Journal articles: 'Effect of censorship on'

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Pan, Jennifer, and Margaret E. Roberts. "Censorship’s Effect on Incidental Exposure to Information: Evidence From Wikipedia." SAGE Open 10, no. 1 (January 2020): 215824401989406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244019894068.

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The fast-growing body of research on internet censorship has examined the effects of censoring selective pieces of political information and the unintended consequences of censorship of entertainment. However, we know very little about the broader consequences of coarse censorship or censorship that affects a large array of information such as an entire website or search engine. In this study, we use China’s complete block of Chinese language Wikipedia ( zh.wikipedia.org ) on May 19, 2015, to disaggregate the effects of coarse censorship on proactive consumption of information—information users seek out—and on incidental consumption of information—information users are not actively seeking but consume when they happen to come across it. We quantify the effects of censorship of Wikipedia not only on proactive information consumption but also on opportunities for exploration and incidental consumption of information. We find that users from mainland China were much more likely to consume information on Wikipedia about politics and history incidentally rather than proactively, suggesting that the effects of censorship on incidental information access may be politically significant.

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Byeon, Sangho, Sungeun Chung, and Borae Jin. "Self-censorship on large corporations in SNS: the effect of news exposure, knowledge, and perceived power." Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance 19, no. 2 (March 13, 2017): 139–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dprg-02-2016-0009.

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Purpose This paper aims to investigate whether citizens censor their own expressions regarding large corporations in social networking sites (SNS) and how self-censorship is associated with the perceived power of, knowledge about and media exposure about large corporations. Design/methodology/approach A nationwide survey was conducted in South Korea (N = 455). The data were analyzed with structural equation modeling. Findings As exposure to news about large corporations increased, the degree of self-censorship regarding large corporations increased. This effect of media exposure on self-censorship was mediated by the amount of knowledge about large corporations and the perceived power of large corporations. Research limitations/implications Although this study focused on the SNS context, the results of this study cannot provide the features of the self-censorship process that are distinct in SNS compared to other contexts. Although a causal model was provided based on theoretical reasoning, the nature of the data is correlational. Thus, one should be cautious when interpreting the results. Practical implications The findings suggest that, while establishing privacy protection policies with regard to the SNS, policy makers need to consider how to prevent invasion of privacy and misuse of personal data by large corporations, interest groups and the unspecified public. Originality/value This study extends the literature related to self-censorship by identifying the effects of economic power and the psychological factors involved in self-censorship.

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Rosenthal, Sonny, Benjamin Hill Detenber, and Hernando Rojas. "Efficacy Beliefs in Third-Person Effects." Communication Research 45, no. 4 (February 19, 2015): 554–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650215570657.

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People generally believe they are less susceptible than others to influences of media, and a growing body of research implicates such biased processing, or third-person perception, in public support for censorship, a type of third-person effect. The current study extends research of the third-person effect by studying two efficacy-related concepts in the context of sexual content in films. Analysis of cross-sectional data from 1,012 Singaporeans suggests that people exhibit self-other asymmetries of efficacy beliefs: They believe others are less capable than they are of self-regulation and that censorship is more effective at restricting others’ access to sexual content in films. Furthermore, the former belief was directly related to the belief that others are more susceptible to negative influence, and thus was indirectly related to support for censorship; whereas the latter belief was directly related to support for censorship. Results may help distinguish the roles of self-regulation and government censorship as bases of local media standards.

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Guo, Lei, and Brett G. Johnson. "Third-Person Effect and Hate Speech Censorship on Facebook." Social Media + Society 6, no. 2 (April 2020): 205630512092300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2056305120923003.

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By recruiting 368 US university students, this study adopted an online posttest-only between-subjects experiment to analyze the impact of several types of hate speech on their attitudes toward hate speech censorship. Results showed that students tended to think the influence of hate speech on others was greater than on themselves. Their perception of such messages’ effect on themselves was a significant indicator of supportive attitudes toward hate speech censorship and of their willingness to flag hateful messages.

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Ayoub, Muhammad, Muhammad Junaid Ghauri, and Muhammad Tariq. "Self- Censorship By Pakistani Journalists: Causes And Effects." Journal of Peace, Development & Communication Volume 5, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 130–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.36968/jpdc-v05-i01-12.

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This study is an attempt to find out the willingness of the journalists for self-censorship, to highlight the factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self-censorship and to investigate the impact of self-censorship on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan. This research has been conducted in the light of Bar-Tal model for self-censorship and it is quantitative based research. Questionnaire was distributed among 125 Islamabad-based journalists sampled through the purposive sampling method. Findings revealed that the majority of the journalists were facing self-censorship in Pakistan and they were not able to reveal the information in media without engaging in self-censorship. Researcher investigated the four factors which give rise to the phenomenon of self-censorship among the journalists in Pakistan; military, judiciary, media organization policies or media owner’s pressure and job insecurity. Researcher concluded that self-censorship affects the journalists’ performance, credibility, neutrality, free journalism, factual and objective reporting in Pakistan and self-censorship has negative impact on the journalists’ performance in Pakistan.

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Zhang, Joy, and Michael Barr. "Harmoniously Denied: COVID-19 and the Latent Effects of Censorship." Surveillance & Society 19, no. 3 (September 21, 2021): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v19i3.14102.

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While few would doubt that censorship is a form of surveillance, the practice and theory of censorship does not hold as prominent a place within surveillance studies as one might think. In this paper, we demonstrate the constitutive effects of censorship that seep into the collective mentality and, in Foucauldian terms, “conducts the conduct.” We examine the wider socio-political impact of China’s censorship of COVID-19. We argue that censorship is a force “at large.” By this we refer to the pervasive uptake of censorship practices at different levels and how censorship manifests itself as a form of power unchained, making it difficult, if not impossible, to track and contain its impact, even for the authorities. We argue that censorship surveils the expressed and, by extension, regulates the not-yet-expressed. It surveils what can be perceived and, by extension, pre-conditions the not-yet-conceived. We highlight the domestic impact of how China’s censorship regime bends its population into acquiescing to a harmonious denial of its collective prospects and how it curtails the global response.

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Mu, Benrong, Jun Tao, and Peng Wang. "Minimal Length Effect on Thermodynamics and Weak Cosmic Censorship Conjecture in Anti-de Sitter Black Holes via Charged Particle Absorption." Advances in High Energy Physics 2020 (January 9, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2612946.

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In this paper, we investigate the minimal length effects on the thermodynamics and weak cosmic censorship conjecture in a RN-AdS black hole via charged particle absorption. We first use the generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) to investigate the minimal length effect on the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. After the deformed Hamilton-Jacobi equation is derived, we use it to study the variations of the thermodynamic quantities of a RN-Ads black hole via absorbing a charged particle. Furthermore, we check the second law of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture in two phase spaces. In the normal phase space, the second law of thermodynamics and the weak cosmic censorship conjecture are satisfied in the usual and GUP-deformed cases, and the minimal length effect makes the increase of entropy faster than the usual case. After the charge particle absorption, the extremal RN-AdS black hole becomes nonextremal. In the extended phase space, the black hole entropy can either increase or decrease. When T>2Pr+, the second law is satisfied. When T<2Pr+, the second law of thermodynamics is violated for the extremal or near-extremal black hole. Finally, we find that the weak cosmic censorship conjecture is legal for extremal and near-extremal RN-Ads black holes in the GUP-deformed case.

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CHEN, GE. "Piercing the veil of state sovereignty: How China’s censorship regime into fragmented international law can lead to a butterfly effect." Global Constitutionalism 3, no. 1 (February 13, 2014): 31–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045381713000282.

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AbstractThis article seeks to address China’s entrenched censorship regime in the constitutionalist dimension of international law. First, the article probes into China’s censorship regime and the way it is linked to the country’s foreign policies. Second, the article explores the tension between China’s national censorship regime and international law. Such tension is rendered sharper than ever in the context of fragmented international law, as exemplified by two UPRs of China and two WTO rulings. Finally, the article advances a constitutionalist premise that eventually China’s self-motivated step into the fragmented domain of international law could boomerang against China’s censorship regime. As the international standards of freedom of expression are evolving into a fundamental right with constitutional status, the functional interrelatedness between different subsystems of international law gives rise to the accountability of state actors, which in turn compels them to comply with universal rules.

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Festenstein, Matthew. "Self-censorship for democrats." European Journal of Political Theory 17, no. 3 (June 2, 2015): 324–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885115587480.

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On the face of it, self-censorship is profoundly subversive of democracy, particularly in its talk-centric forms, and undermines the culture of openness and publicity on which it relies. This paper has two purposes. The first is to develop a conception of self-censorship that allows us to capture what is distinctive about the concept from a political perspective and which allows us to understand the democratic anxiety about self-censorship: if it is not obvious that biting our tongues is always wrong, we need a fuller account of the moral sensibility that finds it so troubling and this is elaborated here. The second is to develop an argument to the effect that this sensibility should not have the last, or only, word, but instead that self-censorship should be viewed as an ‘ordinary vice’ of democratic societies. The grounds for tolerating it rest on the democratic values that critics believe it threatens.

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Goldman, Brittany A., and Matthew R. Kelley. "The Generation Effect in the Context of Lyrical Censorship." Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 14, no. 2 (2009): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.jn14.2.72.

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Noll, Elizabeth. "The Ripple Effect of Censorship: Silencing in the Classroom." English Journal 83, no. 8 (December 1994): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/820338.

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Simmons, Brian K. "The effect of censorship on attitudes toward popular music." Popular Music and Society 16, no. 4 (December 1992): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007769208591497.

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Johnston, Margaret A., and Luc R. Bourgeois. "Third-person perceptions of gambling sponsorship advertising." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 5, no. 5 (November 9, 2015): 413–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-04-2015-0015.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine perceptual and behavioural components of the third-person effect for sport sponsorship marketing communications by legalised gambling companies. Specifically, this research examines judgements about the perceived influence of gambling sponsorship on self, children, and other adults. It also investigates behavioural reactions towards the censorship of gambling sponsorship, and intentions to gamble with sponsors. Design/methodology/approach – An online survey was fielded to a commercial consumer database and yielded 511 usable responses. Four hypotheses were tested to examine perceptions of the effects of gambling sponsorship on self and on others, and whether perceived differences in self/other effects influenced pro-censorship behaviours and gambling intentions. Findings – Findings reveal a range of responses to sport sponsorship by gambling companies. Some individuals view gambling sponsorship positively, they are anti-censorship, and happy to bet with sponsors. Others, who bet on sports, but have no particular allegiance to gambling sponsors, appear highly protective of children, and endorse censorship. Research limitations/implications – This study focused on the perceived impact of gambling sponsorship on other adults and on children. Future research may consider targeting more specific groups such as other sports fans, others engaged in online sports betting, or primary/secondary school age children. Originality/value – This study provides new insights on sponsorship effects, specifically public perceptions of gambling sponsorship advertising and their associated behavioural consequences.

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Bogomolov, Igor K. "N. I. Levitsky’s Letter to A. I. Lysakovsky about the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Representatives in the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission (1916)." Herald of an archivist, no. 2 (2021): 581–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2021-2-581-592.

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The article publishes a letter from the chairman of the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission, Nikolai Ivanovich Levitsky, to the manager of the Press and Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Alexander Iosifovich Lysakovsky (dated December 22, 1916). In the letter, Levitsky insists on the need to include representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in the military censorship commission on a permanent basis. At the time, a different scheme was in effect: Levitsky sent diplomatic materials (newspaper and magazine articles, books, pamphlets, and cartoons) for verification to the Press and Information Department, which made its decision on their further fate. Levitsky pointed out the complexity and slowness of this scheme, which led to delays in printing, dissatisfaction of authors and editors. The main problem, Levitsky acknowledged, was insufficient competence of censors in foreign policy matters. Meanwhile, by the end of 1916, the topic of diplomatic censorship had become quite relevant. As the war drew to a close, more and more material appeared in press about the post-war world order and Russia's future relations with its allies and adversaries. Against this background, Levitsky advocated the inclusion of representatives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as censors. The idea itself was not new: in the autumn of 1916, the headquarters of the Northern Front had submitted a project to reform the Petrograd military censorship in order to improve its efficiency. The main focus of the project was on expanding its staff and creating new departments in the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission. The representative of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was also to be included in the commission. Levitsky’s proposals followed the emerging trend: enhanced staffing and centralization of the military censorship, closer interaction of departments in order to increase its effectiveness. Lysakovsky approved the suggestion. Since January 1917, five officials of the ministry had been sent to the Petrograd Military Censorship Commission for daily and round-the-clock viewing of the press. However, this cooperation did not last: after the February Revolution, Foreign Ministry officials were released from the censorship work following the actual cessation of the preliminary censorship of press in Petrograd. Nevertheless, the unrealized project became a harbinger of future organization of press censorship after the Bolshevik’s assumption of power. The published document shows that the February Revolution was only a break in the process of censorship centralization and strengthening control over the press by the Russian state.

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Jardine, Eric. "Privacy, censorship, data breaches and Internet freedom: The drivers of support and opposition to Dark Web technologies." New Media & Society 20, no. 8 (October 4, 2017): 2824–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444817733134.

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Do heightened privacy perceptions, censorship concerns and exposure to online crime affect people’s level of opposition to dual-use technologies such as the Dark Web? If they do, then how much do these factors actually drive baseline levels of opposition to the Dark Web? Do privacy and censorship concerns get amplified in regimes with significant Internet restrictions? Does Internet freedom itself affect people’s baseline levels of opposition to Tor and other Dark Web technologies? Using new survey data on 17,121 Internet users in 17 different countries, a series of mixed-effect order logit regressions reveal that privacy and censorship concerns are both significant predictors of less opposition to the Dark Web. Past exposure to online crime, in contrast, significantly increases opposition to the Dark Web. Interestingly, restrictions on Internet freedom do not amplify privacy and censorship concerns, but Internet freedom itself is related to baseline levels of opposition to the Dark Web forming an inverted-U-shaped pattern.

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Ballio, Francesco, Siobhan L. Fathel, David Jon Furbish, and Alessio Radice. "On experimental censorship of particle hops in bed-load transport." E3S Web of Conferences 40 (2018): 05054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184005054.

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Observation of incomplete particle hops in imaging-based experiments with bed-load transport does not just occur with hops that are longer than an area of observation. Even short hops can be in fact incompletely measured if they cross the boundaries of the focus area. Experimental censorship biases the statistical distribution and moments of bed-load particle hops. This paper presents: a theoretical quantification of an expected effect of experimental censorship; based on this quantification, a method to correct the statistical distribution of hop lengths; an application of the method to experimental data. Applying the correction leads to significantly different values of the mean hop length, compensating the biasing effect of censorship. By contrast, nothing can be done for experimental truncation that is associated with hops longer than an applied area of observation. Experimental truncation must be avoided a priori, by appropriate design of the measurement method.

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UHD, Journals, Dana Akram Faqe Mahmood, and Shilan Arf Ahmad. "المحددات التي تواجه نظام الرقابة الداخلية في بيئة المصارف التجارية." Journal of University of Human Development 3, no. 4 (December 31, 2017): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v3n4y2017.pp179-203.

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This study was conducted to examine the work of internal control systems in banking institutions. It focused on studying the determinants facing the internal censorship system in the commercial banking sector by identifying the deficiencies and shortcomings in the regulatory systems and their negative effects from financial and administrative failure, the overall weak performances and etc, and also by determining the main reasons and obstacles that prevents the application from development of the internal censorship systems in commercial banks. A practical study had been made on a sample of the commercial banks operating in Sulaymaniyah governorate .In order to achive the goal, five commercial banks were used to collect the data from. The researchers used questionairre while collecting data in which they entered the information and data were processed automatically and through statistical models in order to test hypotheses and prove them. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there is a strong correlation between the variables of the research hypothesis and the internal censorship's objectives and the constraints facing to their application in the commercial banking sector of a degree at (0.607). The results showed that the increase of the determinants of the work of internal censrorship systems affected the achievement of the objectives that pursuied by the internal censorship in commercial banks in specifics. The researchers reccomended that there should be a commitments to the laws , accounting policies and procedures that applied to protect the assets especially by the commercial bank's management and to detect errors , fraud and manipulation to support the independency of the work of internal auditor and activate its role to achieve the objectives targeted by the internal censorship systems in commercial banks.

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Ong, Elvin. "Online Repression and Self-Censorship: Evidence from Southeast Asia." Government and Opposition 56, no. 1 (April 30, 2019): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/gov.2019.18.

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AbstractGovernments around the world have crafted new laws to threaten, arrest, prosecute and incarcerate online political activists. While the primary effect of online repression is to silence criticism and forestall collective action, a secondary effect is to induce self-censorship among the masses. Yet scant research examines how self-censorship works, nor discusses its implications for entrenching authoritarianism and encouraging democratic backsliding. This article proposes a simple expected utility model of self-censorship, arguing that citizens will more likely self-censor when the expected costs of online political expression outweigh its benefits. Analysing the fourth wave of the Asian Barometer survey of 10,216 respondents across eight Southeast Asian countries, I find that higher income politically engaged social media users are indeed less likely to express their political opinions. Additionally, this correlation holds in states where online repression is most severe, but is non-existent in countries where online repression is moderate or low.

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Zhang, Yuan, and Sijie Gao. "Testing cosmic censorship conjecture near extremal black holes with cosmological constants." International Journal of Modern Physics D 23, no. 05 (April 30, 2014): 1450044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271814500448.

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It has been shown previously that an extremal Reissner–Nordström or an extremal Kerr black hole cannot be overcharged or overspun by a test particle, if radiative and self-force effects are neglected. In this paper, we consider extremal charged and rotating black holes with cosmological constants. By studying the motion of test particles, we find the following results: An extremal Reissner–Nordström anti-de Sitter (RN–AdS) black hole can be overcharged by a test particle but an extremal Reissner–Nordström de Sitter (RN–dS) black hole cannot be overcharged. We also show that both extremal Kerr–de Sitter (Kerr–dS) and Kerr–anti-de Sitter (Kerr–AdS) black holes can be overspun by a test particle, implying a possible breakdown of the cosmic censorship conjecture. For the Kerr–AdS case, the overspinning requires that the energy of the particle be negative, a reminiscent of the Penrose process. In contrast to the extremal RN and Kerr black holes, in which cases the cosmic censorship is upheld, our results suggest some subtle relations between the cosmological constants and the cosmic censorship. We also discuss the effect of radiation reaction for the Kerr–dS case and find that the magnitude of energy loss due to gravitational radiation may not be enough to prevent the violation of the cosmic censorship.

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González-Quiñones, Fidel, and Juan D. Machin-Mastromatteo. "On media censorship, freedom of expression and the risks of journalism in Mexico." Information Development 35, no. 4 (August 25, 2019): 666–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0266666919866266.

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We present a classification of the types of censorship of media to frame the various issues that journalism and freedom of expression face in Mexico, which mainly include the role of the State in preventing or enforcing censorship, the monopoly of a few corporate groups that control most of the mass media and dictate fixed editorial lines throughout all of them, the effect of violence on journalism and the issues that are emerging around the freedom of expression in social media.

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Karolak, Czesław. "INTRA MUROS. ZUR GESCHICHTE DES (ERZWUNGENEN) SCHWEIGENS DER LITERATUR." Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia 19 (December 15, 2019): 247–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/snp.2019.19.17.

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In the article, an attempt has been made to analyze the systems of control of social communication based on the history of censorship in Germany. Apart from the historical context, reference has been made to the relationship of systems of censorship to modernization processes. In addition, the crucial role of legal awareness in society has been indicated. Within the scope of the present analysis, important methodological issues concerning research on forms, manifestations and effects of censorship related to the XXth century German literature have been considered.

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Gruszczyński, Oskar. "Taniec w kajdanach: chińska cenzura filmowa w latach 1949–1966." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 18 (2020): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.20.038.12875.

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Dancing in chains: Chinese film censorship, 1949–1966 After the proclamation of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, and the subsequent nationalization of the domestic film industry three years later, the Chinese Communist Party gained unlimited control over the entire Chinese film world, while film itself became an instrument of state propaganda. In order to fulfill their role ‘in the service of workers, peasants, and soldiers’, filmmakers had to abide strictly by the requirements which the CPC had imposed upon them, and subject themselves to a rigorous film censorship system. Artistic independence and freedom were subject to the political needs of a one-party state and its ideology. The establishment of a full-fledged and extremely complex institutional censorship system in 1953 resulted in the emergence of two distinct phenomena: self-censorship and social censorship. Both of these made it possible for the CPC to gain full control not only over the film industry, but also, in certain aspects, over the minds of filmmakers as well as the audiences. This article aims at revealing the mechanisms of the Chinese censorship system in the period stretching from 1949 to 1966, and to elucidate the disastrous effects which these exceedingly rigorous control mechanisms brought upon the Chinese film industry in general in this turbulent era

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Rojas, H., D. V. Shah, and R. J. Faber. "FOR THE GOOD OF OTHERS: CENSORSHIP AND THE THIRD-PERSON EFFECT." International Journal of Public Opinion Research 8, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 163–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/8.2.163.

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Drăghici, Isabella. "The Communist Party Effect: Romanian Theatre Under the "Auspices" of Censorship." Forum Modernes Theater 29, no. 1-2 (2014): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/fmt.2014.0011.

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Kao, Chung-Siung. "An asymptotic measure of accuracy effect from censorship in parametric estimation." Tamkang Journal of Mathematics 34, no. 2 (June 30, 2003): 189–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5556/j.tkjm.34.2003.266.

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An asymptotic measure is provided to evaluate the effect on loss of accuracy for censored data in parametric estimation of location and scale parameters. With this measure, it is shown that the amount of effect from censored data relative to noncensored data is invariant of the actual values of the location and scale parameters, but is only dependent on the form of underlying distributions which the data are originated. In addition, among the most well-known distributions, obtained results for the measure show that two censored data values together usually may possess more information than one noncensored data value in the parametric estimation for location and scale parameters.

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Bonsaver, Guido. "Fascist censorship on literature and the case of Elio Vittorini." Modern Italy 8, no. 2 (November 2003): 165–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1353294032000131229.

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SummaryThis article tackles the issue of literary censorship in Fascist Italy. The first part offers an outline of the organization and the practices with which the regime attempted to control publishers and authors. It tracks the development of Mussolini's Press Office into a fully fledged ministry, examines the introduction of a semi-preventive form of censorship, and looks at the effects of the anti-Semitic laws. The second part concentrates on the literary activities of the novelist, editor and translator, Elio Vittorini. His many encounters with Fascist censorship provide ideal subject matter for a close examination of how censorship affected literary production. It also provides an example of the need to re-address aspects of Italy's literary history during the Fascist period, particularly in relation to questions of coercive and consensual collaboration with the regime.

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Liang, Bin, Shao-Wen Wei, and Yu-Xiao Liu. "Weak cosmic censorship conjecture in Kerr black holes of modified gravity." Modern Physics Letters A 34, no. 05 (February 20, 2019): 1950037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732319500378.

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By neglecting the effects of self-force and radiation, we investigate the possibility of destroying the Kerr-MOG black hole through the point particle absorption process. Using the instability of event horizon and equation of particle motion, we get the upper and lower energy bounds allowed for a matter particle to produce the naked singularity. We find that the energy gap always exists between the upper and lower energy bounds for both extremal and near-extremal black holes, which means some tailored particles can actually lead to the violation of the weak cosmic censorship conjecture. However, when considering the effect of the adiabatic process, the result shows that the Kerr-MOG black hole gets more stable instead of a naked singularity, and thus the weak cosmic censorship conjecture can be restored at some level.

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Close, Ronnie. "Parallax Error: The Aesthetics of Image Censorshipe." Cabinet, Vol. 2, no. 2 (2017): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47659/m3.074.art.

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Parallax Error is a found photographic image collection scavenged from well-known art history publications in bookstores in Cairo between 2012 and 2014. What makes the series distinct are the forms and styles of censorship used on the original images ahead of sale and public distribution. The altered images involve some of the leading figures in the canon of Western photographic history and these respected photo works enter into a process of state censorship. This entails hand-painting each photograph, in each book edition, in order to obscure the full erotic effect of the object of desire, i.e. parts of the human body. The position of photography within Egypt and much of the Arab world is a contested one shaped by the visual formations of Orientalism created by the impact of European colonial empires in the region. This archival project examines the intersection of visual cultures embedded behind the series of photographic images that have been transformed through acts of censorship in Egypt. This frames how these doctored photographic images impose particular meanings on the original photographs and the potential merits, if any, of iconoclastic intervention. Parallax Error examines the political and aesthetic status of the image object in the transformation from the original photograph to censored image. The ink and paint marks on the surface of the photograph create a tension between the censorship act and its impact on the original. These hybrid images provide a political basis to rethink visual culture encounters in our interconnected and increasingly globalised contemporary image world. Keywords: aesthetics, censorship, iconoclasm, images, representation

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Ramaprasad, Jyotika. "Pre-, during and Post-Censorship Coverage of India by the New York Times." Newspaper Research Journal 9, no. 1 (September 1987): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073953298700900102.

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The New York Times' coverage of India was examined before, during and after the Indian press censorship of the mid-'70s. In view of Western concerns about censorship effects on the kind of news emerging from a country, it was expected that more favorable/positive topic news and less unfavorable/negative topic news would be found in the Times during than before and after the censorship. However no differences in coverage (in terms of slant and topics) were found over the three periods. Resourcefulness on the part of foreign correspondents and resistance from domestic sources may explain the findings.

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Stieg, Margaret F. "The 1926 German Law to Protect Youth against Trash and Dirt: Moral Protectionism in a Democracy." Central European History 23, no. 1 (March 1990): 22–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938900021063.

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The Gesetz zur Bewahrung der Jugend vor Schund- und Schmutzschriften (Law to Protect Youth from Trashy and Dirty Writings) was proposed at the cabinet meeting of 19 December 1923, passed by the Reichstag on 3 December 1926, and went into effect on 18 December 1926. Within ten years it was a dead letter, replaced by the 1935 guidelines of the Reichsschrifttumskammer. The law and the agitation surrounding it had many dimensions; the phenomenon was at once political, legal, sociological, psychological, and cultural. A classic example of moral censorship, it has many parallels with other censorship activity, such as the British campaign to protect youth from horror comics in the 1950s. Yet while it is a case study of censorship, this law is more than illustrative. The debate over its passage further politicized the already controversial issue of culture in Germany, and it can be credited with a small but definite contribution to the political alignments that eventually made possible the Nazi takeover of January 1933.

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Chamlee-Wright, Emily. "Self-Censorship and Associational Life in the Liberal Academy." Society 56, no. 6 (December 2019): 538–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12115-019-00413-1.

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AbstractSelf-censorship is a well-documented phenomenon within the academy. Building from the works of Tocqueville, Mill, and Smith, this paper identifies sources of self-censorship within the academy, namely the values of intellectual abrasion and civility, that are associated with the liberal intellectual tradition. The resulting phenomenon of self-censorship, I argue, has both positive and negative effects on the quality of public and academic discourse. Given the dual nature of self-censorship, scholars seeking to make the morally upright choice of whether to self-censor or to speak up face both an epistemological and a moral challenge. I argue that in discussions of the “impartial spectator” and the virtue of self-command, Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments anticipates these challenges and lends guidance to the scholar who is sincerely committed to doing what is right when navigating associational life within the academy.

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CHAKRABORTY, SANJUKTA, SUBENOY CHAKRABORTY, and UJJAL DEBNATH. "THE EFFECT OF PRESSURE IN HIGHER DIMENSIONAL QUASI-SPHERICAL GRAVITATIONAL COLLAPSE." International Journal of Modern Physics D 16, no. 05 (May 2007): 833–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271807010432.

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We study gravitational collapse in higher dimensional quasi-spherical Szekeres space–time for matter with anisotropic pressure. Both local and global visibility of central curvature singularity has been studied and it is found that with proper choice of initial data it is possible to show the validity of Cosmic Censorship Conjecture for six and higher dimensions. Also the role of pressure in the collapsing process has been discussed.

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Olmsted, William. "Apostasy Apostasized: The Effects of Censorship and Self-Censorship on Baudelaire's "Le Reniement de saint Pierre"." Nineteenth-Century French Studies 36, no. 1 (2007): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ncf.2007.0085.

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Ferreira, Ricardo Z., McCullen Sandora, and Martin S. Sloth. "Is patience a virtue? Cosmic censorship of infrared effects in de Sitter." International Journal of Modern Physics D 26, no. 12 (October 2017): 1743019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271817430192.

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While the accumulation of long wavelength modes during inflation wreaks havoc on the large scale structure of spacetime, the question of even observability of their presence by any local observer has lead to considerable confusion. Though, it is commonly agreed that infrared effects are not visible to a single sub-horizon observer at late times, we argue that the question is less trivial for a patient observer who has lived long enough to have a record of the state before the soft mode was created. Though classically, there is no obstruction to measuring this effect locally, we give several indications that quantum mechanical uncertainties censor the effect, rendering the observation of long modes ultimately forbidden.

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Shahar, Eldad, Boaz Hameiri, Daniel Bar-Tal, and Amiram Raviv. "Self-censorship of Conflict-related Information in the Context of Intractable Conflict." Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 5 (December 9, 2016): 957–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022002716680266.

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Self-censorship is of great importance in societies involved in intractable conflict. In this context, it blocks information that may contradict the dominant conflict-supporting narratives. Thus, self-censorship often serves as an effective societal mechanism that prevents free flow and transparency of information regarding the conflict and therefore can be seen as a barrier for a peacemaking process. In an attempt to understand the potential effect of different factors on participants’ willingness to self-censor (WSC) conflict-related information, we conducted three experimental studies in the context of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Study 1 revealed that perception of distance from potential information recipients and their disseminating capabilities lead to higher WSC. Study 2 replicated these results and also showed that fulfilling different social roles has an effect on the WSC. Finally, study 3 revealed that the type of information has a major effect on WSC.

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Rosenthal, Sonny. "Audience Prototypes and Asymmetric Efficacy Beliefs." Journal of Media Psychology 30, no. 4 (October 2018): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000193.

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Abstract. Prior research suggests that the third-person effect is related to media schemas, for example, that general audiences are vulnerable to influence. The current study evaluates whether the effect of media schemas depends on more specific audience schemas. Participants read vignettes of four “actors” in a 2 (gullible vs. critical-minded) × 2 (heavy vs. light Internet users) repeated measures experiment and rated how much the actors can resist the influence of media and how much they benefit from censorship. For comparison, participants rated themselves on the same dependent variables. Results show that gullible heavy Internet users are perceived to have the greatest self-regulatory inefficacy and benefit the most from censorship, while the opposite outcome is true for critical-minded light Internet users. These patterns remain when evaluating self–other asymmetric efficacy beliefs, which I discuss in relation to motivational and cognitive processes underlying the third-person effect.

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Bonfanti, Angelica. "Can Trade Liberalization Enhance Freedom of Expression? A WTO Perspective on Censorship." DIRITTI UMANI E DIRITTO INTERNAZIONALE, no. 3 (December 2012): 461–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/dudi2012-003001.

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Pursuant to their WTO commitments, Member States shall liberalize trade in goods, services and intellectual property rights, without any exceptions apart from those expressly provided by the covered agreements. Among them is the public morals exception. This paper aims to assess whether the implementation of the WTO commitments may have the effect of removing the filters imposed by some States through censorship, and whether the liberalization of international trade may contextually function as a means for enhancing freedom of expression. In so doing the paper examines how the public morals exception should be interpreted when censorship measures, on the one hand, and human rights protection, on the other, are at stake.

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Kastleman, Rebecca. "Synecdoche's Obloquy: Beckett and the Performance of Indecency." Journal of Beckett Studies 29, no. 2 (September 2020): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jobs.2020.0310.

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In Beckett's Ireland, the practice of censorship was bound up with the workings of literary genre. The fact that printed matter was subject to censorship, while theatre was not, meant that the censor played a role in maintaining the distinction between dramatic and nondramatic writing. Many Irish authors responded to these conditions by remediating censored narratives as theatre. Beckett adopted an alternative strategy, rejecting the legal premises of Irish censorship and crafting his literary style around a critique of the censor's reading practices. Beckett's responses to the Irish censor track his turn from the novel to the drama. Across genres, Beckett's writing in English was shaped by the climate of post-publication censorship in Ireland, the effects of which are legible even in works that were never banned. Beckett's rejoinder to the censor was articulated using terms set out by the Irish Free State's Committee on Evil Literature, which held that censors could prohibit a text based on one ‘indecent’ passage, rather than evaluating that excerpt in the context of the work as a whole. For Beckett, the literary trope of synecdoche—that is, the rhetorical substitution of a part for the whole—became associated with the censor's mode of reading. Beckett harnesses the trope of synecdoche to impugn Irish censorship practices, a pattern evident from the direct address to the censor in Murphy to the dramaturgical evocation of self-censorship in Not I. The use of synecdoche illuminates Beckett's reckoning with his cultural inheritance as an Irish writer and indexes his shift towards a cosmopolitan literary identity.

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Webster, Larry, Jo-Yun Li, Yicheng Zhu, Alex Luchsinger, Anan Wan, and Mark Tatge. "Third-Person Effect, Religiosity and Support for Censorship of Satirical Religious Cartoons." Journal of Media and Religion 15, no. 4 (October 2016): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15348423.2016.1248183.

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Feng, Guangchao Charles, and Steve Zhongshi Guo. "Support for Censorship: A Multilevel Meta-Analysis of the Third-Person Effect." Communication Reports 25, no. 1 (January 2012): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08934215.2012.661019.

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Podshibyakina, Tat’yana A. "China’s “Gold Shield”: Monemonic Internet Practice Management Policy." RUDN Journal of Political Science 22, no. 2 (December 15, 2020): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2020-22-2-194-204.

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Actualization of the past is a natural manifestation of need for reflection of historical memory for society; it also pushes elites to search for new forms of “mental control” over public consciousness. The research is devoted to the problem of keeping historical memory in the context of censorship on the Internet. The goal is to identify the symbolic effects of historical memory that arises as a result of narrative representations of history and cognitive mnemonic practices of network media and online Internet communities in the context of censorship. Result of this research was conceptualization of the notion for “cognitive mnemonic Internet practices”, their typology in accordance with the types of cognitive censorship of network media and a description of their symbolic effects. Concept of the Internet as a mnemonic system is theoretically grounded, a typology of censorship strategies is given as a factor affecting the displacement of some forms of historical memory from the public sphere of society and their expression in various network mnemonic practices. The case study analysis of modern Chinese network media allowed for conceptualization of the notion of “cognitive mnemonic Internet practices” and grounding the conclusions.

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Shaymatov, Sanjar. "Magnetized Reissner–Nordström black hole restores cosmic censorship conjecture." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 49 (January 2019): 1960020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194519600206.

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We investigate the effect of magnetic field on the process of overcharging magnetized Reissner–Nordström black hole. It is well known that a four dimensional charged black hole could be overcharged. Contrary to this, we show that a magnetized charged black hole could not be overcharged beyond threshold value of the magnetic field. This occurs because the magnetic field does not allow for particle to reach black hole horizon. Thus magnetic field beyond its threshold value could restore the cosmic censorship conjecture.

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Tai, Yun, and King-wa Fu. "Specificity, Conflict, and Focal Point: A Systematic Investigation into Social Media Censorship in China." Journal of Communication 70, no. 6 (September 30, 2020): 842–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/joc/jqaa032.

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Abstract Internet censorship mechanisms in China are highly dynamic and yet to be fully accounted for by existing theories. This study interrogates postpublication censorship on Chinese social media by examining the differences between 2,280 pairs of censored WeChat articles and matched remaining articles. With the effects of account attributes and article topics excluded, we find that article specificity raises the odds of being censored. Also, an examination on a collection of international trade articles indicates that such articles with textual units disclosing conflicts, even pro-regime messages, are also removed by the censors. This mixed-method study introduces focal point as a theoretical angle to understand China’s contextually contingent content regulation system and offers evidence based on large-scale, nonproprietary, and original social media data to investigate the evolving censorship mechanisms in China.

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BERESTYKI, H., and N. RODRIGUEZ. "Analysis of a heterogeneous model for riot dynamics: the effect of censorship of information." European Journal of Applied Mathematics 27, no. 3 (July 15, 2015): 554–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956792515000339.

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This paper is concerned with modelling the dynamics of social outbursts of activity, such as protests or riots. In this sequel to our work in Berestycki et al. (Networks and Heterogeneous Media, vol. 10, no. 3, 1–34), written in collaboration with J-P. Nadal, we model the effect of restriction of information and explore its impact on the existence of upheaval waves. The system involves the coupling of an explicit variable representing the intensity of rioting activity and an underlying (implicit) field of social tension. We prove the existence of global solutions to the Cauchy problem in ${\mathbb R}^d$ as well as the existence of traveling wave solutions in certain parameter regimes. We furthermore explore the effects of heterogeneities in the environment with the help of numerical simulations, which lead to pulsating waves in certain cases. We analyse the effects of periodic domains as well as the barrier problem with the help of numerical simulations. The barrier problem refers to the potential blockage of a wavefront due to a spatial heterogeneity in the system which leads to an area of low excitability (referred to as the barrier). We conclude with a variety of open problems.

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Labanyi, Jo. "Filling the Gaps." Index on Censorship 14, no. 6 (December 1985): 26–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03064228508533989.

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Suriadi, M. Agus. "Translation Strategies to Deal With Indonesia Censorship Regulation on Movie." Buletin Al-Turas 24, no. 1 (March 28, 2018): 143–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/bat.v24i1.7132.

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This study aims to begin an examination into how the censor regulation effect to movie subtitle which were being showed in Indonesia. To reach that, it using qualitative method in particular translations strategy has been existed. It found that various data hardly to deal with the regulation mostly classified into slang expression that effect to the vulgarity and offensive. It happened because the translator hard to find out the equivalence effect by facing the constrain of the time, space, and also scene. The strategies were used to deal with the regulation done by soften strategy the TL by doing paraphrase, modulation, and emphasize related to pragmatic context. The regulation has been ruling in order protect the audiences have been giving them the comfortless to enjoy the movie without worry about reflecting a state of moral or cultural decline to Indonesian people who have multicultural and ethnic. So, the bad word that relating to offensive language must not be found in the outsider movies with Indonesia subtitle.---Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memulai pemeriksaan terhadap bagaimana efek regulasi sensor terhadap subtitle film yang sedang ditampilkan di Indonesia. Untuk mencapai itu, menggunakan metode kualitatif dalam strategi penerjemahan tertentu telah ada. Ditemukan bahwa berbagai data sulit untuk berurusan dengan peraturan yang sebagian besar diklasifikasikan ke dalam bahasa gaul yang berpengaruh pada vulgar dan ofensif. Itu terjadi karena penerjemah sulit untuk mengetahui efek kesetaraan dengan menghadapi batasan waktu, ruang, dan juga pemandangan. Strategi tersebut digunakan untuk menangani regulasi yang dilakukan dengan melunakkan strategi TL dengan melakukan parafrasa, modulasi, dan menekankan terkait dengan konteks pragmatis. Peraturan tersebut telah berkuasa untuk melindungi penonton yang telah memberi mereka kenyamanan untuk menikmati film tanpa khawatir mencerminkan keadaan penolakan moral atau budaya terhadap orang Indonesia yang memiliki multikultural dan etnis. Jadi, kata-kata buruk yang berhubungan dengan bahasa kasar tidak boleh ditemukan di film-film luar dengan subtitle Indonesia.DOI : 10.15408/bat.v24i1.7132

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Li, Jeffrey (Chien-Fei). "Internet Control or Internet Censorship? Comparing the Control Models of China, Singapore, and the United States to Guide Taiwan’s Choice." Pittsburgh Journal of Technology Law and Policy 14, no. 1 (February 12, 2014): 1–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/tlp.2013.131.

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Internet censorship refers to a government’s unjustified scrutiny and control of online speech or government-approved control measures. The danger of Internet censorship is its chilling effect and substantial harm on free speech, a cornerstone of democracy, in cyberspace. This article compares China’s blocking and filtering system, Singapore’s class license system, and the United States’ government-private partnership model and identifies the features of each model. This article also explores the pros and cons of each model under international human rights standards. By finding lessons from each of the models, this article contends that Taiwan should retain its current minimal Internet control model. Further, Taiwan should fix flaws in its current Internet control system, including the private partnership model adopted by the Copyright Act, to be consistent with Article19.3 of the ICCPR.

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Curry Jansen, Sue, and Brian Martin. "Exposing and exposing censorship: Backfire dynamics in freedom-of-speech struggle." Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2004): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v10i1.777.

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Censorship can backfire because it is usually viewed as a violation of the right to free expression, which is widely valued as an ideal; under the Charter of the United Nations, freedom of expression is a universal human right. Backfire occurs, for example, when censorious attacks on a film or book cultivate increased demand for the forbidden work rather than restrict access to it. Censors can inhibit this backfire effect in various ways, including covering up the censorship, devaluing the target, reinterpreting the action, using official channels, and using intimidation and bribery. These five methods to inhibit backfire from attacks on free speech are illustrated by a variety of cases, including attacks that backfired and ones that did not. This analysis provides guidance for effectively opposing attacks on free expression.

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Merino, Raquel, and Rosa Rabadán. "Censored Translations in Franco’s Spain: The TRACE Project — Theatre and Fiction (English-Spanish)." TTR : traduction, terminologie, rédaction 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2004): 125–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/007481ar.

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Abstract This article explores whether translational phenomena that are particular to censoring societies, such as Franco’s Spain, exist and, if so, whether they are exclusive to this type of recipient context. By using data from the TRACE project, translated theatre and fiction are analysed in terms of both the external restrictions imposed by official censorship and the long-term effects of official censorship on the recipient context. The study reveals three outstanding transfer processes during the period–adaptation, pseudotranslation and the massive cloning of genres, settings and character stereotypes originally imported through translation–, as well as the prevalence of intersemiotic chains that linked texts across languages and textual mode boundaries. When compared with work done on present-day texts translated from English to Spanish, our findings seem to indicate that these phenomena were more widespread in the period under study but cannot be considered exclusive to official censorship contexts.

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Gilbert, Nora. "Thackeray, Sturges, and the Scandal of Censorship." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 127, no. 3 (May 2012): 542–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2012.127.3.542.

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In the wake of Foucault's influential retelling of the history of sexuality, a new school of censorship theory emerged that was devoted to exposing and unpacking the paradoxically productive effects of censorious practices. This essay traces a particular strand of that paradox, labeled here the logic of scandal: the logic wherein discourse is authorized and amplified by feelings like shock and moral condemnation rather than stymied by them. To explore the ramifications of this logic for and within narrative art, I take as my subjects a novel written during the famously prudish Victorian era and a film produced under the famously stringent Production Code—W. M. Thackeray's Vanity Fair and Preston Sturges's The Lady Eve. In each the “scandalous” discursive acrobatics performed by the text's morally ambiguous heroine reflect the strategies of censorship evasion employed by the morally ambiguous artist who created her.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Effect of censorship on'

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