Journal articles on the topic 'Edward T. Hall'

<p>This article aims to present a review of Edward T. Hall’s ethnographic and anthropological research to critically look at mediatization as a complex cultural process. This implies an explicit support of linguistic relativism and cultural materialism. Hall’s belief in linguistic relativism led him to further research the communication processes by relying on a meditation that directly resulted from the anthropological research conducted by Sapir and Whorf in line with Boas’ tradition. Hall realized that the principles de€ned in relation with the study of languages and interpersonal communication could be applied with equally good results to the study of human behavior in general or to the entirety of cultural facts and culture in general.</p><p>Moreover, he develops his concept of culture from a strictly ecological perspective or the idea that it results from the special connection between man and his environment. Thall’s approach combines and mixes within a systemic view of culture both the cultural materialism advocated by Harris and White and the cognitivist tradition founded by Boas. This article shows the essence of Hall’s ecological approach according to which culture is conceived as a whole: a dynamic system, a coherent process of mediatization within which all the elements are deeply connected and therefore co-dependent.</p>

The claim in recent years of a radical disjunction between the theologies of Calvin and the Calvinists has frequently come to focus on the seminal influence of Calvin's successor at Geneva, Theodore Beza. Scholars who have suggested Beza as the main culprit behind an increasing trend in sixteenth century Reformed theology to a rationalistic, scholastic, predestinarian rigidity include Ernst Bizer, Walter Kickel, Basil Hall, Brian G. Armstrong, Johannes Dantine, Edward A. Dowey Jun., John W. Beardslee III, and R. T. Kendall. Indeed, in order to appreciate Beza's significance we are compelled to see him in comparison with his great predecessor.

Edward T. Hall (1976) and others have told us that status and role are more important considerations in Japan than in the United States. Specifically addressed in this study is the moderating effect of culture on the relationships between negotiators’ roles (buyer or seller) and their behaviors and outcomes. A laboratory negotiation simulation was conducted with more than 200 Japanese and American businesspeople as participants, and several of the simulated negotiations were videotaped for subsequent content and sociolinguistic analyses. The integration of findings supports Hall's notion that in Japan hierarchy is more important, and indeed, Japanese buyers receive greater deference from sellers.

Nikolaus P. Himmelmann, Eva F. Schultze-Berndt (eds), Secondary Predication and Adverbial Modification: The Typology of Depictives, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. xxv + 448 pages
 Edward L. Keenan, Edward P. Stabler, Bare Grammar: Lectures on Linguistic Invariants. Stanford: CSLI Publications, 2003. 192 pp.
 Siobhan Chapman, Thinking about Language. Theories of English. Houndsmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. X + 174 pages. pb (Series: Perspectives on the English Language)
 Judith Rodby, W. Ross Winterowd, The Uses of Grammar, Oxford: Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. xiv + 274 pp.
 Laura J. Downing, Alan T. Hall and Renate Raffelsiefen (eds), Paradigms in Phonological Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. 349 pages.
 Max W. Wheeler, The Phonology of Catalan. (The Phonology of the World’s Languages). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. XI + 387 pp.
 Jan-Olof Svantesson, Anna Tsendina, Anastasia Karlson, and Vivan Franzén, The Phonology of Mongolian. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. Pp. xix + 314.
 Cliff Goddard, The Languages of East and Southeast Asia. An Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005. pp. xvi + 315.

Dinamika komunikasi kontemporer, tak pernah bisa lepas dari persoalan interaksi antarbudaya dalam masyarakat kita yang majemuk. Keberagaman suku bangsa atau etnis di Indonesia di satu sisi memang menjadi anugrah kekayaan kultural yang jarang dimiliki oleh bangsa-bangsa lain. Makalah ini berpijak pada apa yang dikemukakan oleh Edward T. Hall yang mengemukakan bahwa budaya adalah komunikasi dan komunikasi adalah budaya. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan wawancara mendalam kepada beberapa narasumber baik dari Orang Betawi maupun orang di luar Betawi. Selain wawancara, studi literatur juga dilakukan guna mendukung argumen dalam penelitian ini. Sikap terbuka dan egaliter orang Betawi juga terobservasi melalui gaya komunikasi mereka. Secara umum, pola komunikasi Orang Betawi berada dalam komunikasi konteks rendah dan juga konteks tinggi.

<p>With the development of economy and the change of social culture, advertisements have penetrated our life slowly and done a lot to the commercial markets. Advertisements have often been analyzed in a stylistic way for its unique language style. But language is an important part, as well as a carrier, of culture. Advertising language, as other kinds of languages, is also a significant component of culture and is a comprehensive collection of different aspects of culture. In turn, it reflects culture in its own way. A cultural pattern, put forward by Edward T. Hall and called “high context” and “low context” communication, will be focused on to analyze different advertisements from these two cultures.</p>

Partant du cheminement courant du développement d’un scénario, c’est-à-dire le respect des étapes d’écriture du sujet, du synopsis et du scénario, cet article démontrera dans un premier temps que ce processus particulier qui débouche sur la structuration d’un texte se modélise en raison des exigences institutionnelles qui imposent aux scénaristes le développement de leur projet par étapes. Dans un second temps, il questionnera ce savoir-faire des scénaristes en cherchant ce qui le détermine a priori dans l’acte créateur, s’inspirant des recherches de l’anthropologue américain Edward T. Hall, notamment dans The Silent Language. Une structure-modèle logique de trois niveaux est proposée, qui 1) préexisterait à l’acte de construction d’une histoire; 2) se dévoilerait en cours d’écriture; et 3) correspondrait aux étapes d’élaboration du sujet, du sypnosis et du scénario.

En este artículo, clasificamos la cultura nacional de Belice a través de las tipologías ofrecidas por Geert Hofstede (1980) y Edward T. Hall (1960). La clasificación permite el uso comparativo de datos culturales existentes para la mayoría de las otras naciones y regiones del mundo importantes para navegar las interacciones culturales en la conducción de negocios internacionales. Como aproximadamente las tres cuartas partes de la economía de Belice dependen del comercio internacional, existe una necesidad fundamental de navegar con éxito en el entorno internacional. Utilizando un grupo de expertos en cultura de Belice, un estudio de Delphi reveló la naturaleza de la cultura nacional de Belice como un punto de referencia en la navegación de culturas. Concluimos con recomendaciones de navegación cultural para y con beliceños involucrados en actividades comerciales internacionales.

Dinamika budaya dalam suatu masyarakat berimplikasi pada perilaku dan cara berkmunikasi anggota masyarakatnya, termasuk juga cara berkomunikasi para karyawan PT Indorama Synthetics Tbk Purwakarta. Berlatar belakang dari fenomena dan realita tesebut, maka studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui, mengungkap, dan menggambarkan budaya komunikasi karyawan PT Indorama Syntehtics Tbk Purwakarta sebagai masyarakat industri yang difokukan pada: Pertama, konteks komunikasi masyarakt industri. Kedua, gaya bicara masyarakat industri. Studi ini mengunakan metode etnografi dengan teknik pengumpulan data berupa observasi dan wawancara. Studi ini berlandaskan pada teori konteks komunikasi dan gaya bicara dari Edward T. Hall. Berdasarkan hasil eksplorasi dan analisis data, didapatkan dua temua penting, yaitu: Pertama, masyarakat industri memiliki budaya komunikasi konteks rendah. Kedua, masyarakat industri memiliki budaya komunikasi dengan gaya bicara linier. Hasil studi ini dapat berkontribusi bagi pengembangan kajian komunikasi antarbudya dan etnografi komunikasi. Hasi studi ini dapat direkomendasikan bagi para mubaligh, da’i, dan praktisi dakwah sebagai panduan melakukan aktifitas dakwah pada masyakat industri.

Na busca por fatores que sejam condicionantes de bem estar, a proxêmica apresenta um arcabouço de informações relevantes, capaz de levar a compreensão da relação do indivíduo com o espaço e com os outros nele presentes. Sendo essa uma premissa para a definição de um layout mais coerente e passível de valorização do lugar de convívio, o objetivo deste artigo é organizar, de forma sistemática, as adequações espaciais realizadas em uma embarcação a vela adaptada para moradia de um casal de indivíduos. Assim, trata-se de um estudo de caso e baseia-se na investigação do antropólogo Edward T. Hall acerca das manifestações proxêmicas. Fora utilizado o caso de um veleiro de 36 pés que, após sua reforma, será utilizado como moradia por um casal, e através da análise fundamentada nos preceitos da proxêmica foram apresentadas adaptações que resultem em melhor interação entre os usuários e entre estes com o espaço. Essas adaptações serviram de base para a elaboração de uma lista de características que favoreçam outros projetos semelhantes.

Developments in the era of globalization are in the world's spotlight, not only on differences in mindset but also on many aspects. One of them is the impact on the existence of culture in Indonesia. This fact drives companies in Indonesia to reintroduce Indonesian culture through advertising. An example is the Visit Central Java version of the KukuBima Ener-G advertisement explored in this study, intending to take an essential role in contributing to presenting local content that specifically raises the cultural side of Central Java. This study also aims at seeing the cultural values embedded in Javanese society, namely the Kejawen, which is implied in the KukuBima Ener-G advertisement. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach and data collection techniques using John Fiske's Semiotics Method to analyze more deeply the content of advertisements based on the Social Code Theory initiated by Edward T. Hall. This study explores deeper in terms of the strategy of cultural visual but still displays the brand image. The results of this study lead to the emergence of a number of Kejawen from the aspect of Low Context Culture and High Context Culture in each advertising scene.

Abstract Edward T. Hall presented three aspects of the perception of space: the infra-, pre-, and microcultural dimensions. This theory is the basis of an analysis rooted in years of experience in conducting computer skills training courses for seniors. Proxemics has great importance in IT education of seniors in all three dimensions: infra-, pre-, and microcultural. In the infracultural aspect it ought to be assumed that there exist some fundamental discrepancies arising from the differences between generations. That is why it is necessary to ensure that there is a common understanding of perspectives and relations with the virtual world of the generation of teachers (Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants) and the students (Digital Foreigners, Digital Aliens) that is decisive in the effectiveness of the computer skills training courses. In the precultural aspect it is crucial to take into account the involutionary processes that condition the perception and the learning of seniors. The deteriorating hearing, eyesight, as well as the lowered acuity of other senses may lead to a number of difficulties in seniors’ computer skills training. In the microcultural aspect, in turn, what is perceived by seniors as a positive element is the social distance with the correct arrangement of classroom space which may at the same time allow the students to coarrange the learning space.

The purpose of this study was to analyze intercultural communication between Japanese and Indonesian employees at PT. Tokyu Land Indonesia. This research was also to analyze barriers which occurred in intercultural communication between them, and how to overcome these barriers. The method used in this study was a qualitative research method with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out by using an in-depth interview with 3 Japanese and 3 Indonesian employees, observation, and relevant previous research articles, and research-related documents. This research used the intercultural communication model of William B. Gudykunst and Young Yun Kim, intercultural communication concepts from Edward T. Hall, such as proxemics (the concept of distance), chronemics (the concept of time), high context and low context communication, individualism and collectivism, stereotypes. The results of the study showed that intercultural communication between Japanese and Indonesian employees at PT. Tokyu Land Indonesia is relatively good. Obstacles that occurred in intercultural communication are due to problems of differences and understanding of language, habits, respect for time (Japanese monochronic while Indonesia is polychronic), and the existence of stereotypes from each nation. To overcome these obstacles, they have to learn more about Japanese culture for Indonesian employees, and Indonesian culture for Japanese employees, openness to confirm understanding of the message delivered, mutual respect, and forgiveness each other if a misunderstanding occurs.

Although various aspects of intercultural communication have been addressed in the works of various authors, there is still a lack of works that describe intercultural communication from the new viewpoint – in terms of effective intercultural business interaction, theoretical analysis of models of the classification of cultures, and combination of theoretical and practical insights in overcoming the obstacles of intercultural interaction. There is also a lack of works that highlight creativity as an integral part of cross-cultural business communication. In the belief of the author of the article, without a close synthesis of these aspects, it is impossible to understand in detail the meaning of effective intercultural business interaction. Purpose of the article – to analyse theoretical and practical aspects of effective cross-cultural business communication based on creativity. In the article, through the use of the models of the classification of cultures of various researchers from around the world (Richard R. Gesteland, Edward T. Hall, Richard D. Lewis, Geert Hofstede, Gert Jan Hofstede, Michael Minkov, Shalom H. Schwartz), the aspects of multiculturalism in the context of intercultural business interaction are highlighted. The work analyses creativity as an integral part of effective cross-cultural business communication. The publication also describes the barriers in the intercultural interaction and ways to overcome it. Research methods used in the work: systematic, comparative, logical analysis and synthesis of scientific literature.

The article highlights the complexity of the nature of intercultural business communication as a multidimensional sociocultural phenomenon. In many ways, the field of intercultural communication is the subject of study of an array of disciplines ranging from linguistics, sociology, language communication, philosophy, ethnology, anthropology etc. In particular, this paper deals with the notion of situational context (SC) as a chief element of the communication process. It is defined as the circumstances at which communication act takes place. There are four dimensions of SC: physical, social, chronological and cultural. Each of the following dimensions has been thoroughly examined, with a strong emphasis on the cultural component. Moreover, the object of the study has been analyzed within the transactional model of communication, thoroughly examined by the American scholars T. Gamble and M. Gamble. The model comprises the following elements of communication: the addresser, messages, channels (medium), obstacles, situational context, the addressee. Reflecting on the importance of SC in the modern intercultural business communication it is worth noting its significance as the criteria of the effectiveness of business interaction. The examples introduced in this paper are based on the works of Edward Hall and Erin Mayer which demonstrate the role of low-context and high-context cultures determining the cultural dimension of the situational context. According to the results, the problems of intercultural business communication are not caused by the linguistic aspect. They are to occur due to the ignorance or misperception of the situational context, in particular its cultural dimension. Since cultural patterns of behavior and belief impact our perceptions, cognitions, and actions.

Ralph Lee Woodward, Jr., Central America: A Nation Divided. New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. Pp. 390. Cloth, $22.50; Paper $8.95. Second Edition. Review by Donald J. Mabry of Mississippi State University. Edward M. Anson. A Civilization Primer. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1985. Pp. 121. Spiral bound, $5.95. Review by Gordon R. Mork of Purdue University. Stephen J. Lee. Aspects of European History, 1494-1789. Second edition. London & New York: Methuen, 1984. Pp. viii, 312. Paper, $11.95. Review by Michael W. Howell of The School of the Ozarks. Roland N. Stromberg. European Intellectual History Since 1789. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1986. Fourth edition. Pp. x, 340. Paper, $18.95. Review by Irby C. Nichols, Jr. of North Texas State University. R. W. Southern. Medieval Humanism and Other Studies. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. 261. Cloth, $24.95; Paper, $10.95. Review by Benjamin F. Taggie of Central Michigan University. H. T. Dickinson. British Radicalism and the French Revolution, 1789-1815. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. 88. Paper, $6.95; F. D. Dow. Radicalism in the English Revolution, 1640-1660. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. 90. Paper, $6.95. Review by Harry E. Wade of East Texas State University. H. R. Kedward. Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance 1940-1944. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. 88. $6.95; M. E. Chamberlain. Decolonization: The Fall of the European Empire. New York: Basil Blackwell, 1985. Pp. 86. $6.95. Review by Steven Philip Kramer of the University of New Mexico. Harriet Ward. World Powers in the Twentieth Century. London: British Broadcasting Corporation and the Heinemann Educational Books, 1985. Second edition. Pp. xvii, 333. Paper, $12.00. Review by Gerald H. Davis of Georgia State University. Paul Preston, ed. Revolution and War in Spain, 1931-1939. London and New York: Methuen, 1984. Pp. xi, 299. Cloth, $29.95: Paper, $12.95. Review by Robert Kern of the University of New Mexico. Glenn Blackburn. The West and the World Since 1945. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985. Pp. vi, 152. Paper, $9.95. Review by Victoria L. Enders of Northern Arizona University. M. K. Dziewanowski. A History of Soviet Russia. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985. Second edition. Pp. x, 406. Paper, $22.95. Review by Elizabeth J. Wilcoxson of Northern Essex Community College. Peter L. Steinberg. The Great "Red Menace": United States Prosecution of American Communists, 1947-1952. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984. Pp. xiv, 311. Cloth, $35.00. Review by Kenneth G. Alfers of Mountain View College. Winthrop D. Jordan, Leon F. Litwack, Richard Hoftstadter, William Miller, Daniel Aaron. The United States: Brief Edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985. Second Edition. Pp. xiv, 513. Paper, $19.95. Review by Richard A. Diem of The University of Texas at San Antonio. Edwin J. Perkins and Gary M. Walton. A Prosperous People: The Growth of the American Economy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1985. Pp. xiii, 240. Paper, $14.95. Review by Larry Madaras of Howard Community College.

El reto de comunicarnos entre mexicanos y chinos en nuestra época moderna nace del reconocimiento de dicha nación como potencia económica mundial y de nuestra nación como un país en vías de desarrollo con gran potencial de crecimiento. La manera de lograr que se dé la comunicación intercultural entre ambas civilizaciones es mediante la negociación, la cual adquiere un carácter único cuando se trata de China. Las particularidades de los intercambios no verbales con representantes de negocios chinos conllevan un gran esfuerzo por profundizar en sus minuciosas necesidades implícitas en la cultura china.
 Con respecto al estudio de la comunicación no verbal, nos enfrentamos a un campo de estudio en desarrollo cuya profundización tiene impactos psicológicos con énfasis en la influencia cultural en el comportamiento y en la percepción del entorno. Fue a partir de 1950, que un de algunos investigadores —entre ellos Ray L. Birdwhistell, Albert E. Schefl, Edward T Hall, Erving Goffman y Paul Ekman— enfocaron el tema de manera sistemática (Davis, 2010: 9). Y aunque sólo a comienzos de este siglo se inició una verdadera investigación acerca de la comunicación no verbal (Davis, 2010: 9). Así es como el conocimiento se fue sistematizando hasta llegar a la afirmación de que lo que adquirimos se refleja en nuestros movimientos y gestos.
 Así en este texto se aprecian tanto los factores no verbales de la comunicación intercultural como las especificidades de la cultura china y lo importante que es para el empresario mexicano adquirir estas herramientas para mejorar su competitividad al llevar a cabo negociación con empresarios chinos.
 En primer lugar a nivel social, existe una capa a nuestro alrededor que difícilmente notamos, como difícilmente se entera un pez de las peculiaridades del agua que le rodea y para llevar a cabo con éxito los encuentros cara a cara se debe iniciar por comprenderla. En ese espacio que conocemos como cultura, se encuentra el secreto de lo que representa confiar en el otro. Los aspectos aquí desarrollados guían al empresario a construir confianza mutua con
 su contraparte binacional. Para ello se enfatizan algunas peculiaridades de la forma de socialización china que repercutirán en la forma de hacer negocios con México.
 Sobre todo, los negocios internacionales enfrentan una serie de complicaciones y retos que surgen al mostrarse frente a frente con la contraparte intercultural (Semnani-Azad y Adair, 2011: 451) como lo son las diferencias culturales en los estilos comunicativos, los repertorios de estrategias y los esquemas cognitivos. Para dicho propósito, Edward T. Hall (1989) describe la teoría de alto y bajo contexto, las cuales esclarecen teóricamente a profundidad cuáles son los rasgos necesarios para contribuir a la comprensión de la persona extranjera con quien se enfrenta la vulnerabilidad cultural.
 En consecuencia, en todo tipo de negociación se parte del entorno cultural en el que los involucrados se encuentren. El proceso de negociación se divide en seis etapas: etapa inicial, etapa de apertura, etapa media, etapa propuesta y contrapropuesta, etapa de acuerdos y etapa de seguimientos (Rodríguez, 2007:179). En este caso, la importancia de la etapa inicial será la que defina el éxito en el curso de la relación binacional.
 Por ejemplo, cuando nos preguntamos porqué no podemos simplemente entrar en materia de negociación y cerrar un contrato es vital recordar que la relación con el negociante es el contrato (Meyer, 2014: 185). La buena noticia es que las estrategias para mejorar la confianza son simples, generalmente requieren solo de ajustes menores tanto de comportamiento como de expectativas.
 A grandes rasgos, a lo largo del presente texto, se analizarán los datos que ponen a China de relieve como potencia de china y México mientras se resalta la relación comercial binacional en el marco del sentido de interculturalidad. En este apartado de enfatizan los factores económicos y culturales que hacen de la relación México-China, una interacción especial y con amplia viabilidad para la interacción económica exitosa.
 Por otra parte, en el siguiente apartado se profundiza sobre importantes reflexiones sobre el proceso de negociación. En él, recae gran parte de las posibilidades de éxito para el empresariado mexicano que desee llevar sus intercambios económicos con éxito en China. Bajo la premisa de una interacción intercultural certera, México tiene grandes oportunidades de comunicarse efectivamente y lograr importantes avances económicos en la relación binacional.
 Bajo este mismo entendido, son muy importantes las peculiaridades de la comunicación verbal y no verbal entre negociantes mexicanos y chinos, lo cual se esclarece en siguiente apartado para fortalecer así la asertividad al negociar, para esclarecer en el último apartado que existen herramientas para la elevación de competitividad y que son instrumentos comunicativos valiosos en la mesa de negocios. Así, el presente texto deriva de lo general a lo particular, aquellos componentes que culturalmente favorecen una comunicación efectiva empresarial.

<p>W artykule wskazano na istnienie związku między kulturą szkoły a edukacją włączającą. Przedstawiony został model kultury oparty na pracach Edwarda T. Halla i jego zastosowanie w badaniu włączającej kultury szkoły. Omówiono także proces kształtowania włączającej kultury szkoły, głównie w kontekście zmiany przyjętych przekonań i wartości oraz wynikających z tych przeobrażeń konsekwencji praktycznych. W zakończeniu wskazano wybrane trudności w realizacji tego procesu i sposoby ich przezwyciężania.</p>

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(in cooperation with W. van Alphen and with contributions from H.C.A. de Kat, H.C. van Nederveen Meerkerk and L.B. Wevers), Zwolle: Waanders/[Zeist]: Netherlands Department for Conservation, [2002]. 479 pp. -Gert J. Oostindie, M.H. Bartels ,Hollanders uit en thuis; Archeologie, geschiedenis en bouwhistorie gedurende de VOC-tijd in de Oost, de West en thuis; Cultuurhistorie van de Nederlandse expansie. Hilversum: Verloren, 2002, 190 pp. [SCHI-reeks 2.], E.H.P. Cordfunke, H. Sarfatij (eds) -Henk Schulte Nordholt, Tony Day, Fluid iron; State formation in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2002, xii + 339 pp. -Nick Stanley, Nicholas Thomas ,Double vision; Art histories and colonial histories in the Pacific. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999, xii + 289 pp., Diane Losche, Jennifer Newell (eds) -Heather Sutherland, David Henley, Jealousy and justice; The indigenous roots of colonial rule in northern Sulawesi. Amsterdam: VU Uitgeverij, 2002, 106 pp. -Gerard Termorshuizen, Piet Hagen, Journalisten in Nederland; Een persgeschiedenis in portretten 1850-2000. Amsterdam: Arbeiderspers, 2002, 600 pp. -Amy E. Wassing, Bart de Prins, Voor keizer en koning; Leonard du Bus de Gisignies 1780-1849; Commissaris-Generaal van Nederlands-Indië. Amsterdam: Balans, 2002, 288 pp. -Robert Wessing, Michaela Appel, Hajatan in Pekayon; Feste bei Heirat und Beschneidung in einem westjavanischen Dorf. München: Verlag des Staatlichen Museums für Völkerkunde, 2001, 160 pp. [Münchner Beiträge zur Völkerkunde, Beiheft I.] -Nicholas J. White, Matthew Jones, Conflict and confrontation in South East Asia, 1961-1965; Britain, the United States, Indonesia and the creation of Malaysia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, xv + 325 pp. -Edwin Wieringa, Peter Riddell, Islam and the Malay-Indonesian world; Transmission and responses. London: Hurst, 2001, xvii + 349 pp. -Edwin Wieringa, Stuart Robson ,Javanese-English dictionary. (With the assistance of Yacinta Kurniasih), Singapore: Periplus, 2002, 821 pp., Singgih Wibisono (eds) -Henk Schulte Nordholt, Edward Aspinall ,Local power and politics in Indonesia; Decentralisation and democracy. Sin gapore: Institute of Southeast Asian studies, 2003, 296 pp. [Indonesia Assessment.], Greg Fealy (eds) -Henke Schulte Nordholt, Coen Holtzappel ,Riding a tiger; Dilemmas of integration and decentralization in Indonesia. Amsterdam: Rozenburg, 2002, 320 pp., Martin Sanders, Milan Titus (eds) -Henk Schulte Nordholt, Minako Sakai, Beyond Jakarta; Regional autonomy and local society in Indonesia. Adelaide: Crawford House, 2002, xvi + 354 pp. -Henk Schulte Nordholt, Damien Kingsbury ,Autonomy and disintegration in Indonesia. London; RoutledgeCurzon, 2003, xiv + 219 pp., Harry Aveling (eds)

Measurements are presented of the thermomechanical coefficient of normalliquid 3He confined in a porous plug preplated with four monolayersof 4He. These nonmagnetic monolayers displace the magnetic solid-like3He monolayers that are adjacent to the pore surfaces when the plugis filled with pure 3He. In the low-temperature limit (T <= 10mK) the coefficient can be described by Δ P/Δ T ~ s/6vwhere Δ P is the pressure difference across the plug generated bythe temperature difference Δ T, and s and v are the molarentropy and molar volume. This low-temperature limit corresponds to thecondition d <<lq where d is the pore diameter and lq isthe bulk liquid 3He quasiparticle mean free path; that is, thequasiparticles are predominantly boundary scattered in the pores. Themeasured coefficient is half that calculated by Edwards Culman and He. When compared with this new experimental result for the 4He-platedporous plug, the earlier result for pure liquid 3He is strikinglylarger (by up to 30x at 2~mK). This enhancement is reminiscent ofthe giant thermopowers measured in Kondo and other dilute magneticalloys. It is speculated that the enhanced thermomechanical coefficientfor pure liquid 3He is due to magnetic scattering of the 3Hequasiparticles by the two magnetic solid-like 3He monolayers adjacentto the pore surfaces. PACS Nos.: 67.55.-s and 67.55.Hc

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre a prosa de Conceição Evaristo, investigando a representação das diferenças, principalmente sociais e de gênero, na escrita de seus contos, por meio da busca e da valorização da ancestralidade africana.
 Palavras-chave: Identidade Africana. Ancestralidade. Literatura. Nação.
 Referências
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 BHABHA, Homi K. O local da cultura. Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 1996.
 CÔRTES, Cristiane. Diálogos sobre escrevivência e silêncio. In: DUARTE, Constância Lima; CÔRTES, Cristiane; PEREIRA, Maria do Rosário A. (orgs). Escrevivências: identidade, gênero e violência na obra de Conceição Evaristo. Belo Horizonte: Idea, 2016. p. 51-60. 
 EVARISTO, Conceição. Olhos d’água. Rio de Janeiro: Pallas, 2010.
 ______. Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres. Belo Horizonte: Nandyala, 2011.
 ______. Ponciá Vicêncio. Belo Horizonte: Mazza, 2003.
 ______. História de leves enganos e parecenças. Rio de Janeiro: Malê, 2016.
 _____. Gênero e etnia: uma escre(vivência) da dupla face. In: MOREIRA, Nadilza Martins de Barros; SCHNEIDER, Diane (eds.). Mulheres no mundo, etnia, marginalidade e diáspora. João Pessoa: Ideia, 2005. p. 201-212. Disponível em: https://pt.scribd.com/document/177337990/Conceicao-Evaristo-Genero-e-etnia-uma-escre-vivencia-de-dupla-face. Acesso em: 20 abr. 2019.
 FOUCAULT, Michel. Microfísica do poder. Organização e tradução de Roberto Machado. Rio de Janeiro: Graal, 1979.
 GANDHI, Leela. Postcolonial theory: a critical introduction. New York: Columbia University,1998.
 GARUBA, Harry. Explorações do realismo animista: notas sobre a leitura e a escrita da literatura, cultura e sociedade africana. Tradução Elisângela da Silva Tarouco. Nonada: Letras em Revista, Porto Alegre, v. 2, n. 19, p. 235-256, out. 2012. Disponível em: http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/5124/512451673021.pdf. Acesso em: 02 dez. 2018.
 ______. Reflexões provisórias sobre o animismo, modernidade/colonialismo e a ordem africana do conhecimento. Tradução Alice Botelho Peixoto. CESPUC, n. 32, p. 123-131, jan./jun. 2018. Disponível em: http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/cadernoscespuc/article/view/17021. Acesso em: 14 mar. 2019.
 HALL, Stuart. Que “negro” é esse na cultura negra? In: ______. Da diáspora: identidades e mediações culturais. Organização Liv Sovik. Tradução Adelaine La Guardia Resende et al. Belo Horizonte: UFMG; Brasília: Representação da UNESCO no Brasil, 2009.
 ______. A identidade cultural na pós-modernidade. 11. Ed. Tradução Tomaz Tadeu da Silva e Guacira Lopes Lobo. Rio de Janeiro: DP&A, 2006.
 JAMESON, Fredric. Pós-modernismo: a lógica cultural do capitalismo tardio. 2. ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1997.
 LIEBIG, Sueli Meira. “Escrevivências”: Evaristo e a subversão de gênero em Insubmissas lágrimas de mulheres. XII Colóquio Nacional Representações de gênero e sexualidades. 08 a 10 de junho de 2016, Campina Grande, PB. Disponível em: file:///C:/Users/Windows%2010/Downloads/TRABALHO_EV053_MD1_SA6_ID571_30042016200422.pdf. Acesso em: 16 fev. 2019.
 MOREIRA, Terezinha Taborda. Silêncio, trauma e escrita literária. In: DUARTE, Constância Lima; CÔRTES, Cristiane; PEREIRA, Maria do Rosário A. (orgs). Escrevivências: identidade, gênero e violência na obra de Conceição Evaristo. Belo Horizonte: Idea, 2016. p. 109-119.
 POLLAK, Michael. Memória e identidade social. Estudos Históricos. Rio de Janeiro, v. 5. n. 10, p. 200-212, 1992. Disponível em: http://www.pgedf.ufpr.br/memoria%20e%20identidadesocial%20A%20capraro%202.pdf. Acesso em: 09 maio 2019.
 PONCE, Eduardo Souza; GODOY, Maria Carolina de. Ancestralidade e identidade em “Olhos d’água” de Conceição Evaristo. Anais do VIII Colóquio de Estudos Literários. Ferreira Cláudia C.; Jacicarla S.; Brandini Laura T.(orgs). Londrina, 06 e 07 ago. 2014. p. 163-170. Disponível em: http://www.uel.br/eventos/estudosliterarios/pages/arquivos/Eduardo%20Ponce%20e%20Maria%20Carolina%20Godoy_Texto%20Completo.pdf. Acesso em: 18 abr. 2019.
 SAID, Edward. Cultura e imperialismo. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1995.
 SILVA, Assunção de Mari Souza e. “E assim tudo se deu”: as histórias de leves enganos e parecenças. In: DUARTE, Constância Lima; CÔRTES, Cristiane; PEREIRA, Maria do Rosário A. (orgs). Escrevivências: identidade, gênero e violência na obra de Conceição Evaristo. Belo Horizonte: Idea, 2016. p. 295-306.
 SILVA, Franciane da Conceição. A presença da ancestralidade em narrativas de Conceição Evaristo e Mia Couto. Cadernos Cespuc, n. 32, jan. /jul. 2018. Disponível em: http://periodicos.pucminas.br/index.php/cadernoscespuc/article/view/16962/13446. Acesso em: 12 abr. 2019.
 SPIVAK, GayatriChakravorty. Pode o subalterno falar? Tradução Sandra Regina Goulart Almeida, Marcos Pereira Feitosa e André Pereira Feitosa. Belo Horizonte: UFMG, 2010.

Abstract Process engraver and printer Emery Walker was a pivotal figure in the English, American, and continental European Private Press Movement from the 1880s until his death in 1933. This article looks at his theories for the typography, design, and production of books, and how those theories were developed by key designers and close associates of Walker such as William Morris, T. J. Cobden Sanderson, and Bruce Rogers and through the practical teaching of figures such as J. H. Mason and Edward Johnston. It examines how the theories were then taken up by the exponents of fine printing from the early 20th century through to the 1930s, focusing on the presses of Bernard Newdigate, Harry Kessler, Harold Curwen, and Francis Meynell. From these presses, and also via Stanley Morison and the Monotype Corporation, Walker’s theories are shown to have spread into mainstream book publishing in the first half of the 20th century. The article considers questions of whether the improvement in the readability of books in the early 20th century has had a continuing impact in book publishing, and makes suggestions how to access the incunabula referenced by the designers discussed, as well as collections of private press books and other early 20th-century fine printing.

The article examines the features of the country’s economic and political development in the second third of the XIV century through the prism of analyzing the activities of famous representatives of the commercial and financial stratum of England. The results of the study of documentary, narrative sources, as well as modern scientific literature are presented. It is noted that the process of capital accumulation by English merchants accelerated in the conditions of the Hundred Years War. The features of the development of trade, credit, customs service are indicated. The relationship of the royal financiers with the parliament and the broad commercial stratum is analyzed. The participation of influential merchants in the financing of military campaigns conducted by Edward III in continental Europe is considered. Particular attention is paid to W. de la Paul and J. Poutney, who were the leaders of the merchant class. The reasons for the bankruptcy of taxation companies in the second half of the 1340s are investigated. The lawsuits against W. de la Paul, J. Poutney, W. Chiriton and T. Swenland are touched upon. It is shown that the bankruptcies and arrests of royal usurers were caused by the complexity of the implementation of government tasks. It is concluded that the economic and political successes of England were achieved largely thanks to the wealthy merchants.

In an 1989 article inIrish Historical Studies, Brendan Bradshaw challenged the current practice of Irish history by arguing that an “ideology of professionalism” associated with the modern historiographical tradition established a half century ago, and now entrenched in the academy, “served to inhibit rather than to enhance the understanding of the Irish historical experience.” Inspired by the cautionary injunctions of Herbert Butterfield about teleological history, T. W. Moody, D. B. Quinn, and R. Dudley Edwards launched this revisionist enterprise in the 1930s, transforming Irish historiography which until then was subordinating historical truth to the cause of the nation. Their mission was to cleanse the historical record of its mythological clutter, to engage in what Moody called “the mental war of liberation from servitude to the myth” of Irish nationalist history, by applying scientific methods to the evidence, separating fact from destructive and divisive fictions.Events in the 1960s and 1970s reinforced this sense that the Irish people needed liberation from nationalist mythology, a mythology held responsible for the eruption of the Troubles in Northern Ireland and which offered legitimation to the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the nightmare of history from which professional historians could rouse the Irish people. Nationalist heroes and movements came under even more aggressive, critical scrutiny. But much of this was of the character of specific studies. The revisionists seemed to have succeeded in tearing down the edifice of nationalist history, but they had offered little in the way of a general, synthetic history to replace it.

Abstract T cell lymphomas (TCLs) are a heterogenous collection of non-Hodgkin lymphomas which have significantly higher incidences in Asian countries and are characterized by poor survival outcomes. Although histone deactylase (HDAC) inhibitors, such as romidepsin, have been approved for TCL, a major hurdle for effective implementation of these drugs include low overall responses to monotherapy treatments and a lack of clear biomarkers to define which patients amongst the heterogenous TCL population would benefit from specific drugs. As such, HDAC inhibitors are not widely implemented and improving therapeutic treatment for TCLs, particularly amongst Asian patients, is still an unmet clinical need. We have developed an experimental-analytics hybrid platform, quadratic phenotypic optimization platform (QPOP), that maximizes use of small focused datasets to quickly identify all interactions within a set of drugs and rank all possible drug combinations towards a desired biological effect output. When applied towards primary patient samples, QPOP was able to rank and compare all possible drug combinations (531,441 total possible combinations) in a 12-drug, 3-dose drug search set from 155 test combinations. Early application of QPOP towards TCL successfully guided treatment of bortezomib/panobinostat in a late-stage refractory/relapsed TCL case that resulted in durable complete response. Given the success of HDAC inhibitor-based drug combinations in refractory/relapsed TCL, we hypothesized that QPOP can be applied towards TCL to identify more effective HDAC inhibitor-based combinations for specific patients, as well as specific TCL subpopulations. As such, we applied QPOP towards a cohort of 28 TCL patients who had received ≥ 2 prior lines of treatment. QPOP analysis revealed that HDAC inhibitor-based drug combinations were the most frequently reoccurring top-ranked combinations for TCL. Similar to the early case study, HDAC inhibitor-based combinations with the proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, were frequently identified as high-ranked combinations. Even more frequent, however, were combinations of romidepsin with the PI3K inhibitor, copanlisib, or romidepsin with ifosfamide. Treatment with QPOP-guided romidepsin-based drug combinations resulted in several notable responses, including a 22.11x improvement in progression free survival for one case of romidepsin/copanlisib over prior treatment. Romidepsin-based combination rankings between these the three most common combinations were often distinct and separate, suggesting different TCL subtypes likely benefit from distinct romidepsin-based combinations. Furthermore, romidepsin-based combination ranking was not directly correlated with single-drug romidepsin half-maximal inhibitor concentration (IC50). This suggests that ex vivo single-drug dose response analysis is not sufficient to identify romidepsin-based combination sensitivity and may benefit from combination therapy-focused platforms. This study provides the rationale for increased clinical study of HDAC-based drug combinations in TCL. Citation Format: Jasmine Ya Hwee Goh, Sanjay De Mel, Masturah Rashid, Anand Jeyasekharan, Edward Kai-Hua Chow. Personalized phenotypic ex vivo drug sensitivity platform identifies frequent HDAC inhibitor-based combination sensitivities in T-cell lymphomas. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference: Cancer Epigenomics; 2022 Oct 6-8; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(23 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B023.

The constant growth of interest of both researchers and the general public in studying the formation of the so-called. local (local, narrow-regional) press, in our case – Galicia (Lviv), as well as the role of lithographers in this process, prompted us to study this initial stage of formation of the Galician press. Our task was to outline the circle of artists-collaborators of the first local lore Polish-language magazine Lwowianin in Galicia, through the prism of the biography of its publisher Ludwik Zelinsky to show the creative activity of lithographers involved in the publication of the magazine in 1835–1842. Research methodology. The study mainly used biographical, descriptive and iconographic methods. Methods of historical source, comparative-statistical, as well as general historical methods were also used. Conclusions. A review of the illustrative material of Lwowianin magazine in the context of the biography of the publisher Ludwik Zelinsky, biographical and creative, far from complete, information about the lithographers involved in his work, allows to outline the level of their creative activity in the publication. In the initial period – the period of formation of the magazine (the first half of 1835), the level of Lwowianin design was not high. This year, low-level artist E. Stoltz and amateur artist A. Tomashevsky were involved in the work of the magazine. What is especially characteristic of Stoltz, and not at all typical of other designers of the magazine, he created eight woodcuts (woodcuts). Philip Rebiger collaborated with the magazine even before he entered the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts (1837). It is the lithographs of A. Tomaszewski’s self-taught work, which he submitted to the journal during 1835–1837, that Lwowianin contains the most. Two lithographs for Lwowianin were made by professional artists T. Zhykhovych (1836) and A. Nigroni (1837). In 1839, L. Zelinsky invited the well-known professional artist and lithographer Josef Svoboda to collaborate with the magazine. for L. Zelinsky, and it is very likely that he, not P. Piller, became Auer’s first employer, inviting him to Lviv. Only A. Tomaszewski made more illustrations for the magazine, although in the end L. Zelinsky preferred K. Auer to design the last issues of the magazine. In the appendix we publish one letter of A. Tomaszewski, one letter of J. Swoboda and eight letters of K. Auer. Keywords: lithographer, lithography, carving, artist, Ludwik Zelinsky, magazine, Lwowianin, Edward Stoltz, Teofil Zhykhovych, Adolf Nigroni, Aloysius Tomaszewski, Philip Rebiger, Josef Svoboda, Carl Auer, Peter Piller, letters, Zolochiv.

J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones, Ptolemy's Geography: An Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. By Karin Tybjerg 194Natalia Lozovsky, ‘The Earth is Our Book’: Geographical Knowledge in the Latin West ca. 400–1000. By Evelyn Edson 196David Cantor (ed.), Reinventing Hippocrates. By Daniel Brownstein 197Peter Dear, Revolutionizing the Sciences: European Knowledge and Its Ambitions, 1500–1700. By John Henry 199Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language. By John Henry 200Marie Boas Hall, Henry Oldenburg: Shaping the Royal Society. By Christoph Lüthy 201Richard L. Hills, James Watt, Volume 1: His Time in Scotland, 1736–1774. By David Philip Miller 203René Sigrist (ed.), H.-B. de Saussure (1740–1799): Un Regard sur la terre, Albert V. Carozzi and John K. Newman (eds.), Lectures on Physical Geography given in 1775 by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure at the Academy of Geneva/Cours de géographie physique donné en 1775 par Horace-Bénédict de Saussure à l'Académie de Genève and Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, Voyages dans les Alpes: Augmentés des Voyages en Valais, au Mont Cervin et autour du Mont Rose. By Martin Rudwick 206Anke te Heesen, The World in a Box: The Story of an Eighteenth-Century Picture Encyclopedia. By Richard Yeo 208David Boyd Haycock, William Stukeley: Science, Religion and Archaeology in Eighteenth-Century England. By Geoffrey Cantor 209Jessica Riskin, Science in the Age of Sensibility: The Sentimental Empiricists of the French Enlightenment. By Dorinda Outram 210Michel Chaouli, The Laboratory of Poetry: Chemistry and Poetics in the Work of Friedrich Schlegel. By David Knight 211George Levine, Dying to Know: Scientific Epistemology and Narrative in Victorian England. By Michael H. Whitworth 212Agustí Nieto-Galan, Colouring Textiles: A History of Natural Dyestuffs in Industrial Europe. By Ursula Klein 214Stuart McCook, States of Nature: Science, Agriculture, and Environment in the Spanish Caribbean, 1760–1940. By Piers J. Hale 215Paola Govoni, Un pubblico per la scienza: La divulgazione scientifica nell'Italia in formazione. By Pietro Corsi 216R. W. Home, A. M. Lucas, Sara Maroske, D. M. Sinkora and J. H. Voigt (eds.), Regardfully Yours: Selected Correspondence of Ferdinand von Mueller. Volume II: 1860–1875. By Jim Endersby 217Douglas R. Weiner, Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia. With a New Afterword. By Piers J. Hale 219Helge Kragh, Quantum Generations: A History of Physics in the Twentieth Century. By Steven French 220Antony Kamm and Malcolm Baird, John Logie Baird: A Life. By Sean Johnston 221Robin L. Chazdon and T. C. Whitmore (eds.), Foundations of Tropical Forest Biology: Classic Papers with Commentaries. By Joel B. Hagen 223Stephen Jay Gould, I Have Landed: Splashes and Reflections in Natural History. By Peter J. Bowler 223Henry Harris, Things Come to Life: Spontaneous Generation Revisited. By Rainer Brömer 224Hélène Gispert (ed.), ‘Par la Science, pour la patrie’: L'Association française pour l'avancement des sciences (1872–1914), un projet politique pour une société savante. By Cristina Chimisso 225Henry Le Chatelier, Science et industrie: Les Débuts du taylorisme en France. By Robert Fox 227Margit Szöllösi-Janze (ed.), Science in the Third Reich. By Jonathan Harwood 227Vadim J. Birstein, The Perversion of Knowledge; The true Story of Soviet Science. By C. A. J. Chilvers 229Guy Hartcup, The Effect of Science on the Second World War. By David Edgerton 230Lillian Hoddeson and Vicki Daitch, True Genius: The Life and Science of John Bardeen, the Only Winner of Two Nobel Prizes in Physics. By Arne Hessenbruch 230Stephen B. Johnson, The Secret of Apollo: Systems Management in American and European Space Programs, John M. Logsdon (ed.), Exploring the Unknown: Selected Documents in the History of the U.S. Civil Space Program. Volume V: Exploring the Cosmos and Douglas J. Mudgway, Uplink-Downlink: A History of the Deep Space Network 1957–1997. By Jon Agar 231Helen Ross and Cornelis Plug, The Mystery of the Moon Illusion: Exploring Size Perception. By Klaus Hentschel 233Matthew R. Edwards (ed.), Pushing Gravity: New Perspectives on Le Sage's Theory of Gravitation. By Friedrich Steinle 234Ernest B. Hook (ed.), Prematurity in Scientific Discovery: On Resistance and Neglect. By Alex Dolby 235John Waller, Fabulous Science: Fact and Fiction in the History of Scientific Discovery. By Alex Dolby 236Rosalind Williams, Retooling: A Historian Confronts Technological Change. By Keith Vernon 237Colin Divall and Andrew Scott, Making Histories in Transport Museums. By Anthony Coulls 238

Abstract The five-year survival rate for patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma is only 27%. About half of melanomas have the presence of the BRAFV600E oncoprotein, which leads to hyperactivation of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. The MAPK pathway is known to crosstalk with the PI3K/Akt pathway. Treatment with the BRAF inhibitor, Dabrafenib and the MEK inhibitor, Trametinib is limited as patient responses begin to drop due to acquired resistance to these kinase inhibitors. High concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompany this resistance. ROS-induced drug release (RIDR)-PI-103 is a novel prodrug with a self-cyclizing moiety linked to PI-103, a PI3K inhibitor. Under high ROS conditions, RIDR-PI-103 releases PI-103, which inhibits conversion of PIP2 to PIP3. We have generated Trametinib and Dabrafenib resistant (TDR) cells for 3 BRAF-mutant cell lines: A375, WM115 and WM983B from parental (drug sensitive) cell lines. Studies in our lab demonstrate that TDR cells maintain p-Akt levels compared to parental counterparts and have significantly higher ROS. This is a rationale to explore the efficacy RIDR-PI-103 in TDR cells. We tested the effect of RIDR-PI-103 on cell viability for 1789C melanocytes, 1788B melanocytes, A375 TDR, WM983B TDR, and WM115 TDR using an MTT proliferation assay. RIDR-PI-103 exhibited less toxicity as compared to PI-103 at 5 µM in normal melanocytes. While RIDR-PI-103 significantly inhibited TDR cell proliferation at 5 and 10 µM compared to cells treated with vehicle DMSO and melanocytes. This effect was consistent when TDR cells were treated with RIDR-PI-103 in long-term crystal violet cell proliferation assays. WM115 TDR and WM983B TDR cells were highly sensitive to RIDR-PI-103 at 5 µM, while A375 TDR cells had only ~50% inhibition at 5 µM in both cell proliferation assays. 24 hour treatment with RIDR-PI-103 inhibited p-Akt (S473) along with downstream p-S6 (S240/244) and p-S6 (235/236). To examine the mechanism of action of RIDR-PI-103 and to test that the drug release is ROS induced, we assessed the effect of glutathione (GSH), an antioxidant on the TDR cells in the presence or absence of RIDR-PI-103. GSH alone did not affect proliferation of TDR cells. Addition of GSH to RIDR-PI-103 significantly rescued the cell proliferation in all three TDR cell lines. We next tested the effect of t-butyl hydrogen peroxide (TBHP), a ROS inducer on TDR cells with lower concentrations of RIDR-PI-103. Addition of TBHP to RIDR-PI-103 significantly induced proliferation in TDR cells. Ongoing experiments are focused on assessing the effect of RIDR-PI-103 on the mTOR pathway. Examining the efficacy of RIDR-PI-103 on BRAF and MEK inhibitor resistant cells will expand possible treatment options and open up avenues for the development of new treatment therapies for BRAF-mutant melanoma patients. Citation Format: Hima Patel, Rosalin Mishra, Adam Wier, Nazanin Mokhtarpour, Edward J. Merino, Joan T. Garrett. RIDR-PI-103, ROS-activated PI3K inhibitor prodrug inhibits cell growth and impairs the PI3K/Akt pathway in BRAF and MEK inhibitor resistant BRAF-mutant melanoma cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 5356.

IntroductionWhilst higher rates of alexithymia have previously been reported in FNSD, little is known about the prevalence of autistic traits in adults with FNSD. We aim to:Report on the prevalence of autistic traits in an outpatient group of adults diagnosed with FNSD using the Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ-10)Report on the prevalence of alexithymia using the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20)Report on differences in symptom severity of psychiatric comorbidity between those scoring <6 or ≥6 on the AQ-10, and those with or without alexithymiaMethodOut of 105 consecutive patients reviewed in an outpatient FNSD program, 91 completed self-report assessments for autistic traits, alexithymia, generalised anxiety, depression, social phobia, somatic symptom severity, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and dyslexia. Patients were grouped by AQ-10 scores of <6 or ≥6 and compared for significant differences in tested variables using a Mann-Whitney U test. Kruskal-Wallis H tested differences in alexithymia status. Simple effects were tested using pairwise comparisons.Results40% screened positive on the AQ-10 (scoring ≥6), and 40% screen positive for alexithymia. When comparing those scoring < or ≥6 on the AQ-10, those with the higher number of autistic traits scored significantly higher on scales of alexithymia, depression, generalised anxiety, social phobia,ADHD, and dyslexia. Positive alexithymia status was significantly associated with a higher number of autistic traits as well symptoms of generalised anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms severity, social phobia and dyslexia.ConclusionWhilst higher rates of neurodevelopmental disorders have previously been reported in FNSD, we report new evidence for a high proportion of autistic traits and further evidence of a high prevalence of alexithymia in a group of adults with FNSD.1–10Mechanistic insights are limited however autistic traits may be associated with FNSD due to altered sensitivity to sensory data, as well as cognitive or affective biases, or increased susceptibility to panic. There may be an additional contribution from psychosocial stressors. Clinically, the AQ-10 and TAS-20 may be important tools in the management of FNSD, and a higher prevalence of autistic traits may highlight a need for specialised communication styles in the MDT.11This builds on research exploring the relationship between autistic traits, alexithymia and FNSD. Previous research suggests that alexithymia and altered interoceptive awareness may be modifying factors in the relationship between autistic traits and FNSD,12and further research is required to clarify the nature of these relationships.ReferencesDemartini B, Nisticò V, Goeta D, Tedesco R, Giordano B, Faggioli R,et al. Clinical overlap between functional neurological disorders and autism spectrum disorders: A preliminary study.Journal of the Neurological Sciences2021 Oct;429:117648.Freedmanet al. Psychogenic nonepileptic events in pediatric patients with autism.Hatta K, Hosozawa M, Tanaka K, Shimizu T. Exploring traits of autism and their impact on functional disability in children with somatic symptom disorder.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders2019 Feb 15;49(2):729–37.Jester KA, Londino DL, Hayman J. 2.68 examining the occurrence of conversion disorder diagnoses and asd among adolescents and young adults in the emergency department.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry [Internet]. 2019 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Feb 7];58(10):S193. Available from: http://www.jaacap.org/article/S089085671931617X/fulltextMcWilliams A, Reilly C, Gupta J, Hadji-Michael M, Srinivasan R, Heyman I. Autism spectrum disorder in children and young people with non-epileptic seizures.Seizure2019 Dec 1;73:51–5.Mierschet al. A retrospective study of 131 patients with psychogenic non-epileptic seizures (PNES)- Comorbid diagnoses and outcome after inpatient treatment.Nimmo-Smith V, Heuvelman H, Dalman C, Lundberg M, Idring S, Carpenter P,et’al. Anxiety disorders in adults with autism spectrum disorder: a population-based study.Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2020 Jan 1;50(1):308–18.Pun P, Frater J, Broughton M, Dob R, Lehn A. Psychological profiles and clinical clusters of patients diagnosed with functional neurological disorder.Frontiers in Neurology2020 Oct 15;11.Zdankiewicz-Scigała E, Scigała D, Sikora J, Kwaterniak W, Longobardi C. Relationship between interoceptive sensibility and somatoform disorders in adults with autism spectrum traits. The mediating role of alexithymia and emotional dysregulation.PLoS ONE. 2021 Aug 1;16(8 August).Demartini B, Petrochilos P, Ricciardi L, Price G, Edwards MJ, Joyce E. The role of alexithymia in the development of functional motor symptoms (conversion disorder).Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry [Internet]. 2014 Oct 1 [cited 2022 Feb 8];85(10):1132–7. Available from: https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/85/10/1132Cooper M, Gale K, Langley K, Broughton T, Massey TH, Hall NJ,et al. Neurological consultation with an autistic patient.Practical Neurology [Internet]. 2021 Oct 8 [cited 2022 Jan 14];practneurol-2020-002856. Available from: https://pn.bmj.com/content/early/2021/10/07/practneurol-2020-002856Shah P, Hall R, Catmur C, Bird G. Alexithymia, not autism, is associated with impaired interoception.Cortex2016 Aug 1;81:215–20.

TamdrupRoyal residence and memorial church in a new light
 Tamdrup has been shrouded in a degree of mystery in recent times. The solitary church located on a moraine hill west of Horsens is visible from afar and has attracted attention for centuries. On the face of it, it resembles an ordinary parish church, but on closer examination it is found to be unusually large, and on entering one discovers that hidden beneath one roof is a three-aisled construction, which originally was a Romanesque basilica. Why was such a large church built in this particular place? What were the prevailing circumstances in the Early Middle Ages when the foundation stone was laid?
 The mystery of Tamdrup has been addressed and discussed before. In the 1980s and 1990s, archaeological excavations were carried out which revealed traces of a magnate’s farm or a royal residence from the Late Viking Age or Early Middle Ages located on the field to the west of the church (fig. 4), and in 1991, the book Tamdrup – Kirke og gård was published.
 Now, by way of metal-detector finds, new information has been added. These new finds provide several answers, but also give rise to several new questions and problems. In recent years, a considerable number of metal finds recovered by metal detector at Tamdrup have been submitted to Horsens Museum. Since 2012, 207 artefacts have been recorded, primarily coins, brooches, weights and fittings from such as harness, dating from the Late Viking Age and Early Middle Ages. Further to these, a coin hoard dating from the time of Svein Estridson was excavated in 2013.
 The museum has processed the submitted finds, which have been recorded and passed on for treasure trove evaluation. As resources were not available for a more detailed assessment of the artefacts, in 2014 the museum formulated a research project that received funding from the Danish Agency for Culture, enabling the finds to be examined in greater depth.
 The aim of the research project was to study the metal-detector finds and the excavation findings, partly through an analysis of the total finds assemblage, partly by digitalisation of the earlier excavation plans so these could be compared with each other and with the new excavation data. This was intended to lead on to a new analysis, new interpretations and a new, overall evaluation of Tamdrup’s function, role and significance in the Late Viking Age and Early Middle Ages.Old excavations – new interpretationsIn 1983, on the eastern part of the field, a trial excavation trench was laid out running north-south (d). This resulted in two trenches (a, b) and a further three trial trenches being opened up in 1984 (fig. 6). In the northern trench, a longhouse, a fence and a pit-house were discovered (fig. 8). The interpretation of the longhouse (fig. 4) still stands, in so far as we are dealing with a longhouse with curved walls. The western end of the house appears unequivocal, but there could be some doubt about its eastern end. An alternative interpretation is a 17.5 m long building (fig. 8), from which the easternmost set of roof-bearing posts are excluded. Instead, another posthole is included as the northernmost post in the gable to the east. This gives a house with regularly curved walls, though with the eastern gable (4.3 m) narrower than the western (5.3 m).
 North of the trench (a) containing the longhouse, a trial trench (c) was also laid out, revealing a number of features. Similarly, there were also several features in the northern part of the middle trial trench (e). A pit in trial trench c was found to contain both a fragment of a bit branch and a bronze key. There was neither time nor resources to permit the excavation of these areas in 1984, but it seems very likely that there are traces of one or more houses here (fig. 9). Here we have a potential site for a possible main dwelling house or hall.
 In August 1990, on the basis of an evaluation, an excavation trench (h) was opened up to the west of the 1984 excavation (fig. 7). Here, traces were found of two buildings, which lay parallel to each other, oriented east-west. These were interpreted as small auxiliary buildings associated with the same magnate’s farm as the longhouse found in the 1984 excavation. The northern building was 4 m wide and the southern building was 5.5 m. Both buildings were considered to be c. 7 m long and with an open eastern gable. The southern building had one set of internal roof-bearing posts.
 The excavation of the two buildings in 1990 represented the art of the possible, as no great resources were available. Aerial photos from the time show that the trial trench from the evaluation was back-filled when the excavation was completed. Today, we have a comprehensive understanding of the trial trenches and excavation trenches thanks to the digitalised plans. Here, it becomes apparent that some postholes recorded during the evaluation belong to the southernmost of the two buildings, but these were unfortunately not relocated during the actual excavation. As these postholes, accordingly, did not form part of the interpretation, it was assumed that the building was 7 m in length (fig. 10). When these postholes from the evaluation are included, a ground plan emerges that can be interpreted as the remains of a Trelleborg house (fig. 11). The original 7 m long building constitutes the western end of this characteristic house, while the remainder of the south wall was found in the trial trench. Part of the north wall is apparently missing, but the rest of the building appears so convincing that the missing postholes must be attributed to poor conditions for preservation and observation. The northeastern part of the house has not been uncovered, which means that it is not possible to say with certainty whether the house was 19 or 25 m in length, minus its buttress posts.
 On the basis of the excavations undertaken in 1984 and 1990, it was assumed that the site represented a magnate’s farm from the Late Viking Age. It was presumed that the excavated buildings stood furthest to the north on the toft and that the farm’s main dwelling – in the best-case scenario the royal residence – should be sought in the area to the south between the excavated buildings. Six north-south-oriented trial trenches were therefore laid out in this area (figs. 6, 7 and 13 – trial trenches o, p, q, r, s and t). The results were, according to the excavation report, disappointing: No trace was found of Harold Bluetooth’s hall. It was concluded that there were no structures and features that could be linked together to give a larger entity such as the presumed magnate’s farm.
 After digitalisation of the excavation plans from 1991, we now have an overview of the trial trenches to a degree that was not possible previously (fig. 13). It is clear that there is a remarkable concentration of structures in the central and northern parts of the two middle trial trenches (q, r) and in part also in the second (p) and fourth (s) trial trenches from the west, as well as in the northern parts of the two easternmost trial trenches (s, t). An actual archaeological excavation would definitely be recommended here if a corresponding intensity of structures were to be encountered in an evaluation today (anno 2016).
 Now that all the plans have been digitalised, it is obvious to look at the trial trenches from 1990 and 1991 together. Although some account has to be taken of uncertainties in the digitalisation, this nevertheless confirms the picture of a high density of structures, especially in the middle of the 1991 trial trenches. The collective interpretation from the 1990 and 1991 investigations is that there are strong indications of settlement in the area of the middle 1991 trial trenches. It is also definitely a possibility that these represent the remains of a longhouse, which could constitute the main dwelling house. It can therefore be concluded that it is apparently possible to confirm the interpretation of the site as a potential royal residence, even though this is still subject to some uncertainty in the absence of new excavations. The archaeologists were disappointed following the evaluation undertaken in 1991, but the overview which modern technology is able to provide means that the interpretation is now rather more encouraging. There are strong indications of the presence of a royal residence.
 FindsThe perception of the area by Tamdrup church gained a completely new dimension when the first metal finds recovered by metal detector arrived at Horsens Museum in the autumn of 2011. With time, as the finds were submitted, considerations of the significance and function of the locality in the Late Viking Age and Early Middle Ages were subjected to revision. The interpretation as a magnate’s farm was, of course, common knowledge, but at Horsens Museum there was an awareness that this interpretation was in some doubt following the results of the 1991 investigations. The many new finds removed any trace of this doubt while, at the same time, giving cause to attribute yet further functions to the site. Was it also a trading place or a central place in conjunction with the farm? And was it active earlier than previously assumed?
 The 207 metal finds comprise 52 coins (whole, hack and fragments), 34 fittings (harness, belt fittings etc.), 28 brooches (enamelled disc brooches, Urnes fibulas and bird brooches), 21 weights, 15 pieces of silver (bars, hack and casting dead heads), 12 figures (pendants, small horses), nine distaff whorls, eight bronze keys, four lead amulets, three bronze bars, two fragments of folding scales and a number of other artefacts, the most spectacular of which included a gold ring and a bronze seal ring. In dating terms, most of the finds can be assigned to the Late Viking Age and Early Middle Ages.
 The largest artefact group consists of the coins, of which 52 have been found – either whole or as fragments. To these can be added the coin hoard, which was excavated in 2013 (fig. 12) and which primarily consists of coins minted under Svein Estridson. The other, non-hoard coins comprise: 13 Svein Estridson (figs. 15, 16), five Otto-Adelheid, five Arabic dirhams, three Sancta Colonia, one Canute the Great, one Edward the Confessor, one Theodorich II, one Heinrich II, one Rand pfennig, one Roman denarius (with drilled hole) and nine unidentified silver coins, of which some appear however to be German and others Danish/Anglo-Saxon. Most of the single coins date from the late 10th and early 11th centuries.
 The next-largest category of finds from Tamdrup are the fittings, which comprise 34 items. This category does, however, cover a broad diversity of finds, of which the dominant types are belt/strap fittings of various kinds and fittings associated with horse harness (figs. 17-24). In total, ten fittings have been found by metal detector that are thought to belong to harness. In addition to these is a single example from the excavation in 1984. The majority of these fittings are interpreted as parts of curb bits, headgear and stirrups.
 One particularly expressive figure was found at Tamdrup: a strap fitting from a stirrup, formed in a very characteristic way and depicting the face of a Viking (fig. 20). The fitting has been fixed on the stirrup strap at the point where the sides meet. Individual stirrup strap fittings are known by the hundred from England and are considered stylistically to be Anglo-Scandinavian. The fitting from Tamdrup is dated to the 11th century and is an example of a Williams’ Class B, Type 4, East Anglian type face mount.
 A special category of artefacts is represented by the brooches/fibulas, and enamel brooches are most conspicuous among the finds from Tamdrup. Of the total of 28 examples, 11 are enamel brooches. The most unusual is a large enamel disc brooch of a type that probably has not been found in Denmark previously (fig. 24). Its size alone (5.1 cm in diameter) is unusual. The centre of the brooch is raised relative to the rim and furnished with a pattern of apparently detached figures. On the rim are some alternating sail-shaped triangles on a base line which forms four crown-like motifs and defines a cruciform shape. Between the crowns are suggestions of small pits that probably were filled with enamel.
 Parallels to this type are found in central Europe, and the one that approaches closest stylistically is a brooch from Komjatice in western Slovakia, found in a grave (fig. 25). This brooch has a more or less identical crown motif, and even though the other elements are not quite the same, the similarity is striking. It is dated to the second half of the 10th century and the first half of the 11th century.
 The other enamel brooches are well-known types of small Carolingian and Ottonian brooches. There are four circular enamel cross-motif brooches (fig. 26a), two stellate disc brooches with central casing (fig. 26b), one stepped brooch with a cruciform motif, one cruciform fibula with five square casings and two disc-shaped brooches.
 In addition to the enamel brooches there are ten examples that can definitely be identified as animal brooches. Nine of these are of bronze, while one is of silver. The motifs are birds or dragons in Nordic animal styles from the Late Viking Age, Urnes and Ringerike styles, and simpler, more naturalistic forms of bird fibulas from the Late Viking Age and Early Middle Ages. Accordingly, the date for all the animal brooches is the 11th and 12th centuries.
 A total of 21 weights of various shapes and forms have been found at Tamdrup: spherical, bipolar spherical, disc-shaped, conical, square and facetted in various ways. Rather more than half are of lead, with the remainder being of bronze, including a couple of examples with an iron core and a mantle of bronze (so-called ørtug weights), where the iron has exploded out through the bronze mantle. One of the bipolar spheres (fig. 28) has ornamentation in the form of small pits on its base. Weights are primarily associated with trade, where it was important to be able to weigh an agreed amount of silver. Weights were, however, also used in the metal workshops, where it was crucial to be able to weigh a particular amount of metal for a specific cast in order to achieve the correct proportions between the different metals in an alloy.
 Eight bronze keys have been found, all dated broadly to the Viking Age (fig. 29). Most are fragmentarily preserved pieces of relatively small keys of a very simple type that must be seen as being for caskets or small chests. Keys became relatively widespread during the course of the Viking Age. Many were of iron and a good number of bronze. Nevertheless, the number of keys found at Tamdrup is impressive.
 A further group of artefacts that will be briefly mentioned are the distaff whorls. This is an artefact group which appears in many places and which was exceptionally common in the Viking Age. In archaeological excavations, examples are often found in fired clay, while metal distaff whorls – most commonly of lead – are found in particular by metal detector. Nine distaff whorls have been found at Tamdrup, all of lead. 
 The finest and absolutely most prestigious artefact is a gold ring, which was found c. 60 m southwest of house 1. The ring consists of a 2 mm wide, very thin gold band, while the fittings comprise a central casing surrounded by originally eight small circular casings. In the middle sits a red stone, presumably a garnet, mounted in five rings. In a circle around the stone are the original eight small, circular mounts, of which six are preserved. The mounts, from which the stones are missing, alternate with three small gold spheres. The edges of the mounts have fine cable ornamentation. The dating is rather uncertain and is therefore not ascribed great diagnostic value. In the treasure trove description, the ring is dated to the Late Middle Ages/Renaissance, but it could presumably also date from the Early Middle Ages as it has features reminiscent of the magnificent brooch found at Østergård, which is dated to 1050.
 Two other spectacular artefacts were found in the form of some small four-legged animals, probably horses, cast in bronze. These figures are known from the Slav area and have presumably had a pre-Christian, symbolic function. Common to both of them are an elongated body, long neck and very short legs.
 Finally, mention should be made of four lead amulets. These are of a type where, on a long strip of lead, a text has been written in runes or Latin characters. Typically, these are Christian invocations intended to protect the wearer. The lead amulets are folded together and therefore do not take up much space. They are dated to the Middle Ages (1100-1400) and will therefore not be dealt with in further detail here.
 What the artefacts tell usWhat do the artefacts tell us? They help to provide a dating frame for the site, they tell us something about what has taken place there, they give an indication of which social classes/strata were represented, and, finally, they give us an insight into which foreign contacts could have existed, which influences people were under and which networks they were part of.
 Most of the artefacts date from the period 900-1000, and this is also the dating frame for the site as a whole. There is a slight tendency for the 10th century finds to be more evenly distributed across the site than those from the 11th century, which tend to be concentrated in the eastern part.
 A number of the finds are associated with tangible activities, for example the weights and, especially, the distaff whorls. Others also had practical functions but are, at the same time, associated with the upper echelons of society. Of the material from Tamdrup, the latter include the harness fittings and the keys, while the many brooches/fibulas and pendants also belong to artefact groups to which people from the higher strata of society had access.
 Some of the harness fittings and brooches suggest links with England. The stirrup-strap fitting and the cruciform strap fitting in Anglo-Scandinavian style have clear parallels in the English archaeological record. The coins, on the other hand, point towards Germany. There are a number of German coins from the end of the 10th century and the beginning of the 11th century, but the occurrence of Otto-Adelheid pennies and other German coins is not necessarily an indication of a direct German connection. From the second half of the 11th century, Svein Estridson coins dominate, but they are primarily Danish. Other artefacts that indicate contacts with western Europe are the enamelled brooches in Carolingian-Ottonian style.
 A number of objects suggest some degree of trade. Here again, it is the coins and the hack silver, and also the relatively large number of lead weights, that must be considered as relatively reliable indicators of trade, at least when their number is taken into consideration.
 In the light of the metal-detector finds it can, in conclusion, be stated that this was a locality inhabited by people of middle to high status. Many objects are foreign or show foreign inspiration and suggest therefore that Tamdrup was part of an international network. The artefacts support the interpretation of Tamdrup as a magnate’s farm and a royal residence.
 ConclusionTamdrup was located high up in the landscape, withdrawn from the coast, but nevertheless with quick and easy access to Horsens Fjord. Tamdrup could be approached from the fjord via Nørrestrand and the river Hansted Å on a northern route, or by the river Bygholm Å on a southern route (fig. 33). A withdrawn loca­tion was not atypical in the Viking Age and the Early Middle Ages. At that time there were also sites directly on the coast and at the heads of fjords, where early urbanisation materialised through the establishment of the first market towns, while the king’s residences had apparently to be located in places rather less accessible by boat and ship. As withdrawn but central, regional hubs and markers between land and sea.
 One must imagine that Tamdrup had a high status in the 10th and 11th centuries, when the king had a residence and a wooden church there. A place of great importance, culminating in the construction of a Romanesque basilica to commemorate the Christianisation of Denmark. Tamdrup appears to have lost its significance for the monarchy shortly after the stone church was completed, which could fit with King Niels, as the last of Svein Estridson’s sons, being killed in 1134, and another branch of the royal family taking over power. At the same time as Tamdrup lost its importance, Horsens flourished as a town and became of such great importance for the Crown that both Svein Grathe and Valdemar the Great had coins minted there. Tamdrup must have been a central element of the local topography in the Viking Age, when Horsens functioned as a landing place, perhaps with seasonal trading. In the long term, Horsens came out strongest, but it must be assumed that Tamdrup had the highest status between AD 900 and 1100.Lars PaghHorsens Museum

The idea of edutainment began to become the interest of early childhood educators to make the learning process more holistic, including knowledge about how the brain works, memory, motivation, self-image, emotions, learning styles, and other learning strategies. This study aims to analyse and compare the effect of edutainment and group learning on the socio-emotional development of early childhood. This research method uses a quasi-experimental design with data collection techniques derived from the results of the pre-test and post-test on 20 children. The results of this study indicate that there are differences in the influence of edutainment learning with the control group on the social-emotional development of early childhood. Although both groups affect the socio-emotional development, edutainment learning has a better effect than the control group. For further research, it is recommended to create various types of edutainments learning to improve various aspects of children development.
 Keywords: Early Childhood, Edutainment Learning Model, Socio-emotional Development
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Background:Stress is implicated in RA onset and poorer prognoses through changes in neuro-endocrine and autoimmune function. Although many people with RA link disease onset to recent stressful life events, results from retrospective studies are unclear.Objectives:To describe the incidence of major stressors(+STRESS) in year prior to diagnosis and compare characteristics and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) of newly diagnosed RA patients with and without+STRESSat 0 and 12 months.Methods:Data were from early RA patients (symptoms <1 yr) enrolled in the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort (CATCH) from 2007-17 who met 1987/2010 ACR/EULAR criteria and had ≥12 months of follow-up. Patients reported major psychological (death, divorce/separation, family, financial, other) and physical (motor vehicle accident, surgery, major illness/infection, other) stressors in previous year. We used independent t-tests and chi square to compare characteristics by stressors at baseline, and multivariable regression to examine the impact of+STRESSon disease activity and PROs at 1 year, adjusting for age, sex, education, fibromyalgia, and SJC.Results:The 1933 adults were mostly female (72%), with a mean (SD) age of 55 (15) years. 52% reported 1+ stressors in previous year; family (48%), financial stress (36%), death (35%), surgery (28%), and major illness (26%) were the most common stressors. Patients with +STRESS were more likely to be women, younger, have more comorbidities including fibromyalgia, and higher mean DAS28. Patients with +STRESS also had significantly higher mean pain, fatigue, depression, sleep disturbance, patient global, and HAQ scores at baseline.At 1 year, SJC and the proportion in DAS28 REM was similar between groups. However, PROs (pain, HAQ, Fatigue, Pt Global, Depression, Poor Sleep) remained higher in+STRESS, with evidence of an additive effect for number of stressors and having both physical and psychological stressors (Table). The greatest impacts were on mood, sleep disturbance, and fatigue.Conclusion:In this pan-Canadian early RA cohort, more than half reported 1+ stressful life events in the year prior to diagnosis. Individuals reporting major stressors had significantly worse pain, patient global, disability, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance at diagnosis; 1 year later, though disease activity was similar between groups, the effects of +STRESS on PROs persisted. Early RA patients with recent major stressors may benefit from emotional support and stress reduction to optimize how they feel and function.Mean (SD) or N (%)No Stress(N=928; 48%)Physical(N=131; 7%)Psychological(N=658; 34%)Both(N=216; 11%)Age56 (15)56 (15)53 (14)52 (15)Women622 (67%)82 (63%)512 (78%)174 (81%)College Education464 (50%)76 (58%)345 (52%)126 (58%)Rheum Dis Comorbid Index1.1 (1.2)1.4 (1.4)1.1 (1.3)1.4 (1.3)OA or Spinal pain168 (18%)35 (27%)117 (18%)55 (25%)Fibromyalgia diagnosis15 (2%)2 (2%)13 (2%)11 (5%)Symptom duration (months)5.6 (3.0)5.7 (3.0)5.9 (3.0)5.9 (3.0)DAS28 – mean5.0 (1.4)5.1 (1.5)5.0 (1.5)5.2 (1.4)MTX ±csDMARDs679 (73%)100 (76%)489 (74%)166 (77%)Oral Steroids295 (32%)40 (31%)215 (33%)55 (25%)Pain (0-10)5.3 (2.8)5.5 (2.9)5.7 (2.8)6.2 (2.8)HAQ-DI1.0 (0.7)1.2 (0.7)1.1 (0.7)1.3 (0.7)Fatigue (0-10)4.7 (3.1)5.0 (3.0)5.7 (2.9)5.9 (2.9)Patient Global (0-10)5.6 (2.9)6.0 (2.9)6.0 (2.9)6.4 (3.0)Depression (SF12 MCS < 45.6)329 (35%)54 (41%)356 (54%)123 (57%)Poor sleep (0-10)4.5 (3.4)4.8 (3.3)5.3 (3.2)6.0 (3.1)Disclosure of Interests:Nicole Andersen: None declared, Orit Schieir: None declared, Marie-France Valois: None declared, Gilles Boire Grant/research support from: Merck Canada (Registry of biologices, Improvement of comorbidity surveillance)Amgen Canada (CATCH, clinical nurse)Abbvie (CATCH, clinical nurse)Pfizer (CATCH, Registry of biologics, Clinical nurse)Hoffman-LaRoche (CATCH)UCB Canada (CATCH, Clinical nurse)BMS (CATCH, Clinical nurse, Observational Study Protocol IM101664. SEROPOSITIVITY IN A LARGE CANADIAN OBSERVATIONAL COHORT)Janssen (CATCH)Celgene (Clinical nurse)Eli Lilly (Registry of biologics, Clinical nurse), Consultant of: Eli Lilly, Janssen, Novartis, Pfizer, Speakers bureau: Merck, BMS, Pfizer, Janet Pope Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly & Company, Merck, Roche, Seattle Genetics, UCB, Consultant of: AbbVie, Actelion, Amgen, Bayer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eicos Sciences, Eli Lilly & Company, Emerald, Gilead Sciences, Inc., Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sandoz, Sanofi, UCB, Speakers bureau: UCB, Glen Hazlewood: None declared, Louis Bessette Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB Pharma, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, UCB Pharma, Speakers bureau: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Carol Hitchon Grant/research support from: UCB Canada; Pfizer Canada, Diane Tin: None declared, Carter Thorne Consultant of: Abbvie, Centocor, Janssen, Lilly, Medexus/Medac, PfizerSpeakers bureau: Medexus/Medac, Edward Keystone Grant/research support from: AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Gilead, Janssen Inc, Lilly Pharmaceuticals, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi-Aventis, Consultant of: AbbVie, Amgen, AstraZeneca Pharma, Biotest, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Celltrion,Crescendo Bioscience, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc, Genentech Inc, Gilead, Janssen Inc, LillyPharmaceuticals, Merck, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sandoz, UCB., Speakers bureau: Amgen, AbbVie, Bristol-Myers Squibb Canada, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Janssen Inc., Merck, Pfizer Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi Genzyme, UCB, Vivian Bykerk: None declared, Susan J. Bartlett Consultant of: Pfizer, UCB, Lilly, Novartis, Merck, Janssen, Abbvie, Speakers bureau: Pfizer, UCB, Lilly, Novartis, Merck, Janssen, Abbvie

-Louis Allaire, Samuel M. Wilson, Hispaniola: Caribbean chiefdoms in the age of Columbus. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1990. xi + 170 pp.-Douglas Melvin Haynes, Philip D. Curtin, Death by migration: Europe's encounter with the tropical world in the nineteenth century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xviii + 251 pp.-Dale Tomich, J.H. Galloway, The sugar cane industry: An historical geography from its origins to 1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. xii + 266 pp.-Myriam Cottias, Dale Tomich, Slavery in the circuit of sugar: Martinique and the world economy, 1830 -1848. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1990. xiv + 352 pp.-Robert Forster, Pierre Dessalles, La vie d'un colon à la Martinique au XIXe siècle. Pré-senté par Henri de Frémont. Courbevoie: s.n., 1984-1988, four volumes, 1310 pp.-Hilary Beckles, Douglas V. Armstrong, The old village and the great house: An archaeological and historical examination of Drax Hall Plantation, St Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1990. xiii + 393 pp.-John Stewart, John A. Lent, Caribbean popular culture. Bowling Green OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press, 1990. 157 pp.-W. Marvin Will, Susanne Jonas ,Democracy in Latin America: Visions and realities. New York: Bergin & Garvey Publishers, 1990. viii + 224 pp., Nancy Stein (eds)-Forrest D. Colburn, Kathy McAfee, Storm signals: Structural adjustment and development alternatives in the Caribbean. London: Zed books, 1991. xii + 259 pp.-Derwin S. Munroe, Peggy Antrobus ,In the shadows of the sun: Caribbean development alternatives and U.S. policy. Carmen Diana Deere (coordinator), Peter Phillips, Marcia Rivera & Helen Safa. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xvii + 246 pp., Lynne Bolles, Edwin Melendez (eds)-William Roseberry, Louis A. Pérez, Jr., Lords of the mountain: Social banditry and peasant protest in Cuba, 1878-1918. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1989. xvii + 267 pp.-William Roseberry, Rosalie Schwartz, Lawless liberators, political banditry and Cuban independence. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1989. x + 297 pp.-Robert L. Paquette, Robert M. Levine, Cuba in the 1850's: Through the lens of Charles DeForest Fredricks. Tampa: University of South Florida Press, 1990. xv + 86 pp.-José Sánchez-Boudy, Gustavo Pérez Firmat, The Cuban condition: Translation and identity in modern Cuban literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. viii + 185 pp.-Dick Parker, Jules R. Benjamin, The United States and the origins of the Cuban revolution: An empire of liberty in an age of national liberation. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1990. xi + 235 pp.-George Irvin, Andrew Zimbalist ,The Cuban economy: Measurement and analysis of socialist performance. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1989. xiv + 220 pp., Claes Brundenius (eds)-Menno Vellinga, Frank T. Fitzgerald, Managing socialism: From old Cadres to new professionals in revolutionary Cuba. New York: Praeger, 1990. xiv + 161 pp.-Patricia R. Pessar, Eugenia Georges, The making of a transnational community: Migration, development, and cultural change in the Dominican republic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1990. xi + 270 pp.-Lucía Désir, Maria Dolores Hajosy Benedetti, Earth and spirit: Healing lore and more from Puerto Rico. Maplewood NJ: Waterfront Press, 1989. xvii + 245 pp.-Thomas J. Spinner, Jr., Percy C. Hintzen, The costs of regime survival: Racial mobilization, elite domination and control of the state in Guyana and Trinidad. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. x + 240 pp.-Judith Johnson, Morton Klass, Singing with the Sai Baba: The politics of revitalization in Trinidad. Boulder CO: Westview, 1991. xvi + 187 pp.-Aisha Khan, Selwyn Ryan, The Muslimeen grab for power: Race, religion and revolution in Trinidad and Tobago. Port of Spain: Inprint Caribbean, 1991. vii + 345 pp.-Drexel G. Woodson, Patrick Bellegarde-Smith, Haiti: The Breached Citadel. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1990. xxi + 217 pp.-O. Nigel Bolland, Howard Johnson, The Bahamas in slavery and freedom. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle; London: James Currey, 1991. viii + 184 pp.-Keith F. Otterbein, Charles C. Foster, Conchtown USA: Bahamian fisherfolk in Riviera beach, Florida. (with folk songs and tales collected by Veronica Huss). Boca Raton: Florida Atlantic University Press, 1991. x + 176 pp.-Peter van Baarle, John P. Bennett ,Kabethechino: A correspondence on Arawak. Edited by Janette Forte. Georgetown: Demerara Publishers, 1991. vi + 271 pp., Richard Hart (eds)-Fabiola Jara, Joop Vernooij, Indianen en kerken in Suriname: identiteit en autonomie in het binnenland. Paramaribo: Stichting Wetenschappelijke Informatie (SWI), 1989. 178 pp.-Jay Edwards, C.L. Temminck Groll ,Curacao: Willemstad, city of monuments. R.G. Gill. The Hague: Gary Schwartz/SDU Publishers, 1990. 123 pp., W. van Alphen, R. Apell (eds)-Mineke Schipper, Maritza Coomans-Eustatia ,Drie Curacaose schrijvers in veelvoud. Zutphen: De Walburg Pers, 1991. 544 pp., H.E. Coomans, Wim Rutgers (eds)-Arie Boomert, P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, De rotstekeningen van Aruba/The prehistoric rock drawings of Aruba. Utrecht: Uitgeverij Presse-Papier, 1991. 228 pp.-J.K. Brandsma, Ruben S. Gowricharn, Economische transformatie en de staat: over agrarische modernisering en economische ontwikkeling in Suriname, 1930-1960. Den Haag: Uitgeverij Ruward, 1990. 208 pp.-Henk N. Hoogendonk, M. van Schaaijk, Een macro-model van een micro-economie. Den Haag: STUSECO, 1991. 359 pp.-Bim G. Mungra, Corstiaan van der Burg ,Hindostanen in Nederland. Leuven (Belgium)/ Apeldoorn (the Netherlands): Garant Publishers, 1990. 223 pp., Theo Damsteegt, Krishna Autar (eds)-Adrienne Bruyn, J. van Donselaar, Woordenboek van het Surinaams-Nederlands. Muiderberg: Dick Coutinho, 1989. 482 pp.-Wim S. Hoogbergen, Michiel Baud ,'Cultuur in beweging': creolisering en Afro-Caraïbische cultuur. Rotterdam: Bureau Studium Generale, 1989. 93 pp., Marianne C. Ketting (eds)

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. 
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The impact of agricultural intensification on soil degradation now is occurring in tropical countries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tillage and N fertilization on soil properties and crop yields in corn-soybean rotation. This long-term study which initiated since 1987 was carried out on a Typic Fragiudult soil at Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Sumatra (105o13’45.5"-105o13’48.0"E, 05o21’19.6"-05o21’19.7"S) in 2010 and 2011. A factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was tillage system namely intensive tillage (IT) and conservation tillage (CT) which consist of minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT); while the second factor was N fertilization with rates of 0, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1 applied for corn, and 0, 25, and 50 kg N ha-1 for soybean. The results showed that bulk density and soil strength at upper layer after 24 years of cropping were similar among treatments, but the soil strength under IT at 50-60 cm depth was 28.2% higher (p<0.05) than NT. Soil moisture and temperature under CT at 0-5 cm depth were respectively 38.1% and 4.5% higher (p<0.05) than IT. High N rate decreased soil pH at 0-20 cm depth as much as 10%, but increased total soil N at 0-5 cm depth as much as 19% (p<0.05). At 0-10 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable K, while IT with medium N rate had the lowest (p<0.05). At 0-5 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable Ca, but it had the lowest (p<0.05) if combined with higher N rate. Microbial biomass C throughout the growing season for NT was consistently highest and it was 14.4% higher (p<0.05) than IT. Compared to IT, Ap horizon of CT after 24 years of cropping was deeper, with larger soil structure and more abundance macro pores. Soybean and corn yields for long-term CT were 64.3% and 31.8% higher (p<0.05) than IT, respectively. Corn yield for long-term N with rate of 100 kg N ha-1 was 36.4% higher (p<0.05) than with no N.Keywords: Conservation tillage, crop yields, N fertilization, soil properties[How to Cite: Utomo M, IS Banuwa, H Buchari, Y Anggraini and Berthiria. 2013.Long-term Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Properties and Crop Yields. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 131-139. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.131][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.131] REFERENCESAl-Kaisi and X Yin. 2005. Tillage and crop residue effects on soil carbon dioxide emission in corn- soybean rotation. J Environ Qual 34: 437-445. Pub Med. Barak P, BO Jobe, AR Krueger, LA Peterson and DA Laird. 1997. Effects of long-term soilacidification due to nitrogen inputs in Wisconsin. Plant Soil 197: 61-69.Blake GR and KH Hartge. 1986. Bulk density. In: A Klute (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. ASA and SSSA. Madison, Wisconsin, USA, pp. 363-375.Blanco-Canqui H and R Lal. 2008. No-till and soil-profile carbon sequestration: an on farm assessment. Soil Sci Soc Am J 72: 693-701. Blanco-Canqui H, LR Stone and PW Stahlman. 2010. Soil response to long-term cropping systems on an Argiustoll in the Central Great Plains. Soil Sci Soc Am J 74: 602-611.Blevins RL, MS Smith, GW Thomas and WW Frye. 1983. Influence of conservation tillage on soil properties. J Soil Water Conserv 38: 301-305.Blevins RL, GW Thomas and PL Cornelius. 1977 Influence of no-tillage and nitrogen fertilization on certain soil properties after 5 years of continuous corn. Agron J 69: 383-386.Blevins, RL and WF Frye, 1993. Conservation tillage: an ecological approach to soil management. Adv Agron 51: 34-77.Brady NC and RR Weil. 2008. The nature and properties of soils. Pearson Prentice Hall. Fourteenth Edition. New Jersey, 965 p.Brito-Vega, H, D Espinosa-Victoria, C Fragoso, D Mendoza, N De la Cruz Landaro and A Aldares-Chavez. 2009. Soil organic particle and presence of earthworm under different tillage systems. J Biol Sci 9: 180-183.Derpch, R 1998. Historical review of no-tilage cultivation of crops. JIRCAS Working Rep. JAPAN Int Res Ctr for Agric Sciences, Ibaraki, Japan 13: 1-18. Diaz-Zorita, M., JH Grove, L Murdock, J Herbeck and E Perfect. 2004. Soil structural disturbance effects on crop yields and soil properties in a no-till production system. Agron J 96: 1651-1659.Dickey EC, PJ Jasa and RD Grisso. 1994. Long-term tillage effect on grain yield and soil properties in a soybean/grain sorghum Rotation. J Prod Agric 7: 465 - 470.Edwards WM, LD, Norton, CE, Redmond. 1988. Characterizing macro pores that affect infiltration into non tilled soil. Soil Sci Soc Am J 52: 483-487.Fernandez RO, PG Fernandez, JVG Cervera and FP Torres. 2007 Soil properties and crop yields after 21 years of direct drilling trials in southern Spain. Soil Till Res 94: 47-54.Fengyun Z, W Pute, Z Xining and C Xuefeng. 2011. The effects of no-tillage practice on soil physical properties. Afr J Biotech 10: 17645-17650. Havlin, JL, JD Beaton, SM Tisdale and WL Nelson. 2005. Soil Fertility and Fertilizer: an Introduction to Nutrient Management. Pearson Prantice Hall. Sevent Edition. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 515 p.Karlen DL, NC Wollenhaupt, DC Erbach, EC Berry, JB Swan, NS Eash and JL Jordahl. 1994. Crop residue effects on soil quality following 10-years of no-till corn. Soil Till Res 31: 149-167.Kumar A and DS Yadav. 2005. Effect of zero and minimum tillage in conjunction with nitrogen management in wheat (Triticum aestivum ) after rice (Oryza sativa.). Indian J Agron 50 (1): 54-57.Lal R. 1989. Conservation tillage for sustainable agriculture: tropics versus temper­ate environment. Adv Agron 42: 85-197.Lal R. 1997. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by CO2 enrichment. Soil Till Res 43: 81-107.Lal R. 2007. Soil science in a changing climate. CSA New 52: 1-9.Mallory J J, RH Mohtar, GC Heathman, DG Schulze and E Braudeau. 2011. Evaluating the effect of tillage on soil structural properties using the pedostructure concept. Geoderma 163: 141-149. doi:10.1016/ j.geoderma. 2011.01.018. 9p.Paustian K, HP Collins and EA Paul. 1997. Management control on soil carbon. In: EA Paul, ET Elliot, K Paustian and CV Cole (eds). Soil Organic Matter in Temperate Agro-ecosystems: Long-term Experiment in North America. CRC Press, pp. 15-50.Rasmussen, KJ. 1999. Impact of ploughless soil tillage on yield and soil quality: A Scandinavian review. Soil Till Res 53: 3-14.Quintero M. 2009. Effects of conservation tillage in soil carbon sequestration and net revenues of potato-based rotations in the Colombian Andes. [Thesis], University of Florida, USA. SAS [Statistical Analysis System] Institute. 2003. The SAS system for windows. Release 9.1. SASInst Inc, Cary, NC.Singh A and J Kaur. 2012. Impact of conservation tillage on soil properties in rice-wheat cropping system. Agric Sci Res J 2: 30-41.Six, J, SD Frey, RK Thiet and KM Batten. 2006. Bacterial and fungal contributions to carbon sequestration in agroecosystems. Soil Sci Soc Am J 70: 555-569.Smith JL and HP Collins. 2007. Management of organisms and their processes in soils. In: EA Paul (ed). Soil Microbiology, Ecology and Biochemistry. Third Edition. Academic Press, Burlington, USA, 532 p.Stockfisch N, T Forstreuter, W Ehlers. 1999. Ploughing effects on soil organic matter after twenty years of conservation tillage in Lower Saxony, Germany. Soil Till Res 52: 91-101.Tarkalson, DD, GW Hergertb and KG Cassmanc. 2006. Long-term effects of tillage on soil chemical properties and grain yields of a dryland winter wheat-sorghum/corn-fallow rotation in the great plains. Agron J 26: 26-33. Thomas GA, RC Dalal, J Standley. 2007. No-till effect on organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity and nutrient distribution in a Luvisol in the semi-arid subtropics. Soil Till Res 94: 295-304.Utomo M, H Suprapto and Sunyoto. 1989. Influence of tillage and nitrogen fertilization on soil nitrogen, decomposition of alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica) and corn production of alang-alang land. In: J van der Heide (ed.). Nutrient management for food crop production in tropical farming systems. Institute for Soil Fertility (IB), pp. 367-373.Utomo M. 2004. Olah tanah konservasi untuk budidaya jagung berkelanjutan. Prosiding Seminar Nasional IX Budidaya Pertanian Olah Tanah Konservasi. Gorontalo, 6-7 Oktober, 2004, pp. 18-35 (in Indonesian).Utomo M, A Niswati, Dermiyati, M R Wati, AF Raguan and S Syarif. 2010. Earthworm and soil carbon sequestration after twenty one years of continuous no-tillage corn-legume rotation in Indonesia. JIFS 7: 51-58.Utomo M, H Buchari, IS Banuwa, LK Fernando and R Saleh. 2012. Carbon storage and carbon dioxide emission as influenced by long-term conservation tillage and nitrogen fertilization in corn-soybean rotation. J Trop Soil 17: 75-84.Wang W, RC Dalal and PW Moody. 2001. Evaluation of the microwave irradiation method for measuring soil microbial biomass. Soil Sci Soc Am J 65: 1696-1703.Wright AL and FM Hons. 2004. Soil aggregation and carbon and nitrogen storage under soybean cropping sequences. Soil Sci Soc Am J 68: 507-513. Zibilske LM, JM Bradford and JR Smart. 2002. Conservation tillage induced change in organic carbon, total nitrogen and available phosphorus in a semi-arid alkaline subtropical soil. Soil Till Res 66: 153-163.

Background. The performance practice of recent decades demonstrates an obvious tendency to expand and update the repertoire due to the use of the works of those composers whose pieces had “lost” over time against to the pieces of their more famous contemporaries. At the same time, in sociology, psychology, culturology, gender issues are largely relevant. Musicology does not stand aside, applying the achievements of gender psychology in the study of composer creativity and musical performing (Tsurkanenko, I., 2011; Gigolaeva-Yurchenko, V., 2012, 2015; Fan, Liu, 2017). In general, the issue of gender equality is quite acute in contemporary public discourse. The indicated tendencies determine the interest of many musicians and listeners in the work of women-composers (for example, recently, the creativity by Clara Schumann attracts the attention of performers all over the world, in particular, in Ukraine the International Music Festival “Kharkiv Assemblies” – 2018 was dedicated to her works). The theme of the proposed work is also a response to the noted trends in performing practice and musicology discourse. For the first time in domestic musicology an attempt is made to give a brief overview of the life and career of another talented woman, whose name is little known in the post-Soviet space. This is a Swedish violinist, composer and pianist Amanda Röntgen-Maier (1853–1894), a graduate of the Stockholm Royal College of Music and the Leipzig Conservatory, a contemporary of Clara Schumann, J. Brahms, E. Grieg, with whom she and her husband – composer, pianist, conductor Julius Röntgen – were associated for enough long time by creative and friendly relationships. In the post-Soviet space, not a single work has been published that would be dedicated to the works of A. Maier. In European and American musicology, the composer’s personality and creative heritage is also not widely studied. Her name is only occasionally mentioned in works examining the musical culture and, in particular, the performing arts of Sweden at that time (Jönsson, Å., 1995, 151–156; Karlsson, Å., 1994, 38–43; Lundholm, L., 1992, 14–15; Löndahl, T., 1994; Öhrström, E., 1987, 1995). The aim of the proposed study is to characterize Amanda Meier’s creative heritage in the context of European romanticism. Research results. Based on the available sources, we summarized the basic information about the life and career of A. Maier. Carolina Amanda Erica Maier (married Röntgen-Maier ) was born on February 20, 1853 in Landskrona. She received the first music lessons from his father, Karl Edward Mayer, a native of Germany (from Württemberg), who worked as a confectioner in Landskrona, but also studied music, in particular, in 1852 he received a diploma of “music director” in Stockholm and had regular contracts. In 1869, Amanda entered to the Kungliga Musikaliska akademien (Royal College of Music) in Stockholm. There she learns to play several instruments at once: the violin, cello, piano, organ, and also studies history, music theory and musical aesthetics. A. Maier graduated from Royal College successfully and became the first woman who received the title of “Musik Direktor”. The final concert, which took place in April 1873, included the performance of the program on the violin and on the organ and also A. Maier’s own work – the Romance for Violin. In the spring of 1874, Amanda received the grant from the Royal College for further studies at the Leipzig Conservatory. Here, Engelbert Röntgen, the accompanist of the glorious orchestra Gewandhaus, becomes her teacher on the violin, and she studies harmony and composition under the guidance of Karl Heinrich Karsten Reinecke and Ernst Friedrich Richter. Education in Leipzig lasts from 1874 to 1876. In the summer and autumn of 1875, A. Maier returns to Landskron, where she writes the first major work – the Concerto for violin and orchestra in one-movement, D minor, which was performed twice: in December 1875 in Halle and in February 1876 with the Gewandhaus Orchestra under the direction of K. Reinecke. The further career of A. Maier, both performing and composing, developed very successfully. She made several major concert trips between 1876 and 1880: to Sweden and Norway, to Finland and St. Petersburg; she also played to the Swedish king Oscar II (1876); concerts were held with constant success. While studying in Leipzig, A. Maier met her future husband (the son of her violin teacher) Julius Röntgen, composer and conductor. They married 1880 in Landskrona. Their personal relationships included active creative communication, both playing music together, and exchanging musical ideas, getting to know each other’s works. Part of his chamber opuses, for example, the cycle of Swedish folk dances, A. Maier created in collaboration with her husband. An analogy with life of Robert and Clara Schumann may take place here, although the Röntgen spouses did not have to endure such dramatic collisions that fell to the lot of the first. After the wedding, Röntgen family moved to Amsterdam, where Julius Röntgen soon occupies senior positions in several music organizations. On the contrary, the concert and composing activities of A. Maier go to the decline. This was due both, to the birth of two sons, and to a significant deterioration in her health. Nevertheless, she maintains her violin skills at the proper level and actively participates in performances in music salons, which the family arranges at home. The guests of these meetings were, in particular, J. Brahms, K. Schumann, E. Grieg with his wife and A. Rubinstein. The last years of A. Maier’s life were connected with Nice, Davos and Norway. In the fall of 1888 she was in Nice with the goal of treating the lungs, communicating there with her friends Heinrich and Elizabeth Herzogenberg. With the latter, they played Brahms violin sonatas, and the next (1889) year A. Maier played the same pieces with Clara Schumann. Amanda Maier spent the autumn of 1889 under the supervision of doctors in Davos, and the winter – in Nice. In 1890, she returned to Amsterdam. His last major work dates back to 1891 – the Piano Quartet in D minor. During the last three years of her life, she visited Denmark, Sweden and Norway, where she performed, among other, her husband’s works, for example, the suite “From Jotunheim”. In the summer of 1889, A. Maier took part in concerts at the Nirgaard Castle in Denmark. In 1894, she returned to Amsterdam again. Her health seems stable, a few hours before her death she was conducting classes with her sons. A. Maier died July 15, 1894. The works of A. Maier, published during the life of the composer, include the following: Sonata in H minor (1878); 6 Pieces for violin and piano (1879); “Dialogues” – 10 small pieces for piano, some of which were created by Julius Röntgen (1883); Swedish songs and dances for violin and piano; Quartet for piano, violin, viola and cello E minor (1891). Still unprinted are the following works: Romance for violin and piano; Trio for violin, cello and piano (1874); Concert for violin and orchestra (1875); Quartet for piano, violin, viola and clarinet E minor; “Nordiska Tonbilder” for violin and piano (1876); Intermezzo for piano; Two string quartets; March for piano, violin, viola and cello; Romances on the texts of David Wiersen; Trio for piano and two violins; 25 Preludes for piano. The composer style of A. Mayer incorporates the characteristic features of the Romantic era, in particular, the Leipzig school. Lyric elements prevail in her works, although the composer is not alien to dramatic, heroic, epic images (the Piano Quartet E minor, some pieces from the Six Songs for Violin and Piano series). In the embodiment of such a circle of images, parallels with the musical style of the works of J. Brahms are quite clearly traced. In constructing thematic structures, A. Maier relies on the melody of the Schubert-Mendelssohn type. The compositional solutions are defined mainly by the classical principles of forming, which resembles the works of F. Mendelssohn, the late chamber compositions of R. Schumann, where the lyrical expression gets a clear, complete form. The harmonic language of the works of A. Maier gravitates toward classical functionality rather than the uncertainty, instability and colorfulness inherent in the harmony of F. Liszt, R. Wagner and their followers. The main instrument, for which most of the opuses by A. Maier was created, the violin, is interpreted in various ways: it appears both, in the lyrical and the virtuoso roles. The piano texture of chamber compositions by A. Maier is quite developed and rich; the composer clearly gravitates towards the equality of all parties in an ensemble. At the same time, piano techniques are reminiscent of texture formulas by F. Mendelssohn and J. Brahms. Finally, in A. Mayer’s works manifest themself such characteristic of European romanticism, as attraction to folklore, a reliance on folk song sources. Conclusions. Periods in the history of music seemed already well studied, hide many more composer names and works, which are worthy of the attention of performers, musicologists and listeners. A. Mayer’s creativity, despite the lack of pronounced innovation, has an independent artistic value and, at the same time, is one of such musical phenomena that help to compile a more complete picture of the development of musical art in the XIX century and gain a deeper understanding of the musical culture of this period. The prospect of further development of the topic of this essay should be a more detailed study of the creative heritage of A. Maier in the context of European musical Romanticism.

Jelen cikk az összehasonlító kultúrakutatásokat mutatja be és csoportosítja aszerint, hogy étikus vagy émikus kutatásokról van-e szó. A szélesebb körben ismert dimenzionális modelleken túl (Kluckhohn és Strodtbeck, Edward T. Hall, Geert Hofstede, Fons Trompenaars és Charles Hampden-Turner, Salom H. Schwartz, GLOBE-kutatás) a szerző röviden ismerteti a kulturális metafora (Gannon) elméletét, és három példával (portugál bikaviadal, izraeli kibuc és mosav, thai királyság) meg is világítja, miben nyújt több ismeretet (megértést) ez a kultúrafeltárási módszer a korábban bemutatottaknál és ugyanakkor mire nem alkalmas a módszer. Végül a kulturstandard módszer ismertetésére kerül sor, amely sajátos ötvözete az émikus és étikus kutatásoknak.