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Books on the topic 'Effect of cross sectional area'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 1 August 2025

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1

Wilson, Jack. The effect of area variation on wave rotor elements. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1997.

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2

Milliken, Paul. The effect of cross-sectional geometry on heavy vehicle performance and safety. Transfund New Zealand, 2005.

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3

Ingraldi, Anthony M. Effect of pylon cross-sectional geometries on propulsion integration for a low-wing transport. Langley Research Center, 1993.

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4

A, Naik Dinesh, Pendergraft Odis C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. Effect of pylon cross-sectional geometries on propulsion integration for a low-wing transport. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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5

A, Naik Dinesh, Pendergraft Odis C, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Scientific and Technical Information Program., eds. Effect of pylon cross-sectional geometries on propulsion integration for a low-wing transport. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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6

Rochjadi, Achmad. The effect of taxation on labor supply in a developing country: Evidence from cross-sectional data. College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1991.

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7

Moretti, Enrico. Estimating the social return to higher education: Evidence from longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional data. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002.

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8

Wang, Te-Yu. The effect of dependency on economic development and political instability of less developed countries: A pooled cross-sectional and time-series analysis. Council on International Studies and Programs, State University of New York at Baffalo, 1990.

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9

1917-, Bové Frank James, New Jersey. State Dept. of Health., and National Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control (U.S.). Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities., eds. Population-based surveillance and etiological research of adverse reproductive outcomes and toxic wastes.: A cross-sectional study. New Jersey Dept. of Health, 1992.

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10

Komarov, Evgeniy. Geotechnology: underground mine workings and their fixing. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064750.

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The textbook describes the basic concepts of underground mine workings, assessment of their stability, modern methods of fastening and protection during the entire life of mines and mines. Examples of calculating the rational cross-sectional area of mine workings and questions for self-testing aimed at consolidating the knowledge and competencies obtained by students are given. It is intended for students of all specializations studying in the field of Mining and studying the disciplines " Underground Geotechnology "and" Construction Geotechnology", since it is a basic informative carrie

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11

Effects of concentric and eccentric isokinetic heavy-resistance training on quadriceps muscle strength, cross-sectional area and neural activation in women. 1994.

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12

Conaire, Eoin O. An investigation into the effects of an isometric exercise programme of resisted postero-anterior spinal mobilisations on the cross sectional area of multifidus, using diagnostic ultrasound imaging for measurement. 1999.

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13

Kratz, Agatha, and Harald Schoen. Just Like Leaves in the Wind? Exploring the Effect of the Interplay of Media Coverage and Personal Characteristics on Issue Salience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792130.003.0003.

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This chapter explores the effect of the interplay of personal characteristics and news coverage on issue salience during the 2009 to 2015 period and during the election campaign in 2013. We selected four topics that played a considerable role during this period: the labor market, pensions and healthcare, immigration, and the financial crisis. The evidence from pooled cross-sectional data and panel data supports the notion that news coverage affects citizens’ issue salience. For obtrusive issues, news coverage does not play as large a role as for rather remote topics like the financial crisis a

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14

Effect of pylon cross-sectional geometries on propulsion integration for a low-wing transport. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Office of Management, Scientific and Technical Information Program, 1993.

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15

van der Meer, Tom W. G. Economic Performance and Political Trust. Edited by Eric M. Uslaner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.013.16.

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The relationships among objective macroeconomic outcomes, subjective evaluations, and political trust are widely studied. Yet, these relationships are not as straightforward as they might seem. This chapter first provides an overview of the main theoretical propositions in the literature as well as their critiques. Next, the chapter analyzes empirical analyses of the relationship between economic performance and political trust. While subjective evaluations of the economy are consistently related to political trust across the globe, the effect of objective macroeconomic performance depends on

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16

Laureno, Robert. Imaging. Edited by Robert Laureno. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190607166.003.0002.

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This chapter on “Imaging” examines the relative advantages and disadvantages of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. It compares the modalities to each other and to gross neuropathology. For several decades, neurologists have been able to view cross-sectional images of living patients. Analogous to gross neuropathology, cross-sectional imaging displays the brain as an entire organ but does not demonstrate microscopic tissue or cellular pathology. By allowing practitioners to view sections of brain and spinal cord in vivo, imaging has improved neurologic practice

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17

Costello, Sadie, Jennifer M. Cavallari, David H. Wegman, Marie S. O’Neill, and Ellen A. Eisen. Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190662677.003.0005.

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This chapter describes the basic principles of epidemiology, emphasizing the aspects most relevant to studies of health effects from occupational and environmental exposures. Numerous examples are provided of how epidemiology can be used to identify and quantify the relations between recent or long-term exposure and health outcomes, such as prevalence or incidence of disease, injury, or mortality. The chapter describes the common study designs, including cohort studies, case-control studies, and cross-sectional studies, with examples of their application. Key aspects of exposure assessment and

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18

Beck, Nathaniel. Time‐Series Cross‐Section Methods. Edited by Janet M. Box-Steffensmeier, Henry E. Brady, and David Collier. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199286546.003.0020.

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This article outlines the literature on time-series cross-sectional (TSCS) methods. First, it addresses time-series properties including issues of nonstationarity. It moves to cross-sectional issues including heteroskedasticity and spatial autocorrelation. The ways that TSCS methods deal with heterogeneous units through fixed effects and random coefficient models are shown. In addition, a discussion of binary variables and their relationship to event history models is provided. The best way to think about modeling single time series is to think about modeling the time-series component of TSCS

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19

De Ste Croix, Mark BA. Muscle strength. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0007.

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Strength increases in boys and girls until about the age of 14 years where it begins to plateau in girls and a spurt is evident in boys. By 18 years there are few overlaps in strength between boys and girls. The exact age in which gender differences become apparent is both muscle group- and muscle action-specific. There are few well controlled longitudinal studies that have concurrently examined the influence of known variables using appropriate statistical techniques. Most studies have shown that maturation does not exert an independent effect when other factors, such as stature and body mass

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20

Interdependence of physical (in-) activity, fitness and cognition: A cross-sectional study in young adults. Kit Scientific Publishing, 2014.

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21

Ray, Sumantra (Shumone), Sue Fitzpatrick, Rajna Golubic, Susan Fisher, and Sarah Gibbings, eds. Navigating research methods: quantitative and clinical/epidemiological methods. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199608478.003.0003.

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This chapter focuses on various types of study design used in clinical and healthcare research with an emphasis on observational studies whilst randomised controlled trials are explained in Chapter 15. Within observational studies, the distinction between descriptive and analytical studies is made and different sources of error in epidemiological studies are reviewed. Main features, advantages and disadvantages of analytical observational studies are described for the following designs: ecological studies, cohort studies, case-control studies and cross-sectional studies. A brief overview of ex

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22

Dzanku, Fred Mawunyo, and Daniel B. Sarpong. Spatial and Gendered Linkages Between Non-Farm Diversification and Farm Productivity in Ghana. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0009.

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This chapter uses both household panel and cross-sectional data to examine the relationship between non-farm diversification and farm labour productivity; is asks whether the gender of the diversifier matters for the relationship. The full sample results provide no evidence that non-farm earning has any effect on farm labour productivity. Region-specific nuances exist, however. The chapter finds that increasing non-farm earnings reduces average farm productivity in poor regions but not in rich regions. The data also provide support for the hypothesis that the gender of the non-farm diversifier

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23

Djurfeldt, Agnes Andersson. Assets, Gender, and Rural Livelihoods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198799283.003.0003.

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In this chapter, cross-sectional data are used to assess changes in key assets and how this varies by sex of head of household using a regional perspective. Gender-based asset gaps vary regionally and also shift over time. Agricultural assets were generally biased against female farm managers. Changes in land size had a negative effect on female-managed farms (FMFs) when compared with male-managed farms. Gender biases with respect to land lie primarily in the size of cultivated areas, which is related to labour. The share of male labour is lower on FMFs. This is connected to smaller land sizes

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24

Ito, Dick. A cross-sectional study to compare caries and fluorosis in 7-year-old schoolchildren from a fluoridated area with those in a neighbouring non-fluoridated area in Ontario. 2007.

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25

Djoudi, Miriama. Linguistic competence and strategic competence of second language learners in the area of the English verb-system: A cross-sectional study of interlanguage. 1990.

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26

Lose, Læge Gunnar. Simultaneous recording of pressure and cross-sectional area in the female urethra: A study of urethral closure function in healthy and stress incontinent women. 1992.

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27

Zakrzewski, Sigmund F., ed. Environmental Toxicology. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195148114.001.0001.

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The fundamental principles of environmental toxicology are clearly presented here for university students and professionals in related fields. This book consists of two parts. In the first part basic metabolic, physiological, and pharmacological concepts are used to explain the fate of toxic chemicals in the body, with emphasis on carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. This part also contains a chapter on chemicals disrupting the endocrine system and a chapter on risk assessment and the precautionary principle. The second section deals with specific environmental problems - air pollution, alteration

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28

Dworatzek, Paula Darlene Nesbitt. Cross sectional and postprandial phenotypes of human subjects with the T54 variant of fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) gene and the effect of different fat sources. 2004.

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29

Jamieson, Kathleen Hall, Dan M. Kahan, and Dietram A. Scheufele, eds. The Oxford Handbook of the Science of Science Communication. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.001.0001.

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The cross-disciplinary Oxford Handbook on the Science of Science Communication contains 47 essays by 57 leading scholars organized into six sections: The first section establishes the need for a science of science communication, provides an overview of the area, examines sources of science knowledge and the ways in which changing media structures affect it, reveals what the public thinks about science, and situates current scientific controversies in their historical contexts. The book’s second part examines challenges to science including difficulties in peer review, rising numbers of retract

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30

Mickolus, Edward F., and Peter A. Flemming, eds. Terrorism, 1980-1987. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216988892.

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This work, together with Mickolus'sLiterature of Terrorism: A Selectively Annotated Bibliography, published in 1980, provides the most comprehensive bibliography on terrorist violence available in print.Terrorism, 1980-1987concentrates on material written during the 1980s, a period which has seen an enormous outpouring of commentary and research on terrorism and terrorist attacks. In addition to surveying journalistic, social scientific, and traditional historical studies in some dozen languages, the book also includes the fictional literature of terrorism, offering a broad cross-section of re

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31

Jordan, Julie-Ann, Judith Wylie, and Gerry Mulhern. Individual Differences in Children’s Paths to Arithmetical Development. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.015.

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Cross-sectional and longitudinal data consistently indicate that mathematical difficulties are more prevalent in older than in younger children (e.g. Department of Education, 2011). Children’s trajectories can take a variety of shapes such as linear, flat, curvilinear, and uneven, and shape has been found to vary within children and across tasks (J Jordan, Mulhern, and Wylie, 2009). There has been an increase in the use of statistical methods which are specifically designed to study development, and this has greatly improved our understanding of children’s mathematical development. However, th

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32

Cebreros, Alfonso, Alejandrina Salcedo, Daniel Chiquiar, and Aldo Heffner-Rodríguez. Trade Policy Uncertainty and its Effect on Foreign Direct Investment: Evidence from Mexico. Banco de México, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36095/banxico/di.2020.14.

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This paper investigates whether "trade policy uncertainty" (TPU), even absent changes in actual policy, may have an adverse effect on foreign direct investment. The paper focuses on the case of Mexico, where we observe a plausibly sharp and exogenous increase in TPU vis-à-vis a large trading partner beginning in the second half of 2016. To test this hypothesis, we use data from Google Trends to construct a TPU index and argue that this index adequately captures both time series and cross-sectional variation in TPU across states in Mexico. We exploit this variation to identify the effect of inc

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33

Henriksen, Niels E., and Flemming Y. Hansen. Theories of Molecular Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805014.001.0001.

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This book deals with a central topic at the interface of chemistry and physics—the understanding of how the transformation of matter takes place at the atomic level. Building on the laws of physics, the book focuses on the theoretical framework for predicting the outcome of chemical reactions. The style is highly systematic with attention to basic concepts and clarity of presentation. Molecular reaction dynamics is about the detailed atomic-level description of chemical reactions. Based on quantum mechanics and statistical mechanics or, as an approximation, classical mechanics, the dynamics of

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34

American Indian and Alaska Native Newspapers and Periodicals, 1925-1970. Greenwood, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216957171.

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This guide provides access to a political, historical, and cultural record of incalculable value. Entries are arranged alphabetically by title, with variant titles cross-referenced. A profile of each publication presents information about its founding and history, editors, publishers, content, and affiliations with parties, organizations, and tribes. An information section for each entry includes a full bibliography and location sources--union lists, electronic retrieval systems, reprint and microprint editions, as well as archives and libraries. Publication histories are also supplied. A subj

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35

Rollberg, Peter. Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. 2nd ed. Rowman & Littlefield, 2016. https://doi.org/10.5040/9798881833398.

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Russian and Soviet cinema occupies a unique place in the history of world cinema. Legendary filmmakers such as Sergei Eisenstein, Vsevolod Pudovkin, Dziga Vertov, Andrei Tarkovsky, and Sergei Paradjanov have created oeuvres that are being screened and studied all over the world. The Soviet film industry was different from others because its main criterion of success was not profit, but the ideological and aesthetic effect on the viewer. Another important feature is Soviet cinema’s multinational (Eurasian) character: while Russian cinema was the largest, other national cinemas such as Georgian,

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36

Escudier, Marcel. Kinematic description of fluids in motion and approximations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0006.

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In this chapter some of the terminology and simplifications which enable us to begin to describe and analyse practical fluid-flow problems are introduced. The terms ‘fluid particle’ and ‘streamline’ are defined. The principle of conservation of mass applied to steady one-dimensional flow through a streamtube of varying cross-sectional area resulted in the continuity equation. This important equation relates mass flowrate ṁ, volumetric flowrate Q̇, average fluid velocity V̄, fluid density ρ‎, and cross-sectional area A: m = ρ‎ Q̇ = ρ‎AV̅ = constant. For a constant-density fluid this result sho

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37

Eberhardt, Kai-Ole, and Ingo Bultmann, eds. Das Spannungsfeld von Religion und Politik. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845296982.

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In this volume, theories and concepts on religion and politics from current debates are analysed and discussed in an interdisciplinary manner. The articles it contains represent current research positions from theology, sociology and religious studies, and can be seen as a joint effort that contributes to one of today’s dominant cross-disciplinary research questions. The first section discusses models that interpret the relationship between religion and politics and help to understand political phenomena from theological, religious–philosophical and sociological perspectives. The volume focuse

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38

Miller, Sarah-Louise. Women in Allied Naval Intelligence in the Second World War. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350402256.

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Closely examining the work of women in the US and British naval services towards Allied naval intelligence during the Second World War, this book focuses on their contributions during the Battle of the Atlantic and Pacific Naval War, in order to shed new light on arenas of war from which women’s narratives are almost always absent. Including personal testimonies from those involved, and surveying a wide cross-section of different roles, Sarah-Louise Miller analyses the work of women at every level and rank in the US and British naval services, and offers a much wider picture of how they assist

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39

Rasor, Eugene L., ed. Southwest Pacific Campaign, 1941-1945. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216016984.

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Providing comprehensive coverage of the literature on the Southwest Pacific Campaign of World War II, this book includes both a historiographical narrative and an annotated bibliography of over 1500 entries. Part I, the historiographical narrative, includes a general survey and review of the works listed in Part II, the annotated bibliography. The historiographical survey features critical analysis and an evaluation of the literature, makes an effort to place each work in context, and also points to gaps in the literature. The bibliography section includes descriptive and evaluative annotation

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40

Bernstein, Judy B. An effect of residual T-to-C movement in varieties of English. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747307.003.0007.

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This chapter examines verb-second (V2) cross-linguistically in closely related varieties of English: Older Scots, displaying general V2; present-day Appalachian English and African American English, displaying residual V2. Discontinuous subjects (analysed as instances of transitive expletives) and negative auxiliary inversion are shown to involve verb-movement to Focus in the two present-day varieties of English, unlike the general V2 found across Germanic languages, which involves TopicP. The area of overlap among V2 phenomena in the varieties of English studied is FocusP, which encodes the V

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41

Armstrong, Neil, and Willem van Mechelen, eds. Oxford Textbook of Children's Sport and Exercise Medicine. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.001.0001.

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Comprehensive and up to date, this textbook on children’s sport and exercise medicine features research and practical experience of internationally recognized scientists and clinicians that informs and challenges readers. Four sections—Exercise Science, Exercise Medicine, Sport Science, and Sport Medicine—provide a critical, balanced, and thorough examination of each subject, and each chapter provides cross-references, bulleted summaries, and extensive reference lists. Exercise Science covers growth, biological maturation and development, and examines physiological responses to exercise in rel

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42

Bagul, A., and Saba Balasubramanian. Treatment of adrenal tumours. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0095.

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The incidence of adrenal tumours has risen dramatically over the last two decades, mainly due to the incidental detection of adrenal lesions on cross sectional imaging performed for other diseases. These ‘incidentalomas’ are commoner than the well-known hormonal syndromes such as Cushing’s, Conn’s, and pheochromocytoma. Suspicion or detection of an adrenal tumour should result in a detailed biochemical and structural evaluation in a multidisciplinary setting. The relatively low incidence of adrenal disease coupled with the varied nature of presentation makes concentration of volume and encoura

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43

Escudier, Marcel. Engineering applications of Bernoulli’s equation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719878.003.0008.

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In this chapter it is shown how Bernoulli’s equation can be applied to practical fluid-flow problems. In the case of internal flows, such as that through a Venturi tube, it is also necessary to use the continuity equation to relate changes in cross-sectional area to changes in flow velocity. For liquid flows it is shown that for sufficiently high flowspeeds the static pressure could fall below the saturated vapour pressure and lead to cavitation. The designs of various flow-measuring devices, including the orifice-plate flowmeter, the Venturi-tube flowmeter, and the Pitot tube, are based on Be

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44

Rez, Peter. Air Transportation. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802297.003.0011.

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When an airplane is full, the energy used to travel a given distance compares very favourably with driving an economical car. Primary energy use is less since airplane turbofan engines are more efficient than car engines. Even airplanes with propellers driven by petrol engines are more efficient than cars as the engines are operating at near-peak rpm and producing a higher proportion of the rated power. Air travel uses a lot of energy because it makes travelling long distances easy, even if not very comfortable. The airplane is limited by the weight it can carry, which puts a limit on how tigh

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45

Chen, Grace, and Ashley Valentine. Neuraxial Analgesia and Anesthesia in Chronic Opioid Users and Patients with Pre-existing Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0007.

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Neuraxial anesthesia and analgesia are effective modalities for surgery and perioperative pain management, respectively. These techniques may have nonanalgesic benefits as well, including improved 30-day mortality benefit, decreased risk of perioperative pneumonia, decreased risk of persistent postoperative pain, and attenuation of the stress response to surgery with improved survival in certain cancers. Post-operative pain control with epidural can be especially beneficial for opioid tolerant chronic pain patients compared to enteral or parenteral analgesics alone. In patients with previous b

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46

Skiba, Grzegorz. Fizjologiczne, żywieniowe i genetyczne uwarunkowania właściwości kości rosnących świń. The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22358/mono_gs_2020.

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Bones are multifunctional passive organs of movement that supports soft tissue and directly attached muscles. They also protect internal organs and are a reserve of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Each bone is covered with periosteum, and the adjacent bone surfaces are covered by articular cartilage. Histologically, the bone is an organ composed of many different tissues. The main component is bone tissue (cortical and spongy) composed of a set of bone cells and intercellular substance (mineral and organic), it also contains fat, hematopoietic (bone marrow) and cartilaginous tissue. Bones a

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47

Montgomery, Hugh, and Rónan Astin. Normal physiology of the cardiovascular system. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0128.

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Preload modulates contractile performance, and is determined by end-diastolic volume (EDV) and ventricular compliance. Compliance falls with increasing preload, muscle stiffness or ventricular hypertrophy, making central venous pressure (CVP) a poor surrogate for EDV. Responsiveness to fluid loading can be identified by seeking a change in stroke volume (SV) with changes in cardiac loading. Afterload, the force to be overcome before cardiac muscle can shorten to eject blood, rises with transmural pressure and end-diastolic radius, and inversely with wall thickness. Afterload, being the tension

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48

Ioannidou, Vasso, José Maria Liberti, Thomas Mosk, and Jason Sturgess. Intended and Unintended Consequences of Government Credit Guarantee Programmes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0018.

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In this chapter, we provide empirical evidence that the underwriting of private sector loans through a loan guarantee programme distorts the efficient allocation of bank credit. We exploit cross-sectional and time series variation in the availability of loan guarantees to entrepreneurial firms in the Netherlands after the financial crisis to examine the impact of loan guarantees on a large sample of individual borrowers. The introduction and posterior withdrawal of the programme had the intended effect on the number of loan applications. Firms eligible for loan guarantees applied for more loan

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49

Richman, Laura Smart, Elizabeth A. Pascoe, and Micah Lattanner. Interpersonal Discrimination and Physical Health. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.6.

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Interpersonal discrimination contributes to health inequalities for disadvantaged groups across numerous stigmatized identities. This effect has been found using cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental designs. Interpersonal discrimination has been associated with poor health across a wide range of mental health outcomes, including greater rates of depression, psychological distress, anxiety, and negative well-being, and also physical health outcomes such as hypertension, diabetes, respiratory problems, self-reported ill health, low birth weight, and cardiovascular disease. This chapter

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