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Patschan, D., K. Schwarze, E. Henze, S. Patschan, and G. A. Müller. "The endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition and endothelial cilia in EPC-mediated postischemic kidney protection." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 310, no. 7 (April 1, 2016): F679—F687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00306.2015.
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Renal ischemia induces peritubular capillary rarefication and fibrosis, with the latter partly resulting from the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndoMT). Endothelial cilia transmit blood flow-associated forces into the cell. Early endothelial progenitor cells (eEPCs) have been shown to protect mice from acute kidney injury in the short term. The aim of the present study was to analyze midterm consequences of eEPC treatment in the context of endothelial cilia and the EndoMT. Male C57/Bl6N mice were subjected to unilateral renal ischemia postuninephrectomy. Syngeneic murine eEPCs were systemically injected at the time of reperfusion. Animals were investigated 1, 4, and 6 wk later. Cultured mature endothelial cells were exposed to a variable flow with versus without eEPC supernatant incubation. Systemically injected eEPCs reduced serum creatinine levels at week 1 (35 and 45 min) and week 4 (45 min). Interstitial fibrosis was significantly diminished by cell treatment at all time points as well. The EndoMT was less pronounced at week 4 (35 min) and week 6 (45 min). eEPC supernatant reduced α-smooth muscle actin expression and α-tubulin abundance in flow-treated cultured mature endothelial cells, and percentages of cilium-positive cells increased. The loss of peritubular capillaries was prevented by eEPCs. Intrarenal endothelial α-tubulin decreased postischemia and was further reduced by eEPC administration. We conclude that eEPCs are capable of reorganizing the endothelial cytoskeleton in an indirect manner, ultimately resulting in stabilization of the endothelial ciliome. The investigation indicates an antimesenchymal role of endothelial cilia in the process of postischemic tissue fibrosis/EndoMT.
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Patschan, D., A. Hildebrandt, J. Rinneburger, J. T. Wessels, S. Patschan, J. U. Becker, E. Henze, A. Krüger, and G. A. Müller. "The hormone melatonin stimulates renoprotective effects of “early outgrowth” endothelial progenitor cells in acute ischemic kidney injury." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 302, no. 10 (May 15, 2012): F1305—F1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00445.2011.
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Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) protect the kidney from acute ischemic injury. The aim of this study was to analyze whether pretreatment of murine “early outgrowth” EPCs (eEPCs) with the hormone melatonin increases the cells' renoprotective effects in the setting of murine acute ischemic renal failure. Male (8–12 wk old) C57Bl/6N mice were subjected to unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury postuninephrectomy (40 min). Postischemic animals were injected with either 0.5×106 untreated syngeneic murine eEPCs or with cells, pretreated with melatonin for 1 h. Injections were performed shortly after reperfusion of the kidney. While animals injected with untreated cells developed acute renal failure, eEPC pretreatment with melatonin dramatically improved renoprotective actions of the cells. These effects were completely reversed after cell pretreatment with melatonin and the MT-1/-2 antagonist luzindole. In vitro analysis revealed that melatonin reduced the amount of tumor growth factor-β-induced eEPC apoptosis/necrosis. Secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor by the cells was markedly stimulated by the hormone. In addition, migratory activity of eEPCs was enhanced by melatonin and supernatant from melatonin-treated eEPCs stimulated migration of cultured mature endothelial cells. In summary, melatonin was identified as a new agonist of eEPCs in acute ischemic kidney injury.
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Safa, Radwan N., Xu-Yang Peng, Laura Pentassuglia, Chee Chew Lim, Mathias Lamparter, Cheri Silverstein, Jeremy Walker, et al. "Neuregulin-1β regulation of embryonic endothelial progenitor cell survival." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 300, no. 4 (April 2011): H1311—H1319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01104.2009.
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Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are mobilized into the vascular space and home to damaged tissues, where they promote repair in part through a process of angiogenesis. Neuregulins (NRGs) are ligands in the epidermal growth factor family that signal through type I receptor tyrosine kinases in the erbB family (erbB2, erbB3, and erbB4) and regulate endothelial cell biology, promoting angiogenesis. Stimuli such as ischemia and exercise that promote EPC mobilization also induce cleavage and release of transmembrane NRG from cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (CMECs). We hypothesized that NRG/erbB signaling may regulate EPC biology. Using an embryonic (e)EPC cell line that homes to and repairs injured myocardium, we were able to detect erbB2 and erbB3 transcripts. Identical receptor expression was found in EPCs isolated from rat bone marrow and human whole blood. NRG treatment of eEPCs induces phosphorylation of kinases including Akt, GSK-3β, and Erk1/2 and the nuclear accumulation and transcriptional activation of β-catenin. NRG does not induce eEPC proliferation or migration but does protect eEPCs against serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. These results suggest a role for tissue-derived NRG in the regulation of EPC survival.
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Vajkoczy, Peter, Sabine Blum, Mathias Lamparter, Reinhard Mailhammer, Ralph Erber, Britta Engelhardt, Dietmar Vestweber, and Antonis K. Hatzopoulos. "Multistep Nature of Microvascular Recruitment of Ex Vivo–expanded Embryonic Endothelial Progenitor Cells during Tumor Angiogenesis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 197, no. 12 (June 16, 2003): 1755–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021659.
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Tissue neovascularization involves recruitment of circulating endothelial progenitor cells that originate in the bone marrow. Here, we show that a class of embryonic endothelial progenitor cells (Tie-2+, c-Kit+, Sca-1+, and Flk-1−/low), which were isolated at E7.5 of mouse development at the onset of vasculogenesis, retain their ability to contribute to tumor angiogenesis in the adult. Using intravital fluorescence videomicroscopy, we further defined the multistep process of embryonic endothelial progenitor cell (eEPC) homing and incorporation. Circulating eEPCs are specifically arrested in “hot spots” within the tumor microvasculature, extravasate into the interstitium, form multicellular clusters, and incorporate into functional vascular networks. Expression analysis and in vivo blocking experiments provide evidence that the initial cell arrest of eEPC homing is mediated by E- and P-selectin and P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1. This paper provides the first in vivo insights into the mechanisms of endothelial progenitor cell recruitment and, thus, indicates novel ways to interfere with pathological neovascularization.
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Johannsen, Florian, Susanne Leist, and Reinhold Tausch. "Wand and Weber's good decomposition conditions for BPMN." Business Process Management Journal 20, no. 5 (August 26, 2014): 693–729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bpmj-03-2013-0031.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to specify the decomposition conditions of Wand and Weber for the Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN). Therefore, an interpretation of the conditions for BPMN is derived and compared to a specification of the conditions for enhanced Event-Driven Process Chains (eEPCs). Based on these results, guidelines for a conformance check of BPMN and eEPC models with the decomposition conditions are shown. Further, guidelines for decomposition are formulated for BPMN models. The usability of the decomposition guidelines is tested with modelling experts. Design/methodology/approach – An approach building on a representational mapping is used for specifying the decomposition conditions. Therefore, ontological constructs of the Bunge-Wand-Weber ontology are mapped to corresponding modelling constructs and an interpretation of the decomposition conditions for BPMN is derived. Guidelines for a conformance check are then defined. Based on these results, decomposition guidelines are formulated. Their usability is tested in interviews. Findings – The research shows that the decomposition conditions stemming from the information systems discipline can be transferred to business process modelling. However, the interpretation of the decomposition conditions depends on specific characteristics of a modelling language. Based on a thorough specification of the conditions, it is possible to derive guidelines for a conformance check of process models with the conditions. In addition, guidelines for decomposition are developed and tested. In the study, these are perceived as understandable and helpful by experts. Research limitations/implications – Research approaches based on representational mappings are subjected to subjectivity. However, by having three researchers performing the approach independently, subjectivity can be mitigated. Further, only ten experts participated in the usability test, which is therefore to be considered as a first step in a more comprising evaluation. Practical implications – This paper provides the process modeller with guidelines enabling a conformance check of BPMN and eEPC process models with the decomposition conditions. Further, guidelines for decomposing BPMN models are introduced. Originality/value – This paper is the first to specify Wand and Weber's decomposition conditions for process modelling with BPMN. A comparison to eEPCs shows, that the ontological expressiveness influences the interpretation of the conditions. Further, guidelines for decomposing BPMN models as well as for checking their adherence to the decomposition conditions are presented.
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Hinkel, Rabea, Ildiko Bock-Marquette, Antonis K. Hazopoulos, and Christian Kupatt. "Thymosin β4: a key factor for protective effects of eEPCs in acute and chronic ischemia." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1194, no. 1 (May 2010): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05489.x.
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Ju, Ting, Yuru Li, Xiaoran Wang, Lifeng Xiao, Li Jiang, Shanshan Zhou, Meimei Yang, et al. "Streptozotocin Inhibits Electrophysiological Determinants of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synaptic Transmission in CA1 Pyramidal Neurons of Rat Hippocampal Slices: Reduction of These Effects by Edaravone." Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 40, no. 6 (2016): 1274–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000453181.
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Background: Streptozotocin (STZ) has served as an agent to generate an Alzheimer's disease (AD) model in rats, while edaravone (EDA), a novel free radical scavenger, has recently emerged as an effective treatment for use in vivo and vitro AD models. However, to date, these beneficial effects of EDA have only been clearly demonstrated within STZ-induced animal models of AD and in cell models of AD. A better understanding of the mechanisms of EDA may provide the opportunity for their clinical application in the treatment of AD. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the underlying mechanisms of STZ and EDA as assessed upon electrophysiological alterations in CA1 pyramidal neurons of rat hippocampal slices. Methods: Through measures of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs), AMPAR-mediated eEPSCs (eEPSCsAMPA), evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (eIPSCs), evoked excitatory postsynaptic current paired pulse ratio (eEPSC PPR) and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic current paired pulse ratio (eIPSC PPR), it was possible to investigate mechanisms as related to the neurotoxicity of STZ and reductions in these effects by EDA. Results: Our results showed that STZ (1000 µM) significantly inhibited peak amplitudes of eEPSCs, eEPSCsAMPA and eIPSCs, while EDA (1000 µM) attenuated these STZ-induced changes at holding potentials ranging from -60mV to +40 mV for EPSCs and -60mV to +20 mV for IPSCs. Our work also indicated that mean eEPSC PPR were substantially altered by STZ, effects which were partially restored by EDA. In contrast, no significant effects upon eIPSC PPR were obtained in response to STZ and EDA. Conclusion: Our data suggest that STZ inhibits glutamatergic transmission involving pre-synaptic mechanisms and AMPAR, and that STZ inhibits GABAergic transmission by post-synaptic mechanisms within CA1 pyramidal neurons. These effects are attenuated by EDA.
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Sokolova, Irina V., Henry A. Lester, and Norman Davidson. "Postsynaptic Mechanisms Are Essential for Forskolin-Induced Potentiation of Synaptic Transmission." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 4 (April 2006): 2570–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00617.2005.
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It has been demonstrated that stimulation of protein kinase A (PKA) results in enhanced synaptic transmission in the hippocampus and other brain areas. To investigate mechanisms of the PKA-mediated potentiation of synaptic transmission, we used rat hippocampal embryonic cultures. In low-density cultures, paired recordings under the perforated patch demonstrated that 15-min forskolin treatment produced long-lasting potentiation of evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) mediated by the cAMP/PKA pathway. eEPSC amplitudes increased to 240 ± 10% of baseline after 15 min of forskolin treatment (early). After forskolin washout, eEPSCs declined to a potentiated level. Potentiation was sustained for ≥85 min after forskolin washout and, 60 min after forskolin washout, constituted 152 ± 7% of baseline (late potentiation). Disruption of presynaptic processes with the whole cell configuration and internal solution containing PKA inhibitor peptide did not affect forskolin-induced potentiation. Disruption of postsynaptic processes, in contrast, impaired early potentiation and abolished late potentiation. Study of mEPSCs confirmed the contribution of postsynaptic mechanisms. Forskolin-induced enhancement of mEPSC frequency observed under the perforated patch was attenuated by the whole cell configuration. Forskolin also induced an increase of mEPSC amplitudes in the perforated patch, but not in the whole cell, experiments. Potentiation of eEPSCs was not activity dependent, persisting in the absence of stimulation. NMDA receptor blockade did not abolish forskolin-induced potentiation. In summary, we demonstrate that forskolin-induced potentiation of eEPSCs was mediated by postsynaptic mechanisms, presumably by upregulation of AMPA receptors by phosphorylation.
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Calcagnotto, Maria Elisa, and Scott C. Baraban. "Prolonged NMDA-Mediated Responses, Altered Ifenprodil Sensitivity, and Epileptiform-Like Events in the Malformed Hippocampus of Methylazoxymethanol Exposed Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01155.2004.
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Cortical malformations are often associated with refractory epilepsy and cognitive deficit. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated an important role for glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission in these conditions. Using whole cell voltage-clamp techniques, we examined evoked glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) and responses to exogenously applied glutamate on hippocampal heterotopic cells in an animal model of malformation i.e., rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol (MAM) in utero. Analysis revealed that the late N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated eEPSC component was significantly increased on heterotopic cells compared with age-matched normotopic pyramidal cells. At a holding potential of +40 mV, heterotopic cells also exhibited eEPSCs with a slower decay-time constant. No differences in the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) component of eEPSCs were detected. In 23% of heterotopic pyramidal cells, electrical stimulation evoked prolonged burst-like responses. Focal application of glutamate (10 mM) targeted to different sites near the heterotopia also evoked epileptiform-like bursts on heterotopic cells. Ifenprodil (10 μM), an NR2B subunit antagonist, only slightly reduced the NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated component and amplitude of eEPSCs on heterotopic cells (MAM) but significantly decreased the late component and peak amplitude of eEPSCs in normotopic cells (control). Our data demonstrate a functional alteration in the NMDA-mediated component of excitatory synaptic transmission in heterotopic cells and suggest that this alteration may be attributable, at least in part, to changes in composition and function of the NMDAR subunit. Changes in NMDAR function may directly contribute to the hyperexcitability and cognitive deficits reported in animal models and patients with brain malformations.
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Falcón-Moya, Losada-Ruiz, and Rodríguez-Moreno. "Kainate Receptor-Mediated Depression of Glutamate Release Involves Protein Kinase A in the Cerebellum." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 17 (August 23, 2019): 4124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20174124.
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Kainate (KA) receptors (KAR) have important modulatory roles of synaptic transmission. In the cerebellum, the action mechanisms of KAR-mediated glutamatergic depression are unknown. We studied these mechanisms by recording evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) from cerebellar slices using the whole-cell configuration of the patch-clamp technique. We observed that 3 μM KA decreased the amplitude of eEPSCs and increased the number of failures at the synapses established between parallel fibers (PF) and Purkinje neurons, and the effect was antagonized by NBQX under the condition where AMPA receptors were previously blocked. The inhibition of protein kinase A (PKA) suppressed the effect of KAR activation on eEPSC, and effect was not prevented by protein kinase C inhibitors. Furthermore, in the presence of Pertussis toxin, the depression of glutamate release mediated by KAR activation was prevented, invoking the participation of a Gi/o protein in this modulation. Finally, the KAR-mediated depression of glutamate release was not prevented by blocking calcium-permeable KARs or by treatments that affect calcium release from intracellular stores. We conclude that KARs present at these synapses mediate an inhibition of glutamate release through a mechanism that involves the activation of G-protein and protein kinase A.
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Mrozkova, Petra, Diana Spicarova, and Jiri Palecek. "Spinal PAR2 Activation Contributes to Hypersensitivity Induced by Peripheral Inflammation in Rats." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 991. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22030991.
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The mechanisms of inflammatory pain need to be identified in order to find new superior treatments. Protease-activated receptors 2 (PAR2) and transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) are highly co-expressed in dorsal root ganglion neurons and implicated in pain development. Here, we examined the role of spinal PAR2 in hyperalgesia and the modulation of synaptic transmission in carrageenan-induced peripheral inflammation, using intrathecal (i.t.) treatment in the behavioral experiments and recordings of spontaneous, miniature and dorsal root stimulation-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs, mEPSCs and eEPSCs) in spinal cord slices. Intrathecal PAR2-activating peptide (AP) administration aggravated the carrageenan-induced thermal hyperalgesia, and this was prevented by a TRPV1 antagonist (SB 366791) and staurosporine i.t. pretreatment. Additionally, the frequency of the mEPSC and sEPSC and the amplitude of the eEPSC recorded from the superficial dorsal horn neurons were enhanced after acute PAR2 AP application, while prevented with SB 366791 or staurosporine pretreatment. PAR2 antagonist application reduced the thermal hyperalgesia and decreased the frequency of mEPSC and sEPSC and the amplitude of eEPSC. Our findings highlight the contribution of spinal PAR2 activation to carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and the importance of dorsal horn PAR2 and TRPV1 receptor interactions in the modulation of nociceptive synaptic transmission.
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Hunt, Sheri Ann. "EEPs." Journal of Emergency Medicine 14, no. 5 (September 1996): 639–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0736-4679(96)00146-1.
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Singer, J. H., M. C. Bellingham, and A. J. Berger. "Presynaptic inhibition of glutamatergic synaptic transmission to rat motoneurons by serotonin." Journal of Neurophysiology 76, no. 2 (August 1, 1996): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.799.
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1. In a brain stem slice preparation, we recorded glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in hypoglossal motoneurons (HMs) evoked by extracellular stimulation in the reticular formation just ipsilateral to the hypoglossal motor nucleus (n. XII). Serotonin (5-HT) inhibited glutamatergic synaptic transmission in a dose-dependent fashion as indicated by a reduction in the evoked EPSC (eEPSC) peak amplitude to 46 +/- 2% (mean +/- SE, n = 26) of control (5-HT 10 microM). This effect was not voltage dependent, as the eEPSC reversal potential was not altered (n = 5). Additionally, 5-HT decreased the rate of rise of the eEPSC to 41 +/- 2% of control (n = 14). Blockade of N-methyl-D-aspartate-receptor-channels by D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (50 microM) or of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid/kainate receptor-channels by 6,7-dinitro-quinoxaline (20 microM) did not alter the relative reduction of the eEPSC amplitude by 5-HT (n = 7 and 3, respectively). 2. In the presence of tetrodotoxin (1 microM), bath application of 5-HT did not reduce postsynaptic glutamate currents elicited by pressure ejection of L-glutamate (1 mM) onto HMs (n = 5), and it increased the median interevent interval of spontaneous miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) to 178 +/- 12% of control (n = 4), suggesting that 5-HT acts presynaptically to reduce the probability of vesicle release. mEPSC amplitude was decreased slightly in three of four cells (median amplitude = 92 +/- 3% of control). 3. The specific 5-HT1B receptor agonist [3-(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyrid-4-yl)pyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrid-5-one] (1 microM) mimicked 5-HT in its effect on eEPSCs (eEPSC amplitude reduced to 31 +/- 5% of control; rate of rise reduced to 40 +/- 4% of control, n = 10 and 5, respectively) and mEPSCs (median interevent interval increased to 231 +/- 36% of control; median mEPSC amplitude = 102 +/- 3% of control, n = 5). Additionally, 5-HT-mediated inhibition was not blocked by coapplication of 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)-4-[4-(2-phthalimido) butyl] piperazine hydrobromide (1 microM), a 5-HT1A antagonist, and 3-[2-[4-(4-flurobenzoyl)-1-piperdinyl]ethyl]-2,4(1H,3H)-quin azolinedione tartrate (1 microM), a 5-HT2A/2C antagonist (n = 4). These data indicate that the 5-HT effect is primarily 5-HT1B receptor mediated. 4. We conclude that 5-HT, acting through presynaptic 5-HT1B receptors, inhibits glutamatergic synaptic transmission by reducing the probability of vesicle release.
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Banac, Ivo. "Continuing EEPS." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 4, no. 1 (December 1989): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325490004001001.
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Gross, Jan. "More EEPS." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 9, no. 1 (December 1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325495009001001.
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Dudek, F. Edward. "Are Altered Excitatory Synapses Found in Neuronal Migration Disorders?" Epilepsy Currents 5, no. 5 (September 2005): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1535-7511.2005.00054.x.
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Physiological and Morphological Characterization of Dentate Granule Cells in the p35 Knock-out Mouse Hippocampus: Evidence for an Epileptic Circuit Patel LS, Wenzel HJ, Schwartzkroin PA J Neurosci 2004;24:9005–9014 There is a high correlation between pediatric epilepsies and neuronal migration disorders. What remains unclear is whether intrinsic features of the individual dysplastic cells give rise to heightened seizure susceptibility, or whether these dysplastic cells contribute to seizure activity by establishing abnormal circuits that alter the balance of inhibition and excitation. Mice lacking a functional p35 gene provide an ideal model in which to address these questions, because these knockout animals not only exhibit aberrant neuronal migration but also demonstrate spontaneous seizures. Extracellular field recordings from hippocampal slices, characterizing the input–output relation in the dentate, revealed little difference between wild-type and knockout mice under both normal and elevated extracellular potassium conditions. However, in the presence of the GABAA antagonist bicuculline, p35 knockout slices, but not wild-type slices, exhibited prolonged depolarizations in response to stimulation of the perforant path. No significant differences were found in the intrinsic properties of dentate granule cells (i.e., input resistance, time constant, action-potential generation) from wild-type versus knockout mice. However, antidromic activation (mossy fiber stimulation) evoked an excitatory synaptic response in more than 65% of granule cells from p35 knockout slices that was never observed in wild-type slices. Ultrastructural analyses identified morphological substrates for this aberrant excitation: recurrent axon collaterals, abnormal basal dendrites, and mossy fiber terminals forming synapses onto the spines of neighboring granule cells. These studies suggest that granule cells in p35 knockout mice contribute to seizure activity by forming an abnormal excitatory feedback circuit. Prolonged NMDA-mediated Synaptic Response, Altered Ifenprodil Sensitivity, and Generation of Epileptiform-like Events in a Malformed Hippocampus of Rats Exposed to Methylazoxymethanol in Utero Calcagnotto ME, Baraban SC J Neurophysiol 2005 [Epub ahead of print] Cortical malformations are often associated with refractory epilepsy and cognitive deficit. Clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated an important role for glutamate-mediated synaptic transmission in these conditions. With whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques, we examined evoked glutamate-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) and responses to exogenously applied glutamate on hippocampal heterotopic cells in an animal model of malformation (i.e., rats exposed to methylazoxymethanol [MAM] in utero). Analysis of eEPSCs revealed that the late N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor–mediated eEPSC component was significantly increased on heterotopic cells compared with age-matched normotopic pyramidal cells. At a holding potential of +40 mV, heterotopic cells also exhibited eEPSCs with a slower decay-time constant. No differences in the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) component of eEPSCs were detected. In 23% of heterotopic pyramidal cells, electrical stimulation evoked prolonged burstlike responses. Focal application of glutamate (10 m M) targeted to different sites near the heterotopia also evoked epileptiform-like bursts on heterotopic cells. Ifenprodil (10 μM), an NR2B subunit antagonist, only slightly reduced the NMDA receptor–mediated component and amplitude of eEPSCs on heterotopic cells (MAM) but significantly decreased the late component and peak amplitude of eEPSCs in normotopic cells (Control). Our data demonstrate a functional alteration in the NMDA-mediated component of excitatory synaptic transmission in heterotopic cells and suggest that this alteration may be attributable, at least in part, to changes in composition and function of the NMDAR subunit. Changes in NMDA-receptor function may directly contribute to the hyperexcitability and cognitive deficits reported in animal models and patients with brain malformations.
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Jin, Young-Ho, Timothy W. Bailey, Mark W. Doyle, Bai-yan Li, Kyoung S. K. Chang, John H. Schild, David Mendelowitz, and Michael C. Andresen. "Ketamine Differentially Blocks Sensory Afferent Synaptic Transmission in Medial Nucleus Tractus Solitarius (mNTS)." Anesthesiology 98, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200301000-00021.
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Background Ketamine increases blood pressure and heart rate by unknown mechanisms, but studies suggest that an intact central nervous system and arterial baroreceptors are required. In the brain stem, medial nucleus tractus solitarius receives afferents from nodose neurons that initiate cardiovascular autonomic reflexes. Here, the authors assessed ketamine actions on afferent medial nucleus tractus solitarius synaptic transmission. Methods Ketamine was applied to horizontally sliced brain stems. Solitary tract (ST) stimulation evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) in medial nucleus tractus solitarius neurons. Capsaicin (200 nm) block of ST eEPSCs sorted neurons into sensitive (n = 19) and resistant (n = 23). In nodose ganglion slices, shocks to the peripheral vagal trunk activated afferent action potentials in sensory neurons classified by conduction velocities and capsaicin. Results Ketamine potently (10-100 mciro m) blocked small, ST-evoked -methyl-d-aspartate synaptic currents found only in a subset of capsaicin-resistant neurons (6 of 12). Surprisingly, ketamine reversibly inhibited ST eEPSC amplitudes and induced synaptic failure at lower concentrations in capsaicin-sensitive than in capsaicin-resistant neurons (P < 0.005; n = 11 and 11). Spontaneous EPSCs using non- -methyl-d-aspartate receptors were insensitive even to 1-3 mm ketamine, suggesting that ST responses were blocked presynaptically. Similarly, ketamine blocked C-type action potential conduction at lower concentrations than A-type nodose sensory neurons. Conclusion The authors conclude that ketamine inhibits postsynaptic -methyl-d-aspartate receptors and presynaptic afferent processes in medial nucleus tractus solitarius. Unexpectedly, capsaicin-sensitive (C-type), unmyelinated afferents are significantly more susceptible to block than capsaicin-resistant (A-type), myelinated afferents. This differentiation may be related to tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium currents. Since C-type afferents mediate powerful arterial baroreflexes effects, these differential actions may contribute to ketamine-induced cardiovascular dysfunction.
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Liu, Mingna, Rebecca Shi, Hongik Hwang, Kyung Seok Han, Man Ho Wong, Xiaobai Ren, Laura D. Lewis, Emery N. Brown, and Weifeng Xu. "SAP102 regulates synaptic AMPAR function through a CNIH-2-dependent mechanism." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1578–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00731.2017.
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The postsynaptic density (PSD)-95-like, disk-large (DLG) membrane-associated guanylate kinase (PSD/DLG-MAGUK) family of proteins scaffold α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) complexes to the postsynaptic compartment and are postulated to orchestrate activity-dependent modulation of synaptic AMPAR functions. SAP102 is a key member of this family, present from early development, before PSD-95 and PSD-93, and throughout life. Here we investigate the role of SAP102 in synaptic transmission using a cell-restricted molecular replacement strategy, where SAP102 is expressed against the background of acute knockdown of endogenous PSD-95. We show that SAP102 rescues the decrease of AMPAR-mediated evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (AMPAR eEPSCs) and AMPAR miniature EPSC (AMPAR mEPSC) frequency caused by acute knockdown of PSD-95. Further analysis of the mini events revealed that PSD-95-to-SAP102 replacement but not direct manipulation of PSD-95 increases the AMPAR mEPSC decay time. SAP102-mediated rescue of AMPAR eEPSCs requires AMPAR auxiliary subunit cornichon-2, whereas cornichon-2 knockdown did not affect PSD-95-mediated regulation of AMPAR eEPSC. Combining these observations, our data elucidate that PSD-95 and SAP102 differentially influence basic synaptic properties and synaptic current kinetics potentially via different AMPAR auxiliary subunits. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Synaptic scaffold proteins postsynaptic density (PSD)-95-like, disk-large (DLG) membrane-associated guanylate kinase (PSD-MAGUKs) regulate synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) function. However, the functional diversity among different PSD-MAGUKs remains to be categorized. We show that distinct from PSD-95, SAP102 increase the AMPAR synaptic current decay time, and the effect of SAP102 on synaptic AMPAR function requires the AMPAR auxiliary subunit cornichon-2. Our data suggest that PSD-MAGUKs target and modulate different AMPAR complexes to exert specific experience-dependent modification of the excitatory circuit.
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Banac, Ivo. "EEPS and Editorial Transition." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 8, no. 3 (September 1994): 381–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325494008003001.
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Zheng, Qiao-mei, Jing-jing Lu, Jing Zhao, Xuan Wei, Lu Wang, and Pei-shu Liu. "Periostin Facilitates the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition of Endometrial Epithelial Cells through ILK-Akt Signaling Pathway." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/9842619.
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Although periostin was confirmed to facilitate the pathogenesis of endometriosis by enhancing the migration, invasion, and adhesion of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), its effect on the endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) is still unknown. The current study aimed to determine whether periostin enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of EECs. EECs were isolated from 12 women with endometriosis. The migration and invasion abilities of EECs were evaluated by transwell assays. Expressions of proteins were detected by western blot. After treatment with periostin, the migration and invasion abilities of EECs were enhanced. Additionally, E-cadherin and keratin were downregulated while N-cadherin and vimentin were upregulated in EECs. Simultaneously, levels of ILK, p-Akt, slug, and Zeb1 were all upregulated in EECs. After silencing the expression of ILK in EECs, levels of p-Akt, slug, Zeb1, N-cadherin, and vimentin were downregulated while E-cadherin and keratin were upregulated. Although periostin weakened the above effects in EECs after silencing the expression of ILK, it failed to induce the EMT of EECs. Thus, periostin enhanced invasion and migration abilities of EECs and facilitated the EMT of EECs through ILK-Akt signaling pathway. Playing a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, periostin may be a new clinical therapy target for endometriosis.
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Daneshjoovash, Seyedeh Khatereh, and Mirza Hassan Hosseini. "Evaluating impact of entrepreneurship education programs." Education + Training 61, no. 7/8 (August 12, 2019): 781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-08-2017-0128.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of Entrepreneurship Education Programs (EEPs) from students’ and educators’ viewpoint to improve the quality of EEPs. Design/methodology/approach This research applies a qualitative-quantitative methodology. Its sample is included 291 students were selected randomly and 35 educators were chosen by convenience technique from universities of Applied Science and Technology of Iran. Findings The results revealed that essence of EEPs had a positive direct effect on objectives and content of EEPs; objectives and content of EEPs had a positive direct effect on methods of EEPs; essence of EEPs had a positive direct effect on impact of EEPs; and essence of EEPs had a positive indirect effect on methods through objectives and content based on students’ and educators’ perspective. Moreover, as opposed to educators’, students believed that methods of EEPs have not a positive direct effect on impact, while educators were opponent to students approach about the positive direct effect of essence of EEPs on methods. Research limitations/implications The study was limited to Applied Science and Technology universities were selected by convenience sampling method. Similar studies in other universities are needed to be conducted by simple random sampling to evaluate EEPs. Practical implications The study recommends policy-makers to be aware of students’ needs of EEPs’ methods, as well inform educators about effective and initiative methods. Originality/value Evaluating impact of EEPs based on demand and supply-side viewpoint is the first study conducted in Applied Science and Technology universities of Iran.
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Zhang, Xi, Zheng Li, Linwei Ma, Chinhao Chong, and Weidou Ni. "Forecasting the Energy Embodied in Construction Services Based on a Combination of Static and Dynamic Hybrid Input-Output Models." Energies 12, no. 2 (January 18, 2019): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12020300.
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The energy embodied in construction services (EECS) to increase industrial production capacity, contributes to total primary energy consumption (TPEC) in developing countries like China. Forecasting EECS is important for creating energy policies, but has not received enough attention. There are some defects in the main two methods of EECS forecasting: the static hybrid input-output (HI/O) model and the dynamic HI/O model. The former cannot identify the quantity of construction services, whereas the latter is unstable for EECS forecasting. To tackle these problems, we propose a new model, which is a combination of the static and dynamic hybrid input-output model (CSDHI/O model), for EECS forecasting. Taking China as a case study, we forecast the EECS and TPEC of China until 2020 and analyze the sensitivities of four influencing factors. The results show that the EECS of China will reach 1.79 billion tons of coal equivalent in 2020. The improvement of fabrication level is identified as the most important factor for conserving both TPEC and EECS. A sudden drop in gross domestic product (GDP) growth rate and decreasing the investment in the service industry can also restrict EECS growth.
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McCauley, Heather A. "Enteroendocrine Regulation of Nutrient Absorption." Journal of Nutrition 150, no. 1 (August 27, 2019): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxz191.
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ABSTRACT Enteroendocrine cells (EECs) in the intestine regulate many aspects of whole-body physiology and metabolism. EECs sense luminal and circulating nutrients and respond by secreting hormones that act on multiple organs and organ systems, such as the brain, gallbladder, and pancreas, to control satiety, digestion, and glucose homeostasis. In addition, EECs act locally, on enteric neurons, endothelial cells, and the gastrointestinal epithelium, to facilitate digestion and absorption of nutrients. Many recent reports raise the possibility that EECs and the enteric nervous system may coordinate to regulate gastrointestinal functions. Loss of all EECs results in chronic malabsorptive diarrhea, placing EECs in a central role regulating nutrient absorption in the gut. Because there is increasing evidence that EECs can directly modulate the efficiency of nutrient absorption, it is possible that EECs are master regulators of a feed-forward loop connecting appetite, digestion, metabolism, and abnormally augmented nutrient absorption that perpetuates metabolic disease. This review focuses on the roles that specific EEC hormones play on glucose, peptide, and lipid absorption within the intestine.
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Patschan, Daniel, Katrin Schwarze, Elvira Henze, Susann Patschan, Roman Scheidemann, and Gerhard Anton Müller. "Fibrate treatment of eEOCs in murine AKI." Journal of Nephrology 27, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40620-013-0027-y.
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Hombach-Klonisch, S., A. Kehlen, P. A. Fowler, B. Huppertz, J. F. Jugert, G. Bischoff, E. Schlüter, J. Buchmann, and T. Klonisch. "Regulation of functional steroid receptors and ligand-induced responses in telomerase-immortalized human endometrial epithelial cells." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 34, no. 2 (April 2005): 517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01550.
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Information on the regulation of steroid hormone receptors and their distinct functions within the human endometrial epithelium is largely unavailable. We have immortalized human primary endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) isolated from a normal proliferative phase endometrium by stably transfecting the catalytic subunit (hTERT) of the human telomerase complex and cultured these hTERT-EECs now for over 350 population doublings. Active hTERT was detected in hTERT-EECs employing the telomerase repeat amplification assay protocol. hTERT-EECs revealed a polarized, non-invasive epithelial phenotype with apical microvilli and production of a basal lamina when grown on a three-dimensional collagen–fibroblast lattice. Employing atomic force microscopy, living hTERT-EECs were shown to produce extracellular matrix (ECM) components and ECM secretion was modified by estrogen and progesterone (P4). hTERT-EECs expressed inducible and functional endogenous estrogen receptor-alpha (ER-alpha) as demonstrated by estrogen response element reporter assays and induction of P4 receptor (PR). P4 treatment down-regulated PR expression, induced MUC-1 gene activity and resulted in increased ER-beta transcriptional activity. Gene activities of cytokines and their receptors interleukin (IL)-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), IL-11 and IL-6 receptor (IL6-R), LIF receptor and gp130 relevant to implantation revealed a 17 beta-estradiol (E2)-mediated up-regulation of IL-6 and an E2- and P4-mediated up-regulation of IL6-R in hTERT-EECs. Thus, hTERT-EECs may be regarded as a novel in vitro model to investigate the role of human EECs in steroid hormone-dependent normal physiology and pathologies, including implantation failure, endometriosis and endometrial cancer.
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Chirot, Daniel. "Beginning the Third Year of EEPS." East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures 3, no. 1 (December 1988): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325489003001001.
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Paul, Saili, Soumya Sundar Bhattacharyya, Naoual Boujedaini, and Anisur Rahman Khuda-Bukhsh. "Anticancer Potentials of Root Extract ofPolygala senegaand Its PLGA Nanoparticles-Encapsulated Form." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/517204.
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Ethanolic extract ofPolygala senega(EEPS) had little or no cytotoxic effects on normal lung cells, but caused cell death and apoptosis to lung cancer cell line A549. In the present paper, ethanolic root extract ofP. senega(EEPS) was nanoencapsulated (size: 147.7 nm) by deploying a biodegradable poly-(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA). The small size of the NEEPS resulted in an enhanced cellular entry and greater bioavailability. The growth of cancer cells was inhibited better by NEEPS than EEPS. Both EEPS and NEEPS induced apoptosis of A549 cells, which was associated with decreased expression of survivin, PCNA mRNA, and increased expression of caspase-3, p53 mRNAs of A549 cells. The results show that the anticancer potential of the formulation of EEPS-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was more effective than EEPS per se, probably due to more aqueous dispersion after nanoencapsulation. Therefore, nanoencapsulated ethanolic root extract ofP. senegamay serve as a potential chemopreventive agent against lung cancer.
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Jacques, Danielle, Sawsan Sader, Claudine Perreault, Dima Abdel-Samad, and Chantale Provost. "Roles of nuclear NPY and NPY receptors in the regulation of the endocardial endothelium and heart functionThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special issue, entitled Second Messengers and Phosphoproteins—12th International Conference." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 84, no. 7 (July 2006): 695–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y05-162.
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It is now well accepted that the heart is a multifunctional organ in which endothelial cells, and more particularly endocardial endothelial cells (EECs), seem to play an important role in regulating and maintaining cardiac excitation–contraction coupling. Even if major differences exist between vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and EECs, all endothelial cells including EECs release a variety of auto- and paracrine factors such as nitric oxide, endothelin-1, angiotensin II, and neuropeptide Y. All these factors were reported to affect cardiomyocyte contractile performance and rhythmicity. In this review, findings on the morphology of EECs, differences between EECs and other types of endothelial cells, interactions between EECs and the adjacent cardiomyocytes, and effects of NPY on the heart will be presented. We will also show evidence on the presence and localization of NPY and the Y1 receptor in the endocardial endothelium and discuss their role in the regulation of cytosolic and nuclear free calcium.
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Rhoades, David A., Sepideh J. J. Rastin, and Annemarie Christophersen. "The Effect of Catalogue Lead Time on Medium-Term Earthquake Forecasting with Application to New Zealand Data." Entropy 22, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 1264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22111264.
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‘Every Earthquake a Precursor According to Scale’ (EEPAS) is a catalogue-based model to forecast earthquakes within the coming months, years and decades, depending on magnitude. EEPAS has been shown to perform well in seismically active regions like New Zealand (NZ). It is based on the observation that seismicity increases prior to major earthquakes. This increase follows predictive scaling relations. For larger target earthquakes, the precursor time is longer and precursory seismicity may have occurred prior to the start of the catalogue. Here, we derive a formula for the completeness of precursory earthquake contributions to a target earthquake as a function of its magnitude and lead time, where the lead time is the length of time from the start of the catalogue to its time of occurrence. We develop two new versions of EEPAS and apply them to NZ data. The Fixed Lead time EEPAS (FLEEPAS) model is used to examine the effect of the lead time on forecasting, and the Fixed Lead time Compensated EEPAS (FLCEEPAS) model compensates for incompleteness of precursory earthquake contributions. FLEEPAS reveals a space-time trade-off of precursory seismicity that requires further investigation. Both models improve forecasting performance at short lead times, although the improvement is achieved in different ways.
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Omoniwa, Babasoji P., Kunle Okaiyeto, David O. Omoniwa, and Olumuyiwa A. Olorunyomi. "In vitro antiplasmodial evaluation of ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark." Journal of Pharmacy & Bioresources 18, no. 2 (September 6, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jpb.v18i2.3.
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Parinari curatellifolia and other Parinari species are used traditionally in many parts of Africa as a remedy for malaria among other diseases. To ascertain this folkloric claim, the antiplasmodial potential of ethanol extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (EEPCSB) and n-hexane extract of Parinari curatellifolia stem bark (HEPCSB) on Plasmodium falciparum was studied. Parasites were grown in a 96-well plate containing Roswell Park Memorial Institute-1640. The wells were grouped into: control (untreated), artemether-treated, EEPCSB-treated and HEPCSBtreated groups. Treatments were administered to the tune of 10, 20, 40 and 80 μg/ml. Parasitemia was observed by microscopy after 24, 48 and 72h of incubation. EEPCSB and HEPCSB elicited dose and duration-dependent reduction (p<0.05) in parasitemia when compared with the untreated group. The recorded percentage parasite inhibition by the extracts was lower (p<0.05) when compared with artemether. There was no difference (p>0.05) in plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase activity of EEPCSB-treated and artemether-treated groups. Findings from this study show that extracts of P. curatellifolia stem bark, especially EEPCSB, demonstrated excellent inhibitory activities against P. falciparum and can be a good source of compounds for the development of novel antimalarial drugs.
Keywords: Parinari curatellifolia; Extracts; Plasmodium falciparum; Parasitemia; Antiplasmodial
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Maritz, Alex. "Illuminating the black box of entrepreneurship education programmes: Part 2." Education + Training 59, no. 5 (June 12, 2017): 471–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/et-02-2017-0018.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide a justified, legitimate and validated model on entrepreneurship education programmes (EEPs), by combining recent research and scholarship in leading edge entrepreneurship education (EE). Design/methodology/approach A systematic literature review of recent EE research and scholarship is followed by an empirical study to develop a model of EEPs. This was adopted by employing an emergent inquiry perspective incorporating participatory action research, using frame analysis and NVIVO to develop and analyse themes. Findings This research identified three unique dimensions currently excluded from the theoretical and scholarship of EEPs, being distinct contextualisation, entrepreneurship ecosystems and recent content innovation in entrepreneurship. It also identified updates to current EEPs dimensions, such as online technologies, authentic alignment, causation, effectuation and bricolage, technology transfer the entrepreneurial university. Research limitations/implications The discussion and model presented in this paper may be a starting point for future empirical studies on EEPs, by developing additional validation, justification and legitimisation. Practical implications The study indicates that EEPs are integrative and dynamic, and always limited to contextual and contemporary inferences; providing guidance to developing such programmes. Hence, the applicability to update the original framework developed by Maritz and Brown (2013) as Part 2 of illuminating the black box of EEPs. Originality/value This paper provides a first of its kind empirical study in the development of EEPs frameworks and models, deepening the theory, scholarship and development of such models.
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Simamora, Adelina, Adit W. Santoso, Kris H. Timotius, and Ika Rahayu. "Antioxidant Activity, Enzyme Inhibition Potentials, and Phytochemical Profiling of Premna serratifolia L. Leaf Extracts." International Journal of Food Science 2020 (September 24, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3436940.
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Premna serratifolia, commonly known as Arogo in Tentena-Sulawesi, is a popular vegetable. As a promising herbal tea and food ingredient, further investigation is required to find the best knowledge for medicinal use of P. serratifolia leaves. This research investigated the antioxidant activity of the ethanol (EEPS) and water (WEPS) extracts of P. serratifolia leaves, based on their scavenging activities on DPPH radicals and their reducing capacities (CuPRAC, total antioxidant/phosphomolybdenum, and ferric thiocyanate reducing power assays). The DNA-protecting effect by EEPS was tested using pBR322 plasmid DNA against •OH radical-induced damage. The inhibition potentials of both extracts against several enzymes related to metabolic diseases (α-glucosidase, α-amylase, xanthine oxidase, and protease) were evaluated. The phytochemical analysis was conducted by an LC-QTOF-MS/MS technique. EEPS proved to be a better antioxidant and had higher phenolic content compared to WEPS. EEPS demonstrated a protective effect on DNA with recovery percentage linearly correlated with EEPS concentrations. Strong inhibition on α-glucosidase and α-amylase was observed for EEPS; however, EEPS and WEPS showed weak inhibitions on xanthine oxidase and protease. LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis identified seven main components in EEPS, namely scroside E, forsythoside A and forsythoside B, lavandulifolioside, diosmin, nobilin D, campneoside I, and isoacteoside. These components may be responsible for the observed enzymes inhibitions and antioxidant properties. Premna serratifolia leaves can be an appropriate choice for the development of nutraceutical and drug preparations.
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Morisset, Valerie, and Laszlo Urban. "Cannabinoid-Induced Presynaptic Inhibition of Glutamatergic EPSCs in Substantia Gelatinosa Neurons of the Rat Spinal Cord." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 1 (July 1, 2001): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.1.40.
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The effect of cannabinoids on excitatory transmission in the substantia gelatinosa was investigated using intracellular recording from visually identified neurons in a transverse slice preparation of the juvenile rat spinal cord. In the presence of strychnine and bicuculline, perfusion of the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55,212-2 reduced the frequency and the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs). Furthermore, the frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) was also decreased by WIN55,212-2, whereas their amplitude was not affected. Similar effects were reproduced using the endogenous cannabinoid ligand anandamide. The effects of both agonists were blocked by the selective CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. Electrical stimulation of high-threshold fibers in the dorsal root evoked a monosynaptic EPSC in lamina II neurons. In the presence of WIN55,212-2, the amplitude of the evoked EPSC (eEPSCs) was reduced, and the paired-pulse ratio was increased. The reduction of the eEPSC following CB1 receptor activation was unlikely to have a postsynaptic origin because the response to AMPA, in the presence of 1 μM TTX, was unchanged. To investigate the specificity of this synaptic inhibition, we selectively activated the nociceptive C fibers with capsaicin, which induced a strong increase in the frequency of EPSCs. In the presence of WIN55,212-2, the response to capsaicin was diminished. In conclusion, these results strongly suggest a presynaptic location for CB1 receptors whose activation results in inhibition of glutamate release in the spinal dorsal horn. The strong inhibitory effect of cannabinoids on C fibers may thereby contribute to the modulation of the spinal excitatory transmission, thus producing analgesia at the spinal level.
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Jacques, Danielle, Sawsan Sader, Claudine Perreault, Alain Fournier, Georges Pelletier, Annette G. Beck-Sickinger, and Magda Descorbeth. "Presence of neuropeptide Y and the Y1 receptor in the plasma membrane and nuclear envelope of human endocardial endothelial cells: modulation of intracellular calcium." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 288–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y02-165.
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The aims of the present study were to investigate the presence and distribution of NPY and the Y1 receptor in endocardial endothelial cells (EECs), to verify if EECs can release NPY, and to determine if the effect of NPY on intracellular calcium is mediated via the Y1 receptor. Immunofluorescence, 3-D confocal microscopy and radioimmu noassay techniques were used on 20-week-old human fetal EECs. Our results showed that NPY and the Y1 receptor are present in human EECs (hEECs) and that their distributions are similar, the fluorescence labelling being higher in the nucleus and more particularly at the level of the nuclear envelope when compared with the cytosol. Using radio immunoassay, we demonstrated that EECs are a source of NPY and can secrete this peptide upon a sustained increase of intracellular calcium ([Ca]i). Using fluo-3 and 3-D confocal microscopy technique, superfusion of hEECs as well as EECs isolated from rat adult hearts with increasing concentrations of NPY induced a dose-dependent, sustained increase in free cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ levels. This effect of NPY on EEC [Ca]i was completely reversible upon washout of NPY and was partially blocked by BIBP3226, a selective Y1 receptor antagonist. The results suggest that NPY and Y1 receptors are present in the EECs of 20-week-old human fetal heart and they share the same distribution and localization inside the cell. In addition, EECs are able to secrete NPY in response to an increase in [Ca]i, and the Y1 receptor as well as other NPY receptors seem to participate in mediating the effects of NPY on [Ca]i in these cells. Thus, NPY released by EECs may modulate excitationsecretion coupling of these cells.Key words: neuropeptide Y (NPY), nuclear envelope receptors, endocardial endothelial cells, NPY receptors, intracellular calcium.
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Cao, Xiao-Jie, and Donata Oertel. "Auditory Nerve Fibers Excite Targets Through Synapses That Vary in Convergence, Strength, and Short-Term Plasticity." Journal of Neurophysiology 104, no. 5 (November 2010): 2308–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00451.2010.
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Auditory nerve fibers are the major source of excitation to the three groups of principal cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN), bushy, T stellate, and octopus cells. Shock-evoked excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) in slices from mice showed systematic differences between groups of principal cells, indicating that target cells contribute to determining pre- and postsynaptic properties of synapses from spiral ganglion cells. Bushy cells likely to be small spherical bushy cells receive no more than three, most often two, excitatory inputs; those likely to be globular bushy cells receive at least four, most likely five, inputs. T stellate cells receive 6.5 inputs. Octopus cells receive >60 inputs. The N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) components of eEPSCs were largest in T stellate, smaller in bushy, and smallest in octopus cells, and they were larger in neurons from younger than older mice. The average AMPA conductance of a unitary input is 22 ± 15 nS in both groups of bushy cells, <1.5 nS in octopus cells, and 4.6 ± 3 nS in T stellate cells. Sensitivity to philanthotoxin (PhTX) and rectification in the intracellular presence of spermine indicate that AMPA receptors that mediate eEPSCs in T stellate cells contain more GluR2 subunits than those in bushy and octopus cells. The AMPA components of eEPSCs were briefer in bushy (0.5 ms half-width) than in T stellate and octopus cells (0.8–0.9 ms half-width). Widening of eEPSCs in the presence of cyclothiazide (CTZ) indicates that desensitization shortens eEPSCs. CTZ-insensitive synaptic depression of the AMPA components was greater in bushy and octopus than in T stellate cells.
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Monzon, Jose Gerard, Teresa M. Petrella, and Janet Dancey. "Efficacy endpoints (EEPs) in melanoma randomized controlled adjuvant trials (RCATs)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2012): e13049-e13049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.30.15_suppl.e13049.
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e13049 Background: Inconsistencies in RCAT EEPs definitions and reporting complicate the evaluation of EEPs as adequate surrogates for overall survival (OS) and the comparison of the EEPs between trials. We aimed to identify issues in reporting and defining of EEPs used in melanoma RCATs. Methods: To identify phase 3 melanoma RCATs published in English language journals from 1994- 2011, a Pubmed database search and systematic review of published meta-analyses were performed. RCAT characteristics and endpoint definitions were obtained. Original protocols were requested. Results: A total of 34 RCATs met the criteria for review. Interferon alone or in combination with another agent was the most commonly tested treatment. Node positive disease was included in 24 studies with 1 including resected metastatic disease. The eligibility criteria in regards to age, previous treatment, and performance status were not reported in 26%, 32%, and 53% of studies respectively. The baseline and follow-up radiological tests were not specified in 35% and 26% of studies respectively. Eight time-to-event (TTE) EEPs were identified, with most studies using more than one (See Table). The primary EEP was not specified 23% of the time. Clear definitions of TTE EEPs start and end time criteria were absent in 58% and 44% of studies, respectively. Conclusions: The inconsistencies in the reporting of EEPs in melanoma RCATs is due to a lack of standardization in their definition and measurement. Standardizing EEPs will reduce resource consumption and enhance the comparison of agents across studies in melanoma RCATs. [Table: see text]
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Rhoades, David A., and Annemarie Christophersen. "Time-varying probabilities of earthquake occurrence in central New Zealand based on the EEPAS model compensated for time-lag." Geophysical Journal International 219, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggz301.
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SUMMARY The ‘Every Earthquake a Precursor According to Scale’ (EEPAS) model treats every earthquake as a precursor of larger earthquakes to follow it within a time-span ranging from months to decades, depending on magnitude. Each earthquake contributes a transient increment to the expected rate of earthquake occurrence in its vicinity, based on empirical predictive scaling relations associated with the precursory scale increase phenomenon. Incomplete information on precursory earthquakes causes the EEPAS model to underpredict the expected number of earthquakes, in particular when forecasting across a time-lag for periods beginning several years ahead. We demonstrate how the model can be modified to compensate for such time-lags when calculating future forecasts. Given the model parameters, the completeness of precursory information can be expressed as a function of the target earthquake magnitude and the time-lag. We consider two end-members for compensating the model for incompleteness. In one end-member, only the background smoothed-seismicity component of the EEPAS model is compensated, in the other, only the time-varying component of the EEPAS model is compensated. We estimate an optimal mixture of these two end-members for time-lags out to 12 yr, using several different versions of the EEPAS model and subsets of the New Zealand earthquake catalogue to which the models were previously fitted. Performance is checked on an independent test period. The optimal compensated model has increasingly high information gains over the original EEPAS model with increasing time-lags. Using catalogue data complete to 2018, the compensated models forecast increased annual probabilities of earthquake occurrence above magnitude thresholds from 6.0 to 8.0 in central New Zealand in the period 2019–2030 relative to the preceding period 2008–2018.
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Shin, Min-Chul, Kiku Nonaka, Toshitaka Yamaga, Masahito Wakita, Hironari Akaike, and Norio Akaike. "Calcium channel subtypes on glutamatergic mossy fiber terminals synapsing onto rat hippocampal CA3 neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 1264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00571.2017.
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The current electrophysiological study investigated the functional roles of high- and low-voltage-activated Ca2+ channel subtypes on glutamatergic small mossy fiber nerve terminals (SMFTs) that synapse onto rat hippocampal CA3 neurons. Experiments combining both the “synapse bouton” preparation and single-pulse focal stimulation technique were performed using the conventional whole cell patch configuration under voltage-clamp conditions. Nifedipine, at a high concentration, and BAY K 8644 inhibited and facilitated the glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs) that were evoked by 0.2-Hz stimulation, respectively. However, these drugs had no effects on spontaneous EPSCs (sEPSCs). Following the use of a high stimulation frequency of 3 Hz, however, nifedipine markedly inhibited eEPSCs at the low concentration of 0.3 µM. Moreover, ω-conotoxin GVIA and ω-agatoxin IVA significantly inhibited both sEPSCs and eEPSCs. Furthermore, SNX-482 slightly inhibited eEPSCs. R(−)-efonidipine had no effects on either sEPSCs or eEPSCs. It was concluded that glutamate release from SMFTs depends largely on Ca2+ entry through N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels and, to a lesser extent, on R-type Ca2+ channels. The contribution of L-type Ca2+ channels to eEPSCs was small at low-firing SMFTs but more significant at high-firing SMFTs. T-type Ca2+ channels did not appear to be involved in neurotransmission at SMFTs. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Action potential-evoked glutamate release from small mossy fiber nerve terminals (SMFTs) that synapse onto rat hippocampal CA3 neurons is regulated by high-threshold but not low-threshold Ca2+ channel subtypes. The functional contribution mainly depends on N- and P/Q-type Ca2+ channels and, to a lesser extent, on R-type Ca2+ channels. However, in SMFTs stimulated at a high 3-Hz frequency, L-type Ca2+ channels contributed significantly to the currents. The present results are consistent with previous findings from fluorometric studies of large mossy fiber boutons.
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Haseneder, Rainer, Stephan Kratzer, Eberhard Kochs, Corinna Mattusch, Matthias Eder, and Gerhard Rammes. "Xenon Attenuates Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in the Rodent Prefrontal Cortex and Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn." Anesthesiology 111, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 1297–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aln.0b013e3181c14c05.
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Background The molecular mechanisms of the inhalational anesthetic xenon are not yet fully understood. Recently, the authors showed that xenon reduces both N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in a brain slice preparation of the amygdala. In the current study, the authors examined the effects of xenon on synaptic transmission in the prefrontal cortex and the spinal cord dorsal horn (substantia gelatinosa). Methods In rodent brain or spinal cord slice preparations, the authors used patch clamp technique to investigate the impact of xenon on NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents, as well as on gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic currents. The currents were either evoked upon electrical stimulation (NMDA-eEPSCs and AMPA-eEPSCs) or upon photolysis of caged L-glutamate (p-NMDA-Cs and p-AMPA-Cs). In addition, the authors investigated the effects of xenon on AMPA receptor-mediated miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents. Results In both central nervous system regions, xenon had virtually no effect on inhibitory postsynaptic currents. In the prefrontal cortex (spinal cord), xenon reversibly reduced NMDA-eEPSCs to approximately 58% (72%) and AMPA-eEPSCs to approximately 67% (65%) of control. There was no difference in the xenon-induced reduction of NMDA-eEPSCs and p-NMDA-Cs, or AMPA-eEPSCs and p-AMPA-Cs. Xenon did not affect the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents but reduced their amplitude. Conclusions In the current study, the authors found that xenon depresses NMDA and AMPA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the prefrontal cortex and the substantia gelatinosa without affecting gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor-mediated synaptic transmission. These results provide evidence that the effects of xenon are primarily due to postsynaptic mechanisms.
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Chou, Chia-Hung, Shee-Uan Chen, Chin-Der Chen, Chia-Tung Shun, Wen-Fen Wen, Yi-An Tu, and Jehn-Hsiahn Yang. "Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by High Estradiol Concentrations in Endometrial Epithelial Cells." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 105, no. 1 (September 12, 2019): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgz015.
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Abstract Context A supraphysiological estradiol (E2) concentration after ovarian stimulation is known to result in lower embryo implantation rates in in vitro fertilization. Endometrial epithelial cell (EEC) apoptosis occurs after the stimulation with high E2 concentrations, and mitochondria play important roles in cell apoptosis. Objective To investigate the mitochondrial function in EECs after the stimulation with high E2 concentrations. Materials and Methods Human EECs were purified and cultured with different E2 concentrations (10-10, 10–9, 10–8, 10–7 M) in vitro, in which 10–7 M is supraphysiologically high. Eight-week-old female mouse endometrium was obtained 5.5 days after the injection of 1.25 IU or 20 IU equine chorionic gonadotropin, roughly during the embryo implantation window, to examine the in vivo effects of high E2 concentrations on mouse EECs. Results In vivo and in vitro experiments demonstrated decreased mitochondrial DNA contents and ATP formation after EECs were stimulated with supraphysiologically high E2 concentrations than those stimulated with a physiologic E2 concentration. Less prominent immunofluorescence mitochondrial staining, fewer mitochondria numbers under electron microscopy, lower 5,5′,6,6′-tetrachloro-1,1′,3,3′-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide aggregate/monomer ratio, and greater reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were found after EECs were stimulated with supraphysiologically high E2 concentrations. The high E2-induced ROS production was reduced when EECs were pretreated with N-acetyl-cysteine in vitro, but remained unchanged after the pretreatment with coenzyme Q10. Conclusion High E2 concentrations increase extramitochondrial ROS production in EECs and subsequently result in mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Handayani, Erna, Siswoyo Haryono, and Akhmad Darmawan. "Transformation of entrepreneur education programs (EEPS) of Indonesia’s higher education." International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478) 10, no. 1 (February 11, 2021): 180–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v10i1.976.
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The Entrepreneurship Education Program (EEPs) of Indonesia’s higher education has not been effective. The study aims to identify the extent to which EEPs in Indonesia was developed and propose several alternative schemes. The research uses the methodology of traditional narrative literature review and interviews with young entrepreneurs as the output of the EEPs higher education program in Indonesia. The analysis technique is done with an interactive model with steps of data collection, data reduction, data presentation, verification, and conclusions. The literature study is intended for the latest research information that evaluates the effect of EEPs on the formation of EM and the formation of new entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the information is verified by the results of the interview data processing. Entrepreneurship education for multidisciplinary students, business incubators, funding provision, and program sustainability studies is the result of research as a proposal for the development of higher education EEPs. This program is part of a long-term solution to addressing labor problems in Indonesia.
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Luan, Zhaojin, Xiaomei Fan, Yongchao Zhao, Huizi Song, Wei Du, Jiaoxia Xu, Zhaochen Wang, Wenguang Zhang, and Jiaxin Zhang. "Trehalose can effectively protect sheep epididymis epithelial cells from oxidative stress." Archives Animal Breeding 64, no. 2 (August 18, 2021): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/aab-64-335-2021.
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Abstract. Trehalose, a naturally nontoxic disaccharide that does not exist in mammals, stabilizes cell membrane integrity under oxidative stress conditions, the mechanism of which is still unclear. Here, we analyzed the effects of trehalose on sheep epididymis epithelial cell (EEC) proliferation and its possible mechanisms. To study the effect of trehalose on EECs, EECs were isolated from testes of 12-month-old sheep; cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) was used to measure the growth of the cells. Cell proliferation was evaluated by assaying cell cycle and apoptosis, and RT-PCR was utilized to identify the epididymal molecular markers glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5) and androgen receptor (AR). Next, reactive oxygen species (ROS) content was evaluated by a dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) probe. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were evaluated by enzyme chemistry methods, and GPX5 expression was evaluated by qRT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The results showed that 100 mM trehalose significantly improved the proliferation potential of EECs, in which the cells could be serially passaged 14 times with continued normal GPX5 and AR marker gene expression in vitro. The trehalose can increase significantly a proportion of EECs in S phase (P<0.01) and decrease significantly the apoptotic rate of EECs (P<0.01) compared to the control. Moreover, the trehalose decreased ROS significantly (P<0.01) and increased CAT (P<0.01) and GSH-Px (P<0.05) activities significantly in EECs. GPX5 mRNA and protein expression were also significantly upregulated in trehalose-treated EECs (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively). Our study suggested that exogenous trehalose exhibited antioxidant activity through increasing the activities of CAT, GSH-Px, and the expression level of GPX5 and could be employed to maintain vitality of sheep EECs during long-term in vitro culture.
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Patel, Martin K., Jean-Sébastien Broc, Haein Cho, Daniel Cabrera, Armin Eberle, Alessandro Federici, Alisa Freyre, et al. "Why We Continue to Need Energy Efficiency Programmes—A Critical Review Based on Experiences in Switzerland and Elsewhere." Energies 14, no. 6 (March 21, 2021): 1742. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14061742.
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Energy efficiency programmes (EEPs) are schemes operated by utilities or other bodies in order to incentivize energy efficiency improvement, in particular by adoption of energy-efficient products and typically by means of an economic reward. Ample experience has been gained, especially in the U.S., where EEPs have been in use for decades, with the rationale of avoiding additional energy supply by improving energy efficiency. More recently, EEPs have been implemented in Europe and in Switzerland. This review paper presents insights from the U.S., the EU and especially from Switzerland, with a focus on levelised programme cost of saved energy (LPC) as a key performance indicator. These LPC values, which take the perspective of the programme operator, are typically low to very low compared to the cost of electricity supply, thereby representing an important argument in favour of their use. The country examples show that EEPs are being effectively and successfully put into practice, for example, in Switzerland both as (i) a national tender-based scheme (called ProKilowatt) and in the form of a (ii) utility-operated obligation-based scheme (in Geneva). EEPs not only call for diligent implementation but also for suitable legal settings, e.g., in the form of mandatory energy efficiency savings targets (as realised for energy efficiency obligations, EEOs) in combination with programme cost recovery. The main criticism of EEPs is the free-rider effect, which needs to be minimised. On the other hand, EEPs are accompanied by significant co-benefits (environmental, health-related and social) and spillover effects. In their currently prevalent form, EEPs allow one to effectively save energy at a (very) low cost (“low-hanging fruit”). They can hence play an important role in fostering the energy transition; however, they should be implemented as part of a policy portfolio, in combination with other policy instruments.
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Liang, Rui-Ning, Pei-Shuang Li, Yang Zou, Yu-Ling Liu, Zhen Jiang, Zhen Liu, Pei Fan, Ling Xu, Jia-Hua Peng, and Xue-Yan Sun. "Ping-Chong-Jiang-Ni Formula Induces Apoptosis and Inhibits Proliferation of Human Ectopic Endometrial Stromal Cells in Endometriosis via the Activation of JNK Signaling Pathway." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6489427.
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Endometriosis is a common gynecological condition in childbearing age women and its therapy in modern medicine achieves usually temporary cure. Ping-Chong-Jiang-Ni formula (PCJNF), a Chinese herbal medicine (CHM), was shown to be clinically effective on endometriosis. Meanwhile, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway was involved in the therapeutic process of CHM on endometriosis. Here, we explored the effect of PCJNF on the ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EESCs) from endometriosis and test whether JNK signaling was involved. After being treated with PCJNF-containing serum obtained from Sprague Dawley rat, cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis were evaluated in EESCs, and the total and phosphorylated JNK, ERK, and p38 proteins were detected. Our results showed that PCJNF could suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and induce apoptosis in EESCs. The suppressed proliferation and increased apoptosis were dependent on JNK activation. Additionally, PCJNF caused cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and this effect was mediated by JNK signaling, while the decreased cell migration and invasion treated by PCJNF were independent of JNK signaling. In summary, our results provided the first evidence that PCJNF could suppress cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while increasing apoptosis in EESCs, and the suppressed proliferation and enhanced apoptosis were mediated by JNK signaling.
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Rivera-Yañez, Nelly, Mario Rodriguez-Canales, Oscar Nieto-Yañez, Manuel Jimenez-Estrada, Maximiliano Ibarra-Barajas, M. M. Canales-Martinez, and M. A. Rodriguez-Monroy. "Hypoglycaemic and Antioxidant Effects of Propolis of Chihuahua in a Model of Experimental Diabetes." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4360356.
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Propolis is a bee-collected natural product that has been proven to have various bioactivities. This study tested the effects of a Mexican propolis on streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in a murine model. The results showed that an ethanolic extract of propolis of Chihuahua (EEPCh) significantly inhibited increases in blood glucose and the loss of body weight in diabetic mice. EEPCh increased plasma insulin levels in STZ-diabetic mice, whereas, in untreated diabetic mice, there was no detection of insulin. EEPCh had a high antioxidant capacity (SA50 = 15.75 μg/mL), which was directly related to the concentrations of total phenols (314 mg GAE/g of extract) and flavonoids (6.25 mg QE/g of extract). In addition, increased activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were observed in diabetic mice treated with EEPCh. Compounds such as pinocembrin, quercetin, naringin, naringenin, kaempferol, acacetin, luteolin, and chrysin were identified by HPLC-MS analysis. This investigation demonstrated that propolis of Chihuahua possesses hypoglycaemic and antioxidant activities and can alleviate symptoms of diabetes mellitus in mice. These effects may be directly related to the chemical composition of propolis, as most of the compounds identified in propolis are reportedly active in terms of the different parameters evaluated in this work.
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Mulyani, Yani, Ika Kurnia Sukmawati, and Jajang Jafar Sodik. "Antimicrobial Activities and Mechanism of Action of Petiveria alliacea Stem Extract." Indonesian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 1, no. 1 (April 16, 2018): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/idjpcr.v1i1.209.
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Abstract. This research aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of ethanol extract of Petiveria alliacea stem (EEPS) against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined by perforation and broth micro dilution methods. Study on the mechanism of action of EEPS was conducted by molecular docking and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques. The results showed that EEPS had an inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with MIC values of 256, 128, 256, 512 µg/ml, consecutively. These values are included in to the medium category. Through the process of molecular docking, the best interaction was observed between S-benzyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide with penicillin-binding protein receptor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa characterized by free energy change (ΔG) of 4.32 kcal/mol, and the Ki value of 682.16 μM. Four folds of MIC of the EEPS caused changes in the morphology of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. EEPS possessed antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans.
Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity, Molecular Docking, Petiveria alliacea, SEM.
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Costa, Ismael Ferreira, Maria Paula Bento Tomaz, Mirelly Gomes de Araújo, Natany De Souza Batista Medeiros, and Melyssa Kellyane Cavalcanti Galdino. "Relações entre Eventos Estressores Precoces, personalidade e sintomas psiquiátricos: um estudo exploratório em amostra não clínica." Psico 50, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 29581. http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980-8623.2019.1.29581.
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A ocorrência de Eventos Estressores Precoces (EEPs) pode ser um fator determinante para o desenvolvimento de traços de personalidade disfuncionais e transtornos mentais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a possível relação entre EEPs, características de personalidade e sintomas psiquiátricos em uma amostra não clínica. Trata-se de uma investigação com delineamento transversal, onde foram utilizados para coleta de dados um questionário sociodemográfico, o Inventário de Autoavaliação para Adultos (ASRI), o Questionário sobre Traumas na Infância (QUESI) e o Inventário de Temperamento e Caráter (ITC-R). Os resultados expõem associação entre a ocorrência de EEPs e maior presença do fator de temperamento evitação de danos e menor presença do fator de caráter autodirecionamento, ambos também apresentaram correlações com sintomas psiquiátricos. Sugere-se que EEPs possam exercer influência sobre o desenvolvimento de traços de personalidade que funcionem como fatores de vulnerabilidade, contribuindo para o surgimento de sintomas psiquiátricos.
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Dos Santos, Gabriel Alysson Costa, Polyanna Gomes Lacerda Cavalcante, Tayná Barros da Silva Sousa, Ruan Victor Rodrigues Benício, Ben-Hur James Maciel De Araujo, Francisco Irisvan Coelho de Resende Dias, Allana Rhamayana Bonifácio Fontenele, and Fuad Ahmad Hazime. "Efeito da estimulação elétrica periférica e cerebral na força isométrica máxima dos extensores do joelho: ensaio clínico aleatorizado." Revista Pesquisa em Fisioterapia 9, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17267/2238-2704rpf.v9i3.2388.
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INTRODUÇÃO: Recentes evidências têm demonstrado resultados bastante promissores para o uso de estratégias não invasivas de neuromodulação na melhora de habilidades físicas ou esportivas. A estimulação elétrica periférica (EEP) e a estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) são técnicas não invasivas e não farmacológicas bastante utilizadas para modular a excitabilidade neuronal de áreas cortico-motoras e estimular a recuperação funcional. No entanto, poucos estudos têm investigado o efeito dessas técnicas na melhora do desempenho muscular. OBJETIVO: Investigar o efeito da estimulação elétrica periférica sensorial (EEPs) seguida de estimulação elétrica periférica motora (EEPm) ou estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua (ETCC) na força isométrica máxima dos extensores do joelho em indivíduos saudáveis. MÉTODO: 20 universitários saudáveis foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois blocos distintos de 10 participantes cada: Bloco n°1 EEPs real + EEPm real ou EEPs simulada + EEPm real e bloco n°2 EEPs real + ETCC real ou EEPs simulada + ETCC real em uma única sessão. A contração voluntária isométrica máxima (CVIM) dos extensores do joelho foi avaliada por meio da dinamometria manual antes, durante e 10 min pós-estimulação. RESULTADOS: A CVIM dos extensores do joelho aumentou significativamente 10 minutos pós-ETCC isolada (diferença média = 0,23 N/Kg; IC 95% = 0,01 a 0,44 N/Kg; p = 0,04). A ETCC isolada também apresentou maior proporção cumulativa de respondedores seguido de EEPs+ETCC. CONCLUSÃO: A estimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua induz a aumentos significativos na CVIM em indivíduos saudáveis. No entanto, a aplicação prévia de estimulação elétrica periférica sensorial não impulsiona os efeitos da estimulação elétrica periférica motora ou cerebral na CVIM.
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Ratliff, B. B., T. Ghaly, P. Brudnicki, K. Yasuda, M. Rajdev, M. Bank, J. Mares, A. K. Hatzopoulos, and M. S. Goligorsky. "Endothelial progenitors encapsulated in bioartificial niches are insulated from systemic cytotoxicity and are angiogenesis competent." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 299, no. 1 (July 2010): F178—F186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00102.2010.
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Intrinsic stem cells (SC) participate in tissue remodeling and regeneration in various diseases and following toxic insults. Failure of tissue regeneration is in part attributed to lack of SC protection from toxic stress of noxious stimuli, thus prompting intense research efforts to develop strategies for SC protection and functional preservation for in vivo delivery. One strategy is creation of artificial SC niches in an attempt to mimic the requirements of endogenous SC niches by generating scaffolds with properties of extracellular matrix. Here, we investigated the use of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels as an artificial SC niche and examined regenerative capabilities of encapsulated embryonic endothelial progenitor cells (eEPC) in three different in vivo models. Hydrogel-encapsulated eEPC demonstrated improved resistance to toxic insult (adriamycin) in vitro, thus prompting in vivo studies. Implantation of HA hydrogels containing eEPC to mice with adriamycin nephropathy or renal ischemia resulted in eEPC mobilization to injured kidneys (and to a lesser extent to the spleen) and improvement of renal function, which was equal or superior to adoptively transferred EPC by intravenous infusion. In mice with hindlimb ischemia, EPC encapsulated in HA hydrogels dramatically accelerated the recovery of collateral circulation with the efficacy superior to intravenous infusion of EPC. In conclusion, HA hydrogels protect eEPC against adriamycin cytotoxicity and implantation of eEPC encapsulated in HA hydrogels supports renal regeneration in ischemic and cytotoxic (adriamycin) nephropathy and neovascularization of ischemic hindlimb, thus establishing their functional competence and superior capabilities to deliver stem cells stored in and released from this bioartificial niche.
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Jacques, Danielle, Nelly A. Abdel Malak, Sawsan Sader, and Claudine Perreault. "Angiotensin II and its receptors in human endocardial endothelial cells: role in modulating intracellular calcium." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 81, no. 3 (March 1, 2003): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y03-046.
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he aims of the present study are to investigate the presence and distribution of angiotensin II (Ang II), as well as AT1 and AT2 receptors, in endocardial endothelial cells (EECs) and to determine if the effect of Ang II on intracellular calcium in these cells is mediated via the AT1 or the AT2 receptor. Immunofluorescence and 3D confocal microscopy techniques were used on 20-week-old fetal human EECs. Our results showed that Ang II and its receptors, the AT1 and the AT2 types, are present and exhibit a different distribution in human EECs. Ang II labelling is found throughout the cell with a fluorescence signal higher in the cytosol when compared with the nucleus. Like Ang II, the AT1 receptor fluorescence signal is also homogeneously distributed in human EECs but with a preferential labelling at the level of the nucleus, while the AT2 receptor labelling is solely present in the nucleus. Using fluo-3 and 3D confocal microscopy technique, superfusion of human EECs with increasing concentration of Ang II induced a dose-dependent sustained increase in free cytosolic and nuclear Ca2+ levels. This effect of Ang II on human EEC's intra cellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) was completely prevented by losartan, an AT1 receptor antagonist. Our results suggest that Ang II, as well as AT1 and AT2 receptors, is present but differentially distributed in EECs of 20-week-old fetal human hearts, and that the AT1 receptor mediates the effects of Ang II on [Ca2+]i in these cells.Key words: angiotensin II, nuclear receptors, endocardial endothelial cells, Ang II receptors, intracellular calcium.