Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effect of cross sectional area

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of cross sectional area'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2025
Last updated: 23 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of cross sectional area"

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Seyed, Mansoor Rayegani, MD, and Bayat, MD Masume. "Evaluation of the Effect of Age on Median Nerve Cross-sectional Area: A Cross-sectional Study." ADVANCED ULTRASOUND IN DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY 7, no. 4 (2023): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.37015/audt.2023.220047.

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Shimizu, Takuzo, Kosuke Kondo, and Ryoichi Kajima. "REDUCTION PROCESS OF CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AT RIVER MOUTH." Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, no. 20 (1986): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.113.

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Reduction processes of the cross-sectional area at a river mouth were investigated on the basis of numerical simulations and field measurements, in order to predict the possibility of closing of the mouth of the Samegawa River, Fukushima, Japan. As a result, it was found that the decrease in tidal prism, induced by a reduction of the cross-sectional area, had an important effect on the closing of the river mouth. By considering this effect and estimating the sediment transport rate properly, a practical prediction model was successfully established for simulating the reduction processes of the crosssectional area at the river mouth.
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Jelsing, Elena J., James C. Presley, Eugene Maida, Nicholas J. Hangiandreou, and Jay Smith. "The effect of magnification on sonographically measured nerve cross-sectional area." Muscle & Nerve 51, no. 1 (2014): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mus.24274.

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Narkhedkar, Ramesh. "A novel method of yarn cross-sectional area calculation." Research Journal of Textile and Apparel 20, no. 1 (2016): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rjta-01-2013-0004.

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Purpose This paper aims to study the yarn cross-section shape which is a very important yarn physical parameter and has a dominant effect on the physical structure of the yarn. Four factors affecting the yarn cross section, i.e. twist multiplier, Roving hank, spinning system and doubling technique, were investigated. Design/methodology/approach In past researches, the yarn cross-sectional area was calculated by considering any one yarn radius giving the approximate yarn cross-sectional area by assuming the yarn as a circular one. Findings In this study, a testing instrument is fabricated as shown in Plates 1 and 2 for yarn cross-section measurement and a novel method for calculating the correct yarn cross-sectional area of the yarn was developed. Originality/value In the past, no such studies have been conducted on the yarn cross-section studies because of the various limitations of the yarn cross-section measuring or testing instruments.
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Bolsterlee, Bart, Alistair N. Vardy, Frans C. T. van der Helm, and H. E. J. (DirkJan) Veeger. "The effect of scaling physiological cross-sectional area on musculoskeletal model predictions." Journal of Biomechanics 48, no. 10 (2015): 1760–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.05.005.

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Salvador, Ricardo J., Tara P. Nepal, and R. Brent Pearce. "Effect of Restricted Cross‐Sectional Peduncle Area on Grain Yield of Maize." Crop Science 34, no. 1 (1994): 135–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400010024x.

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Dobrin, Philip B. "Effect of Histologic Preparation on the Cross-Sectional Area of Arterial Rings." Journal of Surgical Research 61, no. 2 (1996): 413–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsre.1996.0138.

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Arda, Mustafa, and Metin Aydogdu. "Longitudinal Vibration of Variable Cross-Sectional Nanorods." Journal of Nano Research 64 (November 2020): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.64.49.

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Vibration problem of variable cross-sectional nanorods have been investigated. Analytical solutions have been determined for the variable cross-sectional nanorods for a family of cross-sectional variation. Cross-sectional area variation has been assumed as power function of the axial coordinate. Nonlocal governing equation of motion has been obtained as a second order linear differential equation. Bessel functions have been used in analytical solution of the governing differential equation. Effect of nonlocal and area variation power parameters on dynamics of nanorods have been analyzed. Mode shapes of nanorod have been depicted in various cases and boundary conditions. Present results could be useful at design of atomic force microscope’s probe tip selection.
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Suwannamek, Natthaphop, Nanjaporn Ruangpaisarn, and Chureerat Prahsan. "Effect of Fiber Cross-Sectional Shape and Nano ZnO/Modified Chitosan Loading on Antibacterial Properties." Materials Science Forum 761 (July 2013): 103–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.761.103.

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Antibacterial polypropylene cross-sectional shape fibers were melt spun with adding nano ZnO and modified chitosan. Two types of fiber cross-section, round and worm cross-sectional shape were studied including with nano ZnO and modified chitosan loading. Antibacterial properties, surface area, and fiber crystalization were investigated. The surface area of the fiber and antibacterial properties were directly related to the cross-sectional shape. The greater antibacterial properties was found at lower modified chitosan loading compared ZnO.
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Bai-jian, Tang, Wang Fei, and Chen Song. "Effect of Prestress Force on Natural Bending Frequency of External Prestressed Steel Beams." Open Civil Engineering Journal 12, no. 1 (2018): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501812010062.

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Introduction: Natural bending frequencies of externally prestressed steel beam have certain sensitivity to prestress force, so they can be used to find the magnitude of prestress force. Methods: To answer the question if the existence of externally prestressed tendons increases or decreases the natural bending frequencies of a simply supported steel beam, the calculating formula for natural frequencies is deduced by using the energy method from the view point of prestress mechanism and further verified by the finite element method. Using this formula of universal property, the influence of prestress force, eccentricity and cross-sectional area of tendons on natural bending frequencies of prestressed steel beam is clearly revealed. Results and Conclusion: For external prestressed steel beams with straight tendons, their natural frequencies increase with the eccentricity and cross-sectional area of the prestressed tendon, and the eccentricity has a much larger effect on natural frequencies than the cross-sectional area does. The prestress force has no influence on the oven-order frequencies but decreases the odd-order frequencies. With the increasing order number, the prestress effect is much weaker than the effects caused by the eccentricity and cross-sectional area of the tendon.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of cross sectional area"

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Cerniglia, Linda M. "Effects of acute postural change on mid-thigh cross-sectional area as measured by computed tomography." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3136.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Chan, Roy Y. H. "The influence of set-repetition configuration in eccentric exercise on muscle damage and repeated bout effect." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/382.

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It is well known that maximal eccentric exercise induces muscle damage, especially when it is performed for the first time. However, muscle damage is attenuated in subsequent bouts of the same or similar exercise, which is known as the repeated bout effect. One of the factors affecting the magnitude of muscle damage and the repeated bout effect is the number of eccentric contractions; however, it is unknown if different set-repetition configurations with the same number of eccentric contractions would result in different magnitudes of muscle damage and adaptation. This study investigated changes in muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), muscle cross sectional area (CSA), muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity following an initial bout of maximal eccentric contractions with the same total number of contractions but different set-repetition configurations (e.g. 3 sets of 10 reps vs. 10 sets of 3 reps) and a second bout (20 sets of 3 repetitions) separated by four weeks. Since the present study was the first to use the ultrasound extended field of view (EFOV) technique to quantify bicep brachii CSA for an indication of muscle swelling, the reliability and validity of the technique were assessed in a separate study using 6 men (27.5 ± 1.9 y). In the main study, 10 non-resistance trained men (26.1 ± 4.1 y) performed two bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors for each arm (4 bouts in total). One arm performed 3 sets of 10 maximal eccentric contractions (3x10) followed 4 weeks later by 20 sets of 3 maximal eccentric contractions (20x3). The contralateral arm performed 10 sets of 3 maximal eccentric contractions (10x3) followed 4 weeks later by 20x3. The order of the exercise (3x10, 10x3) and the use of arm (dominant, non-dominant) were counterbalanced amongst subjects. Changes in the criterion measures over time and peak torque were compared among the initial bouts (3x10 vs. 10x3) and the repeated bouts (20x3 vs. 20x3) by a factorial repeatedmeasures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with two factors. Significance level was set at P
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Neves, Katy Andrews. "Achilles Tendon Changes in Downhill, Level and Uphill Running." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4399.

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In this study, we examined how hill running affects the Achilles tendon, which is a common location for injuries in runners. Twenty females ran for 10 min on three randomly selected grades (-6%, 0%, +6%). Achilles tendon (AT) cross-sectional area (CSA) was imaged using Doppler ultrasound and peak vertical forces were analyzed using high-speed (240 Hz) videography. A metabolic cart and gas analyzer ensured a similar metabolic cost across grades. Data were analyzed using a forward selection regression. Results showed a decrease in AT CSA from pre-run to post-run (p = .0001). Peak vertical forces were different across grades (p = .0001) with the largest occurring during downhill running and smallest during uphill running. The results suggest that the Achilles tendon is affected by running and a decrease in CSA appears to be a normal response. The AT CSA does not differ between grade conditions when metabolic cost of running is matched, suggesting an adaptive effect of the AT. Coaches and athletes can use this knowledge to develop workout protocols that transition runners to downhill running and allow them to adapt to these greater forces.
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Kidman, Gillian C. "Middle years school students' area judgement rules: A cross-sectional study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36667/1/36667_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.

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This study explored Years 4, 6 and 8 students' understanding of the area concept. In particular, it identified and explained students' intuitive judgement rules, that is, the method by which a person integrates information about perceived stimuli when comparing area of rectangular and near-rectangular regions when no length dimensions were given. The study was based on the work of Anderson and Cuneo (1978) and the method of Information Integration Theory (IIT). IIT is a technique that classifies area judgement rules as additive, Area = Height + Width, where salient dimensions are added, or multiplicative, Area = Height x Width where salient dimensions are added. Thirty-six students aged 9 to 13 years, twelve at the beginning, 12 at the middle, and twelve at the end of the area-formulae instructional sequence (Years 4, 6 and 8), were given three exercises. The first exercise involved the students estimating the sizes of rectangular regions on a graphic rating scale. The second and third exercises also involved estimation and the graphic rating scale, but used near-rectangular regions. An additional exercise containing area calculation tasks similar to those found in many text books and classrooms was also presented to the students. The results of the study found that approximately one half of the students perceived area as being related to the sum of the rectangle's linear dimensions. Such students perceived that doubling the lengths of the sides of a rectangle doubles the area and were referred to as predominantly 'additive thinkers'. In estimating the size of rectangular regions, these students showed a preference for three strategies: vertical alignment of the test piece, use of a ruler (to measure the test piece), and use of the index finger (to measure the test piece informally). They also did not attempt many of the area calculation tasks, and for the ones they did attempt, they concentrated on boundary counting. Boundary counting included either grid line counting around the four sides of the figure or a count of the spaces around the four sides of the figure. The proportion of additive students remained largely the same across the Years. That is, the students at the end of the area-formulae instructional sequence who had increased levels of instruction had not advanced beyond the students in the middle of the area-formulae instructional sequence. These students in turn did not appear to have advanced much beyond the capability exhibited by students at the start of the area-formulae instructional sequence. It was clear, particularly from the classroom tasks, that many of these students experienced confusion between area and perimeter irrespective of their level of area-formulae instruction. However, the proportion of students exhibiting additive thinking reduced for the near-rectangular regions. These regions appeared to divert some students' attention from the linear dimensions to the surface area of the regions. Students who think multiplicatively in terms of their judgements of area were equally likely to use a form of perimeter to calculate area as were students who think additively in terms of area. Students who used a predominantly multiplicative integration of the stimulus cues should have been capable of correctly using multiplication to calculate the area of rectangles from the dimensions of the rectangles. This was found not to be the case in the area calculation tasks closely resembling classroom textbook area formula exercises. Over 65% of the multiplicative students were found to add the salient dimensions. They seemed to employ an additive integration of the dimensions indicating confusion with perimeter. Most students who employed multiplicative judgement rules were found to be more likely to draw a diagram and be able to calculate the area than students who employed additive judgement rules. The majority of students experienced 'intra-individual' rule changes. In the case of the additive thinkers, for one of the three exercises they thought multiplicatively. Similarly for the multiplicative thinkers for one of the three exercises they thought additively. The area calculation task strategies for the additive thinkers and the multiplicative thinkers in this group were the same. They attempted all tasks and these attempts included calculations of perimeter, half perimeter as well as calculations of area through direct 1 to 1 counting of the congruent sub-regions. Computational errors also prevented these students from obtaining a correct area solution. For this group also, there was a lot of confusion between area and perimeter.
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Celiker, Umut. "Cross Sectional Determinants Of Turkish Stock Market Returns." Thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605243/index.pdf.

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This thesis analyzes the relationship between stock returns and firm-specific characteristics including market beta, size, book-to-market ratio, leverage, earnings yield, net sales-to-price ratio and prior return performance in Istanbul Stock Exchange during the period 1993-2003. Moreover, the predictability of some macroeconomic variables based on the stock market return behavior is investigated.
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Gardiner, Christopher J. "Large Area Sintering Test Platform Design and Preliminary Study on Cross Sectional Resolution." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7026.

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Additive manufacturing involves the layer-wise patterned addition of material to create 3D parts, allowing for parts with complex geometries that traditional subtractive manufacturing processes cannot create, while offering good value for low run production parts by eliminating the cost of tooling. Large Area Sintering is a form of powder based additive manufacturing where entire layer cross sections are heated and fused in a single continuous exposure process. This layer by layer powder sintering process is similar to selective laser sintering, but by heating the cross section at a slower and controllable rate there is an opportunity to achieve tighter control over thermal history. This thesis discusses the design, construction, and validation of a large area sintering test platform, as well as a preliminary study on feature resolution. A key component of this system was the integration of an infrared camera, allowing point-wise temperature control of the sintering cross section. There is a hypothesis that longer and controlled heating rates in Large Area Sintering (in comparison to Selective Laser Sintering) would allow the capability to process a wider range of materials, and give more control over the resulting final part properties. The test platform created a repeatable test environment, and successfully demonstrated the capability for point wise temperature control of the sintering cross section, enabling the ability to examine the effects of slower controlled heating rates. Available power on the system was 2.22 W/cm2 for heating, with a temperature control loop time of 160 – 180 ms. The results of the preliminary study on feature resolution also suggested a positive correlation between point wise closed loop temperature control and improved feature resolution, giving motivation for further study.
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Katayose, Masaki. "Muscle thickness and cross-sectional area of supraspinatus as measured by diagnostic ultrasound." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/MQ47048.pdf.

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Bazyler, Caleb D., Jacob R. Goodin, Tara K. Whiton, Satoshi Mizuguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "The Contribution of Muscle Cross-Sectional Area to Jump Height in Collegiate Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3832.

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PURPOSE: To determine the relative contribution of vastus lateralis (VL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) cross-sectional area (CSA) to countermovement jump height (JH) in collegiate athletes. METHODS: Sixty-nine male (n=33, 20.43 ± 1.68 y, 180.34 ± 11.39 cm, 77.54 ± 14.45 kg) and female (n=36, 19.79 ± 1.09 y, 168.46 ± 10.07 cm, 67.33 ± 9.48 kg) collegiate athletes competing in basketball, tennis, cross-country, weightlifting, and volleyball were recruited for the study. Testing was conducted as part of an on-going athlete monitoring program. Athletes were tested on measures of VL and LG CSA using β-mode ultrasonography, and JH measured on force platforms sampling at 1000Hz. Jump height was regressed on age, sex, body mass, VL and LG CSA using a simultaneous multiple linear regression after testing regression assumptions. A relative importance analysis was conducted to determine the relative contribution of each independent variable. The alpha level for all analyses was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: The model explained 48% of the variance in JH (p<0.001, observed statistical power=0.99). Body mass (B=-0.16, p=0.01), sex (B=-5.10, p<0.001), and VL CSA (B=0.66, p<0.001) were statistical predictors of JH. Age, LG CSA, body mass, sex, and VL CSA contributed 3%, 3%, 7%, 32%, and 55% of the total variance explained by the model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Vastus lateralis CSA has a greater contribution to JH than LG CSA while controlling for the variance of age, sex, and body mass. Therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on developing VL CSA than LG CSA for athletes whose goal is to improve JH. Athletes who lose body mass without losing VL CSA may also improve JH.
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Stewart, Marissa Catherine. "Intraskeletal Variability of Relative Cortical Area." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1304547571.

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Kinsella, Anne E. "Change in residential prices--a cross-sectional time-series analysis for the Boston metropolitan area." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67731.

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Books on the topic "Effect of cross sectional area"

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Wilson, Jack. The effect of area variation on wave rotor elements. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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Milliken, Paul. The effect of cross-sectional geometry on heavy vehicle performance and safety. Transfund New Zealand, 2005.

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Ingraldi, Anthony M. Effect of pylon cross-sectional geometries on propulsion integration for a low-wing transport. Langley Research Center, 1993.

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A, Naik Dinesh, Pendergraft Odis C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. Effect of pylon cross-sectional geometries on propulsion integration for a low-wing transport. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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A, Naik Dinesh, Pendergraft Odis C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. Effect of pylon cross-sectional geometries on propulsion integration for a low-wing transport. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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Rochjadi, Achmad. The effect of taxation on labor supply in a developing country: Evidence from cross-sectional data. College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1991.

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Moretti, Enrico. Estimating the social return to higher education: Evidence from longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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Wang, Te-Yu. The effect of dependency on economic development and political instability of less developed countries: A pooled cross-sectional and time-series analysis. Council on International Studies and Programs, State University of New York at Baffalo, 1990.

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1917-, Bové Frank James, New Jersey. State Dept. of Health., and National Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control (U.S.). Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities., eds. Population-based surveillance and etiological research of adverse reproductive outcomes and toxic wastes.: A cross-sectional study. New Jersey Dept. of Health, 1992.

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Komarov, Evgeniy. Geotechnology: underground mine workings and their fixing. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064750.

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The textbook describes the basic concepts of underground mine workings, assessment of their stability, modern methods of fastening and protection during the entire life of mines and mines. Examples of calculating the rational cross-sectional area of mine workings and questions for self-testing aimed at consolidating the knowledge and competencies obtained by students are given.&#x0D; It is intended for students of all specializations studying in the field of Mining and studying the disciplines " Underground Geotechnology "and" Construction Geotechnology", since it is a basic informative carrier of professional knowledge and competencies.
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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of cross sectional area"

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Peter, Helga, and Thomas Penzel. "Cross sectional area." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54672-3_415-1.

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Peter, Helga, and Thomas Penzel. "Cross sectional area." In Springer Reference Medizin. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-65186-5_415.

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Günaydın, Ahmet Can, Necmettin Kaya, and Ali Rıza Yıldız. "Effect of Build Orientation on Cross-Sectional Areas of Sliced Layers and Geometrical Accuracy in Selective Laser Melting." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7164-7_2.

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Lowell, S., and Joan E. Shields. "Adsorbate cross-sectional areas." In Powder Surface Area and Porosity. Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-7955-1_6.

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Vegera, Pavlo, Iryna Grynyova, Zinoviy Blikharskyy, Roman Khmil, and Oksana Korobko. "Shear Deformability of Reinforced Concrete Beams Strengthened with the FRCM System." In Springer Proceedings in Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-72955-3_45.

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AbstractThe article presents the results of experimental studies of reinforced concrete beams on the shear without transverse reinforcement strengthened by the FRCM system. For the implementation of the research, four experimental samples were designed and manufactured, with cross-sectional dimensions of 200x100 mm and a length of 2100 mm. The beams are designed in such a way that even after strengthening the support areas, the failure occurs due to the shear force. None of the samples is destroyed by the bending moment. The tests were carried out according to the authors’ improved methodology, by testing each sample twice. The samples were strengthened by the FRCM composite system at load levels of 0, 0.3, and 0.5 of the bearing capacity of the control samples. Reinforced concrete beams were strengthened by gluing P.B.O. fabrics in the form of vertical strips with a width of 70 mm, for the possibility of fixing the concrete strains in the support areas. Samples strengthened by the FRCM system are destroyed more smoothly and plastically than unstrengthened beams, and there is no mass fallout of concrete particles. According to the obtained data, graphs of the strain distribution in support area and the isofield of their distribution were constructed. In accordance with the results of the research, the maximum effect of the composite system use for the shear reinforcement was established by 26…57%. With increasing the load level at which the sample is strengthened, the effect of the strengthening decreased.
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Zhou, Yongjin, and Yong-Ping Zheng. "Measurement of Shkeletal Muscle Cross-Sectional Area." In Series in BioEngineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7140-1_5.

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Lile, Ramona, Lavinia Denisia Cuc, Mioara Florina Pantea, and Dana Rad. "A Humanistic Approach to Recommender Systems: Implications for 5.0 Marketing Management." In Contributions to Management Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60343-3_10.

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AbstractIn the producer-customer interaction, humanistic management places a strong emphasis on the end-user interests. This perspective embraces a number of more focused philosophies that highly value human development, potential, and dignity. A reaction to the emerging mega-trend that calls for reevaluating marketing is humanistic marketing. Recently, 5.0 marketing management was created by integrating conventional theories of consumer behavior with fundamental concepts from humanistic psychology, such as the ability for self-actualization, self-direction, and choice. Currently, research on online consumer behavior examines how customers select products from e-commerce platforms, and recommendation engines are crucial to this process. A sort of information filtering system called a recommender system makes suggestions for products or services based on the user’s areas of greatest interest. The present cross-sectional research will further investigate how the main types of recommender systems—social-aware recommender systems, robust recommender systems, and explainable recommender systems—are perceived by individuals depending on three psychological characteristics: trust, suspiciousness, and fast and slow thinking decision-making system. A sequential mediation analysis was employed, and a significant indirect effect was observed, results indicating the impact of anchoring effect. Implications are discussed with regard to an efficient 5.0 marketing management strategy.
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Xie, Jiaqiang, and Wei Kuang. "Simulation of the Mixing Performance of an Optimized Air Injector." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-7887-4_99.

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Abstract The trim air system is an important system for realizing the temperature control of the flight deck and passenger cabin of commercial aircraft. The trim air duct is designed to bleed the high-temperature air to mix the cold air from the upstream of the refrigeration components in order to satisfy the independent temperature requirements of each area of the flight deck and passenger cabin. If the cold air and hot air mixing situation was poor, downstream temperature sensor layout location there is still a more serious hot and cold air stratification, the measured value is more difficult to reflect the average temperature of the mixed air, thus affecting the accuracy of the air conditioning system temperature regulation. In order to improve the mixing efficiency of the trim hot bleed air and ventilation air, this paper proposes an optimized trim air injector based on typical configuration, then models and calculates two configurations of the trim injector using three-dimensional simulation to obtain the fluid flow and temperature distribution characteristics under different conditions. In this paper, the MAX temperature difference, the Surface standard deviation of temperature, the Surface uniformity of temperature and other parameters are also utilized to model and calculate the air flow and temperature distribution characteristics of the two configurations of the trim injector. The mixing effects of the two trim injectors were analyzed and evaluated. The results show that, after optimization, the radial high-speed thermal jet can effectively improve the perturbation and mixing between the hot and cold fluids after the hot bleed air passes through the inflow nozzle; compared with the typical configuration, the optimized configuration has a lower maximum temperature difference of about 67% and a lower standard deviation of temperature of 71% in each cross-section. The surface temperature uniformity coefficient of the optimized configuration is closer to 1 in each cross-section, and the temperature stratification effect and mixing effect are better than that of the typical configuration.
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Krampe, Michael, and Bernd Kuhlenkötter. "Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Different Nozzle Exit Geometries on the Depositing of Strands in Fused Layer Modeling." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2023. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-74010-7_2.

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Abstract The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of different exit geometries of the nozzle in the FLM process. In order to determine the effects of nozzle exit shapes, an experimental investigation was carried out. Individual strands were deposited with different nozzle exit shapes, whose shape was subsequently determined by laser scanning and microscopic images of the strand cross-sections. In addition, the orientation in relation to the deposition direction and five different layer heights were investigated. Circular, triangular, square, and hexagonal nozzle exit shapes with cross-sectional areas equivalent to a circle of 1, 0.8 and 0.6 mm diameter were prepared for these tests. Strands were printed with these different geometries and then scanned with a laser scanner and examined in cross-section with an optical microscope. Afterwards, the strand shapes were compared with each other using the created profiles and strand cross-sections. The results show that different geometries of the nozzle exit lead to different shapes of strand cross sections. It can be observed that the deviation from the cross section of the circular nozzle decreases with an increase in the number of corners of the nozzle geometry. Furthermore, the extent of the deviation increases with increasing layer height. In addition to the outlet shape, a different orientation of the same nozzle leads to a deviating strand cross-section. Especially with the triangular nozzle exit geometry, this made a big difference in the shape of the deposited strand.
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Ponce, Victor M., and Pedro J. Porras. "Effect of Cross-Sectional Shape on Free-Surface Instability." In Water Science and Technology Library. Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0389-3_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of cross sectional area"

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Bell, Kayla, Douglas A. Schwer, and Ajay K. Agrawal. "Effect of Cross-Sectional Area Profiling on the Performance of Disk Rotating Detonation Combustor." In AIAA Scitech 2021 Forum. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2021-1252.

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Zielinski, Michael J., and Ismail Soner Cinoglu. "Cross Sectional Area Changes due to Plastic Bending of Prismatic Bars." In ASME 2018 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2018-87608.

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Given the current trend in manufacturing to decrease part variability, and in order to increase product quality, dimensional tolerances are becoming more exacting. With this in mind, and with the decreased time allotted for components to progress from design to manufacture, it has become more critical that accurate models of the manufacturing process are developed. This paper investigates the changes in cross sectional area when a prismatic bar is plastically deformed into a ring of constant diameter. Through further processing, these rings are transformed into components that function to secure mechanical components, such as bearings, into assemblies. Failure of the ring can cause significant damage, or failure of the assembly. Typical thickness tolerances are on the order of +/−.002” (0.05 mm), but can be as small as +/−.0002” (0.005 mm). Also, a growing trend in manufacturing is for the final ring to have a specified thickness on the inner and outer edge within this tolerance band. The rings are produced in various metallic materials with different mechanical properties by continuously coiling prismatic bars to a specific diameter. An analytic model based on small strain theory was developed for the simple cross sections of rectangular and trapezoidal geometries. This model was then extended to include the effect of a hyperbolic rather than linear stress distribution through this simple section in order to relieve the constraints of small strain theory and adequately model the actual process. An empirical model was developed based on experimental observations. A numerical model was developed using the commercial finite element analysis (FEA) software Abaqus (SIMULIA, Providence, RI) to simulate the manufacturing process. This was compared to the empirical model developed from production parts for validation. Once the finite element model is validated, it could be used to explore the effects of design parameters (initial dimensions of the prismatic bar, material properties etc.) and create efficient designs for manufacturing. The empirical model can then be used in the design process. Additionally, the numerical simulation could be used to model more complex cross sectional areas which cannot be evaluated analytically. There was adequate agreement between the empirical and numerical models to the extent that the numerical model could be used for more complex cross sectional geometries. A further refinement of the analytic model to include finite strain theory should be used to expand on this.
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Chen, Szu Yung, Lu Zhang, Yumiko Sekino, and Hiroyoshi Watanabe. "Effects of Volute Cross-Sectional Area Distribution on Performance of Double-Suction Volute Pump." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2019 8th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajkfluids2019-5251.

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Abstract The following study describes the optimization design procedure of a double-suction pump. BASELINE pump is designed as inlet nozzle diameter 800 mm and impeller outlet diameter 740 mm. Each component of a BASELINE pump, impeller configurations, discharge volute, and the suction casing were determined by DOE (Design of Experiments) and sensitivity analysis. However, finite selected design parameters for each component are mostly restricted to the free surface design of the pump casing. In this study, the optimization method approach along with steady Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is introduced to achieve the high efficiency request of a double-suction pump. To investigate the matching optimization of the impeller and discharge volute at design point, the full parametric geometry of discharge volute was developed referred to the BASELINE shape and Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm NSGA-II (Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II) was used. Optimization result shows that by increasing the volute cross-sectional area from the volute tongue till the circumferential angle 180 deg. provides lower loss. This is due to the improvement achieved for the better distribution of the velocity gradient within the volute. A validated unsteady computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was also employed to investigate the performance difference between optimized volute design and the BASELINE which correlated to the pressure fluctuation and secondary flow behavior inside the cross-sections from 80% to 120% of nominal flow rate. The result shows that the flow distortion in the streamwise direction is stronger with the BASELINE and sensitively affects the operation stability. This is due to the different secondary flow pattern in the cross-sections, hence demonstrating a design direction of desired volute cross-sectional shape for high-performance can be used in a double-suction volute pump.
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Burton, Lisa J., Donald B. Bliss, and Linda P. Franzoni. "Sound Attenuation and Prediction of Porous Media Properties in Hybrid Ducts Utilizing Spatially Periodic Area Changes." In ASME 2008 Noise Control and Acoustics Division Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ncad2008-73066.

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A theory based on cross-sectional averaging is developed to analyze quasi-one-dimensional acoustic propagation in hybrid ducts with two propagation media in the cross-section. Specifically, ducts lined with a thick layer of porous material are considered. The porous material makes the duct wavenumber complex, changing the phase speed and introducing attenuation. To lowest order, the wavenumber depends only on the ratio of cross-sectional areas and the properties of the constituent media, and surprisingly not on the material configuration in the cross-section. High frequency accuracy can be improved by using a small correction that includes shape coefficients that depend on the cross-sectional configurations. If the propagation wavenumber is measured experimentally in a hybrid duct, the complex effective sound speed and density, fundamental porous material properties, can be extracted relatively easily. Experimentally, open cell foam samples line the sides of a tube closed at one end, and the complex wavenumber is determined from standing wave measurements. The cross-sectional averaging theory is then used to determine the acoustic properties of the open-cell foam. Results are compared for various lining configurations to assess the accuracy of the method. Another application of this work is the theoretical and experimental study of the propagation of quasi one-dimensional acoustic waves through a duct with spatially periodic area changes. This configuration exhibits stop-band and pass-band behavior, with substantially reduced sound transmission in stop bands, but little effect in pass bands. The regions of the duct with larger cross-sectional area are partially filled with an annular region of porous material to provide pass-band attenuation, leaving a constant area passage for airflow. Predictions and measurements for hybrid ducts with periodic area changes are presented. A muffler designed to place engine harmonics in targeted stop-bands is described.
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Thompson, Scott M., and Hongbin Ma. "Effect of Area Ratio on Thermal Spreading Resistance of a Cubic Heat Spreader." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17321.

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A unique non-dimensional scheme has been employed to analytically determine the steady-state temperature field within a cubic heat spreader of unity aspect-ratio undergoing centralized, uniform heat flux with square footprint. This ‘square-on-square’ boundary value problem was solved using method of Fourier expansion. Plots of the heat spreader non-dimensional maximum temperature and non-dimensional thermal spreading resistance are provided for various Biot numbers, heat spreader thicknesses and a newly-defined ‘area ratio’ — the ratio of heater cross-sectional area to heat spreader cross-sectional area (i.e. footprint). The proposed solution is advantageous for determining optimal heat spreading configurations with low Biot numbers — typical of many electronics packaging applications and heat spreaders of very high effective thermal conductivity. The presented results indicate that the non-dimensional, maximum temperature increases as the area ratio decreases and that a limiting, non-dimensional thermal spreading resistance exists for relatively thick heat spreaders regardless of area ratio or Biot number. A critical, non-dimensional thickness was also found in which the non-dimensional, maximum temperature becomes near unity regardless of Biot number or area ratio.
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Valdez, Marcelo F., and Balakumar Balachandran. "Wave Propagation Through Soft Tissue: Effect of Material Nonlinearity and Nonuniform Cross–Section." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-38953.

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A better understanding of the influence of material nonlinearities on the propagation of mechanical stress waves is necessary to generate insights into damage mechanisms of soft tissues subjected to rapid and strong external excitations. In this effort, the authors study the propagation of longitudinal stress waves through soft tissue. Emphasis is placed on the influence of nonlinear material behavior and nonuniform cross–section on the characteristics of the stress–wave propagation. The mechanical behavior of the soft tissue is represented by a nonlinear viscoelastic model that is obtained through a maximum dissipation, thermodynamically consistent construction. The effect of the tissue nonlinear mechanical behavior is studied through asymptotic analysis. Examining the obtained analytical approximation, it is possible to discern nonlinear wave front steepening and the effect of the material dissipation. The effects of a nonuniform cross–sectional area are investigated through numerical simulations. These studies can be applied to understand the effect of geometric features of axons on the propagation of longitudinal stress waves. For example, the diameter of an axon gradually increases near its ends, and varicosities/boutons along the axons represent concentrated cross–sectional area variations. Simulations are carried out to examine various aspects of the nonlinear wave propagation such as wave front steepening. This work can serve as a basis for better understanding the mechanical causes underlying mild traumatic brain injury caused by a head impact or explosive blast waves.
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Sumida, Masaru. "Effect of Tapering on Pulsatile Flow Through a U-Tube Model of the Human Aortic Arch." In ASME 2010 3rd Joint US-European Fluids Engineering Summer Meeting collocated with 8th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm-icnmm2010-30461.

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An experimental investigation of pulsatile flow through a tapered U-tube was performed to study the blood flow in the aorta. The experiments were carried out in a U-tube with a curvature radius ratio of 3.5 and a 50% reduction in the cross-sectional area from the entrance to the exit of the curved section. Velocity measurements were conducted by a laser Doppler velocimetry for a Womersley number of 10, a mean Dean number of 400 and a flow rate ratio of 1. The velocity profiles for pulsatile flow in the tapered U-tube were compared with the corresponding results in a U-tube having a uniform cross-sectional area. The striking effects of the tapering on the flow are exhibited in the axial velocity profiles in the section from the latter half of the bend to the downstream tangent immediately behind the bend exit. A depression in the velocity profile appears at a smaller turn angle Ω in the case of tapering, although the magnitude of the depression relative to the cross-sectional average velocity decreases. The value of β, which indicates the uniformity in the velocity profile over the cross section, decreases with increasing Ω, whereas it rapidly increases immediately behind the bend exit.
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Gryshanova, Iryna. "The Effect of Duct Cross-Sectional Shapes on Metrological Performance of Ultrasonic Flowmeters." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37383.

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This paper describes prospects of measuring range extension on transient and laminar flow regimes for ultrasonic time-of-flight flowmeters due to creation measuring ducts with special cross-sectional shapes. The appropriateness of this idea consists that the flow profile correction factor, which considers a difference between averaged fluid velocity along the path of ultrasound propagation and area-averaged fluid velocity is not identical for laminar, transitive and turbulent conditions. Even on the assumption of axially symmetric flows the correction factor changes more than on 25% at transition from one condition to another. In this connection there was an object in view how to eliminate the influence of a velocity profile on accuracy of ultrasonic flow measurements. For that computer models of ultrasonic meters with several variants of cross-sections have been developed and due to CFD techniques the flow profile sensitivities of various meter configurations are investigated in different Reynolds number flows. The selection of optimum shape of the measuring duct for ultrasonic flowmeters has been appraised based on getting of as much as possible stable correction factor in a wide flow range and the minimal pressure loss on a meter. Results show that ultrasonic flowmeters with specially designed duct shapes could be used for increasing accuracy of non-liquid meter calibration and also for elimination of the error caused by variations of hydrodynamic flow characteristics.
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Sakamoto, Shin-ichi, Kenshiro Inui, and Hidekazu Katsuki. "Fundamental study of a large-thermoacoustic system - Effect of cross-sectional-area changes in a loop tube upon onset temperature." In 178th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America. ASA, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/2.0001238.

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Sahana, S., A. Singh, and B. Bhattacharya. "Determination of Neutral Axis and Effect of the Variation of Cross Sectional Area on the Mechanical Properties of Smart Meta-Structure." In 16th World Congress on Computational Mechanics and 4th Pan American Congress on Computational Mechanics. CIMNE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.23967/eccomas.2024.003.

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Reports on the topic "Effect of cross sectional area"

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Kumban, Wannisa, Anoma Santiworakul, and Salila Cetthakrikul. The effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on physical activity in elderly. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.9.0049.

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Review question / Objective: What are the effect of Animal Assisted Therapy on physical activity in elderly. PICOs P: Elderly; I: Animal Assisted Therapy; C: Compare; O: Physical activity, physical fitness, health-related fitness; S: experimental study/ compare between group/ pre-post test. Eligibility criteria: Inclusion criteria comprised any studies that provided experimental study design or observational data on cross-sectional comparisons between groups. The outcome analyzed in this review was the effect of animal assisted or pet or human-animal interaction on physical activity that was studied in all elderly populations (age &gt; 60 years), in any setting e.g., home, community-based, or hospital. The articles were published in English full-text articles only between 2012 and 2022.
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Kanakamedala, Deven, Jungil Seo, Amit H. Varma, Robert J. Connor, and Anna Tarasova. Shear and Bearing Capacity of Corroded Steel Beam Bridges and the Effects on Load Rating. Purdue University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317634.

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Corrosion in the girders of steel girder bridges often occurs due to the deicing salts, water, and other debris that leak through the deck joints into the web and bottom flange at the girder ends. Corrosion causes loss of cross-sectional area leading to a reduction in section properties of the member, which eventually results in a reduction in structural resistance against shear and bearing. In this study, seven full-scale tests were performed on decommissioned steel girders acquired from bridges scheduled for demolition in Indiana. Two of the four girders had severe corrosion with cracks and holes in the bottom of the web induced by corrosion, while four girders had moderate section loss induced artificially. All seven girders were subjected to shear loading to determine the residual shear and bearing capacity. Test results revealed a reduction in strength due to section loss compared to nominal sections. Failure modes observed during these four large-scale experiments were shear buckling, shear rupture, and web local crippling. Finite element models were developed and benchmarked to the experimental results. Parametric studies were performed for unstiffened and stiffened girders and included different corrosion scenarios by varying parameters such as corrosion height, length, and thickness loss. Results were analyzed to investigate the effect of each parameter and a modification factor was developed to estimate the residual shear and bearing capacity of corroded girders.
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Ronconi, Lucas, Hernán Ruffo, and Martín González Rozada. Protecting Workers against Unemployment in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from Argentina. Inter-American Development Bank, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011366.

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This paper takes advantage of several reforms that provide time and cross sectional variation to identify the effects of unemployment insurance and severance payments on the duration of unemployment and on the separation probability in Argentina. Administrative data permits analysis of the duration of unemployment of covered spells with detailed information about transfers and their duration, while household surveys permit the study of separation probability and transitions to informal jobs, which are not observed in administrative data. It is found that unemployment duration increases significantly when unemployment insurance transfers are higher or are provided for a longer period; the effects of severance pay on unemployment duration are less robust. On the other hand, higher severance pay is found to reduce separation probability, while unemployment insurance transfers have a positive but small effect on separations.
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Correa, Ricardo, Julian di Giovanni, Linda S. Goldberg, and Camelia Minoiu. Trade Uncertainty and U.S. Bank Lending. Federal Reserve Bank of New York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.59576/sr.1076.

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This paper uses U.S. loan-level credit register data and the 2018–2019 Trade War to test for the effects of international trade uncertainty on domestic credit supply. We exploit cross-sectional heterogeneity in banks’ ex-ante exposure to trade uncertainty and find that an increase in trade uncertainty is associated with a contraction in bank lending to all firms irrespective of the uncertainty that the firms face. This baseline result holds for lending at the intensive and extensive margins. We document two channels underlying the estimated credit supply effect: a wait-and-see channel by which exposed banks assess their borrowers as riskier and reduce the maturity of their loans, and a financial frictions channel by which exposed banks facing relatively higher balance sheet constraints contract lending more. The decline in credit supply has real effects: firms that borrow from more exposed banks experience lower debt growth and investment rates. These effects are stronger for firms that are more reliant on bank finance.
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Díaz, Juan José, and Sudhanshu Handa. An Assessment of Propensity Score Matching as a Non Experimental Impact Estimator: Evidence from Mexico's PROGRESA Program. Inter-American Development Bank, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011170.

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In this working paper the authors present evidence on the reliability of propensity score matching to estimate the bias associated with the effect of treatment on the treated, exploiting the availability of experimental data from a Mexican antipoverty program (PROGRESA: Programa de Educación, Salud y Alimentación). The data comes from several outcomes such as food expenditure and child schooling and labor. The methodology compares the results of the experimental impact estimator with those using matched samples drawn from a (non-experimental) national survey carried out to measure household income and expenditures. The results show that simple-cross sectional matching produces significant bias for outcomes measured in different ways. Results are more positive for outcomes measured similarly across survey instruments, but even in this case there are indications of bias depending on sample and matching method.
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Tian, Yichang, Hu Deng, Zhimin Xin, Xueqian Zhang, and Xiaokui Yang. Premature ovarian insufficiency is associated with increased risk of depression, anxiety and poor life quality: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.1.0020.

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Review question / Objective: A meta-analysis of cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies (S) was conducted to explore whether women with POI/POF (P) could increase risk of depression, anxiety, and poor quality of life (O). Intervention studies (I) are eligible only if pre-intervention data were available(I) and the comparator(C) of this meta-analysis was people who do not suffer from POI (age-matched). Condition being studied: Several studies have been conducted to show that POI affects the quality of life of patients, of which psychological and psychosocial factors cannot be ignored as a part. Most studies have shown that POI patients are more prone to negative emotions such as depression and anxiety than normal people, but some studies have also shown that normal POI patients are psychologically indistinguishable from normal people. Therefore, meta-analysis is needed to determine the effect of POI on psychological factors and to better guide the clinical treatment plan.
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Nagahi, Morteza, Raed Jaradat, Mohammad Nagahisarchoghaei, Ghodsieh Ghanbari, Sujan Poudyal, and Simon Goerger. Effect of individual differences in predicting engineering students' performance : a case of education for sustainable development. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/40700.

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The academic performance of engineering students continues to receive attention in the literature. Despite that, there is a lack of studies in the literature investigating the simultaneous relationship between students' systems thinking (ST) skills, Five-Factor Model (FFM) personality traits, proactive personality scale, academic, demographic, family background factors, and their potential impact on academic performance. Three established instruments, namely, ST skills instrument with seven dimensions, FFM traits with five dimensions, and proactive personality with one dimension, along with a demographic survey, have been administrated for data collection. A cross-sectional web-based study applying Qualtrics has been developed to gather data from engineering students. To demonstrate the prediction power of the ST skills, FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, demographics, and family background factors on the academic performance of engineering students, two unsupervised learning algorithms applied. The study results identify that these unsupervised algorithms succeeded to cluster engineering students' performance regarding primary skills and characteristics. In other words, the variables used in this study are able to predict the academic performance of engineering students. This study also has provided significant implications and contributions to engineering education and education sustainable development bodies of knowledge. First, the study presents a better perception of engineering students' academic performance. The aim is to assist educators, teachers, mentors, college authorities, and other involved parties to discover students' individual differences for a more efficient education and guidance environment. Second, by a closer examination at the level of systemic thinking and its connection with FFM traits, proactive personality, academic, and demographic characteristics, understanding engineering students' skillset would be assisted better in the domain of sustainable education.
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Adel, Luke, and Stanley Pierce. Effect of Electron Beam Oscillation Figures on Weld Surface Condition and Cross Sectional Morphology. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1819131.

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Clark, Andrew E., Angela Greulich, and Hippolyte d’Albis. The age U-shape in Europe: the protective role of partnership. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res3.1.

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In this study, we ask whether the U-shaped relationship between life satisfactionand age is flatter for individuals who are partnered. An analysis of cross-sectionalEU-SILC data indicates that the decline in life satisfaction from the teens to thefifties is almost four times larger for non-partnered than for partnered individuals,whose life satisfaction essentially follows a slight downward trajectory with age.However, the same analysis applied to three panel datasets (BHPS, SOEP andHILDA) reveals a U-shape for both groups, albeit somewhat flatter for the partneredthan for the non-partnered individuals. We suggest that the difference between thecross-sectional and the panel results reflects compositional effects: i.e., there isa significant shift of the relatively dissatisfied out of marriage in mid-life. Thesecompositional effects tend to flatten the U-shape in age for the partnered individualsin the cross-sectional data.
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Miller, Mr Michael J. DTPH56-06-T-000017 In-Field Welding and Coating Protocols. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0012117.

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Gas Technology Institute (GTI) and Edison Welding Institute (EWI) created both laboratory and infield girth weld samples to evaluate the effects of weld geometry and hydrogen off-gassing on the performance of protective coatings. Laboratory-made plate welds were used to tightly control geometric differences and in-field welds were created to mimic real-world welding conditions and hydrogen off-gassing rates. These welds were then coated and tested with accelerated corrosion techniques to evaluate the coatings' effectiveness. Simulated girth welds investigated geometric effects on the performance of a liquid-applied coating. Welds were created, coated, and testing in a salt-fog environment to accelerate corrosion. Undercuts up to 0.03 inches were found to have no significant effect on coatings' resistance to corrosion. On the contrary, the undercut tended to add to the coating thickness and therefore increased corrosion resistance. Increasing cap height of a weld was found to thin the coating making it more susceptible to chipping but no more susceptible to corrosion. If applying proper coating procedures, especially surface profiling, the weld geometries investigated here had no strong negative effects on a liquid applied two-part epoxy coating's performance. Since fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings are applied in a different manner, these results cannot be extended from liquid to FBE coatings. If the FBE provides the same wetting of the undercut and similar coating thickness on the cap height one would expect similar results. In-field welds were created to test the effects of hydrogen off-gassing on coating performance. Two different welding mediums were used, one with a high hydrogen content and one with low hydrogen content. These different welds were then held for 2 or 5 hours to vary the amount of time allowed for hydrogen off-gassing and then coated in either FBE or a liquid 2 part epoxy. All other variables were held constant. Cross-sectional analysis of coated 24-inch diameter pipes showed no increase of voids above the welded area, indicating there was little off-gassing in these samples. Cathodic Disbondment Testing, per ASTM G-95, was performed to evaluate the coating's adhesion properties. No detectable adhesion differences were found that could be attributed to the hydrogen off-gassing from the weld, instead, the results were more dependent on the coating thickness. Within the scope/boundary of the completed research, a hold time of two hours is sufficient to minimize any hydrogen off-gassing effects. Within the parameters of the in-field welds and simulated welds, no major detrimental effects were found from hydrogen off-gassing and weld geometries. However, the higher cap-height did make coatings more susceptible to damage when handling. This confirms previous GTI research which indicated that coatings often accrue damage during handling. GTI and EWI, taking into consideration the survey and testing results produced a recommendation to be distributed to various stakeholders in the pipeline industry. The summary document to be disturbed is located in the Recommendation section of this report.
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