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Books on the topic 'Effect of contrast'

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Published: 4 June 2021
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1

Stone, Leland S. Effect of contrast on human speed perception. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1992.

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2

Griffiths, Stella Noelle. The effect of intraocular scattered light on the contrast sensitivity function. Birmingham: Aston University. Department of Vision Sciences, 1986.

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3

Perron, Adena Marie. The effect of vigabatrin treatment on contrast sensitivity in a pediatric population. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 2001.

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4

Roberts, Muriel. A review of reading performance and school learning in primary school pupils and a study of print contrast effect. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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5

Nigro, Giampiero, ed. Disuguaglianza economica nelle società preindustriali: cause ed effetti / Economic inequality in pre-industrial societies: causes and effect. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-053-5.

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In contrast to the debates of the past, which focused mainly on income inequality and the related elements of injustice, the recent interest in economic inequality focuses on its effects on economic growth and social development. New research is an important element of these recent debates: a historical approach that contextualizes inequality with reference to social relations, institutions, access to power and its cultural legitimacy can facilitate the understanding of the mechanisms that lead to inequality and its effects.
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6

High contrast. 2nd ed. Boston: Focal Press, 1992.

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7

wa-al-Tawthīq, Kuwait Idārat al-Tasjīl al-ʻAqārī. Initial sale contract: Effect and guarantees. Kuwait: Wizārat al-ʻAdl, 2000.

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8

Pontes, Marcos Cesar. Polarization effects on infrared target contrast. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1998.

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9

Drew, Derek Stephen. The effect of contract type and size on competitiveness in construction contract bidding. Salford: University of Salford, 1994.

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10

Nesius, John Joseph. The effect of contract remuneration on construction project performance factors. Springfield, Va: Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998.

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11

United, States Congress House Committee on Small Business Subcommittee on Procurement Taxation and Tourism. The effect of federal contract bundling on small business: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Procurement, Taxation, and Tourism of the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, Washington, DC, June 13, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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12

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Small Business. Subcommittee on Procurement, Taxation, and Tourism. The effect of federal contract bundling on small business: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Procurement, Taxation, and Tourism of the Committee on Small Business, House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, first session, Washington, DC, June 13, 1993. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1994.

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13

Earle, John S. Contract violations, neighborhood effects, and wage arrears in Russia. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2004.

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14

Teays, Terry. Cepheid/Blazhko effect: Final report for contract NAS-31845, task 5779. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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15

Teays, Terry. Blazhko effect: Final report for contract NAS5-31840, task assignment 5788. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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16

Colorful gardens: Contrast & combine your plants & flowers for spectacular visual effects. New York: Sterling Pub., 1994.

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17

Hedley, Rodney. Volunteers and the contract culture: A discussion of the effects of contracts on volunteers with some suggestions for good practice. London: Volunteer Centre UK, 1994.

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18

Teays, Terry. [Cepheid temperature and the Blazhko effect: Final report for contract NAS-31845. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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19

Broome, Jonathan Charles. The effect of the new engineering contract on the management of change. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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20

Gerken, Mikkel. Diagnosing Contrast Effects. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0012.

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Chapter 11 concerns the contrast effects on knowledge ascriptions. It begins by articulating the epistemic focal bias account according to which the contrast effects amount to false positives. On this basis, it is argued that the epistemic focal bias account fulfills an important desideratum of providing a unified account of the contrast effect and salient alternatives effects. The empirical case for the focal bias account is augmented with a number of experimental results. Moreover, it is related to further psychological considerations and the philosophical anti-contrastivist arguments from Chapter 4. Finally, the account is connected to some pragmatic considerations that pertain to presupposition accommodation. In sum, Chapter 11 provides an account of the puzzling patterns of knowledge ascriptions constituted by contrast effects.
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21

Shapiro, Arthur G. Contrast Asynchronies. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0112.

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Contrast asynchronies juxtapose color and color contrast information. The basic configuration of a contrast asynchrony consists of two identical disks whose luminance levels change in time from light to dark and back again; one disk is surrounded by a bright field and the other by a dark field; at 1Hz, observers report seeing the disks modulating in antiphase, yet also becoming light and dark at the same time. While such a configuration may look like a dynamic brightness illusion, the actual effect occurs because the visual system separates the in-phase luminance information from the antiphase contrast information. Variations of the contrast asynchrony paradigm can isolate different types of visual responses information.
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22

Parvez, Zaheer, and Rogelio Moncada. Contrast Media: Biologic Effects and Clinical Application. Crc Pr I Llc, 1987.

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23

Zaheer, Parvez, Moncada Rogelio 1933-, and Sovák Milos, eds. Contrast media: Biologic effects and clinical application. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press, 1987.

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24

Mruczek, Ryan E. B., D. Blair Christopher, Lars Strother, and Gideon P. Caplovitz. Dynamic Illusory Size Contrast. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0027.

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Static size contrast and assimilation illusions, such as the Ebbinghaus and Delboeuf illusions, show that the size of nearby objects in a scene can influence the perceived size of a central target. This chapter describes a dynamic variant of these classic size illusions, called the Dynamic Illusory Size-Contrast (DISC) effect. In the DISC effect, a surrounding stimulus that continuously changes size causes an illusory size change in a central target. The effect is dramatically enhanced in the presence of additional stimulus dynamics arising from eye movements or target motion. The chapter proposes that this surprisingly powerful effect of motion on perceived size depends on the degree of uncertainty inherent in the size of the retinal image of a moving object.
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25

Gilad-Gutnick, Sharon, Rohan Varma, and Pawan Sinha. The Bogart Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0089.

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While a geometry-based eye-gaze estimation strategy has been the basis of many theories regarding the direction of one’s gaze, such a strategy relies on relatively detailed curvature information and therefore functions suboptimally under low-resolution viewing conditions. Partly in response to this concern, the past decade has seen the rise of luminance-based theories of eye-gaze estimation. The idea of luminance-based estimation of gaze direction arose from the observation that contrast negation affects eye-gaze perception, and an early demonstration and possible explanation for this phenomenon was offered by Sinha and named the “Bogart effect.” The Bogart Effect is an illusion of perceived gaze reversal in contrast negated images. It provides clues regarding the heuristics the visual system uses to robustly estimate gaze in real-world settings. This chapter discusses this illusion and related concepts.
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26

Thromboembolic Risks in Angiography: Role of Iodinated Contrast Media. Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. KG, 1990.

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27

Eloy, Rosy. Thromboembolic Risks in Angiography:: Role of Iodinated Contrast Media. Springer, 1990.

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28

Eloy, Rosy. Thromboembolic Risks in Angiography:: Role of Iodinated Contrast Media. Springer, 1990.

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29

R, Eloy, and Symposium on Blood-Contrast Media Interactions (1989 : Paris, France), eds. Thromboembolic risks in angiography: Role of iodinated contrast media. Paris: Springer-Verlag, 1990.

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30

B, Watson A., Mulligan J. B, and Ames Research Center, eds. Effect of contrast on the perception of direction of a moving pattern. Moffett Field, Calif: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Ames Research Center, 1990.

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31

Zavagno, Daniele, and Olga Daneyko. The Glare Effect. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0061.

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The glare effect consists in a strong brightness enhancement of a bright region determined solely by the presence of linear luminance gradients organized in such a way that the bright ends of the gradients delimit the bright region. The effect is obtained with both achromatic and chromatic gradients. In its achromatic version, the illusion has been employed to study the perception of luminosity and the effects of brightness on lightness in simultaneous contrast configurations. The role of photometric gradients and their distribution in space are discussed, with demos showing how luminance gradients can be employed to generate also darkness enhancements and impressions of illumination. A variant of the glare effect is illustrated in which the brightness enhancement is obtained by employing discrete grey steps separated in space, organized to form so-called luminance pseudo-ramps.
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32

Galmonte, Alessandra, and Tiziano Agostini. The Reversed Contrast Necker Cube. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0043.

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Agostini and Galmonte reported a configuration showing that when grouping factors are optimized, a grey target totally surrounded by black appears darker than an equal grey target totally surrounded by white. This is called the simultaneous contrast. The theoretical assumption is that, when higher-level factors act simultaneously with lower-level factors, the former prevails over the latter. Specifically, it is assumed that the lightness induction produced by the global organization principle of perceptual belongingness prevails over retinal lateral inhibition. A reversed contrast Necker cube display with two middle grey dashed cubes is used to illustrate the effect. The first one had dark inducer corners and was placed on a light inducer background, and the second one, which had light inducer corners, was placed on a dark inducer background.lightness induction, grouping, perceptual belongingness, lateral inhibition, organization principles
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33

D, Reising Jack, Armstrong Laboratory (U.S.). Aircrew Training Research Division., Arizona State University. Dept. of Industrial and Management Systems Engineering., and Hughes Training, Inc. Training Operations., eds. Effect of incompatible light on modified Class B night vision goggle-aided visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Mesa, AZ: Human Resources Directorate, Aircrew Training Research Division, U.S. Air Force Armstrong Laboratory, 1997.

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34

Kingdom, Frederick A. A. Color Assimilation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0050.

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Color assimilation, also known as the Von Bezold spreading effect, is the phenomenon in which the perceived color of a region shifts toward that of its neighbor. This chapter describes the traditional form of color assimilation as well as three “special cases” where the effects are particularly dramatic: the chromatic White’s Effect, Monnier and Shevell’s ring patterns, and neon-color spreading. Three potential causes of color assimilation are discussed: neural blurring, contrast normalization, and perceptual layer decomposition. All three of these could contribute to White’s Effect, and their relation to the other two cases are also discussed. Discussion on assimilation versus contrast and the effect of simulation contrast is included, and several figures are provided that illustrate the concepts.
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35

Takeyasu, Hajime, and Mikio Giriko. Effects of duration and phonological length of the preceding/following segments on perception of the length contrast in Japanese. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0005.

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This chapter assesses the influence of preceding vowel duration on the perception of singleton/geminate stops in Japanese. Through a perception experiment, it is shown that the identification of consonant length (singleton/geminate) is affected by both the physical duration and the phonological length of the preceding vowel, the former being an ‘assimilative’ effect and the latter being a ‘contrastive’ effect. The physical duration and the phonological length of the following consonant affect the identification of vowel length (short/long), but the former effect is not observable when the following consonant is perceived as geminate. Results of a production experiment also demonstrate that the effects of preceding vowel duration in speech perception are parallel to the contextual variations in preceding vowel duration in speech production.
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36

Spehar, Branka, and Colin W. G. Clifford. The Wedding Cake Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0059.

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Lightness induction is the shift in surface appearance caused by adjacent or nearby surfaces. Spatial context can make a surface appear more different from (contrast) or more similar to (assimilation) its surround. Although assimilation effects tend to occur with more complex contexts, often containing repetitive patterns, we are still generally unable to ascertain the circumstances in which assimilation or contrast will occur. This chapter explores the interaction of geometric and photometric characteristics leading to contrast and assimilation in lightness induction. Concepts covered include the wedding cake illusion, White’s effect, the checkerboard illusion, the bull’s eye illusion, and luminance contrast.
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37

Gerken, Mikkel. Puzzling Patterns of Knowledge Ascriptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803454.003.0003.

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Chapter 2 surveys the philosophical reasons and empirical evidence for assuming that there are a number of puzzling patterns of knowledge ascriptions. Three effects on folk knowledge ascriptions are considered in turn. The first one is an alternatives effect—roughly, the inclination to deny S knowledge that p in the face of a salient alternative, q. The second effect is a contrast effect—roughly, the idea that whether an alternative, q, to S’s knowledge is “in contrast” partly determines our inclination to ascribe knowledge. The third effect is a practical factor effect—roughly, the effect of salient practical factors on our inclination to ascribe knowledge. Overall, Chapter 2 provides a state-of-the-art presentation of the shifty patterns of knowledge ascriptions.
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38

Hodgkiss, Andrew. Psychiatric consequences of cancer treatments: hormone and cytokine treatments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198759911.003.0007.

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The antidepressant and neuroprotective effects of oestradiol are described. Psychiatric consequences of oophorectomy, and treatment with tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors, are then discussed. Androgen-deprivation therapy has temporary effects on cognitive function and mood that reflect the distribution of androgen receptors in the brain. The rapid-onset adverse psychiatric effects of high-dose glucocorticoids are presented (including ‘steroid psychosis’) and a novel, non-genomic molecular mechanism highlighted. In contrast, the depressive effect of chronic glucocorticoid use is then considered.
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39

Russell, Richard. The Illusion of Sex. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0088.

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In the Illusion of Sex, an androgynous face has been manipulated to have increased or decreased contrast between its features and the surrounding skin. This manipulation makes the face appear male or female. The Illusion of Sex works by manipulating the luminance contrast between the eyes and lips and the rest of the face. It has been shown that manipulating it affects the attractiveness of male and female faces differently. In particular, female faces are more attractive with facial contrast increased than decreased, while male faces are more attractive with facial contrast decreased than increased. This effect of facial contrast on attractiveness is a result of a naturally occurring sex difference in facial contrast. The illusion demonstrates the importance of this kind of contrast for the perception of gender and is related to typical cosmetics use, which involves the darkening of the eyes and lips relative to the surrounding skin.
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40

Seeley, J. High Contrast. Focal Press, 1986.

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41

Bressan, Paola, and Peter Kramer. The Dungeon Illusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0040.

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A target gray spot looks darker on a white background than on a black one: the contrast illusion. If the target is embedded in a context consisting of black spots on the white background and white spots on the black background, the effect reverses: the dungeon illusion. Whether the dungeon figure produces contrast or contrast reversal depends on which of its three parts (target, context, and background) is gray, black, or white. In some variants, the effect further depends on whether the figures are themselves surrounded by larger white and black regions, implying that even the illumination and wall color of the laboratory might be critical. Here, the various versions of the dungeon illusion are presented and explained with the help of the double-anchoring theory of lightness—that computes the gray shade of objects by “anchoring” them both to their context and to the brightest region in the scene.
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42

Solène, Rowan. Ch.5 Content, third party rights and conditions, s.3: Conditions, Art.5.3.2. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0102.

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This commentary focuses on Article 5.3.2 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the effect of suspensive and resolutive conditions. Art 5.3.2 explains how suspensive and resolutive conditions operate. When a suspensive condition is fulfilled, the contract or obligation becomes effective. On the fulfilment of a resolutive condition, the contract or obligation ceases to have effect and the obligation to perform is discharged. Suspensive and resolutive conditions therefore have symmetrically opposite effects. In both cases, however, the binding force of the contract or obligation is at stake. This commentary also discusses non-retroactivity as a principle.
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43

Peter, Huber. Ch.7 Non-performance, s.3: Termination, Art.7.3.5. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0146.

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This commentary analyses Article 7.3.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the general effects of a lawful termination. Lawful termination refers to a termination which has been declared (in time) and which is based on a valid ground for termination. According to Art 7.3.5, termination of the contract releases both parties from their obligation to effect and to receive future performance. Termination does not preclude a claim for damages for non-performance and has no effect on any provision in the contract for the settlement of disputes or any other term of the contract which is to operate even after termination. This commentary discusses release from future performance obligations, autonomy of ‘termination-resistant’ provisions, effects of unlawful termination, and proprietary aspects of rules in Arts 7.3.5–7.3.7.
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44

Repp, Sophie. Contrast. Edited by Caroline Féry and Shinichiro Ishihara. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642670.013.006.

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This article critically evaluates the notion of contrast and discusses the role that contrast has been claimed to have in grammar. It argues that a precise understanding of grammatical effects of contrast can only be gained if both the contrastive constituents with the kind of alternative set they evoke as well as the discourse relations that connect the discourse segments containing the contrastive constituents are subjected to detailed analysis for their effects on grammar (prosody, morphosyntax). It presents three hypotheses specifying the details for the identification of (a) contrast-related alternative formation, (b) contrastive discourse relations, and (c) grammatical manifestations of contrast. It reviews previous research on contrast in relation to these hypotheses, examining the linguistic materials that have been used to elicit grammatical manifestations of contrast, and discussing specific findings for particular languages from the prosodic and the morphosyntactic literature on contrast.
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45

Hammond, Michael. Reward Allowances and Contrast Effects in Social Evolution. Edited by Rosemary L. Hopcroft. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190299323.013.8.

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Our evolutionary heritage of different reward allowances for different interests leaves us very responsive to social creations offering certain types of contrast effects. Zygmunt Bauman’s model of liquid modernity and its impact on more “solid” traditional cultures are examined in terms of changes in the use of these reward allowances on a mass scale as social structures offering the contrast impact of serial novelty are substituted for structures rooted in fixed high contrasts. From this perspective, liquid modernity may have a much deeper and lasting appeal than Bauman and other postmodern critics wish to be the case. Serial novelty is part of a pattern of social evolution rooted in our biological heritage of reward allowances and contrast effects.
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46

Ross G, Anderson. Ch.2 Formation and authority of agents, Formation II: Arts 2.1.6–2.1.14—Acceptance, Art.2.1.10. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0026.

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This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.10 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), which stipulates that acceptance of an offer may be withdrawn if the withdrawal reaches the offeror before or at the same time as the acceptance would have become effective. Rejection of an offer causes an offer to lapse (at least as regards the offeree who has rejected). Withdrawal of an acceptance, in contrast, has no effect, in principle, on the offer. The effect of the withdrawal on the original offer must, in any case, be a matter of construction of the offer, the withdrawal, and the surrounding circumstances. Art 2.1.6(2) provides that acceptance becomes effective only when it reaches the offeror. Art 2.1.10 provides for acceptances what Art 2.1.3 provides for the withdrawal of offers.
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47

Gilles, Cuniberti. Ch.3 Validity, s.3: Illegality, Art.3.3.1. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0073.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.3.1 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning contracts that infringe mandatory rules. Art 3.3.1 governs a specific aspect of the mandatory rules regime, namely the effect that their infringement produces on a contract. The relevant mandatory rules, however, are not set forth in the PICC; rather, the PICC defer to the binding norms from which such rules originate. Thus, the definition of what constitutes illegal conduct is to be found in those binding norms. Similarly, Art 3.3.1 defers to Art 1.4 PICC with respect to the applicability of any mandatory rule, which, in turn, defers to the relevant rules of private international law. This commentary discusses the scope of application of Art 3.3.1, with particular emphasis on the effects of mandatory rules whether or not expressly prescribed, effects upon the contract and remedies under the contract, and the importance of mandatory rules.
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48

Polarization Effects on Infrared Target Contrast. Storming Media, 1998.

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49

Peter, Huber. Ch.3 Validity, s.2: Grounds for avoidance, Art.3.2.9. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198702627.003.0063.

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This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.9 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning confirmation. Under Art 3.2.9, if the party entitled to avoid the contract expressly or impliedly confirms the contract after the period of time for giving notice of avoidance has begun to run, avoidance of the contract is excluded. Art 3.2.9 serves two purposes. On the one hand, it restricts the right to avoid the contract in a certain type of situation where the avoidance would be contrary to good faith. On the other hand, it emphasizes the fact that the party entitled to avoid the contract under the preceding provisions is not obliged to do so, but may also elect to treat the contract as valid. This commentary discusses the requirements for confirmation, whether express or implied, and the ground for avoidance, time for confirmation, and the effect of confirmation on the right to avoid the contract.
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50

Contrast Media: Biologic Effects and Clinical Application. CRC, 1987.

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