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Journal articles on the topic 'Effect multiplicator'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Hartl, Mónika. "A magyar-szlovák határ menti kapcsolatok az Ister-Granum Eurorégió területén." Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, no. 3-4 (2009): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.265-270.

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In my research I am looking for the prominent opportunities of the Slovak-Hungarian border. I would like to stress that the development of the regional economy is absolutely necessary regarding the improvement of the tourism sector since it will create opportunities to retail local goods. In order to improve tourism it is also vital to have a high standard in infrastructure and in services. The border destinations can be very tempting for investing capital and in this way the multiplicator effect can be realised. I also examine the motivations to cross the border. I try to call attention how u

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Zagrebelnaya, N. S., and V. N. Shitov. "HISTORY OF NATIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEM FORMATION IN THE REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 3(48) (June 28, 2016): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-3-48-273-279.

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The article analyses specific historic features of formation of agrarian and industrial sectors of Republic of South Africa since the establishment of Cape Colony. These features resulted from much earlier colonization of South Africa in comparison with other Sub-Saharan African countries on the one hand and from a large-scale influx of Europeans to the South Africa on the other hand. The two most important of these specific features are the following. First. Contrary to other countries of Sub-Saharan Africa development of the agrarian sector of Republic of South Africa was based on private pr

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Malik, Małgorzata, Ewelina Tomiak, and Bożena Pawłowska. "Effect of Liquid Culture Systems (Temporary Immersion Bioreactor and Rotary Shaker) Used During Multiplication and Differentiation on Efficiency of Repetitive Somatic Embryogenesis of Narcissus L. ‘Carlton’." Agronomy 15, no. 1 (2024): 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010085.

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Liquid culture systems, including bioreactors, are valuable tools for the scaling up of production. Their involvement leads to the automation of the highly efficient, reproducible somatic embryogenesis of Narcissus L. ‘Carlton’. Alternative procedures for efficient embryogenic tissue and early somatic embryo multiplication have been developed. The long-term embryogenic callus of narcissus ‘Carlton’, obtained by repetitive somatic embryogenesis, was multiplicated and differentiated in different liquid culture systems. For multiplication, the Rita® temporary immersion bioreactor and the rotary s

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Marcinek, Barbara, Marzena Parzymies, Monika Poniewozik, Danuta Kozak, and Wojciech Durlak. "THE INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON DAHLIA PROPAGATION IN TISSUE CULTURE AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF PLANTS IN ex vitro CONDITIONS." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus 18, no. 5 (2019): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/asphc.2019.5.5.

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The aim of work was to evaluate the influence of cytokinins on dahlia propagated in vitro and their consequent effect on acclimatization. Plant material were shoot tips and nodes. From three cytokinins, benzyladenine, kinetin and 2-isopentenyl-adenine, only BA effectively stimulated shoot multiplication from axiliary buds. The highest multiplication rate was obtained from nodes in presence of 0.25–0.5 mg·dm–3 BA. Higher concentrations shortened internodes and decreased leaf blades and growth of callus. 1 mg·dm–3 of KIN and 2iP positively influenced shoots growth and size of leaves. Gibberellic

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Jadranin, Bojana Z., Marija V. Ćosić, Djordje P. Božović, et al. "Advances in conservation physiology and ex situ propagation strategies for the rare moss Podperaea krylovii (Amblystegiaceae, Bryophyta)." Nature Conservation 58 (May 20, 2025): 289–309. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.58.150920.

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This study investigates the growth and micropropagation of the rare moss Podperaea krylovii, under in vitro conditions. The effects of different growth media, plant growth regulators, and sugars were tested to optimize conditions for efficient propagation and to gain a better understanding of the species’ biology and the cultivation requirements of this species. The results indicate that the KNOP medium is most effective for the propagation of P. krylovii, with prostrate-oriented explants having a higher index of multiplication compared to upright-oriented explants. The addition of auxin had n

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Jadranin, Bojana Z., Marija V. Ćosić, Djordje P. Božović, et al. "Advances in conservation physiology and ex situ propagation strategies for the rare moss Podperaea krylovii (Amblystegiaceae, Bryophyta)." Nature Conservation 58 (May 20, 2025): 289–309. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.58.150920.

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This study investigates the growth and micropropagation of the rare moss <i>Podperaea krylovii</i>, under <i>in vitro</i> conditions. The effects of different growth media, plant growth regulators, and sugars were tested to optimize conditions for efficient propagation and to gain a better understanding of the species' biology and the cultivation requirements of this species. The results indicate that the KNOP medium is most effective for the propagation of <i>P. krylovii</i>, with prostrate-oriented explants having a higher index of multiplication compared to upright-oriented explants. The ad

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Ye Wei, 叶伟, 杜鹏飞 Du Pengfei, 权贝贝 Quan Beibei, 李梦飞 Li Mengfei, 萧生 Xiao Sheng та 刘佳 Liu Jia. "In0.83Al0.17As倍增层对In0.83Ga0.17As/GaAs雪崩光电探测器的特性影响". Acta Optica Sinica 43, № 4 (2023): 0404001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos221416.

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Archambeau, Kim, Alice De Visscher, Marie-Pascale Noël, and Wim Gevers. "Impact of ageing on problem size and proactive interference in arithmetic facts solving." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (2018): 446–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818759262.

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Arithmetic facts (AFs) are required when solving problems such as “3 × 4” and refer to calculations for which the correct answer is retrieved from memory. Currently, two important effects that modulate the performance in AFs have been highlighted: the problem size effect and the proactive interference effect. The aim of this study is to investigate possible age-related changes of the problem size effect and the proactive interference effect in AF solving. To this end, the performance of young and older adults was compared in a multiplication production task. Furthermore, an independent measure

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Mahesha, H. B. "Effect of Environmental Temperature on Cypovirus Multiplication and Biomolecules in Silkworm Bombyx mori L." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 10, no. 2 (2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8886.

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Two strains of mulberry silkworm, namely Pure Mysore and NB4D2, at fifth instar first day were inoculated with 40l of BmCPV suspension from the stock of 1.215 X 106 PIB/ml in 0.75% of NaCl solution by ‘oral injection’. Three batches of such inoculated worms were allowed to continue larval development at 20±1°C, 24±1°C and 30±1°C in separate BOD incubators. The crude extract of midgut tissue was prepared from the survivals and used to count the total number of polyhedra per larva in each batch. Further, during virus multiplication at different rearing temperatures, the total amount of glucose,

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Baujard, Pierre, Mamadou Diop, Danamou Mounport, and Jacques-Hubert Diémé. "Laboratory culture of two Xiphinema americanum-group species (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Senegal." Nematology 3, no. 5 (2001): 411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854101753250737.

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AbstractTwo Xiphinema americanum-group species from Senegal were successfully cultured on plants in the laboratory and the effects of host plant, temperature and soil moisture were evaluated. Soil temperature had most effect while soil moisture had no effect on multiplication. Greatest reproduction rates were observed for one species on Pennisetum typhoides (millet) and for the other species on Sorghum vulgare. These two gramineous species were better hosts than the legumes Vigna unguiculata (cowpea) and Arachis hypogaea (peanut). Multiplication was greater when plants were inoculated with fre

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Dari-Mattiacci, G., and G. D. Geest. "Carrots, Sticks, and the Multiplication Effect." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 26, no. 2 (2009): 365–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jleo/ewn026.

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Vandorpe, Stefaan, Stijn De Rammelaere, and André Vandierendonck. "The Odd-Even Effect in Addition." Experimental Psychology 52, no. 1 (2005): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.52.1.47.

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Abstract. The odd-even effect is a well documented finding in the literature on mental arithmetic, at least for multiplication. It implies that false answers with the same parity as the correct answer are rejected more slowly than false answers with a different parity. For addition, this effect is not so well documented. The study by Krueger and Hallford (1984 ) is the only one that investigated odd-even effects for addition. However, they did not investigate odd-even effects per problem, even though there are indications that problem type can modulate odd-even effects for multiplication ( Lem

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Daniels, Dion, Nidia Panti, David Guerra, and Stephen Williams. "Effects of Different Paclobutrazol-Cultar Concentrations on the Micropropagation of Sugarcane (Saccharum Officinarum) Variety CPCL99-4455." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 7 (August 30, 2018): 1011–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v7i1.7567.

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Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), being an important cash crop in Belize, accounts for 60% of agricultural exports providing employment for thousands of Belizeans. This research was carried out to determine the effects of different Paclobutrazol (PBZ-Cultar) concentrations used in the culture media on in vitro multiplication of sugarcane variety CPCL99-4455. Three PBZ-Cultar concentrations were tested and compared with the control. The parameters evaluated to determine the effects of PBZ-Cultar were average height, number of dead leaves and multiplication coefficient. The plants from this exp

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van den Berg, Vera, Amika S. Singh, Annet Komen, Chris Hazelebach, Ivo van Hilvoorde, and Mai J. M. Chinapaw. "Integrating Juggling with Math Lessons: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Effects of Physically Active Learning on Maths Performance and Enjoyment in Primary School Children." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14 (2019): 2452. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142452.

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There are tentative indications that physical activity (PA) during school time can be beneficial for children’s academic performance. So far, most studies have focused on the effects of moderate-to-vigorous PA, for example, in the form of energizers or extra physical education lessons. Little is known about the effects of physically active learning, in which PA is integrated with the academic content of the lessons, especially in preadolescent children. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the enjoyment of physically active learning in this age group. Therefore, the aim of the curr

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Starkova, N., and M. Prilyubchenko. "Methodical tools of assessment of level of influence of tourism for national economy." Bulletin of Science and Practice, no. 11 (November 14, 2017): 327–37. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1048507.

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The basic concepts defining the character of the economic relations of subjects of tourist branch are given. According to the data of the World Trade Organization is established the growth of world tourist branch. It is confirmed that this tendency is characteristic also of the Russian Federation. However in our country uniform approach to modelling of the effective mechanism of functioning and development of national tourist branch isn't created yet. The major factors influencing the development of tourism in the Russian Federation are considered, indicators of their assessment are offered. T

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Ružić Dj, V., and I. Vujović T. "The effects of cytokinin types and their concentration on in vitro multiplication of sweet cherry cv. Lapins (Prunus avium L.)." Horticultural Science 35, No. 1 (2008): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/646-hortsci.

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Determination of the most optimal types and concentrations of plant growth regulators as medium constituents is one of the most important aspects of successful micropropagation, among other in vitro factors. With the aim of optimization of in vitro multiplication of sweet cherry cv. Lapins the effect of following cytokinins has been studied: benzyladenine (BA), isopentenyl adenine (2iP), kinetin (KIN) and thidiazuron (TDZ) at concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10 and 15&mu;M, combined with auxine, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 2.5 and 5&mu;M. MURASHIGE and SKOOG (196

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Hines, Terence M. "Parity Influences the Difficulty of Simple Addition and Subtraction but Not Multiplication Problems in Children." Psychological Reports 113, no. 1 (2013): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/10.11.pr0.113x16z4.

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In the present paper, the results of early 20th century studies of children's difficulties with basic addition, subtraction, and multiplication problems are analyzed for parity effects. Parity influenced the difficulty of addition and subtraction problems, tasks in which any parity influence must be implicit, but did not influence difficulty of multiplication problems. Solution of multiplication problems relies to a greater extent on retrieval of rote-memorized answers. Addition and subtraction problems rely more on non-retrieval strategies. It is these latter strategies that depend on interna

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Didino, Daniele, Luigi Lombardi, and Francesco Vespignani. "Operand-Order Effect in Multiplication and Addition." Experimental Psychology 61, no. 6 (2014): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000264.

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Butterworth, Marchesini, and Girelli (2003) showed that children solved multiplications faster when the larger operand was first (e.g., 5 × 2) than when the smaller operand was first (e.g., 2 × 5). This result was interpreted according to the reorganization hypothesis, which states that, as children begin to switch from counting-based strategies (e.g., repeated additions) to direct retrieval, non-retrieval strategies generate an advantage for the larger-operand-first order. In two experiments we showed that order preferences also persist into adulthood. With additions, the larger-operand-first

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Skukan, N., V. Grilj, I. Sudić, et al. "Charge multiplication effect in thin diamond films." Applied Physics Letters 109, no. 4 (2016): 043502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4959863.

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Qin, Xulei, Qidong Shi, Feng Shi, Ye Li, and De Song. "Effect of Gradient Doping on Charge Collection Efficiency of EBCMOS Devices." Advances in Multimedia 2022 (August 29, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5157252.

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We investigated the effect of different gradient doping methods on the charge collection efficiency of the electron multiplication layer of EBCMOS devices. Exponential doping of the electron multiplication layer can form a built-in electric field in the electron multiplication layer that is favorable for photoelectron transport, so exponential doping instead of uniform doping in the electron multiplication layer of EBCMOS can effectively improve the charge collection efficiency. It is shown that exponential heavy doping on the side of the electron multiplication layer near the dead layer and e

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Hearne, Rachel, Eoin P. Lettice, and Peter W. Jones. "Interspecific and intraspecific competition in the potato cyst nematodes Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis." Nematology 19, no. 4 (2017): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00003061.

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The effects of interspecific competition between the potato cyst nematodes (PCN), Globodera pallida and G. rostochiensis, under variable population conditions were examined. PCN-susceptible potato cultivars were inoculated with single- and mixed-species populations of PCN. There was a significant difference in species multiplication between single- and mixed-species populations. Globodera rostochiensis multiplication in mixed-species populations was significantly lower than single-species populations. Density-dependent trials showed a significantly greater increase in multiplication of G. pall

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Nykyforuk, Olena, Serhii Kucher, Ol'ha Stasiuk, and Nataliia Fediai. "Multiplication effects of investment in a publicly significant infrastructure project." Ekonomìka ì prognozuvannâ 2023, no. 1 (2023): 97–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/eip2023.01.097.

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The article features results of the assessment of the multiplier effects for the national economy from the implementation of construction project of the first stage of production facility of the Dniester HPP for the period 2010-2019. For this purpose, macroeconomic statistics were processes, on whose basis an information system of primary and calculated indicators was created using the data from the project documentation, which became the basis for calculations. A methodological approach was developed to assess multiplier effects at the macroeconomic level using the input-output balance, which

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Nykyforuk, Olena, Serhii Kucher, Ol'ha Stasiuk, and Nataliia Fediai. "Multiplication effects of investment in a publicly significant infrastructure project." Economy and forecasting 2023, no. 1 (2023): 83–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/econforecast2023.01.083.

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The article features results of the assessment of the multiplier effects for the national economy from the implementation of construction project of the first stage of production facility of the Dniester HPP for the period 2010-2019. For this purpose, macroeconomic statistics were processes, on whose basis an information system of primary and calculated indicators was created using the data from the project documentation, which became the basis for calculations. A methodological approach was developed to assess multiplier effects at the macroeconomic level using the input-output balance, which

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Pacajes, G., Javier Franco, Raúl Esprella, and Gladys Main. "Efecto de Diferentes Cultivos y Prácticas Culturales Sobre la Multiplicación del Nematodo Quiste de la Papa (Globodera spp.) en Bolivia." Revista Latinoamericana de la Papa 13, no. 1 (2016): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37066/ralap.v13i1.122.

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Bajo condiciones del altiplano central de Bolivia (Provincia de Ingavi, La Paz) se realizó un estudio de campo para evaluar diferentes especies cultivadas y prácticas culturales sobre el nematodo quiste de la papa (Globodera spp.) y determinar la factibilidad de su incorporación en una estrategia para el manejo integrado de esta plaga. Se evaluaron tres clones de papa con resistencia parcial a G. pallida, el cv. Sani Imilla, susceptible (control sin y con nematicida), el cultivo de haba (Vicia faba), el cultivo de cebada (Hordeum vulgare), suelo en descanso e incorporación de haba como abono v

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Chang, Sheng, Heng Cai, Hao Wang, Jin He, and Qi Jun Huang. "Effects of Data's Bit-Width on Digital Logic Design." Applied Mechanics and Materials 411-414 (September 2013): 1670–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.411-414.1670.

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Single precision can only achieve 6-7 decimal places, which does not satisfy accuracy demand in many calculations. Double precision can get 13-14 decimal places, but the resource cost is high. In this paper, effects of data bit-width on digital logic design are studied. The accuracy of different bit-width is determined. Then, addition operation, multiplication operation and matrix multiplication with different bit-width are tested on FPGA platform. The results show bit width and circuit design platform have obvious effect on resource cost and circuit efficiency. Finally, a bit-width based circ

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Adelberg, J., and M. Kroggel. "Ancymidol Increases In Vitro Multiplication Rate of Hosta in Liquid Media." HortScience 33, no. 3 (1998): 506c—506. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.506c.

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The main and interactive effects of plant growth regulators were assayed to optimize multiplication rate for Hosta in liquid media. Two varieties of Hosta were run through three 4-week subculture cycles in shake flasks. When Hosta `Blue Cadet' was grown on three concentrations of cytokinin (1, 2.25, and 5 μM BA), three concentrations of auxin (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM IAA), and four concentrations of an anti-gibberellin growth regulator (0.0, 0.1, 0.32, and 1.0 μM ancymidol), multiplication rates improved markedly during the first two subculture cycles in liquid, (1.7 and 3.6x, respectively) before

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Tronsky, Loel Nicholas. "The obligatory activation of practiced complex multiplication facts and what it tells us about models of arithmetic processing." Journal of Numerical Cognition 2, no. 2 (2016): 140–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/jnc.v2i2.22.

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Three experiments were conducted in which adults practiced complex multiplication problems (e.g., 4 x 17). In Experiments 1 and 2, after practice participants completed a number-matching task in which two digits (cues) were followed by a single digit (probe) and had to determine whether the probe matched either of the cues. In simple arithmetic (e.g., 4 x 3), when the probe is the product of the cues (12), participants are slower/more error prone when determining whether there is a match. Results of Experiment 1 extended this effect to complex multiplication. In Experiment 2, participants prac

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Sorcia-Morales, Monserrat, Fernando Carlos Gómez-Merino, Lino Sánchez-Segura, José Luis Spinoso-Castillo, and Jericó Jabín Bello-Bello. "Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Improved Development during In Vitro Multiplication of Sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) in a Semi-Automated Bioreactor." Plants 10, no. 10 (2021): 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10102015.

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Carbon nanotubes play an important role in plant biotechnology due to their effects on the growth and differentiation of cells, tissues, organs, and whole plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) during in vitro multiplication of sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) using a temporary immersion system. Morphological characterization of MWCNTs was carried out under a transmission electron microscope. Different concentrations (0, 50, 100, 200 mg L−1) of MWCNTs were added to Murashige and Skoog liquid culture medium in the multiplication stage. At 30 d of cul

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Yun, Sejeong. "Which One Looks Better? Effect of Numeric Frames on Comparative Information." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 46, no. 11 (2018): 1771–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.7308.

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The presentation of quantitative information in different units or frames often leads to bias in consumers' judgments and decisions. In 4 empirical studies, I compared percentage and multiplication numeric frames that may induce differences in consumer perceptions of comparative information. The results demonstrated that, compared to the multiplication frame, the percentage frame induced higher product efficacy perception of consumers and their purchase decisions, namely, purchase intention and willingness to pay. Therefore, this suggests that the percentage frame (vs. multiplication frame) is

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Chamandoosti, Firoozeh. "Effect of interaction between different plant growth regulators on in vitro shoot multiplication of Citrus latifolia Tan. (persian lime)." International Journal of Environmental and Agriculture Research 3, no. 8 (2017): 51–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25125/agriculture-journal-ijoear-jul-2017-11.

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Zhang Juan, 张娟, 龙晶晶 Long Jingjing та 柯少颖 Ke Shaoying. "倍增区凹槽环深度对键合无电荷层InGaAs/Si APD性能的影响". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 61, № 21 (2024): 2104001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop240498.

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Domahs, Frank, Margarete Delazer, and Hans‐Christoph Nuerk. "What Makes Multiplication Facts Difficult." Experimental Psychology 53, no. 4 (2006): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169.53.4.275.

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Two current models of arithmetic fact retrieval, the network interference theory (NIT; Campbell, 1995 ) and the interacting neighbors (IN) model ( Verguts & Fias, 2005a ), predict that errors in simple multiplication should be more probable, if they include the same digit as the correct result (i.e., if they are “consistent,” compared with “inconsistent” errors). In a reanalysis of error data originally reported by Campbell (1997) , we provide first empirical evidence for this prediction. Furthermore, these results support the notion of different quantity representations for decades and un

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Thibodeau, Mike H., Jo-Anne Lefevre, and Jeffrey Bisanz. "The extension of the interference effect to multiplication." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 50, no. 4 (1996): 393–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1196-1961.50.4.393.

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Ng, Zhe Cheng, Siti Hamidah Radiyah Shiekh Mahmud, and Tan Suat Hian. "Effects of Cytokinin in Enhancing the Multiplication of Vegetative Hylocereus polyrhizus." Materials Science Forum 1025 (March 2021): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1025.97.

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Hylocereus polyrhizus is a climbing vine cactus species that grows in tropical area. Recently, it has attracted the attention of public as it provides numerous benefits to humans in term of health especially for those who prioritize health over mostly anything. The objective of this research was to assess the effects of different type of cytokinins which were 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin in different concentration with combination of waste coconut water and sucrose on enhancing the in vitro multiplication of H. polyrhizus. It was found that BAP had higher effect in shoot multiplicatio

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Ooi, Tat Lung Wesley, Pei Ling Cheang, Ah Heng You, and Yee Kit Chan. "Mean multiplication gain and excess noise factor of GaN and Al0.45Ga0.55N avalanche photodiodes." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 92, no. 1 (2020): 10301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2020200067.

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In this work, Monte Carlo model is developed to investigate the avalanche characteristics of GaN and Al0.45Ga0.55N avalanche photodiodes (APDs) using random ionization path lengths incorporating dead space effect. The simulation includes the impact ionization coefficients, multiplication gain and excess noise factor for electron- and hole-initiated multiplication with a range of thin multiplication widths. The impact ionization coefficient for GaN is higher than that of Al0.45Ga0.55N. For GaN, electron dominates the impact ionization at high electric field while hole dominate at low electric f

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DEHWAH, AHMAD H., IDRIS A. AJIA, and JOHN S. MARSLAND. "EMPIRICAL FORMULAE FOR EXCESS NOISE FACTOR WITH DEAD SPACE FOR SINGLE CARRIER MULTIPLICATION." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 10, no. 03 (2011): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477511000600.

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In this letter, two empirical equations are presented for the calculation of the excess noise factor of an avalanche photodiode for single carrier multiplication including the dead space effect. The first is an equation for calculating the excess noise factor when the multiplication approaches infinity as a function of parameters that describe the degree of the dead space effect. The second equation can be used to find the minimum value of the excess noise factor for any multiplication when the dead space effect is completely dominant, the so called "deterministic" limit. This agrees with the

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Zhou, Zhangxinyu, Mengyang Kang, Yueyue Fang, Piotr Martyniuk, and Hailu Wang. "Avalanche Multiplication in Two-Dimensional Layered Materials: Principles and Applications." Nanomaterials 15, no. 9 (2025): 636. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15090636.

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The avalanche multiplication effect, capable of significantly amplifying weak optical or electrical signals, plays a pivotal role in enhancing the performance of electronic and optoelectronic devices. This effect has been widely employed in devices such as avalanche photodiodes, impact ionization avalanche transit time diode, and impact ionization field-effect transistors, enabling diverse applications in biomedical imaging, 3D LIDAR, high-frequency microwave circuits, and optical fiber communications. However, the evolving demands in these fields require avalanche devices with superior perfor

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Esquivel, Facundo, Marlene Bentacor, Belén Bonilla, et al. "Effect of different cytokinin sources on in vitro/ex vitro multiplication and rooting rate in Eucalyptus spp." Agrociencia Uruguay 27, NE2 (2023): e1248. http://dx.doi.org/10.31285/agro.27.1248.

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Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is of great interest to the pulp industry. However, the species is highly susceptible to leaf spot caused by Teratosphaeria nubilosa and has a low rooting capacity. In order to overcome these limitations, INIA has been implementing a genetic improvement program for this species and the generation of interspecific hybrids. The strategy is based on the selection of E. globulus clones with high precocity or foliage turnover, since the adult foliage is more tolerant to T. nubilosa. In addition, controlled crosses of E. globulus and E. maidenii with E. grandis are carrie

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Cersini, Antonella, Anna Maria Salvia, and Maria Lina Bernardini. "Intracellular Multiplication and Virulence of Shigella flexneri Auxotrophic Mutants." Infection and Immunity 66, no. 2 (1998): 549–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.66.2.549-557.1998.

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ABSTRACT We have constructed and analyzed a group of Shigella flexneri 5 auxotrophic mutants. The wild-type strain M90T was mutagenized in genes encoding enzymes involved in the synthesis of (i) aromatic amino acids, (ii) nucleotides, and (iii) diaminopimelic acid. In this way, strains with single (aroB, aroC,aroD, purE, thyA, anddapB) and double (purE aroB, purE aroC, purE aroD, purE thyA) mutations were obtained. Although the Aro mutants had the same nutritional requirements when grown in laboratory media, they showed different degrees of virulence in vitro and in vivo. The aroB mutant was n

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Coronado, Kristin Shane, Kim Alexis Sales, and Portia Marasigan. "Effect of Feedback on the Task Performance of Grade 4 Students." International Journal of Educational Management and Development Studies 3, no. 2 (2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/352883.

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Previous studies associated feedback to positive improvements in both the performance and behavior of students. This study evaluated the effects of feedback on the task performance of the grade 4 students in the context of learning multiplication in mathematics subject. Through an experimental research, the feedback given to the students was in the form of multiplication by hand technique. There were 40 randomly selected participants distributed equally to the control and experimental groups. Through the research-made test question, which is a 15-item multiplication questions, the experiment w

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Misbahuljannah, Mukrimin, Nur A’ida, and Siti Halimah Larekeng. "The effect of BAP on the tissue culture of Melaleuca cajuputi." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1445, no. 1 (2025): 012099. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1445/1/012099.

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Abstract Melaleuca cajuputi is a non-wood-producing tree that benefits both as a greening plant and as an M. cajuput oil-producing plant. Efforts to support the increase in the need for M. cajuputi begin by knowing the propagation techniques used. Propagation of M. cajuputi generatively and vegetatively by cuttings takes a relatively long time, so modern vegetative propagation is carried out, namely tissue culture. Multiplication is one of the stages of tissue culture with the primary goal of bud propagation. Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) greatly influence the success of multiplication in the

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Khamis, Mahdi All, W. Emilin Rashid, Pin Jern Ker, and K. Y. Lau. "Effect of Multiplication and Absorption Layers Width on Avalanche Multiplication Gain in InGaAs/InP Avalanche Photodiode." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.35 (2018): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.35.22909.

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The separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication (SAGCM) InGaAs/InP avalanche photodiodes (ADPs) are widely used in long distance, high bit rate optical communication system due to their high performance and response to optical fiber wavelength spectrum. In this work, the effect of multiplication layer width (MLW) and absorption layer width (ALW) on APD performance is studied and investigated. Silvaco TCAD software is used as simulation tools to simulate a precise model of InGaAs/InP APD and analyze its, performance under an illuminated condition. As such, three different ALW with

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Manyk, Tetiana, Jarosław Rutkowski, Krzysztof Kłos, Nathan Gajowski, Sanjay Krishna, and Piotr Martyniuk. "Effect of Multiplication and Charge Layers on the Gain in InGaAsSb/AlGaAs Avalanche Photodiodes at Room Temperature." Sensors 25, no. 7 (2025): 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/s25072255.

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This paper presents a theoretical analysis of npBp infrared (IR) barrier avalanche photodiode (APD) performance operating at 300 K based on a quaternary compound made of AIIIBV—InGaAsSb, lattice-matched to the GaSb substrate with a p-type barrier made of a ternary compound AlGaSb. Impact ionization in the multiplication layer of InGaAsSb separate absorption, grading, charge, and multiplication avalanche photodiodes (SAGCM APDs) was studied using the Crosslight Software simulation package APSYS. The band structure of the avalanche detector and the electric field distribution for the multiplicat

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Orlova, N. D., and D. A. Egorova. "Research of carbohydrate type influence on Lonicera caerulea l. Morphogenetic potential in vitro." Pomiculture and small fruits culture in Russia 61 (August 3, 2020): 54–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31676/2073-4948-2020-61-54-60.

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The clonal micropropagation technique of valuable Lonicera caerulea L. varieties (Indigo Gem, Moskovskaya 23, Diana, Jugana) has been improved. The effect of various types and concentrations of carbohydrates on microshoots regeneration of the genus Lonicera L. representatives was studied. It is shown that the concentration of carbohydrates has the greatest effect on microshoots height and the type of carbohydrate nutrition has the greatest effect on multiplication factor. The type of carbohydrate nutrition (42 %) had the greatest influence on multiplication factor. Peculiarities of varieties,

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Rusyani, Endang, Anwar Saepulloh, Rina Maryanti, Risti Ragadhita, and Dwi Fitria Al Husaeni. "The Effect of the Team-Games-Tournament Method on Improving the Learning Ability of Student with Hearing Impairment in Multiplication Concepts." Indonesian Journal of Multidiciplinary Research 1, no. 2 (2021): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/ijomr.v1i2.37132.

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This study aimed to evaluate and analyse the results of mathematics learning about the concept of multiplication in students with hearing impairment. In this study, the team-games-tournament (TGT) method was used to teach the concept of multiplication to seven students with hearing impairment in an elementary school at the Special School in Cimahi through four stages of learning, namely: 1) pretest presentation, 2) learning presentation with the TGT method, and 3) posttest presentation. The results of the study showed that there was a significant increase in the ability to learn multiplication

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Sriskandarajahi, S., and R. M. Skirvin. "Effect of NH4NO3 Level on Philodendron Root Development in Vitro." HortTechnology 1, no. 1 (1991): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.1.1.37.

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Extensive root development was observed on Stage 2 `Red Emerald' philodendron shoots grown on standard multiplication medium consisting of Murashige and Skoog salts and vitamins with 6-benzylaminopurine (BA, 0.2 mg·liter-1. Root development was suppressed significantly when the level of NH4NO3 was doubled from standard levels (lx, 1650 mg·liter-1) to 3300 mg·liter-1 (2×). A higher level of NH4NO3 (3×, 4950 mg·liter-1) was detrimental to shoot growth and proliferation. This information may be useful for commercial propagators who wish to suppress root development at the shoot multiplication sta

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Tiberghien, Kerensa, Muhammet I. Sahan, Bert De Smedt, Wim Fias, and Ian M. Lyons. "Disentangling Neural Sources of Problem Size and Interference Effects in Multiplication." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 31, no. 3 (2019): 453–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01359.

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Multiplication is thought to be primarily solved via direct retrieval from memory. Two of the main factors known to influence the retrieval of multiplication facts are problem size and interference. Because these factors are often intertwined, we sought to investigate the unique influences of problem size and interference on both performance and neural responses during multiplication fact retrieval in healthy adults. Behavioral results showed that both problem size and interference explained separate unique portions of RT variance, but with significantly stronger contribution from problem size

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Thai, Liong Kon, and Mohd Hanafi Mohd Yasin. "Magic Finger Teaching Method in Learning Multiplication Facts among Deaf Students." Journal of Education and Learning 5, no. 3 (2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jel.v5n3p40.

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<p>Deaf students face problems in mastering multiplication facts. This study aims to identify the effectiveness of Magic Finger Teaching Method (MFTM) and students’ perception towards MFTM. The research employs a quasi experimental with non-equivalent pre-test and post-test control group design. Pre-test, post-test and questionnaires were used. As many as 70 deaf students from three special education primary schools in Selangor and Federal Territory were gathered as research respondent. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics of t-test. Findings from the t-test

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Shimada, H., T. Kawai, and Y. Mizugaki. "Current Multiplication Based on the Quantum Current-Mirror Effect." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (2007): 602–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.902881.

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Kalamaras, Evangelos, and Panagiotis Lianos. "Current Doubling effect revisited: Current multiplication in a PhotoFuelCell." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry 751 (August 2015): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.05.029.

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