed that the main source of the sedimentary materials was upstream of the study site and varies little over time. The groundwater level of the study area decreased away from River Benue valley during the dry season period. One perched aquifer formations and possibly two others were observed in three different locations, which reflects a low-permeability stratigraphic unit (such as lens of clayey silt) within alluvial sands. These should be avoided by farmers, as they are likely to provide water only in the short-term. Finally, groundwater modelling was undertaken (with various scenarios) for the River Benue floodplain using acquired sedimentology and hydrology data integrated into MODFLOW software. The results revealed that low-cost hand-drilling techniques such as augering and jetting remain possible for abstracting the shallow alluvial aquifers on the floodplain for irrigation farming in the study area, unless the most likely low river water stages in River Benue, over-exploitation of the shallow alluvial floodplain groundwater and drought scenarios occur.

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Folorunso, Caleb-Adebayo. "Recherches sur la continuité du peuplement Tiv dans la vallée de Katsina-Ala (bassin de la Benue au Nigéria) : sondages sur le site ancien d'Ushongo et ethnoarchéologie de l'habitat actuel." Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010520.

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Cette recherche est destinée à démontrer la continuité du peuplement Tiv dans la vallée de Katsina-Ala. Nous étudions des habitations de plein air aux sommets de quelques montagnes dans cette vallée en vue de les comparer avec les habitations actuelles de la population Tiv. Nous présentons tous les sites archéologiques découverts dans l'aire où nous effectuons nos recherches. Ces sites sont de deux types: des abris sous roche et des établissements de plein air aux sommets de montagnes. Nous nous intéressons à des établissements de plein air et nous avons relève les plans de quelques-uns. Les plans relevés sont étudiés en vue de les comparer avec des habitations actuelles du Tiv dont nous avons aussi relevé des plans. L'indices de comparaison sont, les dimensions des huttes, les dispositions des huttes, en observant les distances entre des huttes. Cette comparaison nous permet de voir des similarités entre les habitations anciennes et actuelles. Les données ethnographiques nous permet aussi d'avancer quelques hypothèses à l'égard des habitations anciennes. Nous avons aussi effectué une étude ethnoarchéologique des matériaux culturels du Tiv, particulièrement la fabrication de poterie. Celle-ci nous permet de bien comprendre les matériaux que nous recueillons des fouilles. Enfin, nous avons entrepris des sondages pour vérifier nos constats ethnographiques et obtenir des échantillons de charbon pour la datation du site
This research intends to demonstrate the continuity of Tiv population in the Katsina-Ala valley. We are studying some open hill-top settlements in this valley with the view of comparing them with present day Tiv settlements. We are presenting all the archaeological sites discovered in our research area. These sites are of two types : rockshelters and open hill-top settlements. We are interested in the open settlements and we have drawn the plans of two of them. The plans drawn have been studied with a view of comparing them with the plans of present day Tiv settlements which we have also drawn. The elements of comparison are the dimensions of the huts, the dispositions of the huts, paying particular attention to the distances between huts. This comparison allows us to see the similarities between the ancient and present day settlements. The ethnographic data also allow us to formulate some hypotheses as regards the ancient settlements. We have also carried out an ethnoarchaeological study of Tiv culture material, particularly the fabrication of pots. This allows us a better understanding of materials from our excavations. Lastly, we have also done some test excavations to verify our ethnographic observations and to obtain charcoal for dating

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Books on the topic "Education in Benue, Nigeria"

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George, Akume, ed. Towards functional and qualitative education in Nigeria: A tribute to Dr. George Akume, the executive governor, Benue State. Makurdi [Nigeria]: Destiny Ventures, 2006.

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Imoagene, Oshomha. Peoples of the Niger-Benue confluence and plateau areas. Ibadan: New-Era Publishers, 1990.

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UCLA, Fowler Museum at, ed. Central Nigeria unmasked: Arts of the Benue River valley. Los Angeles: Fowler Museum at UCLA, 2011.

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(Nigeria), Benue State. 1991 population census of Nigeria: Benue State population tables. [Makurdi?: Govt. Printer?], 1991.

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Ujo, A. A. Understanding party politics in Benue State, Nigeria (1979-1983). [Kaduna]: Anyaotu Enterprises and Publishers, 2001.

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Somoye, David Oludare. Education in Nigeria. [S.l: s.n.], 1993.

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Odirichukwu, Vivian Chioma. Traditional Education in Nigeria. Lagos: Dele Star Press, 1996.

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(Nigeria), British Council. Nigeria community education project. Abuja, Nigeria: British Council, 2003.

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Layade, P. S. A. Tax education in Nigeria. Lagos: Chartered Institute of Taxation, 2002.

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Tahir, Gidado M. Basic education in Nigeria. Ibadan: Stirling-Horden Publishers, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Education in Benue, Nigeria"

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Afemikhe, Omaze Anthony, and Sylvanus Yakubu Imobekhai. "Nigeria." In Issues in Upper Secondary Science Education, 161–74. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137275967_10.

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Omolewa, Michael. "Nigeria." In International Perspectives on Older Adult Education, 309–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24939-1_27.

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Balogun, R. Ayodeji, E. Adesanya Adefisan, Z. Debo Adeyewa, and E. Chilekwu Okogbue. "Thermodynamic Environment During the 2009 Burkina Faso and 2012 Nigeria Flood Disasters: Case Study." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1705–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_143.

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AbstractCritical or extreme atmospheric conditions which could result in flood disasters are important output for numerical weather forecast. This research applied thermodynamic variables to investigate the environment of two flood scenarios in West Africa as captured by the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) satellite. Results from the two case studies of flood events, in (i) Burkina Faso and (ii) Nigeria savannah, investigated in this research work, indicated that the September 1st 2009 flood, which was as a result of a single volumetric rainfall event of 408,070.60 ((mm/h)*km2) with 65% convective region in Burkina Faso, was initiated by interactions between extremely large lower tropospheric wind shear and cold pool dynamics. The case of the Nigeria savannah floods between July and September, 2012, was triggered by both continuous rainfall and release of water from the lagdo dam in Cameroon, which affected most of the communities in the river Benue axis. The continuous rainfalls were found to be as a result of extremely high convergence of moisture in the river Benue axis at different locations and periods. One of such rainfall events, as captured by TRMM satellite during September 29, 2012 in the Nigeria rainforest zone, indicated that the volumetric rainfall is 351,310.9 ((mm/h)*km2) with only 34% convective portion. From these results, it can be deduced that a combination of thermodynamic environmental variables, volume rainfall, and other satellite-derived convective parameters could provide important information for flood forecasting.

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Tijani, Hakeem Ibikunle. "Before the Wind of Change: The Orientation of Labor Unions in Africa." In Union Education in Nigeria, 1–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137003591_1.

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Tijani, Hakeem Ibikunle. "Leftist Intelligentsia, Labor Union Education, and Decolonization." In Union Education in Nigeria, 19–30. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137003591_2.

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Tijani, Hakeem Ibikunle. "Decolonization: Understanding the Conventional Narratives." In Union Education in Nigeria, 31–41. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137003591_3.

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Tijani, Hakeem Ibikunle. "The Colonial State and Organized Labor." In Union Education in Nigeria, 43–52. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137003591_4.

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Tijani, Hakeem Ibikunle. "Labor Union Education before 1960." In Union Education in Nigeria, 53–71. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137003591_5.

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Tijani, Hakeem Ibikunle. "Champions of the Working Class: Samuel Ikoku and Other Noble Men." In Union Education in Nigeria, 73–84. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137003591_6.

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Tijani, Hakeem Ibikunle. "On the Eve of Independence: The Nigerian Union of Seamen Dispute, 1959." In Union Education in Nigeria, 85–98. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137003591_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Education in Benue, Nigeria"

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Audu, Christina, and David Iyam. "EFFECT OF FIELD-BASED INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGY ON UPPER BASIC STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT AND RETENTION IN BASIC SCIENCE IN A GLOBALLY DEPRESSED ECONOMY IN BENUE STATE NIGERIA." In 14th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2020.0754.

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Eriba, Joel, and Christina Audu. "EFFECTS OF LEARNING STYLES ON THE ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF BIOLOGY STUDENTS IN COLLEGES OF EDUCATION IN ADAMAWA, BENUE AND TARABA STATES, OF NORTHERN NIGERIA." In 11th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2018.0289.

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Kanno, Theresa Nnennaya, and Jane A. E. Onyeachu. "Session 12: Inclusive Education | Availability And Utilization Of Instructional Resources for Teaching Special Needs Children in Bende and Ohafia Local Government Areas Of Abia State, Nigeria." In World Congress on Special Needs Education. Infonomics Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.20533/wcsne.2015.0053.

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Petri, Micha B. "Loko Oweto Bridges on the Benue River, Nigeria." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0999.

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<p>The Loko Oweto Bridges on the Benue River in Nigeria are designed and constructed in order to connect the north and south of the country with an upgraded road system and are currently under construction. The project includes two bridges, 1,835 meters long each, and two bridges of 220 meters. The water level of the river rises up to eight meters between seasons and both creative and unique solutions were required during the design and construction. The long bridges have 22 spans with a typical length of 85 meters.</p>

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Abdullahi, M., R. Prajapati, and U. Kumar Singh. "Spectral Analysis of Gravity Anomalies Beneath Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria." In 81st EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2019. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201901059.

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Okolo, Ngozi Catherine, and Chukwuemeka Okolo. "PW 0246 Gender based violence in nigeria: a study of makurdi metropolis in benue state, nigeria." In Safety 2018 abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprevention-2018-safety.273.

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Raji, Jamiudeen Kayode, and Ademola Olabisi J. Adebowale. "Petroleum Source Rock Potential of the Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria: Implications for Hydrocarbon Exploration." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178348-ms.

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Onyeagba, Nnaemeka Chidubem, and Thomas Seifert. "LEAD-ZINC MINERALIZATION IN THE CRETACEOUS SEDIMENTS OF BENUE TROUGH OF NIGERIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, USA - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018am-318791.

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Abdulkadir, Usman, Jamaluddeen Hashim, Ajay Kumar, Umar Yau, Akpam Simon, and Adamu Dawaki. "3D Seismic Data Design, Acquisition and Interpretation of Kolmani Exploratory Field, Upper Benue Trough, Gongola Basin; Nigeria." In SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/207118-ms.

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Abstract In an Oil and Gas field development plan, identifying appropriate reservoir location of a field and deciding the best design strategy as well as meeting the economic hydrocarbon viability are imperative for sustainability. 3-Dimensional seismic data have become a key tool used by geophysicists in the Oil and Gas industry to identify and understand subsurface reservoir deposits. In addition to providing excellent structural images, the dense sampling of a 3D survey can sometimes make it possible to map reservoir quality and the distribution of Oil and Gas. Primarily, Seismic data sets were retrieved from the ongoing Kolmani exploratory work of upper Benue trough, bordering Gombe-Bauchi communities of Nigeria and Simulation study from improve design was conducted using PETREL and SURFER software's to obtain numerous coordinates from the source and receiver lines respectively and subsequent formation of strategic-designs that shows different arrangements of the prospect area, an interpretation of the acquired data sets that indicates the reservoir location appropriately and probable onset of drilling spot. The well to seismic was also merged using synthetic seismogram that shows the location of reservoir (s) from the seismic data obtained and four different wells with anticipated depths respectively. The overall aim of the whole design and simulation studies is to aid petroleum Geologist and Geophysicists avoids common pit falls by reducing dry holes and increasing the overall number of productive wells prior to actual commencement of drilling in this prospect area and elsewhere.

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Oche, Nathaniel Agbo, and Manasseh Tyungu Sambe. "Ethics in University Libraries : Users’ Conformity Survey in University Libraries in Benue State, Nigeria." In 2018 5th International Symposium on Emerging Trends and Technologies in Libraries and Information Services (ETTLIS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ettlis.2018.8485269.

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Reports on the topic "Education in Benue, Nigeria"

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Etim, James. A comparison of education systems in Nigeria and the United States of America. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2272.

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Standley, Sarah. Climate & environment assessment: Business case for providing a cost extension for the Education Sector Support Programme in Nigeria (ESSPIN). Evidence on Demand, June 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12774/eod_hd.august13.standley.

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Okereke, Ekechi, Iliyasu Zubairu, Udoh Nsekpong, Godwin Unumeri, Ibrahim Suleiman, and Aisha Jibril. Assessment of in-service training and continuing education (IST/CE) for frontline health workers in Bauchi and Cross River states, Nigeria. Population Council, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh6.1002.

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Reaching key populations with community-based HIV test and start services in Lagos and Benue States in Nigeria: Baseline findings. Population Council, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv11.1009.

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Geotechnical Engineering Education in Nigeria: Reflecting on University versus Industry Reality. Purdue University, August 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284316839.

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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.

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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.

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