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Cerniglia, Linda M. "Effects of acute postural change on mid-thigh cross-sectional area as measured by computed tomography." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/3136.
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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.<br>Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Kinesiology. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Chan, Roy Y. H. "The influence of set-repetition configuration in eccentric exercise on muscle damage and repeated bout effect." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/382.
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It is well known that maximal eccentric exercise induces muscle damage, especially when it is performed for the first time. However, muscle damage is attenuated in subsequent bouts of the same or similar exercise, which is known as the repeated bout effect. One of the factors affecting the magnitude of muscle damage and the repeated bout effect is the number of eccentric contractions; however, it is unknown if different set-repetition configurations with the same number of eccentric contractions would result in different magnitudes of muscle damage and adaptation. This study investigated changes in muscle strength, range of motion (ROM), muscle cross sectional area (CSA), muscle soreness and plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity following an initial bout of maximal eccentric contractions with the same total number of contractions but different set-repetition configurations (e.g. 3 sets of 10 reps vs. 10 sets of 3 reps) and a second bout (20 sets of 3 repetitions) separated by four weeks. Since the present study was the first to use the ultrasound extended field of view (EFOV) technique to quantify bicep brachii CSA for an indication of muscle swelling, the reliability and validity of the technique were assessed in a separate study using 6 men (27.5 ± 1.9 y). In the main study, 10 non-resistance trained men (26.1 ± 4.1 y) performed two bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors for each arm (4 bouts in total). One arm performed 3 sets of 10 maximal eccentric contractions (3x10) followed 4 weeks later by 20 sets of 3 maximal eccentric contractions (20x3). The contralateral arm performed 10 sets of 3 maximal eccentric contractions (10x3) followed 4 weeks later by 20x3. The order of the exercise (3x10, 10x3) and the use of arm (dominant, non-dominant) were counterbalanced amongst subjects. Changes in the criterion measures over time and peak torque were compared among the initial bouts (3x10 vs. 10x3) and the repeated bouts (20x3 vs. 20x3) by a factorial repeatedmeasures analysis of variance (ANOVA) with two factors. Significance level was set at P
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Neves, Katy Andrews. "Achilles Tendon Changes in Downhill, Level and Uphill Running." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4399.
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In this study, we examined how hill running affects the Achilles tendon, which is a common location for injuries in runners. Twenty females ran for 10 min on three randomly selected grades (-6%, 0%, +6%). Achilles tendon (AT) cross-sectional area (CSA) was imaged using Doppler ultrasound and peak vertical forces were analyzed using high-speed (240 Hz) videography. A metabolic cart and gas analyzer ensured a similar metabolic cost across grades. Data were analyzed using a forward selection regression. Results showed a decrease in AT CSA from pre-run to post-run (p = .0001). Peak vertical forces were different across grades (p = .0001) with the largest occurring during downhill running and smallest during uphill running. The results suggest that the Achilles tendon is affected by running and a decrease in CSA appears to be a normal response. The AT CSA does not differ between grade conditions when metabolic cost of running is matched, suggesting an adaptive effect of the AT. Coaches and athletes can use this knowledge to develop workout protocols that transition runners to downhill running and allow them to adapt to these greater forces.
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Kidman, Gillian C. "Middle years school students' area judgement rules: A cross-sectional study." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2002. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/36667/1/36667_Digitised%20Thesis.pdf.
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This study explored Years 4, 6 and 8 students' understanding of the area concept. In particular, it identified and explained students' intuitive judgement rules, that is, the method by which a person integrates information about perceived stimuli when comparing area of rectangular and near-rectangular regions when no length dimensions were given.
The study was based on the work of Anderson and Cuneo (1978) and the method of Information Integration Theory (IIT). IIT is a technique that classifies area judgement rules as additive, Area = Height + Width, where salient dimensions are added, or multiplicative, Area = Height x Width where salient dimensions are added.
Thirty-six students aged 9 to 13 years, twelve at the beginning, 12 at the middle, and twelve at the end of the area-formulae instructional sequence (Years 4, 6 and 8), were given three exercises. The first exercise involved the students estimating the sizes of rectangular regions on a graphic rating scale. The second and third exercises also involved estimation and the graphic rating scale, but used near-rectangular regions. An additional exercise containing area calculation tasks similar to those found in many text books and classrooms was also presented to the students.
The results of the study found that approximately one half of the students perceived area as being related to the sum of the rectangle's linear dimensions. Such students perceived that doubling the lengths of the sides of a rectangle doubles the area and were referred to as predominantly 'additive thinkers'. In estimating the size of rectangular regions, these students showed a preference for three strategies: vertical alignment of the test piece, use of a ruler (to measure the test piece), and use of the index finger (to measure the test piece informally). They also did not attempt many of the area calculation tasks, and for the ones they did attempt, they concentrated on boundary counting. Boundary counting included either grid line counting around the four sides of the figure or a count of the spaces around the four sides of the figure.
The proportion of additive students remained largely the same across the Years. That is, the students at the end of the area-formulae instructional sequence who had increased levels of instruction had not advanced beyond the students in the middle of the area-formulae instructional sequence. These students in turn did not appear to have advanced much beyond the capability exhibited by students at the start of the area-formulae instructional sequence. It was clear, particularly from the classroom tasks, that many of these students experienced confusion between area and perimeter irrespective of their level of area-formulae instruction. However, the proportion of students exhibiting additive thinking reduced for the near-rectangular regions. These regions appeared to divert some students' attention from the linear dimensions to the surface area of the regions.
Students who think multiplicatively in terms of their judgements of area were equally likely to use a form of perimeter to calculate area as were students who think additively in terms of area. Students who used a predominantly multiplicative integration of the stimulus cues should have been capable of correctly using multiplication to calculate the area of rectangles from the dimensions of the rectangles. This was found not to be the case in the area calculation tasks closely resembling classroom textbook area formula exercises. Over 65% of the multiplicative students were found to add the salient dimensions. They seemed to employ an additive integration of the dimensions indicating confusion with perimeter. Most students who employed multiplicative judgement rules were found to be more likely to draw a diagram and be able to calculate the area than students who employed additive judgement rules.
The majority of students experienced 'intra-individual' rule changes. In the case of the additive thinkers, for one of the three exercises they thought multiplicatively. Similarly for the multiplicative thinkers for one of the three exercises they thought additively. The area calculation task strategies for the additive thinkers and the multiplicative thinkers in this group were the same. They attempted all tasks and these attempts included calculations of perimeter, half perimeter as well as calculations of area through direct 1 to 1 counting of the congruent sub-regions. Computational errors also prevented these students from obtaining a correct area solution. For this group also, there was a lot of confusion between area and perimeter.
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Celiker, Umut. "Cross Sectional Determinants Of Turkish Stock Market Returns." Thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605243/index.pdf.
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This thesis analyzes the relationship between stock returns and firm-specific characteristics including market beta, size, book-to-market ratio, leverage, earnings yield, net sales-to-price ratio and prior return performance in Istanbul Stock Exchange during the period 1993-2003. Moreover, the predictability of some macroeconomic variables based on the stock market return behavior is investigated.
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Gardiner, Christopher J. "Large Area Sintering Test Platform Design and Preliminary Study on Cross Sectional Resolution." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7026.
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Additive manufacturing involves the layer-wise patterned addition of material to create 3D parts, allowing for parts with complex geometries that traditional subtractive manufacturing processes cannot create, while offering good value for low run production parts by eliminating the cost of tooling. Large Area Sintering is a form of powder based additive manufacturing where entire layer cross sections are heated and fused in a single continuous exposure process. This layer by layer powder sintering process is similar to selective laser sintering, but by heating the cross section at a slower and controllable rate there is an opportunity to achieve tighter control over thermal history. This thesis discusses the design, construction, and validation of a large area sintering test platform, as well as a preliminary study on feature resolution. A key component of this system was the integration of an infrared camera, allowing point-wise temperature control of the sintering cross section. There is a hypothesis that longer and controlled heating rates in Large Area Sintering (in comparison to Selective Laser Sintering) would allow the capability to process a wider range of materials, and give more control over the resulting final part properties. The test platform created a repeatable test environment, and successfully demonstrated the capability for point wise temperature control of the sintering cross section, enabling the ability to examine the effects of slower controlled heating rates. Available power on the system was 2.22 W/cm2 for heating, with a temperature control loop time of 160 – 180 ms. The results of the preliminary study on feature resolution also suggested a positive correlation between point wise closed loop temperature control and improved feature resolution, giving motivation for further study.
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Katayose, Masaki. "Muscle thickness and cross-sectional area of supraspinatus as measured by diagnostic ultrasound." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0016/MQ47048.pdf.
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Bazyler, Caleb D., Jacob R. Goodin, Tara K. Whiton, Satoshi Mizuguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "The Contribution of Muscle Cross-Sectional Area to Jump Height in Collegiate Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3832.
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PURPOSE: To determine the relative contribution of vastus lateralis (VL) and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) cross-sectional area (CSA) to countermovement jump height (JH) in collegiate athletes. METHODS: Sixty-nine male (n=33, 20.43 ± 1.68 y, 180.34 ± 11.39 cm, 77.54 ± 14.45 kg) and female (n=36, 19.79 ± 1.09 y, 168.46 ± 10.07 cm, 67.33 ± 9.48 kg) collegiate athletes competing in basketball, tennis, cross-country, weightlifting, and volleyball were recruited for the study. Testing was conducted as part of an on-going athlete monitoring program. Athletes were tested on measures of VL and LG CSA using β-mode ultrasonography, and JH measured on force platforms sampling at 1000Hz. Jump height was regressed on age, sex, body mass, VL and LG CSA using a simultaneous multiple linear regression after testing regression assumptions. A relative importance analysis was conducted to determine the relative contribution of each independent variable. The alpha level for all analyses was set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: The model explained 48% of the variance in JH (p<0.001, observed statistical power=0.99). Body mass (B=-0.16, p=0.01), sex (B=-5.10, p<0.001), and VL CSA (B=0.66, p<0.001) were statistical predictors of JH. Age, LG CSA, body mass, sex, and VL CSA contributed 3%, 3%, 7%, 32%, and 55% of the total variance explained by the model, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Vastus lateralis CSA has a greater contribution to JH than LG CSA while controlling for the variance of age, sex, and body mass. Therefore, greater emphasis should be placed on developing VL CSA than LG CSA for athletes whose goal is to improve JH. Athletes who lose body mass without losing VL CSA may also improve JH.
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Stewart, Marissa Catherine. "Intraskeletal Variability of Relative Cortical Area." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1304547571.
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Kinsella, Anne E. "Change in residential prices--a cross-sectional time-series analysis for the Boston metropolitan area." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67731.
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Yu, Mingyu Carleton University Dissertation Mathematics. "Nested-error regression models and small area estimation combining cross-sectional and time series data." Ottawa, 1993.
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Suchomel, Timothy J., and Michael H. Stone. "The Relationships between Hip and Knee Extensor Cross-Sectional Area, Strength, Power, and Potentiation Characteristics." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4653.
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The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), maximal strength, power output, and maximum potentiation characteristics. The vastus lateralis and biceps femoris CSA, one repetition maximum (1RM) back squat, 1RM concentric-only half-squat (COHS) strength, static jump power output, and maximum potentiation characteristics of 17 resistance-trained men was assessed during several testing sessions. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationships between CSA, strength, power output, and maximum potentiation measures. Moderate-to-strong relationships existed between CSA and strength measures (r = 0.462–0.643) as well as power output (r = 0.396–0.683). In addition, moderate-to-strong relationships existed between strength and power output (r = 0.407–0.548), while trivial relationships existed between strength and maximum potentiation (r = −0.013–0.149). Finally, small negative relationships existed between CSA and maximum potentiation measures (r = −0.229–−0.239). The results of the current study provide evidence of the interplay between muscle CSA, strength, power, and potentiation. Vastus lateralis and biceps femoris CSA may positively influence an individual’s back squat and COHS maximal strength and squat jump peak power; however, muscle CSA and absolute strength measures may not contribute to an individual’s potentiation capacity. Practitioners may consider implementing resistance training strategies that improve vastus lateralis and biceps femoris size in order to benefit back squat and COHS strength. Furthermore, implementing squatting variations—both full and partial—may benefit jumping performance.
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Fuente, Adrian. "Auditory damage associated with solvent exposure evidence from a cross-sectional study /." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/b4020375x.
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Johansson, Dennis, and Jonathan Molander. "Effect of house prices on regional migration : A cross-sectional analysis on Swedish municipalities." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-44195.
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The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what relation house prices have with regional migration in Sweden, with the interest of the study being to investigate how regional migration is affected by differentials in house prices and to see how it has affected migration choices for labor, and, to see if this relationship differed in 2007 and 2017. Theories surrounding regional house prices, regional migration, regional labor mobility, commuting, and accessibility are used to lay the foundation and support the empirical method. The regressions are run using cross-sectional data for the years 2007 and 2017. Whilst the literature review suggests that average house prices should have a negative relation towards in-migration, the conducted regression showcases a positive relation towards in-migration. Furthermore, the study concludes that there are many different variables that can affect regional migration. The results show that the effect of house prices has become weaker in the year 2017 compared to 2007, which could showcase that individuals have changed how they approach migration decision.
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Su, Steve yu Shuo. "The effect of cross sectional cost allocations on the statistical variance of accounting earnings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16070/1/Steve_Yu_Shuo_Su_Thesis.pdf.
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Cross sectional cost-allocations (COSAC) (allocation of costs to different products or objects at the same time intervals) are routine accounting procedures for most organisations. However, the purpose and decision making usefulness of COSAC remains controversial. Does COSAC have meaningful statistical purposes? If so, is there an optimal or better COSAC?
Prior literature have discussed the criteria of judging different cost allocation methods under the concept of estimation of long term profitability - a concept defined as income smoothing measured by statistical variance. This allows an objective comparison between different COSAC, a central concept to this thesis.
This thesis discusses the examinations of COSAC on statistical variance of earnings in both semi-theoretical and theoretical contexts. These analyses showed that some COSAC do have meaningful statistical purpose, allowing greater income smoothing effect, as opposed to not allocating any costs.
From simulation analysis of commonly used COSAC such as quantity based, equal apportionment, ABC and sales to production ratio, cost allocation under perfect information (perfect) and ABC with consistently high accuracy (abc) gives the best income smoothing effect. Further, theoretical analyses on the optimal income smoothing showed that while abc and perfect do not always give the best estimation of the long term profit, it tends to reduce the statistical variance of earnings in many cases. Interestingly, for profitable firms, optimal income smoothing effect firms often occurs when one over-allocates costs, a phenomenon consistent with the accounting conservatism principle.
Additionally, this thesis examines the use of generalised lambda distribution to model the cost and physical parameters of real life accounting numbers into the Statistical Activity Cost Theory framework. The development of this technique provides the basic tools to extend this research, by incorporating real world accounting data.
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Rayhel, Laura H. "Intra- and Inter-Rater Reliability in the Cross-Sectional Area of Feline Epaxial Musculature on CT Scan." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1586456088886131.
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Scivoletto, Salvatore. "A novel marker for heart failure: Cross sectional area assessment in a large vein by conductance catheter." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2015. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/8513/.
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The present study investigates the feasibility of a new application able to check the heart failure status in a patient through the estimation of the venous distension. In this way it would be possible to follow up patients, avoiding invasive or expensive exams such as cardiac catheterization and echocardiography. Moreover, the devices would also be able to diagnose the decline of the disease, in order to allow a new adaptation to therapy, and vice versa to check the improvement in the patient’s conditions after the CRT device implant.
This thesis is essentially divided into three parts: an analytical model was used to obtain an estimation of the error committed for the calculation of the CSA and to understand how the accuracy and sensitivity depend on the different configurations of the electrodes and the catheter position inside the vein; secondly, an in-vitro experiment was carried out in order to verify the practical feasibility for these kinds of measurements, in a very simplified model; in the end, several animal experiments were done to test the in-vivo practicability of the proposed method.
The obtained results showed the feasibility of this approach. In fact, the error committed in the estimation of CSA, during the animal experiments, can be considered acceptable (CSAerror_max ≈ -14%). Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the conductance catheter allows assessing, not only the vein CSA, but also the breathing of the animal.
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Hendrick, David J. "Discordance between cross sectional and longitudinal estimates for the effect of ageing on lung function." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33000.
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To evaluate why discordance may occur between regression coefficients from cross sectional and longitudinal analyses when ventilatory function is related to ageing, a population was created by computer, and modelled to simulate functional change during life. The program incorporated the effects of many factors known to influence lung function measurements, which were adjusted experimentally so that their contributions to any discordance could be assessed. Regression analyses showed that significant discordance could be induced if the oldest birth cohort failed to reach the same maximal level of function as the youngest; if a quadratic ageing term was excluded from the independent regression variables; or if the effects of certain confounders were present. Discordance occurred additionally if cross sectional estimates became imprecise, but then the differences (often marked) from longitudinal estimates were not significant. It is concluded that discordance may be fundamental and unavoidable (though explicable), or merely a consequence of imprecision.
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Marsh, Donald J., Dylan Suarez, Luis Rodriguez-Castellano, Kyle Rochau, Ai Ishida, and Caleb D. Bazyler. "Assessing the Validity and Reliability of a Freehand Tool Method for Analysis of Ultrasound Cross-Sectional Area Images." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5792.
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Eboreime, Ohioma. "A Study on the Effect of Cross-Sectional Geometry on Energy Absorption of Thin-Walled Tubes." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1407938652.
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Wilkin, Linda D. "REHABILITATIVE INFLUENCE OF THERAPEUTIC ULTRASOUND TREATMENT ON CELLULAR MARKERS OF SKELETAL MUSCLE REGENERATION FOLLOWING BLUNT CONTUSION INJURY." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1029356546.
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Margretz, Jason. "The effect of medical malpractice award amount on health a cross-sectional review of 1998 state data /." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/MARGRETZ_JASON_24.pdf.
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Fong, Ki-kin Kenneth, and 方其健. "Correlation of obesity with tea consumption in a Hong Kong general practice population: a cross-sectional survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31971738.
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Kasikci, Ilker. "Effect Of Gap Distance On The Mechanical Properties And Cross-sectional Characteristics Of The Mig-mag Butt Welds." Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/1027283/index.pdf.
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This study was undertaken with the objective of determining the effect of gap distance on the weld bead geometry and the mechanical properties of the weldments. Low-alloyed and low carbon steel plates were welded under different conditions where each weldment had different gap distance and weld bead grooves. The influences of welding parameters namely, welding speed, current and voltage on the weld bead were examined in terms of weld bead penetration and heat affected zone and weld metal zone hardness variations.
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de, Sá Agnetha. "A cross-sectional study to evaluate the effect of statins on Achilles tendon morphology using ultrasound tissue characterization." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61816.
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There has been growing interest in studying the possible effects of statins on tendons due to case
studies and retrospective chart reviews that reported a potential relationship between statin use
and tendon pathology, as well as laboratory studies demonstrating that statins directly influence
tenocyte metabolism. However, a recent epidemiological study found no association between
statin use and the risk of tendon rupture. Since statins are widely used cholesterol-lowering
medications, it is important to understand the potential relationship between statin use and
tendon health. With the use of Ultrasound Tissue Characterization (UTC), the aims of this pilot
cross-sectional study were to see if there were signs of reduced collagen organization or
increased cross-sectional area (CSA) of the Achilles tendon in individuals who had been taking
statins for at least a year (the Statin group), compared to those who had never taken a statin (the
Control group). We hypothesized that individuals in the Statin group would demonstrate a
greater cross-sectional area and reduced collagen organization (determined by the percent of
echo-type I) of their Achilles tendons compared to individuals in the Control group.
To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the UTC scans of 66 individuals who were either taking
Statins (n=33) or who had never taken statins (n=33, control group) and compared their resulting
Achilles tendon CSA and echo-type I values. There were no significant differences in Achilles
tendon CSA or proportion of echo-type I patterns between the two groups, implying that statins
do not negatively impact the health of the Achilles tendon. In the entire cohort (n=66), there were
significant effects of age (r = -0.31, p = 0.012) and BMI (r = -0.31, p = 0.012) on echo-type I
values. These findings support previous work which demonstrated a lack of association between
statin use and tendon pathology, but demonstrate the negative effects of aging and elevated BMI
on tendon health.<br>Medicine, Faculty of<br>Experimental Medicine, Division of<br>Medicine, Department of<br>Graduate
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Jiang, Wei. "A Cross-sectional Study on the Effect of HIV Virion and Bacterial LPS on Memory B Cell Apoptosis." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1333674973.
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Kryger, Anton, and Hampus Schönfeldt. "Should I Stay or Should I Go? : A cross-sectional study of refugee's internal migration pattern in Sweden." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-40204.
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Background: Sweden has in the past four years experienced a large influx of refugees. Some of these refugees were arranged housing upon arrival by the Swedish state. Approximately 30 percent of the refugees that were arranged housing have within five years relocated from the initial municipality of residence. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence refugee’s networks has on their internal migration in Sweden. Information regarding refugees residential preferences, and if location-specific social capital affect these preferences is important for policymakers to facilitate integration. Method: The initial and subsequent residential locations among refugees is studied to analyze how important other immigrants overall, and other immigrants from the individual’s country of birth in a municipality affect if a refugee stays in the initial municipality of residence or not. Conclusion: The results suggest that refugees stay in municipalities with high a representation of inhabitants from the individual’s birth country but move away from municipalities where there is a large share of immigrants overall.
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Elmes, Amanda Jane. "A cross sectional survey to determine the age of emergence of permanent teeth of Caucasian children of the Colchester area of the UK." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14186.
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There is a general assumption that permanent teeth in children are emerging into the oral cavity earlier than the dates given in published scientific studies conducted many years ago. In the course of this research a rigorous experimental protocol was devised to provide reliable data collection and analysis methods and give contemporary emergence rate estimations with a strong scientific basis. In addition equations are presented to predict the chronological age of children using only the sex of the child and the number of permanent teeth present. Data was collected between April 1998 and July 2001 from 12,395 children between 4 and 15 years of age, in the Colchester area of the UK. The results show that the ages of emergence of the permanent teeth are later than previously assumed. This research also confirms previous research showing that girl's teeth emerge before boy's teeth, that there is no statistical difference in the age of emergence contra-lateral teeth in the same arch and that there is a statistical difference in the age of emergence of ipsi-lateral teeth in opposing arches.
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Djoudi, Miriama. "Lingustic competence and strategic competence of second language learners in the area of the English verb-system : a cross-sectional study of interlanguage." Thesis, University of Essex, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.237539.
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Kuwabara, Junko. "Cross-sectional study of the association between day-to-day home blood pressure variability and visceral fat area measured using the dual impedance method." Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/242347.
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Brodt, Guilherme Auler. "Diferenças na estimativa do torque muscular máximo de extensão de joelho utilizando parâmetros da literatura e parâmetros mensurados diretamente de indivíduos com mais de 55 anos." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/104854.
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Contextualização: Uma das formas de conhecimento da função muscular se dá por meio de modelos biomecânicos que utilizam parâmetros como área de secção transversa fisiológica (ASTF), comprimento de fascículo e ângulo de penação para a mensuração da força isométrica máxima dos músculos. Os modelos biomecânicos normalmente empregam arquitetura de cadáveres e ignoram as características específicas da população estudada. Por esta razão, podem ser imprecisos na estimativa. Objetivo: Comparar o torque isométrico máximo de extensão de joelho de mulheres com mais de 55 anos com a estimativa de torque utilizando modelo biomecânico, utilizando parâmetros de cadáveres e utilizando parâmetros musculares mensurados diretamente. Metodologia: Quinze voluntárias com idade superior a 55 anos realizaram contrações voluntárias máximas isométricas (CVMI) de extensão de joelho em quatro ângulos (15°, 45°, 75° e 105°). Foram coletadas imagens de ultrassonografia de ASTF, comprimento de fascículo e ângulo de penação dos músculos do quadríceps. Esses parâmetros foram utilizados no modelo de Arnold et al. (2010) para estimar o torque individual das voluntárias nas mesmas condições da CVMI.. Os resultados de torque experimental, torque estimado individual (arquitetura individual) e torque estimado genérico (arquitetura dos cadáveres) foram comparados por meio de ANOVA de Friedman (α<0,05) e desdobramento post-hoc de Wilcoxon, índice de significância corrigido de α<0,0167 foi adotado após correção de Bonferroni. Além disso, foi realizada a análise gráfica de Bland-Altman (1986), regressão linear, índice de correlação intraclasse (ICC) e erro RMS para identificar qual técnica se assemelha mais ao torque experimental. Resultados e Discussão: O torque estimado individualmente previu corretamente o torque experimental nos ângulos de 45°, 75° e 105°. O torque estimado genérico previu corretamente o torque experimental nos ângulos 75° e 105°. Ambas as estimativas apresentaram tendências de superestimar os valores experimentais. Sendo que o torque estimado individual apresentou menor erro RMS e menor ICC. Após a correção da distância perpendicular muscular utilizada no modelo pela apresentada por Krevolin, Pandy e Pearce (2004) para mulheres, o pico do torque estimado individualmente apresentou-se no mesmo ângulo do torque coletado (75°). Conclusão: A estimativa com dados de arquitetura individualizados aumenta o grau acerto da técnica em um dos ângulos coletados, entretanto, a correlação entre os dados experimentais e aqueles oriundos do modelo individualizado não foi maior que aquela obtida entre os dados experimentais e os dados oriundos do modelo genérico.<br>Background: One way to know the muscle function is by biomechanical models that use parameters such as physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) , fascicle length and penation angle for the estimation maximum isometric muscle force. Biomechanical models typically employ generic architecture parameters from cadaveric studies and ignore the specific characteristics of the studied population. For this reason, the estimation may be inaccurate. Objective: Compare the maximum isometric knee extension moment in women over 55 years with the estimated moment using a biomechanical model, using: (1) muscle parameters from cadaveric studies and (2) muscle parameters measured directly. Methods: Fifteen volunteers aged over 55 years did maximum isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC) of knee extension at four angles (15°, 45°, 75° and 105°). Ultrasound images of PCSA, fascicle length and penation angle of the quadriceps femoris muscles were acquired. These parameters were used in the model of Arnold et al. (2010) to estimate the individual voluntary moment of the same conditions of MIVC. The experimental moments were compared with the estimated moment and with generic architecture, collected from cadaveric studies (Ward et al., 2009). The results experimental moment, individual estimated moment (individual architecture) and generic estimated moment (architecture from cadavers form Ward et al., (2009)) were compared using Friedman's ANOVA (α<0.05) and Wilcoxon’s post-hoc (α<0.0167 - Bonferroni’s correction). Furthermore, the following analysis were performed: graphical analysis and Bland-Altman (1986), linear regression, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and RMS error to identify which technique is more similar to the experimental moment. Results and Discussion: The moment estimated individually correctly predicted the experimental moment at 45°, 75° and 105°. The generic moment estimation agreed with the experimental moment at 75° and 105°. Both estimations presented tendencies to overestimate the experimental moment. The individual estimation presented lower RMS error and lower ICC. After correction of the muscle moment arm used in the model for the presented by Krevolin , Pandy and Pearce (2004 ), the peak angle of estimated moment was presented at the same angle of the experimental moment (75°). Conclusion: The estimate with individualized data architecture increases the degree of agreement in one of the angles. However, the correlation between the experimental data and those from the individualized model was not greater than that obtained by the generic estimation.
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Smyres, Alyssa Leann. "Multifidus Muscle Size and Atrophy Among Dancers With and Without Low Back Pain." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3289.
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Design: A single-blinded, cross-sectional observational study.
Objectives: Examine muscle cross-sectional area and symmetry of the lumbar multifidus muscle in elite ballroom dancers with and without low back pain (LBP).
Background: The incidence of LBP among elite ballroom dancers is high and at Brigham Young University is 57%. Previous research has linked lumbar multifidus muscle atrophy to low back pain; however this relationship has not been examined in ballroom dancers.
Methods and Measures: Lumbar multifidus cross-sectional area was assessed at rest on the right and left side at levels L1-L5. Thirty-seven subjects (age 24 ± 3.2 years; height, 172.8 ± 11.3 cm; mass, 54.6 ± 4.5 kg) were divided into one of three groups. Participants who reported LBP severe enough to interfere with dance training and daily living were allocated to the LBP group (reported pain at rest, during dance, and following dance) (n=15). Subjects who reported LBP that was not strong enough to interfere with training and daily living were allocated to the minimal pain group (reported pain during dance and following dance) (n= 6). And those who reported no back pain were put into the no pain group (n=16).
Results: There were no significant difference in demographics between the groups (P>0.05). There was no significant difference between groups in multifidus cross-sectional area (P = .437). Asymmetry was found in all groups with the left side being larger than the right (P < .002).
Conclusion: This study provides new information on lumbar multifidus cross-sectional area in elite ballroom dancers. Future research needs to examine other causes of LBP in elite ballroom dancers in an attempt to decrease LBP in these athletes.
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Amabile, Amy Helen. "Correlation of Selected Trunk and Hip Muscle Cross-Sectional Areas with Incidence and Severity of Low Back Pain in Adult Males and Females." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1461173248.
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Falinski, Giles L. "The Deterrent Effect of Traffic Enforcement on Ohio Crashes, 1995-2004." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1245963442.
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Hawkes, Teresa, and Teresa Hawkes. "Effect of the Long-Term Health Practices of Tai Chi, Meditation and Aerobics on Adult Human Executive Attention: A Cross-Sectional Study." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12340.
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Meditation, Tai Chi, and moderate aerobic exercise have been shown to positively affect executive attention. We compared the executive attention efficiency and aerobic capacity of long-term Tai Chi, meditation plus exercise, aerobic fitness, and sedentary participants. We hypothesized that because meditation and Tai Chi include moderate aerobic exertion and executive attention training, these groups would show significantly greater executive attention efficiency compared to aerobic exercisers or sedentary control groups. Our results support this. Tai Chi and meditation but not aerobic fitness practitioners significantly outperformed sedentary controls on key executive measures: percent switch costs and P3b ERP switch amplitude (Tai Chi, p = .001; p = .031, respectively; meditation, p = .006; p = .003, respectively). This suggests participation in chronic health practices requiring moderate aerobic exertion and attentional focus may offset declines in aerobic, neuromotor, and executive attention capacity often seen in normal aging.
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Symonds, Nicolle Emily. "Ultrasound measurement of the cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle in the horse: an assessment of the reliability, reproducibility and repeatability of the technique." Thesis, University of Sydney, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/24510.
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Background Measuring the cross-sectional area of the multifidus muscle using ultrasonography has been described for assessing and monitoring back pain in horses. This technique is extrapolated from human research but has not been validated in the horse.
Objective To assess the intra-operator and inter-operator repeatability, reliability and reproducibility for the ultrasound technique.
Method Ultrasound images were acquired of the multifidus muscle in the ‘short’ and the ‘long’ view at T15, T18, L2 and L5 on both sides. Study 1, part 1 assessed intra-operator reproducibility with 10 horses at two different time points. Study 1, part 2 assessed intra-operator reproducibility at a single time point. Study 2 compared the Philips EpiQ and MyLab ultrasound machines. Study 3 repeated measurements performed on a single static image using external software OsiriX. Study 4 compared inter-operator reproducibility with two operators imaging ten horses. Study 5 compared an additional third operator who is a specialist in diagnostic imaging. Limit of agreement estimates, repeatability coefficients and intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated for each study.
Results Intra-operator repeatability was moderate for repeat images in the same scanning session and excellent for repeat measuring of the images. There was poor intra-operator reproducibility for images taken at two different time points and poor-moderate when using two different machines. Inter-operator reproducibility was poor. Images were most reproducible in the short view cranially and the long view caudally.
Conclusion The operator, machine, side of acquisition and anatomic location all affected reproducibility. Measurement of the multifidus muscle in horses is more suitable for use in research settings or as a once off measurement.
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Ågren, Martin. "30-year (1983-2013) trends in saliva flow rate and saliva buffer capacity. Analyses from 10-year repeated, cross-sectional population samples in the Jönköping area." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap och medicin, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-44933.
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Najar, Carol Argelia, Jessi Nataly Vila-Quispe, Laura Astete-Robilliard, and Antonio Bernabe-Ortiz. "Association between household socioeconomic level and consumption of fast food and soft drinks: A cross-sectional assessment of the Young Lives cohort in Peru." Asociacion Espanola de Dietistas-Nutricionistas, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/655884.
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Introduction: The consumption of fast food and soft drinks is a risk factor for developing overweight and obesity. This study aimed at assessing if there is association between household socioeconomic level and the consumption of fast food and soft drinks among children. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional assessment of the data from the third round (2009-2010) of the youngest cohort of the Young Lives study in Peru was conducted. Sampling was conducted in three stages: In the first one, the country was divided into equal geographical regions, excluding the 5% of the richest district; in the second stage, 20 sentinel sites were chosen and an area within each sentinel site was selected. Finally, in the third stage, eligible children were selected. Outcomes were the self-reported consumption of fast food and soft drinks (never, sometimes, and always), whereas the exposure was household socioeconomic status (in quintiles). Crude and adjusted models were created between variables of interest using Poisson regression models, with robust variance, to report prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: Data of 1901 children, of which 942 (49.6%) were girls, with a mean age of 7.5 (SD: 0.5) was analyzed. A total of 24.1% (95%CI: 22.2%-26.1%) reported always consuming fast food, whilst this number was 22.4% (20.5%-24.3%) for soft drinks. Compared to the lowest socioeconomic quintile, those who were in higher socioeconomic status had more probability of consuming fast food and soft drinks (Chi-squared for trends <0.001). The highest socioeconomic quintile had a greater probability to always consume fast food (PR=1.42; 95%CI: 1.08-1.88) and soft drinks (PR=1.71; 95%CI: 1.24-2.37). Conclusions: This study shows that there is a significant association between the household socioeconomic level and the consumption of soft drinks and fast food.<br>Revisión por pares
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Pieterse, Chiné. "Leptin and cardiovascular function in African and Caucasian men and women : the SABPA study / Pieterse, C." Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/7048.
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Forensiese assesseringstegnieke wat tydens ondersoeke na kinder seksuele misbruik benut word, het in n hoë mate mettertyd ontwikkel. Navorsing het n waardevolle bydrae gelewer tot effektiewe en geskikte assesseringstegnieke. Verdere navorsing is egter nodig om die bestaande tegnieke te ondersoek. Die persoon wat by forensiese assesserings betrokke is, kan baat vind by die leiding wat navorsing bied.
Op grond hiervan het die navorser ondersoek ingestel na die forensiese assesseringstegnieke wat tans in die praktyk deur forensiese maatskaplike werkers benut word. Gedurende die ondersoek is verskeie tegnieke wat tydens forensiese assesseringsonderhoude benut word, geïdentifiseer en bespreek. Die sistematiese aanrakingseksplorasie is vir die doel van hierdie studie deur die navorser uitgesonder. Hierdie tegniek is aan die hand van n gevallestudie bestudeer en bespreek.
Ondersoek is ook ingestel na die menings van maatskaplike werkers wat in die forensiese veld werksaam is, asook dié van justisie–amptenare, onder wie landdroste en staatsaanklaers, wat in die hof vir seksuele misdrywe werksaam is, ten opsigte van die benutting van die sistematiese aanrakingseksplorasie. Die justisie–amptenare was aanvanklik nie vertroud met die tegniek nie. Nadat literatuur vir bestudering aan hulle beskikbaar gestel is, is vasgestel dat hulle ontvanklik is vir en positief staan teenoor die benutting van die sistematiese aanrakingseksplorasie.
Die ondersoek het ten doel gehad:
* Om deur middel van n literatuurstudie die forensiese assesseringstegnieke wat tans in die praktyk benut word, te identifiseer en te bespreek; en
* Om die sistematiese aanrakingseksplorasietegniek aan die hand van n literatuurstudie en empiriese navorsing te evalueer.
Samevattend kan gestel word dat die tegnieke, soos in hierdie navorsing bespreek, deel behoort uit te maak van die protokol van die professionele persoon wat die seksueel misbruikte kind assesseer. Hierdie navorsing het bevind dat die sistematiese aanrakingseksplorasie n waardevolle forensiese assesseringstegniek is ten opsigte van die seksueel misbruikte kind.<br>Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012.
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Katz, Eric Paul. "Measurement of the Cross-Sectional Area of the Nasal Passages of Nine Species of Modern Odontoceti with Implications for Comparative Physiology and the Paleophysiology of the Dinosauria." PDXScholar, 1999. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2247.
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In search of evidence for or against the endothermic dinosaur hypothesis, a recent study by Ruben et al. (1996) revealed that endotherms tend to have larger nasal cross-sectional areas than ectotherms of the same mass. The reason offered for this observation was that larger nasal passages are needed to house the complex respiratory turbinates possessed by endotherms. Whales were excluded from the study on the grounds that they have no nasal turbinates. In the present study, the cross-sectional area of the nasal passages of nine species of Odontoceti were measured by the use of latex casts. The regression of log cross-sectional area vs. log mass yielded the same line for the whales of the current study as for the endotherms of the previous study. Alternative explanations for the large nasal cross-sectional area of endotherms are sought.
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Jones, A. "A cross-sectional investigation of acute aerobic exercise intensity on attentional and executive control processing during the Stroop test in healthy aging : an ERP study." Thesis, Coventry University, 2016. http://curve.coventry.ac.uk/open/items/c17c4d43-e636-43e6-8e58-f218b72a8098/1.
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Research has argued that effortful cognitive functioning is more susceptible to age-related decline compared to tasks that can be performed with minimal cognitive effort. Aerobic exercise has also been associated with beneficial cognitive effects for tasks implicating higher order executive control processing. Therefore, the current study aims to investigate whether aerobic exercise selectively improves executive control processing which is known to be disproportionately effected by aging, potentially counteracting cognitive deterioration in healthy aging. Although behavioural studies have provided inconsistent findings, EEG/ERP studies investigating the effects of acute exercise intensity on neural activity during executive control tasks are limited in numbers and have mainly focused on younger rather than older populations. Ten healthy participants consisting of five young (mean age = 20±1 years, two male, three female) and five older adults (mean age = 67±4 years, three male, two female) performed a computerised Stroop test with continuous EEG following a 20 minute bout of acute cycling at 40% and 70% heart rate reserve, compared to a no exercise control. Behavioural reaction times showed no significant age effects for exercise condition or congruency, although moderate exercise was associated with the fastest reaction times for congruent trials. The P3b and N450 components also showed no significant higher order effects specific to trial congruency, although significant age effects were observed at the frontal region following acute exercise. The P3b and N450 amplitudes were reduced at the frontal region for the young group following moderate exercise compared to the control, suggesting processing efficiency was enhanced. However, for the older group P3b and N450 amplitudes increased at the frontal region following high intensity exercise compared to moderate, suggesting that high intensity exercise had a negative effect on cognitive processing. Acute exercise does not selectively improve executive control processing during the Stroop test, but rather seems to facilitate a non-specific global activation of neural resources at the frontal region. Acute moderate and high intensity exercise were associated with enhanced frontal processing for young adults, but impaired functioning for older adults. These findings are understood in terms of Compensatory-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits, the Posterior-Anterior Shift in Aging and Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Aging.
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Oh, Grace Eunhae 1980. "The Effect of Age of Acquisition and Second-Language Experience on Segments and Prosody: A Cross-Sectional Study of Korean Bilinguals' English and Korean Production." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12066.
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xviii, 210 p. : ill. (some col.)<br>The current dissertation investigated segmental and prosodic aspects of first- (L1) and second-language (L2) speech production. Forty Korean-speaking adults and children varying in L2 experience (6 months-inexperienced vs. 6 years-experienced) as well as twenty age-matched native English speaking adults and children participated. Experienced children born in the U.S. were first exposed to English much earlier than inexperienced children. Group differences were investigated for insight into the effect of differing language experience on speech production.
For segmental aspects, spectral quality and duration of English and Korean vowels (Chapter II), the effect of English coda consonant voicing on vowel and consonant closure duration (Chapter III), and language-specific voice onset time (VOT) in English and Korean stops (Chapter IV) were examined. All Korean groups except the experienced children differed from the native English speakers in vowel spectral quality and coda voicing production. The experienced children showed native-like production of both English and Korean vowels and also used VOT to distinguish Korean aspirated and English voiceless stops. These results suggest that the experienced children have separate phonological representations for their two languages.
For prosodic aspects, stressed and unstressed vowels in English multisyllabic words (Chapter V) and Korean four-syllable phrases (Chapter VI) were elicited. The results of stressed and unstressed vowel production revealed that the Korean adults were able to acquire English prosody in a native-like manner, except for reduced vowel quality. Contrary to the little L1-L2 interaction in prosody for adults, Korean experienced children's production suggested a strong influence of English acquisition on the development of Korean prosody in terms of fundamental frequency, intensity, and duration patterns.
Different degrees of L1-L2 interaction between Korean experienced children's production of segments and prosody are discussed from the developmental standpoint of simultaneous bilingual children's language shift from the mother tongue to English. In addition to children's greater plasticity of language acquisition, external (e.g., peer pressure, language input) and internal (e.g., ethnic self-identity) factors are likely to have created a language learning environment different from that of the Korean adults. As a result, the degree and direction of L1-L2 interaction varied by linguistic domains, depending on the age of the learner and the language experience.<br>Committee in charge: Susan Guion-Anderson, Chairperson;
Melissa Redford, Member;
Vsevolod Kapatsinski, Member;
Kaori Idemaru, Outside Member
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Ebarb, Sara Michelle. "The influence of growth-promoting technologies on the biological structures responsible for cooked meat tenderness." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/20121.
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Master of Science<br>Department of Animal Sciences and Industry<br>John Michael Gonzalez<br>The objective of this body of work was to examine effects of growth-promoting technologies (GP) on Longissimus lumborum meat tenderness, focusing on alterations of muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) and collagen solubility. Two studies were conducted and analyzed as randomized complete block designs with repeated measures with GP and day of postmortem aging (DOA) as main effects. Treatments consisted of: a control (CON), implant only (IMP), and implant and [beta]-adrenergic agonist (COMBO). The [beta]-adrenergic agonist utilized for the first was zilpaterol hydrochloride, while the second study examined ractopamine hydrochloride. Objective tenderness of strip loin steaks was measured through Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF) after 2 (study 2) or 3 (study 1), 7, 14, 21, or 35 d of postmortem aging. Muscle fiber CSA and collagen solubility were analyzed via immunohistochemistry and hydroxyproline content, respectively. For the first study there was a treatment × DOA interaction (P < 0.01) for WBSF. Compared to CON steaks, IMP steaks had greater (P = 0.01) WBSF on d 3, but were similar (P = 0.21) by d 14. The COMBO steaks remained less tender at all-time points (P < 0.04) except d 21 (P = 0.13) when compared to the CON. Growth-promoting treatment increased the CSA of all three muscle fiber types (P < 0.01), but had no effect on collagen solubility measures (P > 0.21). The second study observed no treatment × DOA interaction (P = 0.54) for WBSF, but GP increased (P < 0.01) WBSF across all DOA. Growth-promoting treatment tended to increase the CSA of type I and IIX fibers (P < 0.10), and increased (P < 0.01) type IIA fiber CSA. In agreement with the first study, there was no treatment × DOA interaction or treatment effect on collagen solubility (P > 0.75). The addition of GP to feedlot heifer production increased WBSF of strip loin steaks and fiber CSA, but did not impact collagen characteristics.
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Alhailiy, Ali. "Dose Optimisation and Establishment of Diagnostic Reference Levels in Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/19854.
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Cardiac computed tomography angiography (CCTA) has become an invaluable tool for the detection of cardiac disease. However, radiation brings potential risks of radiation-induced cancers. Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) identify unusually high radiation doses, which makes it a useful tool for targeting dose optimisation. The literature shows no established DRLs for CCTA in Saudi Arabia or Australia. This thesis aims to: 1) propose national DRLs (NDRLs) for CCTA in these countries; 2) identify the associated factors for dose variation in current CT centres. Methods: A structured survey was designed to record information about the CCTA protocols, patient parameters, volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose-length product (DLP). The data were collected from 11 and nine CT centres in Saudi Arabia and Australia, respectively. A stepwise regression analysis was performed to assess the contribution of tube voltage (kV), padding time technique, cross-sectional area (CSA) of chest and weight to DLP. Results: The Saudi NDRL values in CTDIvol and DLP were 43 mGy and 808 mGy cm, respectively while the Australian NDRLs were 22 mGy and 268 mGy cm, respectively. The stepwise regression showed that kV was the most significant predictor of DLP followed by padding technique then CSA, while patient weight had no significant effect on DLP. Conclusions: The findings show that DRLs in both countries are comparable or lower than DRLs in published studies due to the implementation of dose-saving technologies such as prospective ECG gating mode. Additionally, a wide variation in median dose between CT centres, which indicated the potential for using DRLs to encourage dose optimisation in current departmental CCTA protocols. Associated factors for dose variation include employing the RGM protocol, high-kV, use of the padding time, and larger CSA of the chest. Findings should provide baseline guidance for optimising CCTA examinations in CT imaging centres in Saudi Arabia and Australia.
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Martínez, Martínez Mª de los Llanos. "Estudio ecográfico (ecogenicidad y área) de los tendones flexores de la extremidad anterior del caballo Pura Raza Español." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10990.
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La ecografía es una técnica ampliamente utilizada para evaluar las lesiones tendinosas en los caballos, hasta este momento no se ha realizado ningún estudio sobre la ecogenicidad y el área de los tendones flexores y ligamentos de la zona metacarpiana del Pura Raza Español (P.R.E). El objetivo de nuestro estudio es determinar el área y la ecogenicidad de los tendones flexores y ligamentos de la zona del metacarpo, y determinar si tiene algún efecto la edad, el sexo, la extremidad y la zona de corte a ecografiar sobre estos parámetros en el caballo PRE.De este trabajo podemos concluir que la edad y la zona del metacarpo donde se realiza el examen tienen un efecto tanto en la ecogenicidad como en el área. Mientras que la extremidad sólo influye en los valores del área. Sin embargo, no se encontró ninguna diferencia entre machos y hembras ni en la ecogenicidad ni en los valores del área.<br>The ultrasonographic assessment of tendon injuries can be based on several criteria. The purposes of this study were to establish normal values for CSA and ME of flexor tendons and ligaments of the metacarpal region of Andalusian horses; to determine the normal relation between the different tendons and ligaments; to determine the normal relation between the male and female for each tendon and ligament; to determine the normal relation between the left and right limbs for each tendon and ligament and to determine the normal relation between different age (young, adult and senile) for each tendon and ligament.In conclusion, this work suggests that the age and level have an effect on CSA and ME of the tendons and ligaments. The limb has also an effect on CSA of each tendon and ligament. Differences in CSA or ME of each tendon were not found between males and females.
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Vechin, Felipe Cassaro. "Efeitos do treinamento de força de baixa intensidade associado à restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo na força, hipertrofia e modulação das células satélites musculares em idosos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/39/39132/tde-20022015-095624/.
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O treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) emergiu como uma alternativa ao treinamento de força tradicional, com intensidades variando entre moderada a alta, principalmente para idosos que possam apresentar alguma limitação ou dificuldade na realização do treinamento mais intenso. Assim, o presente estudo objetivou analisar a efetividade do TFR na modulação dos níveis de força, área de secção transversa muscular (ASTM) e dos diferentes tipos de fibra (ASTF) bem como da quantidade de células satélites (CS) e mionúcleos (MIO) presentes nas células musculares de indivíduos idosos e comparar os ganhos proporcionados por esse treinamento com os ganhos do treinamento de força tradicional. Trinta sujeitos foram alocados de maneira aleatória e balanceada, pela área de secção transversa muscular do quadríceps, nos seguintes grupos: grupo controle (GC), treinamento de força de baixa intensidade com restrição parcial do fluxo sanguíneo (TFR) e treinamento de força de alta intensidade (TFAI). Após 12 semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana, com o exercício Leg Press ambos os grupos, TFR e TFAI apresentaram aumentos nos níveis de força muscular (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectivamente) e na ASTM do quadríceps (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectivamente). O grupo controle não apresentou nenhuma alteração significativa dessas variáveis. Após o período de intervenção, a ASTF bem como a quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras musculares não apresentaram alterações estatisticamente significantes para nenhum dos grupos. Entretanto, no grupo controle foi observada uma queda na ASTF (tipo I = -10%; tipo II = -1%) e também na quantidade de CS e MIO presentes nas fibras (CS = -29,2%; MIO = -9,7%). Para o grupo TFR foi observado um aumento na ASTF tipo II de 13%, contudo um decréscimo de 6% na ASTF do tipo I. Na quantidade de CS o grupo TFR apresentou uma queda de 5% enquanto que para quantidade de MIO foi apresentado um acréscimo de 14,6%. Já o grupo TFAI apresentou uma elevação de 15% na ASTF para ambos os tipos de fibra, I e II. A quantidade de CS aumentou em 32,6% enquanto que a quantidade de MIO presente nas fibras musculares aumentou 3,6%. Os achados do presente estudo mostram adaptações similares nos ganhos de força e hipertrofia muscular entre o TFR e o TFAI, sendo ambos efetivos em reverter os efeitos deletérios do envelhecimento nessas variáveis, consolidando assim o TFR como uma possível alternativa ao TFAI. Quanto à modulação da ASTF bem como da quantidade de CS e MIO por fibra muscular, se comparado ao controle, que apresentou queda nos níveis dessas variáveis, ambos os treinos TFR e TFAI foram capazes de retardar o efeito do envelhecimento sobre essas variáveis, sendo o TFAI mais efetivo em modular a ASTF do tipo I e a quantidade de CS por fibra em dozes semanas de treinamento, realizados duas vezes na semana. Já para modulação da quantidade de MIO por fibra, o TFR apresentou uma ligeira vantagem frente ao TFAI. Dessa forma, em nível celular, no que diz respeito à ASTF, CS e MIO ambos os treinos, após 12 semanas com uma frequência de treinamento baixa, parecem capazes de preservar os níveis dessas variáveis frente ao processo de envelhecimento<br>The low load resistance training with blood flow restriction (BFR) emerged as an alternative training mode to traditional resistance training (RT), with moderate to high intensities, mainly to elderly, with some limitations or losses, unable to exercise the traditional RT. Thus, the aim of the present study was comparing the effectiveness of BFR to promote strength gains, increases in the muscle and fibers cross sectional area (CSAm and CSAf in that order) as well as an augment in the muscle satellite cells (SC) and myonucleous (MYO) contents in elderly with RT results in these variables. Thirty elderly individuals were ranked in quartiles according to their initial quadriceps CSA and then randomly allocated into one of the following groups: control (CG), low-intensity resistance training with blood flow restriction group (BFR) and high-intensity resistance training (HRT). After 12 weeks of training, twice a week, using the Leg Press exercise, both groups, BFR and HRT presented increases to muscle strength (17% P = 0,067 e 54% P < 0,001 respectively) and CSAm (P < 0,001; 6,6% e 7,9% respectively). The CG did not present any significantly alteration in these variables. After the intervention, the CSAf as well as the SC and MYO contents did not show any significantly alteration for the three groups. However in the CG was observed a CSAf decreases (type I = -16%; type II = -12%) even as in the SC and MYO (CS= -29,2; MYO = -9,7%). To the BFR group was observed an increase of 13% in the type II CSAf while type I presented a decrease of 6%. The CS content decreases 5% whereas MYO content show a increase of 14,6%. To the HRT, both fibers type, I and II, presented an increase in the CSAf (type I = 1%; type II = 12%). To CS and MYO contents HRT showed an augment of 32,6% and 3,6 % respectively. These finds indicate similar strength and hypertrophy gains between BFR and HRT, being both training capable to offset age-related loss in muscle strength and mass, placing the BFR as a surrogate approach to HRT. Comparing the CSAf as well as SC and MYO modulation after intervention in both groups with the control group, BFR and HRT seems capable to break the aging impact on these variables, being the HRT slightly more effective to increase the type I CSA and CS contents while BFR seems slight more effective to increase MYO contents after 12 weeks of training twice a week. On this way both training, BFR and HRT, showed able to preserve CSAf levels even as CS and MYO content during aging
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Scanlon, Tyler. "Physiological Muscle Qualitative Changes in Response to Resistance Training in Older Adults." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5699.
Full textAbstract:
Muscle function is determined by structure and morphology at the architectural level. In response to resistance training, older adults have demonstrated that the neuromuscular system has a substantial adaptability, which may compensate for muscle size and quality and lead to improved functional capacities and higher quality of life. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of six weeks of progressive resistance exercise on muscle morphology and architecture in healthy older adults. METHODS: Twenty- five healthy men and women were randomly assigned to either six weeks of progressive resistance training (RT) (n=13; age = 71.08 ± 6.75, BMI = 28.5 ± 5.22) or to serve as a control (CON) (n = 12; age = 70.17 ± 5.58, BMI = 27.52 ± 5.6). Fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), and lean thigh mass (LTM) were evaluated using dual x-ray absorptiometry. Lower body strength was estimated by predicting maximal knee extensor strength (1RM). Muscle quality (MQ) was evaluated as strength per unit mass (kg/kg). Cross-sectional area (CSA), muscle thickness (MT), fascicle length (Lf), pennation angle (cosΘ), and echo intensity (EI) of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) were collected using B-mode ultrasound and extended field of view (FOV) ultrasound. EI was quantified using grayscale analysis software. Strength per unit of echo intensity (REI) was determined by dividing 1RM by EI of the thigh. Physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) was calculated as the ratio of (CSA x cosΘ) / (EI x Lf). A 2x2 (group [exercise vs. control] x time [pre vs. post]) repeated measures ANOVA was used to identify group differences and group x time interactions and stepwise regression was performed to assess variables related to strength. RESULTS: 1RM increased by 31.9% (p ≤ 0.01) in the RT group and was significantly correlated to PCSA of the thigh (r = .579; p = .003) at baseline. MQ increased 31.4% (p ≤ 0.01) in the RT group consistent with an REI increase of 33.3% (p ≤ 0.01). There were no significant changes in LTM in either group. VL CSA increased 7.4%, (p ≤ 0.05) and demonstrated a significant interaction (p ≤ 0.05) in the RT group. There were no significant changes in the CON group for 1RM, MQ, REI or VL CSA. PCSA demonstrated a significant (p ≤ 0.05) group x time interaction but did not significantly change in either group. EI did not significantly change in the RT or CON groups. CONCLUSION: Calculated PCSA of the thigh assessed by ultrasound was related to the force producing capacity of muscle and demonstrated a significant interaction following resistance training. Short term resistance exercise training was effective in increasing 1RM, muscle quality as relative strength, muscle quality as relative echo intensity, and muscle morphology, but not EI. In addition, ultrasonography appears to be a safe, feasible, informative and sensitive clinical technique to aid in our understanding of muscle strength, function, and quality.<br>M.S.<br>Masters<br>Child, Family, and Community Sciences<br>Education and Human Performance<br>Sport and Exercise Science; Applied Exercise Physiology
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Holmgren, Madelene. "Modelling of Venous Biomechanics and Evaluation using Imaging, Positive Airway Pressure and Postural Changes." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122228.
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Knowledge about biomechanical properties of veins is of importance for understanding the physiologyof the venous system. Specifically for this thesis there is a motivation based on an idea of how to usebiomechanics of the vein in the development of new non-invasive measurement techniques for assessingthe pressure in the brain. The cross sectional area of veins is known to depend on pressure changes insidethe vessel. There are many ways of provoking these pressure changes, like changing posture or creating apositive airway pressure. The hypothesis is that the positive airway pressure will increase the intrathoracic pressure and in turnincrease the pressure in the internal jugular veins by the same magnitude. The cross sectional area will from a pressure change subsequently change with respect to the biomechanical properties of the vessel walls. A first aim in this study was to determine how the cross sectional area of the internal jugular veins is altered due to changes in airway pressure. A second aim was to develop and evaluate a model where the biomechanical properties of the internal jugular veins is described, based on the relationship between pressure and area of the vein. Ultrasound measurements were performed on one healthy adult man to study the effect on the cross sectional area at different pressure provocations. Measurements on the subject was performed at four different head up tilt angles, causing a pressure decrease in the internal jugular vein. A controlled Valsalva method was performed to give the positive airway pressure giving corresponding pressure increases. With an increased airway pressure the effect on cross sectional area changes was about 23% of the effect dueto hydrostatic pressure changes, at a tilt angle from 0° to 8°. At a tilt angle from 8° to 16° the effect was about 35%. Thus the venous pressure seems to be increased due to an increased airway pressure, but not tothe same magnitude. The theoretical model was developed and subsequently evaluated using existing head down tilt magneticresonance imaging data on nine healthy volunteers. An expression for how radius of the vessel depends on pressure changes was derived and evaluated. This expression included individual biomechanical properties that were estimated on group level for the nine subjects. The resulting equation could beused to give an approximate prediction of the increase in radius to a change in venous pressure. In conclusion, the hypothesis suggesting that a positive airway pressure would give an equally increased venous pressure could not be confirmed, and this knowledge should be considered when trying to assess thepressure in the brain with this technique. The derived biomechanical model was promising for predictionof cross sectional area with respect to a change in venous pressure.<br>Att ha kännedom om biomekaniska egenskaper hos vener är viktigt för att kunna förstå fysiologin hos vensystemet. I den här rapporten finns det i synnerhet ett intresse av detta baserat på en idé för hur veners biomekanik kan användas för att utveckla en ny icke-invasiv mätteknik för att uppskatta trycket i hjärnan. Det är känt att tvärsnittsnittarean av vener beror på tryckförändringar inne i kärlet. Att provocera fram dessatryckförändringar går att göra på många sätt, till exempel genom en förändrad kroppsposition eller genomatt sätta ett positivt tryck på luftvägarna. Hypotesen är att ett positivt luftvägstryck kommer att höja det intratorakala trycket, vilket i sin turkommer att höja trycket inne i de interna jugularvenerna lika mycket. Tvärsnittsarean kommer därmed att ändras enligt biomekaniska egenkaper hos kärlväggen. Ett första syftet i det här arbetet var att bestämma hur tvärsnittsarean av de internal jugularvenerna varierar enligt förändringar i luftvägstryck. Det andra syftet var att utveckla en modell som beskriver de biomekaniska egenskaperna hos de interna jugularvenerna. Detta baserat på relationen mellan tryck och area hos venen. För att studera effekten på tvärsnittsarea för olika tryckprovokationer, genomfördes ultraljudsmätningar på en frisk och vuxen man. Mätningarna på subjektet genomfördes med överkroppen positionerad i fyra olika positiva vinklar relativt horisontalplanet, vilket leder till ett minskat tryck i jugularvenerna. En kontrollerad Valsalvametod användes för att skapa det positiva luftvägstrycket som då ska ge en motsvarande tryckökning. Vid en tiltvinkel på 8° var effekten på areaförändringarna som en följd av ökat luftvägstryck ca 23% av effekten som en följd av de hydrostatiska tryckförändringarna. Vid en tiltvinkel på 16° var effekten ca 35%. Det verkar som att ventrycket ökar med ökat luftvägstryck, men inte med samma storleksordning som det pålagda trycket. Den teoretiska modellen utvecklades och utvärderades sedemera med hjälp av befintligt MRI-data för nio friska och frivilliga subjekt, där överkropparna var positionerade i nedåt tilt. Modellen bestod av ettuttryck för hur radien av ett kärl beror på tryckförändringar inne i det. Modellen innehåller individspecifika egenskaper men utvärderingen gjordes på gruppnivå för de nio subjekten. Det resulterande uttrycket kunde användas för att ge en approximativ förutsägelse om hur radie förändras till följd av en variation i ventryck. Som slutsats så kunde hypotesen som föreslog att ett positivt luftvägstryck skulle ge en lika stor ökning av ventryck inte bekräftas. Om denna teknik ska användas för att försöka bestämma trycket i hjärna så måste hänsyn tas till dessa resultat. Den utvecklade biomekaniska modellen verkar lovande för att kunna förutsäga tvärsnittsarea utifrån ventrycksförändringar.
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Wade, James David. "Magnetic Sensor for Nondestructive Evaluation of Deteriorated Prestressing Strand." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1271287017.
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Maione, Mitchell T. "Relationship Between Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging and the Modified Prone Straight Leg Raise Test to Identify Multifidus Weakness." Diss., NSUWorks, 2018. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/hpd_pt_stuetd/74.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Low back pain (LBP) is often associated with lumbar spinal instability (LSI). The multifidus muscle is considered a stabilizer of the spine and has been studied extensively with Rehabilitative Ultrasound Imaging (RUSI). There may be a relationshipbetween clinical signs of LSI, decreased cross-sectional area (CSA) of the multifidus and weakness. Having the ability to detect multifidus weakness without the use of RUSI may serve to be invaluable to the clinician in detecting multifidus weakness.Purpose: To investigate the relationship between the modified prone straight leg raise test (MPSLR) and CSA of the multifidusmuscle as measured by RUSI and to investigate the relationship between MPSLR and RUSI findings with the presence of low back pain symptoms that interfere with regular daily activities. Subjects: Participants consisted of two groups of subjects. One group (n=30, 87% male) comprised individuals in general good health, aged 18-55, without history of back pain. The second group (n=36, 56% male) comprised individuals aged 18-55, with history of low back pain within the past 12 months. Methodology: Subjects performed a MPSLR test to identify multifidus weakness. All subjects repeated the same test with concurrent RUSI to visualize the multifidusand measure its CSA. Results: A significant association between a positive MPSLR, asymmetry of the multifidus, and pain was observed (p r = .049, p = .696) was not observed. A sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 63% was also discovered in the ability of the MPSLR test to detect asymmetry of themultifidus muscle within subjects. A positive MPSLR combined with a high Oswestry score of 25-30 further reinforced the probability of pain (p < .001) Conclusion: The MPSLR test demonstrated a strong association between a positive test and asymmetry of themultifidus muscle within subjects. Clinical Relevance: The MPSLR test can be used to identify patients at risk for LBP symptoms due to asymmetrical changes in the multifidus muscle of the lumbar spine, and aid in directing an appropriate rehabilitation approach to those patients in need of specific multifidus exercise prescription.