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Books on the topic 'EEG, electroencephalogram'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 1 June 2024

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

National Institutes of Health (U.S.). Office of Clinical Center Communications, ed. EEG (electroencephalogram). Clinical Center Communications, National Institutes of Health, 1989.

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2

Kam, Julia W. Y., and Todd C. Handy. Electroencephalogram Recording in Humans. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199939800.003.0006.

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This chapter provides an elementary introduction to the theory and practical application of electroencephalogram (EEG) recording for the purpose of studying neurocognitive processes. It is aimed at readers who have had little or no experience in EEG data collection, and would like to gain a better understanding of scientific papers employing this methodology or start their own EEG experiment. We begin with a definition of EEG, and a summary of the strengths and limitations of EEG-based techniques. Following this is a description of the basic theory concerning the cellular mechanisms underlying

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3

Vespa, Paul M. Electroencephalogram monitoring in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0221.

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Electroencephalography monitoring provides a method for monitoring brain function, which can complement other forms of monitoring, such as monitoring of intracranial pressure and derived parameters, such as cerebral perfusion pressure. Continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring can be helpful in seizure detection after brain injury and coma. Seizures can be detected by visual inspection of the raw EEG and/or processed EEG data. Treatment of status epilepticus can be improved by rapid identification and abolition of seizures using continuous EEG. Quantitative EEG can also be used to detec

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4

Pearl, Phillip L., Jules Beal, Monika Eisermann, et al. Normal EEG in Wakefulness and Sleep. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0007.

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Electroencephalogram (EEG) interpretation depends on accurate pattern recognition. One of the first lessons the novice electroencephalographer learns is that EEG pattern interpretation must take into account the patient’s age and the level of vigilance, or state. EEG patterns vary according to central nervous system development and maturation. This process evolves over time, starting with the early development and maturation of the nervous system (an evolution) to a peak of maturity, followed by an involution. Basic differences exist between the ascending (developmental) and descending (involu

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5

Krishnan, Vaishnav, Bernard S. Chang, and Donald L. Schomer. Normal EEG in Wakefulness and Sleep. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0008.

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The normal adult electroencephalogram (EEG) is not a singular entity, and recognizing and appreciating the various expressions of a normal EEG is vital for any electroencephalographer. During wakefulness, the posterior dominant rhythm (PDR) must display a frequency within the alpha band, although an absent PDR is not abnormal. A symmetrically slowed PDR, excessive theta activity, or any delta activity during wakefulness is abnormal and a biomarker of encephalopathy. Low-voltage EEGs have been associated with a variety of neuropathological states but are themselves not abnormal. During non-rapi

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6

Butkov, Nic. Polysomnography. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0007.

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This chapter provides an overview of the sleep recording process, including the application of electrodes and sensors to the patient, instrumentation, signal processing, digital polysomnography (PSG), and artifact recognition. Topics discussed include indications for PSG, standard recording parameters, patient preparation, electrode placement for recording the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram (EOG), electromyogram (EMG), and electrocardiogram (ECG), the use of respiratory transducers, oximetry, signal processing, filters, digital data display, electrical safety, and patient monitor

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7

Lüders, Hans O., Soheyl Noachtar, and Jan Rémi. Electroencephalography. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197502334.001.0001.

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Abstract This book is an instructional textbook and reference atlas, serving as an instruction guide for the beginner in electroencephalography and as a reference atlas for the experienced electroencephalogram (EEG) reader. It provides a highly systematic guide of the process of understanding and interpreting EEG. The book systematically describes abnormal EEG findings and their differentiation from normal variants, which may imitate the abnormal EEG patterns. It provides normal and abnormal EEG patterns in a structured classification based on more than 400 figures. All EEG examples shown in t

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8

Gaitanis, John, Phillip L. Pearl, and Howard Goodkin. The EEG in Degenerative Disorders of the Central Nervous System. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0013.

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Nervous system alterations can occur at any stage of prenatal or postnatal development. Any of these derangements, whether environmental or genetic, will affect electrical transmission, causing electroencephalogram (EEG) alteration and possibly epilepsy. Genetic insults may be multisystemic (for example, neurocutaneous syndromes) or affect only the brain. Gene mutations account for inborn errors of metabolism, channelopathies, brain malformations, and impaired synaptogenesis. Inborn errors of metabolism cause seizures and EEG abnormalities through a variety of mechanisms, including disrupted e

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9

Koutroumanidis, Michalis, and Robin Howard. Encephalopathy, central nervous system infections, and coma. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0032.

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This chapter provides an overview of the indications for and the diagnostic and prognostic value of acute video-electroencephalogram (EEG) and continuous video-EEG monitoring in patients with encephalopathies, encephalitides, and coma. Particular emphasis is placed on the detection of non-convulsive seizures and non-convulsive status epilepticus secondary to acute and sub-acute cerebral insults, including post-cardiac arrest hypoxic-ischaemic brain injury, and on the related pitfalls and uncertainties. It also discusses key technical aspects of the EEG recording, including artefact identificat

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10

Luginbühl, Martin, and Arvi Yli-Hankala. Assessment of the components of anaesthesia. Edited by Antony R. Wilkes and Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0026.

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In modern anaesthesia practice, hypnotic drugs, opioids, and neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are combined. The introduction of NMBAs in particular substantially increased the risk of awareness and recall during general anaesthesia. Hypnotic drugs such as propofol and volatile anaesthetics act through GABAA receptors and have typical effects on the electroencephalogram (EEG). During increasing concentrations of these pharmaceuticals, the EEG desynchronization is followed by gradual synchronization, slowing frequency, and increasing amplitude of EEG, thereafter EEG suppressions (burst supp

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11

Ewen, Joshua B., and Sándor Beniczky. Validating Biomarkers and Diagnostic Tests in Clinical Neurophysiology. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0009.

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There has been an explosion in the development of electroencephalogram (EEG)-based biomarkers and clinical tests. This upsurge is likely due to an increase in therapies rooted in biological mechanisms rather than behavioral descriptions, as well as to the democratization of computational power and the lower cost of EEG compared with competing methodologies. This increase in motivation and opportunity demands an increased responsibility for proper validation studies. Fields including laboratory medicine and psychometrics have paved the way for rigorous validation methodology. This chapter revie

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12

Moeller, Friederike, Ronit M. Pressler, and J. Helen Cross. Genetic generalized epilepsy. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0027.

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This chapter provides an overview of generalized epilepsies (GGE), which comprises a group of epilepsy syndromes of presumed genetic origin. They are classified into several syndromes according to their age, depending on clinical manifestation and associated electroencephalogram (EEG) features. The chapter introduces the concept of GGE before addressing different GGE syndromes, describing their clinical presentation, EEG features, treatment, prognosis, and underlying genetics. The following GGE syndromes are discussed in order of their age of onset—myoclonic astatic epilepsy, childhood absence

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13

Koutroumanidis, Michalis, Dimitrios Sakellariou, and Vasiliki Tsirka. Electroencephalography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0011.

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This chapter concentrates on essential technical aspects of the electroencephalogram (EEG) and its role in the clinical and aetiological diagnosis of people with epilepsy. The technical subsection explores important stages of the largely ‘mystifying’ process from the generation of the abnormal signals in the brain to their final visualization on the screen, including digitalization of the signal and sampling rate, montages, and derivations, focusing on their clinical relevance. The second part reviews the behavioural attributes of the interictal and ictal discharges in the different epilepsy t

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14

Amzica, Florin, and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Cellular Substrates of Brain Rhythms. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0002.

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The purpose of this chapter is to familiarize the reader with the basic electrical patterns of the electroencephalogram (EEG). Brain cells (mainly neurons and glia) are organized in multiple levels of intricate networks. The cellular membranes are semipermeable media between extracellular and intracellular solutions, populated by ions and other electrically charged molecules. This represents the basis of electrical currents flowing across cellular membranes, further generating electromagnetic fields that radiate to the scalp electrodes, which record changes in the activity of brain cells. This

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15

Elwes, Robert. Presurgical evaluation for epilepsy surgery. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0031.

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This chapter describes the preoperative electroclinical assessment of the various epilepsy syndromes and pathologies that are open to surgical treatment. Particular emphasis is placed on medial temporal epilepsy and frontal epilepsy. The assessment of cases considered for hemispherotomy, multiple subpial transection for Landau–Kleffner syndrome, anterior two-thirds callosotomy in symptomatic generalized epilepsy, neural stimulation, and cases with nodular hetertopia are summarized. Throughout the chapter, particular emphasis is placed on the need for multidisciplinary assessment, and the inter

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16

Herring, Christina. Neuromodulation in Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Anthony J. Bazzan and Daniel A. Monti. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190690557.003.0013.

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Quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) is the transformation of the EEG by spectral analysis in which the amount of electrical activity at a particular frequency is determined and compared against a normative data base. EEG findings are specific for different psychiatric problems and help reveal brain abnormalities associated with psychological symptoms. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a system of delivering multiple pulses within a short time period that induce changes that outlast the stimulation period. Operant conditioning involves providing a reward to increase th

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17

Youngblood, Mark W., and Hal Blumenfeld. Biological Basis of Primary Generalized Epilepsies—Pathophysiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199937837.003.0037.

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The primary generalized epilepsies include a heterogeneous group of seizures including absence, myoclonic, and generalized tonic-clonic seizures that are not strictly localized on EEG and not secondary to another disorder. The seizures are often associated with a loss of consciousness and may present with motor manifestations, including convulsions and arrest of respiration. Generalized spike-and-wave discharges on electroencephalogram are a uniting feature, and this pattern of activity is a direct manifestation of the underlying mechanism of these disorders. A review of important underlying c

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18

Chadwick, David, Alastair Compston, Michael Donaghy, et al. Investigations. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198569381.003.0100.

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This chapter describes the many methods that can be used to investigate neurological disorders. The application and suitability for specific disorder types are outlined, as are contraindications for use. Methods of imaging the central nervous system include computed tomography (CT) imaging, several magnetic resonance (MR) scanning methods, Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Invasive (angiography) and non-invasive methods of imaging the cerebral circulation are also outlined.The standard method of recording electrical activity of the brain

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19

Furlong, Paul L., Elaine Foley, Caroline Witton, and Stefano Seri. Magnetoencephalography. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0013.

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For presurgical assessments for resection of an epileptogenic lesion or zone, evaluations over the last 20 years have established magnetoencephalography (MEG) as a valuable tool in routine clinical practice in both adult and paediatric age groups. MEG can accurately localize both ictal and inter-ictal spike sources. MEG yields important additional information in around 30% of patients with epilepsy of suspected neocortical origin, aiding in the modification or extension of invasive measurements. Seizure freedom is most likely to occur when there is concordance between electroencephalogram (EEG

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20

Goyal, Sushma. Electroclinical features of paediatric conditions. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199688395.003.0034.

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Paediatric epilepsy is one of the most challenging aspects of clinical neurophysiology, as it is a dynamic entity in continuous evolution. A sound clinical understanding based on clinical history and examination combined with the ability to interpret paediatric electroencephalogram (EEG) is imperative prior to considering a diagnosis of epilepsy in children. A multidisciplinary approach involving regular communication between the referring physician, paediatric neurophysiologist, neuroradiologist, and geneticist is helpful as the child grows and the epilepsy becomes apparent. In a clinical set

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21

Bleck, Thomas P. Assessment and management of seizures in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0232.

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In previously conscious patients seizures are usually easily detected. Critically-ill patients are frequently sedated and a proportion are paralysed with neuromuscular blocking agents, in such patients it may be hard or impossible to detect seizures clinically. An urgent electroencephalogram (EEG) should be obtained whenever seizures are witness or suspected, especially if the patient does not rapidly return to baseline, when non-convulsive status epilepticus must be excluded. Unless the cause of the seizure activity is already known, an urgent CT, or MRI is indicated. If central nervous syste

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22

Schomer, Donald L., Charles M. Epstein, Susan T. Herman, Douglas Maus, and Bruce J. Fisch. Recording Principles. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0005.

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This chapter reviews the technical aspects of recording and reviewing clinical electroencephalograms (EEGs) and related biopotentials. While advances in engineering technology have revolutionized EEG machines, the basic principles underlying accurate representation of brain activity are largely unchanged. The first section reviews the analog EEG components, and the second section discusses analog-to-digital conversion, digital filters, and display and storage parameters. Digital EEG machines are now less expensive and their capabilities far surpass those of analog machines. The third section r

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23

Gotman, Jean, and Nathan E. Crone. High-Frequency EEG Activity. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0033.

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Activities with frequencies between 60 and 80 Hz and approximately 500 Hz are labeled here as high-frequency activities. They were largely ignored until the beginning of the millennium, but their importance is now well recognized. They can be divided into activities occurring in the healthy brain in relation to sensory, motor, and cognitive or memory activity and activities occurring in the epileptic brain in the form of brief events (high-frequency oscillations), which appear to be an important marker of the brain regions that are able to generate seizures of focal origin. In humans, most of

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24

Shibasaki, Hiroshi, and Masatoshi Nakamura. Automatic Integrated EEG Interpretation and Reporting. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0027.

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Automatic interpretation of electroencephalograms (EEG) is complicated due to fluctuation of background activity, paroxysmal activities, artifacts, and use of different electrode montages. Previous attempts at automatic EEG interpretation focused on a certain feature such as background activity and paroxysmal abnormalities. The authors’ group has developed a computer-assisted, offline system for automatic comprehensive interpretation of EEG that takes into account all features of the adult waking EEG and provides the results in a written report. The system is not aimed at standardization of EE

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