Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Education policy|Sociolinguistics|Language'

The three studies in this dissertation were carried out with the intention of showing how Indigenous communities in critically endangered language settings can “bring their language forward” (Hornberger, 2008) by encouraging Indigenous youth participation and integrating technology into Indigenous language revitalization efforts in and out of educational settings. Indigenous youth play a pivotal role in determining the future of their languages (McCarty, et. al, 2009). However, youth are often situated in contexts where they no longer have adequate supports to learn and use their Indigenous languages (Lee, 2009; McCarty, et.al, 2006; Romero-Little, et.al, 2007; Wyman et al, 2013) and Indigenous languages are continuously marginalized and unequally contested by other dominant languages (Tupas, 2015; Zentz, 2017). The study within was situated in a multilingual and multicultural urban area in Indonesia marked by complex dynamics of language shift and endangerment in and out of school settings, where the teaching of Indigenous language at school was managed by the local government and limited as a subject to two hours a week. However, the study also documented multiple existing and potential resources for language revitalization, and demonstrated possibilities for building language revitalization efforts on youth language activism and the availability of technology in and out of schools. In the first study, I examined the implementation of Lampung teaching in schools in Bandar Lampung, looking at the outcomes, challenges, and achievements of existing programs, and available resources for further developing and improving the programs. In the second study, I present ethnographic vignettes of three Indigenous youth and young adult language activists from three different Indigenous communities in Indonesia, highlighting how study participants initiated wide-ranging language activist efforts, and suggested new ways to encourage other youth to participate in Indigenous language revitalization. In the third study, I invited eight young adult language activists to share their stories of language activism with students in three Lampung language classrooms in Bandar Lampung, Indonesia, and help facilitate students’ Lampung language learning and use in online spaces together with Lampung language teachers. In the three studies, I triangulated quantitative data from sociolinguistic surveys and writing and speaking tests with qualitative data from interviews, focus group discussions, observations and documentation of language use in on and offline contexts. Overall findings from the three studies show how positioning youth and young adults as a resource (Wyman, et. al, 2016), and building on young peoples’ engagement with contemporary technology as a tool (Thorne & Reinhardt, 2008; Reinhardt & Thorne, 2017), can help youth learn, use and advocate for their Indigenous languages, offering hope for supporting language vitality in the future. Findings also demonstrate the potential for top down and bottom up language planning initiatives (Hornberger, 2005) to support youth Indigenous language learning and use beyond classroom settings, and encourage youth participation in community efforts to reverse language shift.

There have been many debates on how and why English has spread worldwide. As a local case of the phenomenon, this study investigates the spread of English in the Japanese speech community in the framework of World English and macroacquisition (Brutt-Griffler, 2002) while also using dialogism (Bakhtin, 1981; Holquist, 2002) and the theory of value (Makiguchi, 1981-88) to analyze the data. The study examines the reasons for and the mechanisms of the spread of English and discusses educational implications of the phenomenon in Japan. In carrying out its research objectives, the study investigates the perceptions about English among English teachers, students, parents, the government policy makers, and the business world and reveals how their voices have interacted with one another and have become a force to promote English.

This dissertation employs a case study as its methodological approach by drawing data from the analysis of policy documents that sheds light on the historical development and implementation of English language policy in Japan; equally it analyzes the data from semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys with the subjects to uncover the contemporary narrative of English language use in Japan. The data obtained from each group of participants are interpreted in a cohesive manner so that the interaction of the multiple voices is represented.

The study shows that there are two principal forces that have promoted English at least since the early 1990s in the Japanese speech community: one of them is the performative and academic motives among the subjects in higher education. The second force that propels English pertains to what I call the discourses of "English will be important in the future."

The findings of the study provide an insight into one of the local cases of the worldwide spread of English. The understanding of how this local situation does or does not fit into the overall worldwide phenomena contributes to our understanding of World English, a larger body of knowledge on the worldwide spread of English.

Language landscape or linguistic landscape studies are a relatively new field of research within language sociology that has a specific interest in the public space (Shohamy, 2006:128). Linguistic landscape studies analyzes the use of language in the public and/or institutional sphere~ to determine the (instrumental or symbolical) value represented by the graphic representation of language, taking into account the relevant language policy (see also Gorter, 2007:5; Curtin, 2007:11). The goal of this research is to test and empirically apply the theory of the developing international and national linguistic landscape research paradigm on the multilingual South African higher education landscape. The design for this research consists of a theoretical and an empirical component. The aforementioned entails a thorough investigation of linguistic landscape studies and its development over the past couple of years. The empirical component is done in three phases. Phase 1 involves an in-depth investigation regarding nine of the 12 South African universities whose language policies are available in the public domain. During Phase 2, these universities are visited and structured interviews are held with the language committee/language manager to determine what the situation is regarding policy and practice in the language landscape domain. In Phase 3, the data from the previous two phases is assessed and interpreted to make recommendations to South African universities as to how to overcome the possible mismatch. This research found that the visibility of multilingualism in the South African higher education landscape is relatively low due to a mismatch between policy and practice. However, the mismatch is not caused by universities' lack of commitment to multilingualism. Deep-set causes, i.e. the processes involved with language planning, the lack of detailed language plans, and so forth, lead to this mismatch and the lack of visibility of multilingualism at South African universities.
Thesis (M.A. (Afrikaans and Dutch))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This assignment is based on the principles of the sociolinguistic theory. Exponents of the sociolinguistic theory focus on the social dimension of language. They argue that language planning is part of social change, and as such it is subjected to the rules of social change. Language planning does not take place in a vacuum and therefore, the exponents of the sociolinguistic theory also focus on the broader societal factors such as the economic, political, demographic and psigological factors that influence language planning during the planning phase. This study investigates the manner in which the University of Stellenbosch dealt with multillingualism through its language policy. In this regard the investigation aims to establish whether the University of Stellenbosch is doing enough in terms of its language policy to promote multilingualism through developmental programmes, in order to make the university more accessible for non-Afrikaans speakers from the community it serves. This study also investigates the historic background of the university and nationalism in dealing with the lingusitic and Afrikaans character of the University. In this regard the focus is on the role of Afrikaner Nationalism, the role it played in the language policy, and also how it influenced the broader political goals of nation building and reconciliation. Against this backdrop a critical analysis is made of the language policy of the University of Stellenbosch based on the provisions of the constitution and language ideological models. Lastly this study aims to make recommendations for a language policy at Stellenbosch University which will promote multilingualism, by recognising all the official languages, through this the university will be more accessible for non-Afrikaans speakers, especially those in the Western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die werkstuk is gebaseer op die beginsels van die sosiolinguistiese teorie. Voorstanders van die sosiolinguistiese teorie plaas die fokus op die sosiale aard van taal. Taalbeplanning is deel van sosiale verandering, en is as sulks onderhewig aan die reëls van sosiale verandering. Taalbeplanning geskied nie in 'n vakuum nie, en daarom fokus voorstanders van die sosiolinguistiese teorie ook op die breër sosiale faktore soos die ekonomiese, politieke, demografiese en psigologiese faktore wat taalbeplanning beinvloed tydens die beplanningsfase. Hierdie studie is 'n ondersoek na die wyse waarop veeltaligheid aan die Universiteit van Stellenbosch hanteer word. In hierdie verband word ingegaan op die kwessie of die Universiteit van Stellenbosch in terme van sy taalbeleid, genoeg doen om veeltaligheid deur ontwikkelingsprogramme te bevorder sodat die universiteit meer toeganklik kan wees vir nie-Afrikaanssprekendes uit die gemeenskap wat dit dien. Die studie ondersoek ook die historiese agtergrond van die universiteit en nasionalisme in die hantering van die taal- en Afrikaanse karakter van die universiteit. In dié verband word spesifiek gefokus op die rol van Afrikanernasionalisme, asook die wyse waarop die breër politieke strewes van nasiebou en versoening die formulering van die universiteit se taalbeleid beïnvloed het. Teen hierdie agtergrond word 'n kritiese analise gedoen van die taalbeleid van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch aan die hand van die bepalings van die grondwet en taalideologiese modelle. Laastens word aanbevelings gemaak vir 'n taalbeleid aan die US wat veeltaligheid sal bevorder deur erkenning te gee aan alle amptelike tale veral in die Wes-Kaap sodat die US meer toeganklik kan wees vir nie-Afrikaanssprekendes.

The South African Constitution recognizes 11 official languages and protects an individual’s right to use their mother-tongue freely. Despite this recognition, the majority of South African schools use English as the language of learning and teaching (LOLT). Learning in English is a struggle for many students who speak indigenous African languages, rather than English, as a mother-tongue, and the educational system is failing its students. This perpetuates inequality between different South African communities in a way that has roots in the divisions of South Africa’s past. An examination of the power of language and South Africa’s experience with colonialism and apartheid provides a context for these events, and helps clarify why inequality and division persist in the new “rainbow nation.” Mending these divisions and protecting human dignity will require a reevaluation of the purpose of education and the capabilities of South African citizens.

Ce travail de recherche propose une approche croisée de la sociolinguistique et de la didactique des langues pour explorer l’enseignement des langues, et en particulier de l’anglais, du tamoul, de l’hindi et du français, en contexte indien. Il vise la compréhension d’enjeux globaux sur la gestion éducative du plurilinguisme en Inde tout en s’appuyant sur une étude de cas localisée à Chennai et Poudouchéry, dans le sud de l’Inde. Le questionnement retenu porte sur les liens de cohérence existant entre la situation sociolinguistique indienne, les politiques linguistiques éducatives et les pratiques et représentations des enseignants en rapport avec les langues et le plurilinguisme. La mise en relation de ces différents niveaux d’analyse s’opère par le biais d’une démarche de contextualisation permettant de mettre en évidence certaines spécificités du plurilinguisme social et individuel en Inde. Cette recherche questionne plus spécifiquement la place du français dans le panorama de l’enseignement des langues en Inde, ainsi que les modalités de son enseignement et les représentations qui y sont associées. L’étude des pratiques et représentations des enseignants de langue a fait l’objet d’une enquête de terrain menée dans des établissements scolaires de Chennai, à l’Alliance française de Madras (Chennai) et au Lycée français de Pondichéry (Poudouchéry). La réflexion menée débouche sur quelques perspectives pour une meilleure reconnaissance des pratiques plurilingues par l’école, et une véritable prise en compte des langues et variétés présentes dans l’environnement social
The present work proposes a cross-approach of sociolinguistics and didactics to explore the teaching of languages, especially English, Tamil, Hindi and French, in the Indian context. The study aims at a better understanding of issues on educational management of multilingualism in India while relying on a case study located in Chennai and Puducherry (South India). The inquiry focuses on consistent links between the sociolinguistic situation of India, language education policies, and practices and perceptions of teachers in relation to languages and multilingualism. Linking these different levels of analysis occurs through a process of contextualisation that highlights some specificities of both social and individual multilingualism in India. The research questions more specifically the place of French in the panorama of language teaching in India, as well as related teaching methods and representations. The study of practices and representations of language teachers has been done through a field survey in schools in Chennai, at the Alliance française of Madras (Chennai) and at the Lycée français of Puducherry. This analysis leads to a few suggestions for a better recognition of multilingual practices by the school, so that languages and varieties of the social environment would be taken into account

Cette recherche en sociolinguistique étudie les rapports entre langues et vie sociale à partir d'un cas d'étude particulier : celui de l'actuelle place de la langue bretonne dans le paysage linguistique breton, et plus précisément, celui du bilinguisme scolaire breton-français du jeune enfant. Apprendre et parler une langue résulte de choix - familiaux, personnels, sociétaux, politiques, économiques, etc.) directs ou indirects, plus ou moins conscients qui interviennent, en fonction des individus et des situations, à différentes périodes de la vie. Les paramètres qui président à ces choix sont nombreux et d'une grande complexité : parmi eux, les représentations que les individus ont de la langue choisie. Pour le jeune enfant breton, l'apprentissage de la langue bretonne ne découle donc pas d'un choix personnel au départ. Les parents sont les acteurs principaux de ces choix linguistiques. Aussi, ce travail a envisagé les représentations de cette langue et de son apprentissage et leurs influences, présentes dans les discours de ces parents et enfants, comme révélateurs des origines d'une pratique linguistique particulière. 42 entretiens semi-directifs (individuels ou en couple) avec les parents et 9 entretiens collectifs avec leurs enfants, retranscrits, servent de bases de données aux différentes phases d'analyses. Elles ont permis de caractériser des registres discursifs parentaux, associés à des types de profil caractéristiques et de mettre en lumière des effets d'influences sur les représentations enfantines. Cette approche à partir d'un matériau discursif vient confirmer l'intérêt de l'étude des représentations pour la compréhension des pratiques linguistiques et permet d'envisager Ia complexité d'un phénomène
This research in sociolinguistics examines the relations between languages and social life from a particular case study: the actual place of Breton language in the Breton linguistic field, and more specifically, young child's educational bilingualism. Learning and speaking a language results from choices -familiar or personal ones, or social, or political, or economical ones, etc.-, direct or indirect, more or less conscious that intervene, in relation to individuals and situations, at different periods in life. Many parameters lead these choices and they are highly complex: among them, individual representations of the chosen language. For the young Breton child, learning Breton language does not stem from a personal's choice. Parents are the principal actors of these linguistic choices. Therefore, this work has considered the representations of this language, of its learning and their influences, present in parents' and children's discourse, as revealing the origins of a particular linguistic practice. 42 semistructured (individual or couple) interviews with the parents and 9 collective interviews with their children, transcribed, are used as a database for the different phases of the analysis. They allowed characterising parental discourse regime, linked with characteristic profile types, and they highlighted influences effects on children's representations. This approach, coming from a discursive material, confirms the interest of studying representations for the understanding of linguistic practices. It helps to consider the complexity of the phenomenon

The assumption underlying this study is that cultures differ in terms of politeness norms. Often people from different cultures approach one another in what they think is an appropriate manner and the outcome is miscommunication. This may be attributed to differing cultural norms and this study aims to examine what a sample of school learners perceive to be polite behaviour when making requests and their reasons for doing so. This study focuses on perceived politeness norms (Brown and Levinson 1978) in English across selected South African cultures. The individuals are seen as reflecting a cultural identity, using norms that they feel are appropriate in given situations. Previous researchers have endeavoured to show that politeness norms are universal, but it has emerged that this is not always the case. When people from differing language and cultural backgrounds come into contact they have to find a common ground for their interaction to be successful (Lustig and Koester 1999). Of particular interest is the way people request things, both the way they phrase their request and their reasons for phrasing it this way. In order to investigate this, twenty-nine same-sex pairs of Grade 10 learners were selected from three schools with different cultural backgrounds in Grahamstown. These learners were required to complete a Discourse Completion Test, which contained both Think-Aloud and Retrospection Procedures, while they were being audio-taped. This data was transcribed and analysed using a model that was developed and adapted to describe request strategies. This data is shown through the use of basic statistics, even though it is primarily qualitative. The data is given this qualitative dimension by looking at the factors that the co-conversants attend to. The recorded data shows that although second language speakers of English have a formula for requesting things, they are not always able to articulate why they use the request strategies they do. It appears that English first language speakers and speakers who have English as an additional language request things similarly, but the first language speakers have access to a greater variety of politeness strategies. They also attend to different contextual features. This shows that while the need to be polite seems to be universal, the expectations of the speakers will be different and while a first language speaker of English would not misinterpret the force of a given speech act, they may feel that the person who has English as an additional language is rude. Sensitivity is therefore called for in order to combat mutual negative stereotyping and misunderstandings.
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Esta tesis se enmarca en los trabajos de estudios de sociolingüística, particularmente los estudios de políticas lingüísticas. La investigación se realizó para conocer las actitudes lingüísticas que tienen los migrantes indígenas hacía las lenguas originarias y el español. Se analizó el caso de dos escuelas primarias de la Ciudad de México y se realizaron entrevistas a profundidad con cuatro alumnos universitarios de origen indígena. Además se discutió ampliamente la bibliografía especializada y las nociones y conceptos de los autores para comprender mejor los fenómenos lingüísticos involucrados en la sociedad mexicana. La diversidad lingüística y cultural con la que cuenta México, ha hecho que las políticas de Estado hacia las lenguas haya ido cambiando desde la época de la colonia hasta nuestros días. Este trabajo busca evaluar la aplicación de dichas políticas en un contexto particular, la escuela. Además analiza la clasificación que se ha hecho de estas y algunos ejemplos en Latinoamérica y México a través del tiempo. La historia de los pueblos indígenas de México se dividió en cuatro períodos para su estudio. La época prehispánica que resulta interesante por la diversidad de lenguas y fenómenos documentados en la colonia sobre la situación lingüística del país anterior a la llegada de los españoles. Después el período de la conquista y la colonia que es muy amplio y tuvo varios cambios, al principio se siguió el modelo prehispánico y se tomó el náhuatl como lengua franca pero después se trató de combatir la diversidad y castellanizar a todos los pueblos indios. El siguiente período histórico es el México independiente que tiene muchos cambios por la alternancia en el gobierno pero que se puede reducir en una postura integracionista con diversos matices sobre lo indígena, se apelaba por la integración nacional en una sola lengua. Por último el siglo XX llegó con muchos cambios políticos y culturales, se retomó la discusión repetidas veces y se pasó de un indigenismo a un modelo intercultural. En este marco se publica la “Ley general de derechos lingüísticos de los pueblos indígenas” que da lugar a muchas de las políticas educativas que se discuten en este trabajo. En el siguiente apartado se hace un análisis de los pueblos indígenas en México, se revisa su cosmovisión, su religión y su situación socioeconómica. Esto ayuda a entender la marginación en la que se encuentran y la difícil situación económica que sufren la mayoría. Se analizó a los grupos que estaban representados por al menos un hablante durante la investigación. Los pueblos triqui, mazatecos, mayas, tlapanecos, y tzeltales. También se trató la discriminación que sufren los indígenas. Los alumnos de las escuelas que son indígenas sufren cierto grado de aislamiento y tienen un alto índice de deserción escolar. Aunque la mayoría de las personas, en particular padres y maestros, aseguran tener una actitud positiva hacia la lengua indígena, la realidad es muy distinta. El contexto urbano promueve la discriminación a los niños indígenas y una acelerada integración y consecuentemente una pérdida de su cultura. No obstante las autoridades se niegan a reconocer el problema y argumentan tener escuelas preparadas para resolver la complejidad lingüística del país. Las escuelas interculturales bilingües se ofrecen a la población como un modelo universal que soluciona las carencias educativas de las comunidades indígenas dentro y fuera de los contextos urbanos, sin embargo, dichas escuelas no representan en la realidad lo que pretenden. En este trabajo se analizó el contexto buscando si era un problema de actitudes lingüísticas y se encontró una realidad compleja que involucra diferentes niveles: sociedad y gobierno parecen mostrar una fuerte indiferencia hacia los indígenas y hacia la educación que estos reciben en las escuelas públicas, las cuales son responsabilidad del gobierno de acuerdo a su artículo tercero constitucional. Sin embargo, el discurso de la sociedad y del gobierno se basa en la diversidad y pluriculturalidad, pero en realidad desconozcan a los indígenas y prefieren simplemente no verlos. La importancia de esta investigación radica en descubrir lo engañosos que pueden ser ciertos conceptos utilizados en el discurso político y que no tienen una correspondencia con la realidad compleja de la sociedad mexicana que se muestra en esta pequeña pero significativa muestra.
Drawing upon theoretical ideas from sociolinguistics, languages in contact and language policies, and placing them within the debate of language attitudes, this research aimed to examine language attitudes that Amerindian language speakers who have migrated to the city, have towards Spanish and Amerindian languages. The thesis analizes a case of two primary schools in Mexico City, as well as four in-depth interviews that were conducted with four college students of Amerindian origin. The linguistic and cultural diversity of Mexico has made that the state policies towards Amerindian languages have been changing from colonial times to the present day. This research seeks to assess the implementation of these policies in a particular context, namely in public schools. Amerindian students suffer a certain degree of isolation in Mexican schools and have a high dropout rate. While most people, especially parents and teachers, claim to have a positive attitude towards Amerindian languages, the reality is very different. This thesis analyzed the context with the objective of researching if this situation was a problem of language attitudes and the results show a complex reality: society and government seem to have a strong disregard towards Amerindian people and the education they receive in public schools, which is the responsibility of the government according to the third article of the Constitution of Mexico. The importance of this research is to discover how deceptive certain concepts can be, especially when used in a political discourse, and that these concepts do not have a correspondence with the complex reality of the Mexican society, shown in this small but very significant sample.

More than 200 years have passed since Haiti cut loose from the French colonial empire. A lot has happened since, both to Haiti as a state and to the society as a whole. This study investigates the critiqued relevance of postcolonialism in the 21th century, taking stance in the question of language of instruction in the Haitian school system. Through a qualitative interview based method of data gathering and a comparison with a postcolonialistic theoretical framework, this study first examines the reasons why the recommended use of Haitian creole as language of instruction, rather than French, has been sparsely implemented with the supposed effect of keeping the majority of Haitians in poverty. Secondly it discusses the conclusions drawn on the issue and what they say about the role of colonial societal structures globally. After establishing proof for the prevalence of colonial societal structures as reasons for the dominance of the French language in Haiti, this report suggests further studies on the subject of the relevance of postcolonialism as a model of explanation for contemporary societal phenomena.

Aquesta tesi té per objectiu analitzar els canvis en les tries lingüístiques dels preadolescents mataronins en la transició a l’educació secundària. L’adolescència és una etapa vital marcada per constants transformacions i transicions a tots nivells on els preadolescents es redefineixen, canvien i es transformen constantment. Malgrat les transformacions constants aquests adolescents se socialitzen lingüísticament en un entorn concret (Schieffelin i Ochs 1986; Garrett i Baquedano-López 2002), assumint unes normes d’ús (Vila 2012) i uns habitus determinats (Bourdieu 1985). I és durant aquest procés quan adquireixen uns repertoris lingüístics i comunicatius concrets a través dels diferents camps socials –institucions escolars, mitjans de comunicació, xarxes socials, família– on estan immersos. Els objectius principals d'aquesta recerca són tres: en primer lloc es pretén examinar els canvis lingüístics de la població escolar que es produeixen en el Temps 1 (6è P) i el Temps 2 (1r ESO). En segon lloc, analitzar els canvis en les trajectòries individuals: els canvis intraindividuals. I finalment, dibuixar els perfils sociolingüístics dels canvis en els usos i les tries lingüístiques, i els lligams d’aquests amb els factors sociodemogràfics i sociolingüístics que els acompanyen. El projecte està concebut de manera longitudinal, amb dues etapes de recollida de dades. Una primera etapa, en què s’analitza el comportament dels informants en el seu últim any d'ensenyament primari (6è grau) i una segona etapa, un any més tard, amb l’anàlisi dels informants a la fi de 1r de l’Educació Secundària Obligatòria. La base de l'anàlisi és la comparació diacrònica dels indicadors d’usos lingüístics interpersonals (amb la família, amb els amics i amb el professorat) i de tries lingüístiques en el consum mediàtic (elecció de llengua en el consum cultural, mediàtic i d'oci). L'univers d'estudi (N= 888) són els alumnes de Mataró nascuts a l’any 1995 que durant el curs escolar 2006-07 cursaven 6è de primària (11 a 12 anys) i durant el curs escolar 2007-08 cursaven 1r ESO (12 a 13 anys). Les conclusions d'aquesta tesi indiquen que els preadolescents mataronins sociolingüísticament no formen grups hermètics sinó fluids i dinàmics. Les pràctiques lingüístiques dels alumnes mataronins s’inscriuen dins un contínuum social on s’han de seguir les trajectòries individuals per tal d’entendre el procés que estan vivint i els canvis en les seves tries lingüístiques. Podem agrupar els canvis en les tries lingüístiques en dues tendències: d’una banda, hi ha els canvis que es detecten al conjunt de la població escolar, és a dir, que tots els alumnes segueixen la mateixa tendència; i d’altra banda, hi ha els canvis en les tries lingüístiques més vinculats a les trajectòries individuals que només s’han detectat a través de l’estudi panel (canvis intraindividuals). En resum, els adolescents de la societat de la informació, no poden ser categoritzats en grans col•lectius –els que canvien les tries lingüístiques, dels que no–, sinó que les transformacions sociolingüístiques són molt més complexes i heterogènies. Ara bé, podem concloure en termes generals que: d’una banda, hi ha un retrocés del català en favor del castellà, sobretot per l’aprimament dels usos bilingües en català i castellà. D’altra banda, es detecten menys canvis en els usos interpersonals privats –família i amics– que en els formals –professorat– o en el consum cultural i mediàtic. I finalment, hi ha una certa estabilitat general (no hi ha canvis extrems en cap camp social), però sí que es produeixen oscil•lacions generalitzades en les trajectòries individuals.
One of the current challenges confronting bilingual education has to do with pupil’s reluctance to transfer their school-based L2 linguistic knowledge into their wider social domain. Whilst it is clear that bilingual education, in its multiple forms, can and does lead to successful outcomes (Baker 2006), the definition of success is often limited to the sociopolitical climate of the school, area or community and to the patterns of dominance relations between the two languages (Thomas and Roberts 2011). Nowadays, the successful of bilingual education in Catalonia is complex. On one hand, knowledge of Catalan among young people has increased significantly. However, knowledge is not seen translated into an effective growth in the use of Catalan inside and outside the school. Some authors have attempted to explain part of this process by examining the transition from childhood to youth. This thesis investigates the change in language practices that take place during the transition from primary to secondary school. It focuses especially on: identifying the most relevant changes that are produced in the linguistic uses in three domains: home, school and peer-to-peer, and examining the influence of sociodemographic and sociolinguistic environment in the transition and its sociolinguistic impact. The methodology for the study was based on a survey on language competence and use in Catalan and Castilian. The universe of the study is formed by 888 pupils aged between 11 and 13. The basis of the analysis is a panel comparison of indicators. Results show that in the transition from primary to secondary school there is an increase in the use of Castilian in all domains, from home to school. However, the use of Catalan is explained by the characteristics of the individual, the nature of the linguistic interaction and the availability of the language inside and outside the school.

Notre recherche propose une analyse sociolinguistique comparée des contextes, des modalités de l’intégration du berbère dans l’enseignement en Algérie (de 1995 à 2015) et au Maroc (de 2003 à 2015) consécutives de modifications des politiques linguistiques institutionnelles. Ces transformations sont intervenues sur une période de temps assez courte (une décennie), pour réguler et/ou anticiper la pression revendicative. L’examen de chacun des champs considérés comporte chacun un volet descriptif et un volet analytique. En partant du constat empirique immédiat de l’existence de points de convergence et de divergence entre les deux pays dans cette « nouvelle politique scolaire berbère », nous proposons une description de la structuration des écoles, des choix de la langue à enseigner : sa standardisation-normativisation, sa codification graphique et les choix d'élaboration didactique retenus. La description confirme les continuités et les discontinuités entre les deux États. Notre objectif est de rechercher une signification sociolinguistique à cette offre éducative différenciée. Les sources et les matériaux diversifiés issus d’une investigation sur les deux terrains sont analysés dans une tentative comparative et évaluative transdisciplinaire, à la lumière de l’apport conceptuel : du champ des études berbères, de la sociolinguistique « périphérique », de l’aménagement linguistique et de la socio didactique. L’examen des données synchroniques et diachroniques et de matériaux institutionnels et extra institutionnels conduisent à identifier les niveaux de convergences et les divergence entre les deux États et d’affirmer le caractère institutionnalisé de la minoration du berbère
Our work consists of a comparative sociolinguistic analysis of the contexts, methods of integration and implementation of Berber language teaching in Algeria (from 1995 to 2015) and Morocco (from 2003 to 2015) following changes to institutional linguistic policies.These changes were brought in, over quite a short period of time (a decade), to regulate and/or anticipate social pressure in favour of the introduction of Berber in state schools. The examination of each of the three contexts consists of : a descriptive and an analytical angles. Departing from the empirical observation of the existence of points of convergence and divergence between the two countries in this “new Berber education policy”, we describe the structuration of teaching, the choices in relation to which language to teach, its standardisation, its graphic codification, as well as the objectives and didactic techniques implemented. This description confirms and discerns the continuities and discontinuities between the two states’ experiences and language policies. Our objective has been to seek out a sociolinguistic signification to this differentiated education. Diverse sources and materials resulting from fieldwork in the two countries are analysed with the aim of creating a transdisciplinary evaluation in light of conceptual work developed in the field of Berber studies, namely “peripheral” sociolinguistics, « language planning » and institutional tools. The interrogation of synchronic and diachronic data allows us to identify the essential points of convergence and divergence between the two States and to affirm the institutionalised nature of the minoration of the Berber language
Anadi-ya, d tazrawt d wesleḍ di tmettsnilest** tasmenyifant ɣef tegnatin d iberdan tuɣ Lezzayer d Lmerruk deg usekcem n uselmed n tmaziɣt ɣer iɣerbazen. Tagnit-a yewwi-tt ubeddel d-imlen tasertit d-iglan s tsertiyin tisnilsanin timaynutin.Tineḍra-ya myezwarent-d s wazal n 10 iseggasen. Usant-d ad semsawint annar n tutlayin neɣ ahat ad sifessent ddeṛk isers fell-asent umennuɣ d usuter isertanen n Imussuyen idlesanen imaziɣen. Ihi ad nessenqed 3 inurar di tezrawt-a. Yal annar ila sin iswiren : Aswir uglim* : seg wayen d yufraren deg wennar n unadi, iban-aɣ d kra n ukanzi d umgirredger snat agi n tmura, deg wayen umi neqqar « Tasertit tasegmant i tmaziɣt»**. Ad d-nessifer : asbeddi n uselmed, abraz n tutlayt, afran ugemmay d wamek ttwafernen isufar d iswiyen n uselmed. Aglam n yal annar isseflali-d ifṛez-d kra seg tmuɣliwin-nneɣ ɣef wayen issemlalen turmilin n uselmed di tmura-ya. Aswir usliḍ : Iswi ameqqran d-yufraren, d asegzi n inumak d lǧeṛṛa n wayen akk uqment tmura-a deg wennar n uselmed n tmaziɣt, ulamma mgarradent di kra n tsetwilin*. Nnnuda anamek imettilesi ila uselmed n tmaziɣt di yal tamurt, acimi d wamek d-myezgant tmura-ya. Isufar d isenfaṛen nesseqdec di tezrawt-nneɣ d ayen d-nhawec, d-nessukkes achal d aseggas aya. Nesbedd tazrawt-agi ɣef tezrawin tismazaɣin d wayen akk d nessmed si tmettsnilest tunnaḍt** akked tafernutlayt**. Nuna daɣen ayen akk d-iwwi umezruy, tasnamta*, tasertit d tantrupulujit akken ad aɣ-d-iban wadeg n tmaziɣt d wayen tt-issawden akka tella deg uselmed.Nessaweḍ, nessafer-d kra n yigmaḍ : tamaziɣt mazal d-teffiɣ seg waddad*-ines, mazal d tarbibt n iduba n tmura-ya. Anekcum is deg wennar uselmed ur yelli d asnerni i as d-yewwi, d asḍerref i tt-isḍerrif. S waya timura nessbent addag adday n tmaziɣt

abstract: ABSTRACT This study examines the language and literacy experiences of Kurdish minority children during their first year of mainstream schooling in a southeastern village in Turkey. I employed ethnographic research methods (participant observation, multi-modal data collection, interviewing, and focus groups) to investigate the language practices of the children in relation to language ideologies circulating in the wider context. I focused on the perspectives and practices of one 1st grade classroom (14 students) but also talked with seven parents, three teachers, and two administrators. A careful analysis of the data collected shows that there is a hierarchy among languages used in the community—Turkish, English, and Kurdish. The children, their parents, and their teachers all valued Turkish and English more than Kurdish. While explaining some of their reasons for this view, they discussed the status and functions of each language in society with an emphasis on their functions. My analysis also shows that, although participants devalue the Kurdish language, they still value Kurdish as a tie to their ethnic roots. Another key finding of this study is that policies that appear in teachers’ practices and the school environment seemed to be robust mediators of the language beliefs and practices of the Kurds who participated in my study. School is believed to provide opportunities for learning languages in ways that facilitate greater participation in society and increased access to prestigious jobs for Kurdish children who do not want to live in the village long-term. Related to that, one finding demonstrates that current circumstances make language choice like a life choice for Kurdish children. While Kurds who choose Turkish are often successful in school (and therefore have access to better jobs), the ones who maintain their Kurdish usually have only animal breeding or farming as employment options. I also found that although the Kurdish children that I observed subscribed to ideologies that valued Turkish and English over their native language, they did not entirely abandon their Kurdish language. Instead, they were involved in Turkish- Kurdish bilingual practices such as language broking, language sharing, and language crossing.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Curriculum and Instruction 2015

This dissertation conducts a comprehensive examination of the study of Asian languages in two Australian states, taking into consideration the broad range of people and variables which impact on the language-in-education ecology. These findings are intended to enhance the development of language-in-education policy, planning and implementation in Australia. In order to incorporate a number of perspectives in the language-in-education ecology, interviews were conducted with a range of stakeholders, school administrators, LOTE (Languages Other Than English) coordinators and LOTE teachers, from all three education systems – government, independent and Catholic (31 individuals), across two states – Victoria and New South Wales. Questionnaires were also completed by 464 senior secondary students who were studying an Asian language. Along with the use of supporting data (for example, government reports and newspaper discourse analysis), the interview and questionnaire data was analysed thematically, as well as through the use of descriptive statistics.

abstract: This qualitative study investigates the experiences of ten focal youth who came to the United States as refugees and were placed in Structured English Immersion (SEI) programs in Arizona high schools. The educational language policy for Arizona’s public schools (during the 2014-2015 school year) mandates SEI include four 60-minute classroom periods devoted to reading, writing, grammar, oral English exclusively. Students in SEI thus have restricted access to the full-range of general education courses required for graduation, as well as limited opportunities for social interaction with peers enrolled in the “mainstream” curriculum. The study investigates how youth understand and navigate the school language policy, practices and discourses that position them, and specifically seeks to learn how being identified as an “English Language Learner” interacts with youth’s construction of academic and social identities. Adopting a critical sociocultural theory of language policy (following McCarty, 2011), employing ethnographically-informed research methods, and using social-positioning as an analytic lens, I aim to learn from an emic youth perspective and to amplify their voices. Eight Somali and two Iraqi students took part in two individual in-depth interviews; five students participated in a focus group; and all engaged in numerous informal conversations during 22 researcher site visits to an ethnic community-based organization (ECBO) and a family apartment. Narratives recounting the participants’ lived experiences in the socio-cultural context of high school provide powerful examples of youth asserting personal agency and engaging in small acts of resistance to contest disagreeable positioning. The findings thus support the conceptualization of youth as creative producers of hybridity in response to their environments. This work also confirms the perennial significance of social categories and “othering” in high school. Though the institutional structure of separate classrooms and concomitant limited access to required courses hinder the study participants’ academic progress, the youth speak positively about the comfort of comradery and friendship in the shared safe space of the separate SEI classroom. The dissertation concludes with participants’ recommendations for educators, and the people refugee youth interact with in the context of high school, to improve refugee youth’s experience.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Educational Leadership and Policy Studies 2016

D.Litt. et Phil.
This thesis explores some issues relating to the sociolinguistic situation in South Africa, attending especially to language variety and language attitudes. The focus is on the teaching of language, specifically English, and on the relevant education of language teachers in a multicultural country such as South Africa. In school systems such as the South African education system which has for many years provided real access to education and power for a limited group of students only, the demands of modern society for greater language and cultural knowledge imply radical adjustments to literacy teaching and the training of language teachers. In the first chapter of the study, comments relating to conducting and reporting 'scientific research' are made, referring to the ideas of some philosophers of science and to qualitative and quantitative research approaches. Issues relating to language and society, language varieties and attitudes are reviewed in the second chapter. Chapter Three investigates traditional language teaching programmes and language awareness programmes and deliberates whether the latter could possibly influence language attitudes. Chapter Four contains the empirical section of this study. Firstly, the attitudes of several groups of English teacher trainees towards the use of four varieties of South African English in education were assessed. Thereafter, each group of trainees participated in a group discussion and lecture given by myself, the researcher. The lectures and discussions aimed at raising awareness of language varieties, especially as they relate to language learning at school level, and of questions of standard and evaluation and how they influence teachers and students. Then, the same attitude assessment questionnaire was administered to measure the attitudes of the post-test sample towards the use of the same four varieties of South African English. The data collected and impressions gained from observation of the respondents and the researcher's participation in the research situation were analysed and interpreted with the help of statisticians. The results of the pre-test and post-test were compared to determine if the attitudes towards the varieties of English had changed between the two administrations of the questionnaire. Following analysis and interpretation of the research results, Chapter Five explores the field of language teacher education and proposes a framework for a curriculum that would be relevant for the training of language teachers in South Africa. The chapter makes some suggestions as to how language awareness and critical language studies that extend to a critical awareness of genre could contribute to the effective preparation of language teachers.

Masters of Art
Meaning in human relations has always been based on inferred similarities (Holyoak & Thagard,1995). We are quick to liken the new to an old type. In this study, South African bi- or multilingual citizens post-1994 are perceived to hold the same ethno-linguistic perceptions as their progenitors. This explains the growing amount of literature on bilingual language ideology which is dissected upon the language attitude and space table. Following the same line but from a different perspective, Rampton (1995, 1999, 2003) discusses the relativity involved in labelling a bi- or multilingual repertoire. He suggests that the performative act of a bilingual through his/her linguistic repertoire should be structured according to expertise (instrumental), affiliation(integration) or inheritance (ethnicity). Starting with a note on the attitudinal myth, and closing with possible implications for various educational strata, the research explores Rampton’s notions in a rapidly changing educational context and proposes a revised understanding of ‘appellation’ as a complementary concept, an agentive and non-essentialist form of approaching bi- or multilingual identity enactment. It asserts that each enactment is informed by and carries an element of one or all the other facets of the bi-or multilingual multiply identity. Central to the study’s argument is that a bi-or multilingual is not oblivious of the socio-cultural elements that come with each linguistic capital. So, while earlier literature on identity views appellation as ‘other- ascribed’ identity, this study defines appellation as the construction of ‘self’ using all the elements provided by one’s linguistic basket.Further, with its innovative use of spoken interactional data, the study is able to contribute to the ongoing research on the appropriate medium of instruction in the South African educational system. With a special focus on the primary stage, the study sheds light on the fluidity of bi- or multilingual identity formation and enactment inside and outside the classroom. It uses an analytical framework based on Conversation Analysis, the Ethnography of Speaking, Systemic Functional Linguistics, and Critical Discourse Analysis to test the fit of Rampton’s original categories of inheritance, expertise, and affiliation with learners’ actual conversations.In all, the study in a linguistically substantiated stance, argues for more situated perspectives on the mother tongue based educational policy.

At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Australian Universities Quality Agency (AUQA) began to audit Australian universities. At the same time, universities were increasingly using online technologies for teaching and learning. Little is known about how these two significant changes in teaching and learning might be acting and interacting at a time of increasing focus by universities on the educational marketplace. This thesis investigates the AUQA audits carried out in 2002 of three Australian universities which had different locations in the Australian higher education marketplace and had different approaches to the use of online technologies. I use Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to analyse a range of artefacts produced between 2002 and 2005 by and about the universities. I analyse the first three editions of the AUQA manual, the universities' web sites before and after their audit, the submissions of those universities to AUQA, and the audit reports by AUQA on them. I explore the role that representations of the "online university" discourse play in constructions of a "quality university" discourse within these texts. I discovered a number of shifts in emphasis in the texts over time. Notions of the "online university", while prevalent in the texts produced early in the time frame of the study, were absent from later texts. Also, texts produced early in the study represented the three universities as very different institutions. However texts examined towards the end of the study represented the universities to be more similar in nature. Given the diverse nature of the institutions' market locations, I found that quality assurance processes work to reduce the representation of institutional diversity. There was evidence that the "online university" discourse came to be used more as a marketing tool and less as a marker of quality education over the time period of the study. I argue that AUQA's audits do not support institutions? various market positionings as described by Marginson and Considine (2000), but rather provide the imprimatur of "brand Australia" by producing representations of each institution that are safe and amenable to the audit process. The "online university" discourse speaks of new and borderless teaching strategies, while the "quality university" discourse speaks of containment and control of university activities. The bounding and limiting effect of the "quality university" discourse over the outward reaching "online university" discourse resulted in the three universities representing themselves in increasingly isomorphic ways. My analysis shows that over the time frame of the study, the surveillance of a national quality audit body, through self-audit by universities and the subsequent publication of reviews of universities by that body, produced more cautious representations of the universities and ironically, less direct influence by the audit body over universities? actions in the marketplace. The study suggests that the degree of influence which the ?online university? discourse and the "quality university" discourse have on the representations of universities is dependent largely on the degree to which they can impel universities within the market.
Thesis (PhD)--University of South Australia, 2007

PhD (African Studies)
Department of African Studies
Vanhu vo tala va vile xiphemu lexi endleke leswaku ndzavisiso lowu wu humelela. Ndzi khensa nghamu na vana lava va ndzi hlohloteleke no ndzi seketela hi mianakanyo. Ndzi tata ku khensa eka vatswari lava va nga phuphu ya mina. Vamakwerhu lava a va ndzi khutaza eka gondzo leri a ri nga olovi, kambe va ri olovisa leswaku ndzi kota ku rhelela. Ndzi ri, xandla eka henhla xin’wana xandla! Eka wena mudzaberi wa thesisi leyi, Dokodela Chauke M.T, namuntlha ndzi dya mihandzu leyi u tikarhateke swinene hi ku chela manyoro u cheleta yi kala yi vupfa. U bile comana swikwembu swi kala swi huma kutani namuntlha ndzi thwasile hikuva nyongwa se ndzi yi khomile hi mavoko ya mina. Dokodela Babane M.T na wena u vile mupfuneti wa mudzaberi hi vutshembeki. Tatana Maluleke (Ngwenya) Tinyiko na vapfuneti va wena hi tlhelo ra ku thayipa xitsariwa lexi wa khensiwa. Hakunene u ngwenya. Sesi Kudakwashe Chirobe, nseketelo na mitirho ya wena eka vuhumelerisi bya thesisi leyi swi khenseka hi xiheri (Zvakanaka shamwari!). buti Respect Mlambo na wena sesi Kudakwashe migingiriko ya n’wina ya ku ya hala na hala ku tiyisisa leswaku xitsariwa lexi xi tixaxametisa na swilaveko swa xihofisi swi tswarile mihandzu leyinene. I vanyingi lava hoxeke xandla ehenhla ka ndzavisiso lowu, ndzi ba mandla ndzi vuyelela eka n’wina hinkwenu handle ko mi hlaya hi mavito. Ndzi tlangela ku humelerisiwa ka mafumelo ya xidemokirasi laha Afrika-Dzonga. Swi ta va swi nga hetisekangi eka mina ku va ndzi vulavula hi xidemokirasi xa Afrika-Dzonga loko vito ra Dokodela Rolihlahla Mandela ri nga boxiwangi. Hi un’wana wa tinghanakana ta valweri va ndzingandzingano wa tindzimi eka swin’wana swa swona. Ingi moya wa yena wu nga wisa hi kurhula swinene. Eku heteleleni, ndzi khensa Muvumbi tanihileswi masungulo ya vutlhari ku nga ku chava Yehovha. Hi yena loyi a ndzi tsetseleleke no ndzi hletela ku kondza ndzi gwaza.
NRF

Abstracts in English and Zulu
Multilingualism is the norm in most urban areas of South Africa. This study aims to discover the perceptions of young adults towards their mother tongue due to being exposed to multiple languages in their daily environment at a very young age. The study further investigates whether young adults acquire their mother tongue whilst growing up in an environment that has multiple languages. It also seeks to determine the role that parents play in the acquisition of mother tongue by their children. Literature was reviewed in order to explain and understand the standing of African languages in South Africa. This study is guided by the theories of first language development and acquisition and Cummins’ concepts of Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) theories. The study employed a mixed-method approach. Empirical data was collected by means of questionnaires and semi-structured interviews from young adults and parents. Data collected was analysed by a statistician using categorical data analysis. The researcher used graphs to present findings from analysed data. Findings from the empirical data show that young adults who grew up in a multilingual environment acquire more than one language. Parents also play a role in nurturing the acquisition of the mother tongue
Ubuliminingi yisimo esijwayelike kakhulu ezindaweni zasemadolobheni zalapha eNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo luhlose ukuthola izimvo zabantu abasebasha mayelana nolimi lwabo lwebele njengoba kulesi sikhathi samanje bedibana nesimo lapho behlangana khona nabantu abakhuluma izilimi ezahlukene. Lolu cwaningo luhlose futhi nokubheka iqhaza elibanjwe abazali ekufundiseni abantwana babo ulimi lwabo lebele. Kulolu cwaningo kusetshenziswe ongoti abahlukene ukuze kuchazwe futhi kuqondisiswe ukuthi zime kuphi izilimi zendabuko zaseNingizimu Afrika. Lolu cwaningo lusebenzise izindlela zokucwaninga eziningi. Ulwazi locwaningo luqoqwe ngokusebenzisa amapheshana emibuzo, kanye nezingxoxo ezingahleliwe ezenziwe kubazali nakubantu abasha. Ulwazi locwaningo luhlaziywe umhlaziyi wezinombolo esebenzisa uhlaziyo lwezigaba zocwaningo ezahlukene. Okutholakele ekuhlaziyweni kolwazi kuveze ukuthi abantu abasha abakhulele lapho okukhulunywa khona izilimi ezahlukene bazuza ulwazi lwalezo zilimi bagcine sebekwazi ukukhuluma nezinye izilimi okungezona ezabo. Kuvelile nokuthi nabazali bayaqinisekisa ukuthi abantwana babo bayalufunda ulimi lwabo lwebele.
African Languages
M.A. (African Languages)

The purpose of this study is to investigate historical and linguistic forces that interact to undermine school achievement in Haiti. From a sociocultural perspective, this study explores the social, political, and historical forces that mediate language ideology and practices in Haitian schools and how such ideology and practices influence students' academic achievement. This study analyzes the role of French and Creole in schools and investigates the linguistic tensions in the Haitian society where Creole, the home language of both students and teachers and the only language broadly used in the country, is relegated to secondary importance in education and other institutional settings. The study relies on ethnographic data collected in a third grade, a fourth grade, a fifth grade, and a sixth grade classroom in a private and a public school in a semi-urban area around the capital city of Haiti as well as data collected in different sectors of the society (e.g. state and private institutions). Building upon the literature regarding classroom discourses and the literature on sociocultural theory, coloniality, language ideology, and symbolic domination, this study problematizes language and educational practices in Haiti and offers recommendations for rebuilding Haiti's educational system in the aftermath of the devastating earthquake of January 12th 2010. Given the role of students' home language in their instruction, this study argues that any effort aiming the revitalization of the school system in Haiti needs to take into consideration issues related to language in the education system.