Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effect of contrast

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of contrast'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of contrast"

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Huang, A., M. Shah, A. Hon, and E. Altschuler. "Perception Begets Reality: A "Contrast-Contrast" Koffka Effect." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 6, 2010): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.429.

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Voichek, Guy, and Nathan Novemsky. "Asymmetric Hedonic Contrast: Pain Is More Contrast Dependent Than Pleasure." Psychological Science 32, no. 7 (June 4, 2021): 1038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797621991140.

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Research has shown that hedonic-contrast effects are a ubiquitous and important phenomenon. In eight studies ( N = 4,999) and four supplemental studies ( N = 1,809), we found that hedonic-contrast effects were stronger for negative outcomes than for positive outcomes. This asymmetric-contrast effect held for both anticipated and experienced affect. The effect makes risks that include gains and losses more attractive in the presence of high reference points because contrast diminishes the hedonic impact of losses more than gains. We demonstrated that the effect occurs because people are generally more attentive to reference points when evaluating negative outcomes, so drawing attention to reference points eliminates the asymmetric-contrast effect.
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Leding, Juliana K., John C. Horton, and Samantha S. Wootan. "The contrast effect with avatars." Computers in Human Behavior 44 (March 2015): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.054.

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Momose, Atsushi, Tohoru Takeda, and Yuji Itai. "Contrast effect of blood on phase-contrast x-ray imaging." Academic Radiology 2, no. 10 (October 1995): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(05)80067-4.

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Adini, Y., Amos Wilkonsky, Roni Haspel, Misha Tsodyks, and Dov Sagi. "Perceptual learning in contrast discrimination: The effect of contrast uncertainty." Journal of Vision 4, no. 12 (December 6, 2004): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.12.2.

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Chan, Man, and Kawan Soetanto. "Study on Contrast Effect of Microbubbles as Ultrasound Contrast Agents." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 37, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 1998): 3078–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.37.3078.

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Imai, Kuniharu, Mitsuru Ikeda, Yoshiki Satoh, Keisuke Fujii, Chiyo Kawaura, Takuya Nishimoto, and Masaki Mori. "Contrast enhancement efficacy of iodinated contrast media: Effect of molecular structure on contrast enhancement." European Journal of Radiology Open 5 (2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2018.09.005.

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Tiippana, K. M., G. V. Paramei, E. Alshuth, and C. R. Cavonius. "The Effect of Pedestal Contrast on Choice Reaction Times to Contrast Increments." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970243.

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Two-alternative forced-choice reaction times (RTs) were measured and psychometric functions constructed for ten contrast increments at seven pedestal contrasts ranging from 0% to 4.8%. Two sine gratings at 2 cycles deg−1 differing only in contrast were presented on a computer screen, and the subject's task was to indicate as quickly as possible whether the stimulus with higher contrast appeared to the left or to the right of a fixation point. There were 100 trials per stimulus pair from which the percentage of correct responses and the median correct RTs were calculated. As the contrast increment increased, the percentage of correct responses increased and RTs decreased reaching a minimum with large increments. However, RTs continued to decrease even when performance reached 100% correct. Contrast increment thresholds calculated at 82% correct level formed a classical dipper-shaped function when plotted as a function of pedestal contrast. Response variability, reflected in standard errors of increment thresholds, was greater at high pedestal contrasts. When RTs corresponding to threshold increments were interpolated and plotted against pedestal contrast, the functions were also dipper-shaped. Discriminative RTs were on average faster at low and slower at high pedestal contrasts compared to detection. These findings show that equalising the percentage of correct responses did not equalise RTs, and that processing time increased with pedestal contrast. The increase of both increment thresholds and RTs with pedestal contrast may be due to an increase in signal-dependent noise which increases response variability and slows down the decision process.
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KISHIMOTO, MIORI, KAZUTAKA YAMADA, RYO TSUNEDA, JUNICHIRO SHIMIZU, TOSHIROH IWASAKI, and YOH-ICHI MIYAKE. "EFFECT OF CONTRAST MEDIA FORMULATION ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT." Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 49, no. 3 (May 2008): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00356.x.

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Solomon, Joshua A., and Christopher W. Tyler. "A Brücke–Bartley effect for contrast." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180171.

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Accurate derivation of the psychophysical (a.k.a. transducer) function from just-notable differences requires accurate knowledge of the relationship between the mean and variance of apparent intensities. Alternatively, a psychophysical function can be derived from estimates of the average between easily discriminable intensities. Such estimates are unlikely to be biased by the aforementioned variance, but they are notoriously variable and may stem from decisional processes that are more cognitive than sensory. In this paper, to minimize cognitive pollution, we used amplitude-modulated contrast. As the spatial or temporal (carrier) frequency increased, estimates of average intensity became less variable across observers, converging on values that were closer to mean power (i.e. contrast 2 ) than mean contrast. Simply put, apparent contrast increases when physical contrast flickers. This result is analogous to Brücke's finding that brightness increases when luminance flickers. It implies an expansive transduction of contrast in the same way that Brücke's finding implies an expansive transduction of luminance.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of contrast"

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Rockcastle, Siobhan Francois. "Daylight variability and contrast-driven architectural effect." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65745.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-130).
Natural light is a dynamic and ephemeral tool for expressing the quality of architectural space. As a compliment to more traditional avenues of daylighting research that assess performance in terms of quantitative illuminance goals and glare-based discomfort, my thesis defines light variability and contrast as a finely tuned architectural effect. Under the rapidly growing context of energy conscious research, my thesis attempts to re balance our definition of "performance" to include those perceptual and aesthetic aspects of light that are often disregarded by the world of simulation. Contrast is important to the definition of space and it is essential in understanding how architecture is enhanced and transformed over time by the dynamic and variable characteristics of daylight. Through an analysis of contemporary architecture from around the world, this thesis has developed a new typological language that categorizes architectural space in terms of contrast and temporal variation. Using this system of categorization, my thesis proposes three new metrics for the quantification of contrast and light variability to provide a more holistic analysis of daylight performance.
by Siobhan Rockcastle.
S.M.
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Morton, Jane Elizabeth. "Order effects in auditors' internal control judgments: Belief perseverance versus the contrast effect." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186314.

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Prior research suggests that beliefs are affected by the order in which information is processed. However, the empirical evidence with respect to this "order effect" is itself anomalous in that the direction of the bias is inconsistent across studies. This study examines and attempts to reconcile the theory of belief perseverance, which predicts primacy, and the contrast-effect theory, which predicts recency. An "integrated" theory of belief revision is presented which proposes that belief perseverance (the contrast effect) is an increasing (decreasing) function of confidence in beliefs. The theory is formalized by expanding Hogarth and Einhorn's (1992) belief-adjustment model to include the proposed effect of confidence on belief revision. The model's predictions were tested in a field experiment in which subjects received a series of information regarding a hypothetical audit client's internal controls and were asked to assess the likelihood that controls would prevent or detect material misstatement. Half of the information in each series was "positive" (describing internal control strengths), while the other half was "negative" (describing internal control weaknesses). The order of information presentation (positive-negative versus negative-positive) was manipulated between subjects. Confidence was manipulated by varying two factors: task experience and amount of information. The experiment was administered to 50 undergraduate auditing students at The University of Arizona and 85 experienced auditors from two of the Big-Six accounting firms. Half of the subjects in each experience-level group received a "short" series of information, while the other half received a "long" series. Confidence assessments were elicited from subjects in each of the four (experience-level/amount-of-information) subject groups and used to form predictions about order-effect differences between groups. The model's predictions were supported for inexperienced subjects but not for experienced subjects, suggesting that confidence affects the direction of order effects only when task experience is low. Furthermore, when order effects were present for experienced-subject groups, they were in the direction of recency. This suggests that increased task experience may lead to a decrease in belief-perseverance proneness.
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Donohoo, Daniel T. "Accomodation with displays having color contrast." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53872.

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Much concern has been expressed about the ability of the visual display terminal to provide adequate stimuli for accommodation. As a result it has been hypothesized that an observer may have to continually refocus to maintain accommodation on the display and this contributes to the visual fatigue experienced by VDT users. The increased use of multicolor CRTs in the workplace adds yet another factor, chromatic aberration, to affect the observers' accommodation to information presented on the CRT. Two experiments were run to determine the effect of viewing characters of one chromaticity and purity on a background of another chromaticity or purity or chromaticity and purity. The observer's accommodation response was continuously sampled throughout the presentation of each target/background combination. Mean accommodation response and the standard deviation of the mean accommodation response were then calculated to ascertain the effect the target background combination had on the observers' accommodation response. The observers' were also required to perform a visual performance task for each target/background combination. The data collected indicate that chromatic characters when observed on chromatic background do not provide a strong stimulus for accommodation. Mean changes in the observers accommodation response were all within the depth of field except when characters were viewed on blue backgrounds. The variability in the observers accommodation response was not found to be a good predictor of image quality where only color contrast exists between foreground and surround. Task performance was highly correlated with effective contrast between the target and background as quantified by uniform color space modeling.
Ph. D.
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Thomas, Kathleen Theresa. "Do colored overlays improve reading? : a test of the Irlen effect /." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06162009-063332/.

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Johansson, Isabelle. "The Effect of Contrast Media on Several Common Laboratory Assays." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för kvinnors och barns hälsa, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356300.

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Contrast media are commonly used as an enhancement in several diagnostic imaging methods, which in today’s healthcare often are combined with blood works in diagnostics and surgical preparations, as well as to follow up on the patient’s recovery. To save time and money for both the hospital and the patients themselves, the ability to carry out both the radiological examination and the blood works within the same hospital visit would be preferred. However, there have been indications of a potential interference from the contrast media used, and therefore a waiting period is in place. The aim of this study was therefore to see if that waiting period was warranted by testing if contrast media does cause a significant interference in the most common analyses. This was investigated by infusing pooled samples with either iohexol or gadoteric acid, the active components of the most common contrast agents, at either a full dosage or a half dosage. These samples were then run by standard protocol and the results compared to control samples. The results showed that while some analyses proved affected, others proved unaffected or only insignificantly so. Some of the affected analyses were sodium, activated partial thrombin time and hemoglobin. While some analyses such as prostate specific antigen and prothrombin time were unaffected. Analysis of more samples is necessary to confirm the results, but the overall consensus is that while most analyses are unaffected the effects are too large and uncertain to comfortably disregard the waiting time.
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Watson, Ian Martin Charles. "The effect of bilingualism on the acquisition of the voicing contrast." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.625103.

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Griffiths, Stella N. "The effect of intraocular scattered light on the contrast sensitivity function." Thesis, Aston University, 1986. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/14587/.

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Intraocular light scatter is high in certain subject groups eg the elderly, due to increased optical media turbidity, which scatters and attenuates light travelling towards the retina. This causes reduced retinal contrast especially in the presence of glare light. Such subjects have depressed Contrast Sensitivity Functions (CSF). Currently available clinical tests do not effectively reflect this visual disability. Intraocular light scatter may be quantified by measuring the CSF with and without glare light and calculating Light Scatter Factors (LSF). To record the CSF on clinically available equipment (Nicolet CS2000), several psychophysical measurement techniques were investigated, and the 60 sec Method of Increasing Contrast was selected as the most appropriate. It was hypothesised that intraocular light scatter due to particles of different dimensions could be identified by glare sources at wide (30°) and narrow (3.5°) angles. CSFs andLSFs were determined for: (i) Subjects in young, intermediate and old age groups. (ii) Subjects during recovery from large amounts of induced corneal oedema. (iii) A clinical sample of contact lens (CL) wearers with a group of matched controls. The CSF was attenuated at all measured spatial frequencies with the intermediate and old group compared to the young group. High LSF values were found only in the old group (over 60 years). It was concluded that CSF attenuation in the intermediate group was due to reduced pupil size, media absorption and/or neural factors. In the old group, the additional factor was high intraocular light scatter levels of lenticular origin. The rate of reduction of the LSF for the 3.5° glare angle was steeper than that for the 30° angle, following induced corneal oedema. This supported the hypothesis, as it was anticipated that epithelial oedema would recover more rapidly than stromal oedema. CSFs and LSFs were markedly abnormal in the CL wearers. The analytical details and the value of these investigative techniques in contact lens research are discussed.
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Shoots-Reinhard, Brittany. "Not all contrast effects are created equal the effect of extent of processing on contrastive judgments /." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1211542250.

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Dai, Zhijie. "Delay Discounting, Probability Discounting, Reward Contrast and Gambling: A Cross-Cultural Study." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Psychology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7128.

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Problem and pathological gambling has become an increasing public health concern worldwide in recent years, and individuals from China and East Asian countries may be especially vulnerable. Knowledge of how individuals make choices between outcomes that are delayed or uncertain, and of potential differences in decision making across cultures, may contribute to our understanding of factors which increase the risk of problem gambling. Our research is based on a discounting perspective in which the value of a delayed or uncertain reward decreases according to the time until or the odds against its receipt, respectively. We use experimental procedures in which individuals make a series of hypothetical choices so as to estimate an indifference point – an amount of money available immediately or with certainty – that is equal in subjective value to a delayed or uncertain reward. Our starting point is the hypothesis that reward contrast – in which the subjective value of a reward varies inversely with amount of a prior reward – plays a role in choice between delayed or probabilistic outcomes and might contribute to problem gambling. This thesis describes four experiments which investigate these ideas. Experiments 1 and 2 establish that reward contrast is a reliable phenomenon in choice. Indifference points for an intermediate reward ($475/$525) varied as predicted if its subjective value was larger when the individual had previously been making choices with a smaller amount ($50) and smaller when previously making choices with a larger amount ($5,000). Reward contrast was obtained for both delayed and probabilistic choice, using between-subjects (Experiment 1) and within-subjects (Experiment 2) designs. Experiment 3 used a computerized Card Playing Game (CPG) as an analogue gambling task and also measured delay discounting using the same task as Experiment 2. Participants began with an initial stake and could win or lose 10% of the stake with each card that they played. The critical aspect of the procedure was that the probability of winning for each card decreased as more cards were played. Participants played the CPG four times with stakes of $50, $500, $5,000 and $500 (order of $50 and $5,000 was counterbalanced). Results showed that performance on the CPG improved over successive trials, suggesting that participants learned the contingencies in the task. Although this confounded our attempt to measure reward contrast within-subjects, participants who had a $50 stake in the first deck performed better in the second deck with a $500 stake than those who had a $5,000 stake in the first deck, consistent with reward contrast. Results from the delay discounting task were correlated with CPG performance, showing that participants who had lower reward contrast and discounting rates, and greater magnitude effects won more money on the CPG task. Experiment 4 used a larger sample (N = 182) with both Chinese and Caucasian (New Zealand European) participants and recruited individuals with gambling histories, and compared performance on delay and probability discounting tasks and the CPG. Results showed that Chinese participants had higher delay discounting rates and lower probability discounting rates when data were analyzed according to the area under the discounting curve (AUC). Gamblers (those participants with scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen [SOGS; Lesieur & Blume, 1987] > 1) were less risk averse in probability discounting and had reduced magnitude effects in delay discounting and performed more poorly on the CPG. Closer analysis of the probability discounting data showed that compared with Caucasians, Chinese were more risk averse for high probabilities of reward outcome, and less risk averse for low probabilities. Although results do not suggest that individual differences in reward contrast, as measured using our within-subjects delay discounting task, play a significant role in the maintenance of gambling behavior, the cross-cultural differences in delay and probability discounting in Experiment 4 suggest some factors that might contribute to gambling. In the General Discussion, we propose an account of the probability discounting results in terms of a tendency toward dialectical thinking and emotions in Chinese culture. Based on this result and previous research, we propose a framework for the cross-cultural analysis of risky decision making, and consider some of its broader implications for both research in decision making and issues of globalization.
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Masson, Andrªe P. "The effect of aging and visual impairments on spatio-temporal contrast sensitivity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq25919.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Effect of contrast"

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Stone, Leland S. Effect of contrast on human speed perception. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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Griffiths, Stella Noelle. The effect of intraocular scattered light on the contrast sensitivity function. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Vision Sciences, 1986.

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Perron, Adena Marie. The effect of vigabatrin treatment on contrast sensitivity in a pediatric population. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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Roberts, Muriel. A review of reading performance and school learning in primary school pupils and a study of print contrast effect. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Nigro, Giampiero, ed. Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.

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In contrast to the debates of the past, which focused mainly on income inequality and the related elements of injustice, the recent interest in economic inequality focuses on its effects on economic growth and social development. New research is an important element of these recent debates: a historical approach that contextualizes inequality with reference to social relations, institutions, access to power and its cultural legitimacy can facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to inequality and its effects.
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High contrast. 2nd ed. Boston: Focal Press, 1992.

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wa-al-Tawthīq, Kuwait Idārat al-Tasjīl al-ʻAqārī. Initial sale contract: Effect and guarantees. Kuwait: Wizārat al-ʻAdl, 2000.

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Pontes, Marcos Cesar. Polarization effects on infrared target contrast. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

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Drew, Derek Stephen. The effect of contract type and size on competitiveness in construction contract bidding. Salford: University of Salford, 1994.

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Nesius, John Joseph. The effect of contract remuneration on construction project performance factors. Springfield, Va: Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of contrast"

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Sheffield, Elizabeth. "Contrast Effect." In Decision Making in Emergency Medicine, 97–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0143-9_16.

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van der Molen, Aart J. "Effect of Iodinated Contrast Media on Thyroid Function." In Medical Radiology, 75–82. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27742-0_11.

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Esplugas, E. "Contrast media effect of thrombotic risk during coronary angioplasty." In Abrupt closure during coronary angioplasty, 35–40. Paris: Springer Paris, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-8178-0877-2_5.

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Chang, Yu-Cheng, Pei-Hsuan Lu, Gi-Da Lee, and Kuo-Chih Liao. "Effect of Contrast Medium Encapsulated in Liposome on Lesion Diagnosis and Contrast Medium Induced Nephropathy." In IFMBE Proceedings, 12–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12262-5_4.

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Terris, Martha K. "The Effect of Contrast Material on Transitional Cell Carcinoma Viability." In Bladder Disease, Part A, 121–28. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8889-8_10.

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Aghaeipour, M., V. Ahmadi, and V. Qaradaghi. "Modeling the Effect of Different Dimensions in High Contrast Grating Mirror." In NATO Science for Peace and Security Series B: Physics and Biophysics, 517–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9133-5_51.

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Zhu, Yuechen, and Ming Ronnier Luo. "Modelling Simultaneous Contrast Effect on Chroma Based on CAM16 Colour Appearance Model." In Advances in Graphic Communication, Printing and Packaging Technology and Materials, 71–76. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0503-1_12.

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Tolhuisen, M. L., J. Enthoven, E. M. M. Santos, W. J. Niessen, L. F. M. Beenen, D. W. J. Dippel, A. van der Lugt, et al. "The Effect of Non-contrast CT Slice Thickness on Thrombus Density and Perviousness Assessment." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 168–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67564-0_17.

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Ichikawa, Tomoaki, and Tsutomu Araki. "Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Effect of Injection Rate/Injection Duration of Contrast Material on Computed Tomography." In Liver Cancer, 237–40. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9804-8_17.

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Hu, Yue-Houng, David A. Scaduto, and Wei Zhao. "The Effect of Amorphous Selenium Thickness on Imaging Performance of Contrast Enhanced Digital Breast Tomosynthesis." In Breast Imaging, 9–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31271-7_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of contrast"

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Hlubina, Petr. "Optical interference in fiber waveguide: effect of temporal and spatial coherence." In Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast Imaging Techniques and Applications, edited by Maksymilian Pluta and Mariusz Szyjer. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.171877.

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Khaliq, Hafiz Saad, Inki Kim, Kashif Riaz, Taimoor Naeem, Muhammad Zubair, Junsuk Rho, and Muhammad Qasim Mehmood. "Chiroptical effect induced by achiral structures for full-dimensional manipulation of optical waves." In High Contrast Metastructures X, edited by Jonathan A. Fan, Connie J. Chang-Hasnain, and Weimin Zhou. SPIE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2579045.

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Li-Lung, Lai, Huimin Gao, and Hong Xiao. "Surface Effect on SEM Voltage Contrast and Dopant Contrast." In ISTFA 2009. ASM International, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2009p0202.

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Abstract The Voltage Contrast (VC) [1-3] and Dopant Contrast [4-7] in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) [8] have been widely used in the Silicon (Si) semiconductor manufacturing field to localize the failure site from plane-view and inspect the doping profile along cross-section with spatial resolution in the nanometer (nm) range. In this article, we demonstrate how the surface effect, such as topography or material variation, impacts the conventional prediction for the voltage and dopant contrast in the SEM images. The mechanisms and applications for the SRAM and real products are described.
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Poitras, Daniel, C. C. Kuo, C. Py, and L. Li. "High-Contrast OLED with Microcavity Effect." In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.2007.thc3.

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Shmin, Zhang, and Wu Xuanyu. "Scenic Slope Retaining Contrast Effect Analysis." In 2015 8th International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation (ICICTA). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicta.2015.204.

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Lyuksyutov, S. F., N. V. Kukhtarev, P. Buchhave, T. Kukhtareva, and P. P. Banerjee. "Experimental Observation of Grating Contrast Enhancement due to Photogalvanic Effect." In Advances in Photorefractive Materials, Effects and Devices. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/apmed.1999.sce7.

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Mai, Zicong, Mahsa T. Pourazad, and Panos Nasiopoulos. "Contrast effect on 3D and 2D video perception." In 2011 Third International Workshop on Quality of Multimedia Experience (QoMEX 2011). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qomex.2011.6065698.

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Kotaki, H., M. Kando, I. Daito, T. Homma, T. Kameshima, K. Kawase, L. M. Chen, et al. "Contrast Effect on the Laser Injected Electron Beam." In LASER-DRIVEN RELATIVISTIC PLASMAS APPLIED TO SCIENCE, INDUSTRY AND MEDICINE: 2nd International Symposium. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3204523.

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Sik-Lanyi, Cecilia, Tibor Guzsvinecz, Norbert Doszkocs, Imre Mark Meszaros, and Gabor Lajos Somogyi. "Test software development of size and contrast effect research." In 2020 11th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coginfocom50765.2020.9237820.

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Mai, Z., M. T. Pourazad, P. Nasiopoulos, and K. Plataniotis. "Effect of displayed contrast on perceptual 3D video quality." In 2012 IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics (ICCE). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce.2012.6161861.

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Reports on the topic "Effect of contrast"

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DiVita, Joseph. The Effect of Contrast on Target Detection in PBB (Passive Broadband) Displays. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada171807.

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Haigh, Julian. Investigation in to the Effect of Spin Locking on Contrast Agent Relaxivity. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2493.

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Busso, Matías, and Verónica Frisancho. Good Peers Have Asymmetric Gendered Effects on Female Educational Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003247.

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This study examines the gendered effects of early and sustained exposure to high-performing peers on female educational trajectories. Exploiting random allocation to classrooms within middle schools, we measure the effect of male and female high performers on girls' high school placement outcomes. We disentangle two channels through which peers of either sex can play a role: academic performance and school preferences. We also focus on the effects of peers along the distribution of baseline academic performance. Exposure to good peers of either sex reduces the degree to which high-achieving girls seek placement in more-selective schools. High-achieving boys have particularly strong, negative effects on high-performing girls' admission scores and preferences for more-selective schools. By contrast, high-achieving girls improve low-performing girls' placement outcomes, but exclusively through a positive effect on exam scores.
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Bhagavathula, Rajaram, Ronald Gibbons, and Andrew Kassing. Roadway Lighting’s Effect on Pedestrian Safety at Intersection and Midblock Crosswalks. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-028.

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This study evaluates the visual performance of four intersection lighting designs and five midblock crosswalk lighting designs along with two pedestrian safety countermeasures (rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs) at three light levels. The study involved a pedestrian detection task, which was completed at night on a realistic roadway intersection and a midblock crosswalk. The results from the study showed that driver nighttime visual performance at intersection and midblock crosswalks was influenced by the lighting design and light level. Intersections should be illuminated to an average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc). This light level ensures optimal visibility of pedestrians regardless of the lighting design (or luminaire layout) of the intersection. The average horizontal illuminance of 14 lux (1.3 fc) also increases the visibility of pedestrians when glare from oncoming vehicles is present. The 14 lux (1.3 fc) average horizontal illuminance is valid for all lighting designs evaluated except the lighting design that illuminated the exits of the intersection. When the exits of the intersection are illuminated, an average horizontal illuminance of 24 lux (2.2 fc) is needed to offset the disability glare from opposing vehicles. Midblock crosswalks should be illuminated to an average vertical illuminance of 10 lux (0.9 fc) to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility. Where overhead lighting is available, midblock crosswalk lighting designs that render the pedestrian in positive contrast are recommended. Where overhead lighting is not available, crosswalk illuminators can be used to illuminate midblock crosswalks. At night, pedestrian crossing treatments such as rectangular rapid flashing beacons and flashing signs should not be used for pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks. Pedestrians crossing treatments should be used in conjunction with overhead lighting or crosswalk illuminators at the established vertical illuminance to ensure optimal pedestrian visibility at midblock crosswalks.
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Ferreyra, Maria Marta, Carlos Garriga, Juan D. Martin-Ocampo, and Angélica María Sánchez Díaz. Raising College Access and Completion: How Much Can Free College Help? Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1155.

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Free college proposals have become increasingly popular in many countries of the world. To evaluate their potential effects, we develop and estimate a dynamic model of college enrollment, performance, and graduation. A central piece of the model, student effort, has a direct effect on class completion, and an indirect effect in mitigating the risk of not completing a class or not remaining in college. We estimate the model using rich, student-level administrative data from Colombia, and use the estimates to simulate free college programs that differ in eligibility requirements. Among these, universal free college expands enrollment the most, but it does not affect graduation rates and has the highest per-graduate cost. Performance-based free college, in contrast, delivers a slightly lower enrollment expansion yet a greater graduation rate at a lower per-graduate cost. Relative to universal free college, performance-based free college places a greater risk on students but is precisely this feature that delivers better outcomes. Nonetheless, the modest increase in graduation rates suggests that additional, complementary policies might be required to elicit the large effort increase needed to raise graduation rates.
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Aromi, Daniel, María Paula Bonel, Julian P. Cristia, Martín Llada, Juan I. Pereira, Xiomara Pulido, and Julieth Santamaria. Research Insights: How Much Has Human Mobility Been Reduced by Social Distancing Policies in Latin America and the Caribbean? Inter-American Development Bank, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003135.

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The lockdowns implemented in Latin America and the Caribbean in March 2020 reduced the share of people who travel more than 1 km (about 0.6 miles) per day by 10 percentage points during the 15 days following its implementation. The effects of the lockdowns declined over time: the effect amounted to 12 percentage points during the first week and to 9 percentage points during the second week of the implementation of the lockdowns. In contrast, school closures reduced mobility by only 5 percentage points, and no effects were found for bar and restaurant closures or the cancellation of public events. The results suggest that lockdowns are a tool that can produce reductions in mobility quickly. This is important given the expectation that reduced mobility slows the spread of COVID-19.
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Zilberman, Mark. Methods to Test the “Dimming Effect” Produced by a Decrease in the Number of Photons Received from Receding Light Sources. Intellectual Archive, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32370/iaj.2437.

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The hypothetical “Dimming Effect” describes the change of the number of photons arriving from a moving light source per unit of time. In non-relativistic systems, the “Dimming effect” may occur due to the growing distance of light sources moving away from the receiver. This means that due to the growing distance, the photons continuously require more time to reach the receiver, which reduces the number of received photons per time unit compared to the number of emitted photons. Understandably, the proposed “Dimming effect” must be tested (confirmed or rejected) through observations. a. This article provides the formula for the calculation of “Dimming effect” values using the redshift parameter Z widely used in astronomy. b. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected utilizing the orbital movement of the Earth around the Sun. In accordance to the “Dimming effect”, observers on Earth will view 1.0001 more photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction of the Earth orbiting the Sun. And, in contrast, observers will view only 0.9999 photons per time unit emitted by stars located near the ecliptic plane in the direction opposite to the Earth orbiting the Sun. Calculating precise measurements of the same stars within a 6-month period can possibly detect this difference. These changes in brightness are not only for specific stars, as the change in brightness takes place for all stars near the ecliptic in the direction of the Earth’s orbit around the Sun and in the opposite direction. c. The “Dimming effect” can possibly be detected in a physics laboratory using a moving light source (or mirror) and photon counters located in the direction of travel and in the opposite direction. d. In theory, Dilation of time can also be used for testing the existence of the “Dimming effect.” However, in experiments on Earth this effect appears in only the 14th digit after the decimal point and testing does not appear to be feasible. e. Why is it important to test the “Dimming effect?” If confirmed, it would allow astronomers to adjust values of "Standard Candles" used in astronomy. Since “Standard Candles” are critical in various cosmological models, the “Dimming effect” can correct models and/or reveal and support new models. If it is proved that the “Dimming effect” does not exist, it will mean that the number of photons arriving per unit of time does not depend on the speed of the light source and observer, which is not so apparent.
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Leaver, Clare, Owen Ozier, Pieter Serneels, and Andrew Zeitlin. Recruitment, Effort, and Retention Effects of Performance Contracts for Civil Servants: Experimental Evidence from Rwandan Primary Schools. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2020/048.

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This paper reports on a two-tiered experiment designed to separately identify the selection and effort margins of pay-for-performance (P4P). At the recruitment stage, teacher labor markets were randomly assigned to a pay-for-percentile or fixed-wage contract. Once recruits were placed, an unexpected, incentive-compatible, school-level re-randomization was performed, so that some teachers who applied for a fixed-wage contract ended up being paid by P4P, and vice versa. By the second year of the study, the within-year effort effect of P4P was 0.16 standard deviations of pupil learning, with the total effect rising to 0.20 standard deviations after allowing for selection.
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Reyes, Angela, Benjamin Roseth, and Diego A. Vera-Cossio. Technology, Identification, and Access to Social Programs: Experimental Evidence from Panama. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003485.

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Access to identification cards (IDs) is often required to claim government benefits. However, it is unclear which policies to increase ID ownership are more effective. We experimentally analyze the effect of two policy interventions to induce the timely renewal of identification cards on access to a government social program in Panama. Sending reminders about expiration dates increased the probability of on-time renewals and of accessing benefits from a social program by 12 and 4.3 percentage points, respectively, relative to a control group. In contrast, allowing individuals to renew their ID online only increased renewals and access to benefits by 8 and 2.9 percentage points, respectively. This result was driven by lower-income individuals. The results suggest that policies to increase ownership of valid identity documentation can reduce inclusion errors in government programs and that simply granting access to digital tools may not be enough to unlock important effects.
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Aparicio, Gabriela, Vida Bobić, Fernando De Olloqui, María Carmen Fernández Diez, María Paula Gerardino, Oscar A. Mitnik, and Sebastian Vargas Macedo. Liquidity or Capital?: The Impacts of Easing Credit Constraints in Rural Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003336.

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This paper evaluates the effectiveness of easing credit constraints for rural producers in Mexico through loans provided by a national public development finance institution. In contrast to most of the existing literature, the study focuses on the effect of medium-sized loans over a two- to four-year time horizon. This paper looks at the effects of such loans on production and investment decisions, input use, and yields. Using a multiple treatment methodology, it explores the differential impacts of providing liquidity for working capital versus providing credit for investments in fixed assets. It finds that loans increased the likelihood that producers grow and sell certain key annual crops, in particular among recipients of working capital loans. It also finds significant effects on production value and sales (per hectare), with similar impacts for recipients of both types of loans, with gains in yields driven by changes in labor quality and more intensive use of key inputs. There is no evidence of significant effects on the purchase of large machinery, but there are impacts on the acquisition of cattle. Overall, the results reported in this paper suggest that lack of liquidity is at least as important as lack of funding for new investment in capital for rural producers in Mexico. Producers benefit from easing their credit constraints, regardless of the type of loan used for that purpose.
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