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Journal articles on the topic 'Effect of contrast'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Huang, A., M. Shah, A. Hon, and E. Altschuler. "Perception Begets Reality: A "Contrast-Contrast" Koffka Effect." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 6, 2010): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.429.

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2

Voichek, Guy, and Nathan Novemsky. "Asymmetric Hedonic Contrast: Pain Is More Contrast Dependent Than Pleasure." Psychological Science 32, no. 7 (June 4, 2021): 1038–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797621991140.

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Research has shown that hedonic-contrast effects are a ubiquitous and important phenomenon. In eight studies ( N = 4,999) and four supplemental studies ( N = 1,809), we found that hedonic-contrast effects were stronger for negative outcomes than for positive outcomes. This asymmetric-contrast effect held for both anticipated and experienced affect. The effect makes risks that include gains and losses more attractive in the presence of high reference points because contrast diminishes the hedonic impact of losses more than gains. We demonstrated that the effect occurs because people are generally more attentive to reference points when evaluating negative outcomes, so drawing attention to reference points eliminates the asymmetric-contrast effect.

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3

Leding, Juliana K., John C. Horton, and Samantha S. Wootan. "The contrast effect with avatars." Computers in Human Behavior 44 (March 2015): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.054.

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4

Momose, Atsushi, Tohoru Takeda, and Yuji Itai. "Contrast effect of blood on phase-contrast x-ray imaging." Academic Radiology 2, no. 10 (October 1995): 883–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1076-6332(05)80067-4.

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5

Adini, Y., Amos Wilkonsky, Roni Haspel, Misha Tsodyks, and Dov Sagi. "Perceptual learning in contrast discrimination: The effect of contrast uncertainty." Journal of Vision 4, no. 12 (December 6, 2004): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/4.12.2.

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6

Chan, Man, and Kawan Soetanto. "Study on Contrast Effect of Microbubbles as Ultrasound Contrast Agents." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 37, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 1998): 3078–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.37.3078.

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7

Imai, Kuniharu, Mitsuru Ikeda, Yoshiki Satoh, Keisuke Fujii, Chiyo Kawaura, Takuya Nishimoto, and Masaki Mori. "Contrast enhancement efficacy of iodinated contrast media: Effect of molecular structure on contrast enhancement." European Journal of Radiology Open 5 (2018): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejro.2018.09.005.

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8

Tiippana, K. M., G. V. Paramei, E. Alshuth, and C. R. Cavonius. "The Effect of Pedestal Contrast on Choice Reaction Times to Contrast Increments." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970243.

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Two-alternative forced-choice reaction times (RTs) were measured and psychometric functions constructed for ten contrast increments at seven pedestal contrasts ranging from 0% to 4.8%. Two sine gratings at 2 cycles deg−1 differing only in contrast were presented on a computer screen, and the subject's task was to indicate as quickly as possible whether the stimulus with higher contrast appeared to the left or to the right of a fixation point. There were 100 trials per stimulus pair from which the percentage of correct responses and the median correct RTs were calculated. As the contrast increment increased, the percentage of correct responses increased and RTs decreased reaching a minimum with large increments. However, RTs continued to decrease even when performance reached 100% correct. Contrast increment thresholds calculated at 82% correct level formed a classical dipper-shaped function when plotted as a function of pedestal contrast. Response variability, reflected in standard errors of increment thresholds, was greater at high pedestal contrasts. When RTs corresponding to threshold increments were interpolated and plotted against pedestal contrast, the functions were also dipper-shaped. Discriminative RTs were on average faster at low and slower at high pedestal contrasts compared to detection. These findings show that equalising the percentage of correct responses did not equalise RTs, and that processing time increased with pedestal contrast. The increase of both increment thresholds and RTs with pedestal contrast may be due to an increase in signal-dependent noise which increases response variability and slows down the decision process.

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9

KISHIMOTO, MIORI, KAZUTAKA YAMADA, RYO TSUNEDA, JUNICHIRO SHIMIZU, TOSHIROH IWASAKI, and YOH-ICHI MIYAKE. "EFFECT OF CONTRAST MEDIA FORMULATION ON COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHIC CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT." Veterinary Radiology & Ultrasound 49, no. 3 (May 2008): 233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2008.00356.x.

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10

Solomon, Joshua A., and Christopher W. Tyler. "A Brücke–Bartley effect for contrast." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180171.

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Accurate derivation of the psychophysical (a.k.a. transducer) function from just-notable differences requires accurate knowledge of the relationship between the mean and variance of apparent intensities. Alternatively, a psychophysical function can be derived from estimates of the average between easily discriminable intensities. Such estimates are unlikely to be biased by the aforementioned variance, but they are notoriously variable and may stem from decisional processes that are more cognitive than sensory. In this paper, to minimize cognitive pollution, we used amplitude-modulated contrast. As the spatial or temporal (carrier) frequency increased, estimates of average intensity became less variable across observers, converging on values that were closer to mean power (i.e. contrast 2 ) than mean contrast. Simply put, apparent contrast increases when physical contrast flickers. This result is analogous to Brücke's finding that brightness increases when luminance flickers. It implies an expansive transduction of contrast in the same way that Brücke's finding implies an expansive transduction of luminance.

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11

Foale, R., E. Rowland, P. Nihoyannopoulos, S. Webb, M. Perelman, K. M. Taylor, and D. M. Krikler. "Contrast Echocardiographic Effect after Endocavitary Ablation." Clinical Science 68, s11 (January 1, 1985): 57P—58P. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs068057pb.

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12

RIDDER, WILLIAM H., and ALAN TOMLINSON. "Effect of Ibuprofen on Contrast Sensitivity." Optometry and Vision Science 69, no. 8 (August 1992): 652–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199208000-00009.

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13

Furr, R. Michael. "Interpreting Effect Sizes in Contrast Analysis." Understanding Statistics 3, no. 1 (February 2004): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328031us0301_1.

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14

Malik, Archana, Sudesh K. Arya, Sunandan Sood, Soniya Bhala Sarda, and Subina Narang. "Effect of pterygium on contrast sensitivity." International Ophthalmology 34, no. 3 (August 15, 2013): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10792-013-9842-3.

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15

IWATA, Toshie, Daisuke ITOH, and Yusuke HIRANO. "CONTRAST EFFECT AND GRAND TOTAL EFFECT ON DISCOMFORT GLARE." Journal of Environmental Engineering (Transactions of AIJ) 72, no. 618 (2007): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3130/aije.72.1_8.

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16

Bucher, Andreas M., Carlo N. De Cecco, U. Joseph Schoepf, Felix G. Meinel, Aleksander W. Krazinski, James V. Spearman, Andrew D. McQuiston, et al. "Is Contrast Medium Osmolality a Causal Factor for Contrast-Induced Nephropathy?" BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/931413.

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The exact pathophysiology of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is not fully clarified, yet the osmotic characteristics of contrast media (CM) have been a significant focus in many investigations of CIN. Osmotic effects of CM specific to the kidney include transient decreases in blood flow, filtration fraction, and glomerular filtration rate. Potentially significant secondary effects include an osmotically induced diuresis with a concomitant dehydrating effect. Clinical experiences that have compared the occurrence of CIN between the various classes of CM based on osmolality have suggested a much less than anticipated advantage, if any, with a lower osmolality. Recent animal experiments actually suggest that induction of a mild osmotic diuresis in association with iso-osmolar agents tends to offset potentially deleterious renal effects of high viscosity-mediated intratubular CM stagnation.

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17

McCourt, Mark E. "Comparing the Spatial-Frequency Response of First-Order and Second-Order Lateral Visual Interactions: Grating Induction and Contrast – Contrast." Perception 34, no. 4 (April 2005): 501–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p5348.

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The magnitudes of two suprathreshold lateral spatial-interaction effects—grating induction and contrast–contrast—were compared with regard to their dependence upon inducing-grating spatial frequency. Both effects cause the contrast of target stimuli embedded in surrounding patterns to be matched nonveridically. The magnitudes of each effect were measured in a common unit that indexed the degree of nonveridical contrast matching across a large range of target-grating contrasts (±0.80). Grating induction was a low-pass effect with respect to spatial frequency, whereas contrast–contrast was bandpass, peaking at approximately 4.0 cycles deg−1. The magnitude of grating induction exceeded that of contrast – contrast, both overall and at their optimal frequencies (0.03125 and 4.0 cycles deg−1, respectively); the two effects are equipotent at an inducing-grating spatial frequency of 1.0 cycle deg−1. A significant negative correlation between the magnitudes of the two effects suggests a link whereby activation of second-order normalization mechanisms may inhibit first-order mechanisms.

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18

Muroga, Koji, Akira Fukuzawa, Hiroyuki Tsukioka, Yuka Akizawa, and Katsuhiro Ichikawa. "Effect of Tube Voltage on Contrast Enhancement and Contrast Medium Dose in Abdominal Contrast-enhanced Computed Tomography." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 74, no. 1 (2018): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.2018_jsrt_74.1.61.

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19

Ishihara, M. "Effect of Luminance Contrast on the Motion Aftereffect." Perception 26, no. 1_suppl (August 1997): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/v970311.

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The effects of luminance contrast and spatial frequency in the transient channel were investigated by making use of the motion aftereffect (MAE) caused by adaptation to a drifting sinusoidal grating. Two experiments were performed. The PSE of the velocity was measured as an index of the MAE. The adapting grating was made to drift at a velocity of 2.28 deg s−1 and its spatial frequency was 0.8, 1.6, or 3.2 cycles deg−1. In the first experiment, the MAE caused by a luminance contrast grating or an equiluminous chromatic grating was measured. In the second experiment, luminance contrast gratings were used to measure the effect of the contrast differences between adapting and test gratings. The largest MAE was observed when a low-luminance-contrast grating or an equiluminous chromatic grating was presented as test stimulus after adaptation to a high-luminance-contrast grating in the low-spatial-frequency condition. Generally, the MAE increased with increasing adapting contrast and with decreasing test contrast or spatial frequency. Little MAE was observed at high test contrasts. The results may be explained by assuming that activity in the sustained channel (or parvocellular pathway) inhibits activity in the transient channel (or magnocellular pathway) owing to the domination of sustained channel activity when the test is a static high-luminance-contrast grating providing much information about position and form.

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20

Chowdhury, Partha, and Brinda Shah. "Effect of Ocular Deviation on Contrast Sensitivity." Ophthalmology Research: An International Journal 8, no. 4 (April 6, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/or/2018/40597.

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21

Lawless, Harry T. "A sequential contrast effect in odor perception." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 29, no. 4 (April 1991): 317–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03333930.

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22

Shi, Veronica, Jie Cui, Xoana G. Troncoso, Stephen L. Macknik, and Susana Martinez-Conde. "Effect of stimulus width on simultaneous contrast." PeerJ 1 (September 5, 2013): e146. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.146.

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23

Jang, Yu-Mi, Kyoung-Jin Park, Seon-Wook Yang, and Dae-Keon Seo. "Gadolinium Effect on 4D Phase Contrast MRI." Journal of the Korean Society of MR Technology 29, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31159/ksmrt.2019.29.2.27.

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24

Sakai, Nobuyuki, Fusami Kataoka, and Sumio Imada. "Contrast Effect in Evaluating Palatability of Beverages." Perceptual and Motor Skills 93, no. 3 (December 2001): 829–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2001.93.3.829.

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25

OHTSUKA, Akiyoshi, Katsuhiko UEDA, Tadashi SUNAYASHIKI, Yoshiharu HIGASHIDA, Hiromi SAKAMOTO, Masahiro HASHIDA, Shuichi YAMAUCHI, and Takashi NAKANISHI. "EFFECT OF RADIOGRAPHIC SCREENS TO IMAGE CONTRAST." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 43, no. 7 (1987): 760–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003108050.

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26

Flaherty, C. F., P. S. Grigson, and M. Demetrikopoulos. "Effect of serotoraergic drugs on effective contrast." European Journal of Pharmacology 183, no. 6 (July 1990): 2368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(90)93930-o.

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27

Atchison, David A., and Dion H. Scott. "Contrast sensitivity and the Stiles–Crawford effect." Vision Research 42, no. 12 (June 2002): 1559–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(02)00084-6.

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28

Fuhr, Patti S., and Thomas Kuyk. "The contrast-response of the periphery effect." Vision Research 38, no. 13 (June 1998): 1983–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00338-6.

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29

Marmor, Michael F., and Atul Gawande. "Effect of Visual Blur on Contrast Sensitivity." Ophthalmology 95, no. 1 (January 1988): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33218-5.

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30

KELLY, S. A., and A. TOMLINSON. "Effect of Repeated Testing on Contrast Sensitivity." Optometry and Vision Science 64, no. 4 (April 1987): 241–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-198704000-00002.

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31

Peli, Eli, Jian Yang, Robert Goldstein, and Adam Reeves. "Effect of luminance on suprathreshold contrast perception." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 8, no. 8 (August 1, 1991): 1352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.8.001352.

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32

Wang, Moyun, and Xinyun Yao. "The contrast effect in reading general conditionals." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 12 (January 1, 2018): 2497–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021817746154.

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To adjudicate between deterministic and probabilistic accounts of the meaning of conditionals, we examined the influence of context on the reading of general conditionals. Context was varied with the contrast context, where participants judged uncertain conditionals after certain conditionals, and the control context, where participants judged only uncertain conditionals. Experiment 1 had participants to judge whether a set of truth table cases was possible for the conditional. Experiment 2 had participants to judge whether the conditional was true for a set of truth table cases. The findings are as follows. Possibility and truth judgments showed a similar response pattern. The reading of general conditionals varied with conditional contexts. The predominant reading was deterministic in the contrast context but was probabilistic in the control context. Conditional contexts yielded a significant contrast effect. Meanwhile, conditional probability P( q| p) made a smaller difference to the acceptance rate in the contrast context than in the control context. The overall pattern is beyond both the deterministic and probabilistic accounts. Alternatively, we propose a dynamic-threshold account for the relative reading of general conditionals.

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33

Morita, Tatsumi, Shuuji Tsuchiya, Takeo Nozawa, Morimichi Ujiie, and Junshi Usui. "325. Aliasing effect on Phase contrast MRA." Japanese Journal of Radiological Technology 48, no. 8 (1992): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.6009/jjrt.kj00003500721.

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34

TABUCHI, Yoshihiko, Hajimu NAKAMURA, Atsushi OSE, and Toru NOGUCHI. "Effect of Print Contrast on Reflected Glare." Journal of Light & Visual Environment 20, no. 1 (1996): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2150/jlve.20.1_42.

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35

Ginsburg, Arthur P., David W. Evans, Ken Blauvelt, and Linda McNinch. "The Effect of Alcohol on Contrast Sensitivity." Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 29, no. 7 (October 1985): 715–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128502900719.

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Contrast sensitivity was measured for subjects having different levels of blood alcohol content (BAC) under photopic and mesopic luminance conditions. In general, alcohol intoxication of less than 0.1% resulted in contrast sensitivity changes at all spatial frequencies tested. Most gains in contrast sensitivity occured at the higher spatial frequencies and the higher luminance levels. Losses of contrast sensitivity were perceived at all spatial frequencies. There were significant differences in the patterns of sensitivity gains and losses for individuals. For some subjects, the highest intoxication levels produced the greatest change in contrast sensitivity, while others demonstrated a delayed change in contrast sensitivity. Recovery of contrast sensitivity also varied. While some subjects returned to baseline sensitivity as BAC decreased, the contrast sensitivity of others increased or remained suppressed even after BAC returned to initial levels. These alcohol produced contrast sensitivity losses are significant when compared to previous performance-based target acquisition research. Results of this study suggest that the person who drinks alcohol, even moderately, might experience some serious loss in visibility of certain objects, especially under low luminance conditions. These results have implications for the general interpretation of tests of alcohol intoxication in visual task performance, especially for night driving. Further research is required.

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36

Stoimenova, Bistra D. "The Effect of Myopia on Contrast Thresholds." Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science 48, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 2371. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/iovs.05-1377.

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37

Bichao, Isabel Cristina, and Dean Yager. "EFFECT OF TRANSIENT GLARE ON CONTRAST SENSITIVITY." Optometry and Vision Science 72, SUPPLEMENT (December 1995): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006324-199512001-00293.

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38

Ratcliffe, J. F. "Effect of contrast agents on the lung." British Journal of Radiology 58, no. 690 (June 1985): 574–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-58-690-574-b.

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39

Ginai, Abida Z. "Effect on contrast agents on the lung." British Journal of Radiology 58, no. 690 (June 1985): 576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-58-690-576-a.

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40

van EE, Raymond, and Casper J. Erkelens. "Anisotropy in Werner's Binocular Depth-contrast Effect." Vision Research 36, no. 15 (August 1996): 2253–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0042-6989(95)00296-0.

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41

WARD, P. "The effect of stimulus contrast on accommodation." Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics 7, no. 1 (1987): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0275-5408(87)90210-9.

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42

Eng, John, Renee F. Wilson, Rathan M. Subramaniam, Allen Zhang, Catalina Suarez-Cuervo, Sharon Turban, Michael J. Choi, et al. "Comparative Effect of Contrast Media Type on the Incidence of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy." Annals of Internal Medicine 164, no. 6 (February 2, 2016): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/m15-1402.

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43

Kim, Yeon Jin, and Kathy T. Mullen. "Effect of overlaid luminance contrast on perceived color contrast: Shadows enhance, borders suppress." Journal of Vision 16, no. 11 (September 15, 2016): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.11.15.

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44

Schneider, Bruce, and Giampaolo Moraglia. "The effect of stimulus range on perceived contrast: Evidence for contrast gain control." Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale 50, no. 4 (1996): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1196-1961.50.4.347.

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45

Kocabay, Gonenc, Can Yucel Karabay, and Nicholas George Kounis. "Myocardial infarction secondary to contrast agent. Contrast effect or type II Kounis syndrome?" American Journal of Emergency Medicine 30, no. 1 (January 2012): 255.e1–255.e2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2010.10.012.

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46

Altman, M. S., W. F. Chung, and C. H. Liu. "LEEM Phase Contrast." Surface Review and Letters 05, no. 06 (December 1998): 1129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x98001468.

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Contrast in low energy electron microscopy (LEEM) originating in the phase of the imaging electron wave is discussed. A wave-optical model is reviewed in which LEEM step contrast is calculated as the interference of the Fresnel diffracted waves from terrace edges which meet at a step. Model predictions which take into account instrumental resolution and beam coherence effects are compared to experimental observations of steps on the W(110) and Si(111) surfaces. Most importantly, this work allows for the routine identification of the step sense with LEEM by inspection. A quantum-mechanical Kronig–Penney model is also presented to explain the quantum size effect (QSE) in electron reflectivity from thin films, which underlies LEEM quantum size contrast. Model predictions reproduce the non-free electron dispersion which is observed in experiment for Cu films on the W(110)surface. This model also serves to demonstrate the relationship between electron reflectivity and electron band structure at a fundamental level.

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47

Hartveit, E., and P. Heggelund. "The effect of contrast on the visual response of lagged and nonlagged cells in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus." Visual Neuroscience 9, no. 5 (November 1992): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800011317.

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AbstractThe response vs. contrast characteristics of different cell classes in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) were compared. The luminance of a stationary flashing light spot was varied stepwise while the background luminance was constant. Lagged X cells had lower slope of the response vs. contrast curve (contrast gain), and they reached the midpoint of the response range over which the cells' response varied (dynamic response range) at higher contrasts than nonlagged X cells. These results indicated that nonlagged cells are well suited for detection of small contrasts, whereas lagged cells may discriminate between contrasts over a larger range. The contrast gain and the contrast corresponding to the midpoint of the dynamic response range were similar for X and Y cells. The latency to onset and to half-rise of the visual response decreased with increasing contrast, most pronounced for lagged cells. Even at the highest contrasts, the latency of lagged cells remained longer than for nonlagged cells. For many lagged cells, the latency to half-fall decreased with increasing contrast. It is shown that the differences in the response vs. contrast characteristics between lagged and nonlagged X cells in the cat are similar to the differences between the parvocellular and magnocellular neurones in the monkey.

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48

Cao, B., A. Yazdanbakhsh, and E. Mingolla. "The effect of contrast intensity and polarity in achromatic watercolor effect." Journal of Vision 10, no. 7 (August 6, 2010): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/10.7.427.

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49

Nishikawa, Mikita, and Tohru Taniuchi. "Effect of preference conditioning in the anticipatory contrast effect in rats." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 83 (September 11, 2019): 2A—059–2A—059. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.83.0_2a-059.

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50

Wu, Lingli, Liwen Liu, and Zongjun Wang. "Competitive remanufacturing and pricing strategy with contrast effect and assimilation effect." Journal of Cleaner Production 257 (June 2020): 120333. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120333.

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