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1
McGue, Matt, and David T. Lykken. "Genetic Influence on Risk of Divorce." Psychological Science 3, no. 6 (1992): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00049.x.
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Although it has long been recognized that there is increased risk of divorce among the children of divorced parents, the extent to which genetic and environmental factors contribute to this familial resemblance has been a matter of speculation only. In order to resolve the separate influence of genetic and environmental factors on risk of divorce, divorce status of 1,516 same-sex twin pairs (722 monozygotic. MZ, and 794 dizygotic. DZ), their parents, and their spouses' parents was determined. Concordance for divorce was significantly higher in MZ than DZ twins; this was true overall, in both the male and female samples, for both younger and older twin pairs, and both when the twins' parents had been divorced and when they had not been divorced. The robustness and magnitude of the MZ-DZ difference in divorce concordance indicates a strong influence of genetic factors in the etiology of divorce. Moreover, family background of both spouses contributed independently to couples' divorce risk, suggesting that, in many cases, divorce may be largely the result of characteristics the two spouses bring to the union rather than to interaction effects. These results also suggest that the adjustment difficulties seen with some children of divorced parents may be due to an interaction between genetic and environmental factors rather than environmental influences alone, as is assumed in many theories of divorce's effects.
2
Garriga, Anna, and Jorge Martínez-Lucena. "Importance of Childhood Psychological Wellbeing on Parental Divorce-Educational Level Relationship." Review of European Studies 10, no. 2 (2018): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v10n2p124.
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Although there is consistent evidence of the negative effects of parental divorce on children’s educational level, the mechanisms and the protective factors that explain the consequences of divorce on children have not been clearly determined. This information is required in order to create effective policies and programs to help children through the divorce process. This study uses the longitudinal data from the British Birth Cohort Study 1970 and structural equation models to test whether family income, maternal supervision, and children’s psychological problems mediate the effect of parental divorce on children’s educational level and to what extent these variables are important protective factors for children through the divorce process. The main aim of this study, however, is to test the importance of children’s psychological well-being on the relationship between parental divorce and children’s educational level. Only two studies noted the importance of children’s psychological well-being theoretically, but were unable to measure it. This study demonstrates empirically that children’s psychological well-being is not a negligible mechanism and that this variable represents a very important protective factor for children of divorce, since the effect of psychological problems on educational level is significantly greater for children from divorced families than for those from intact ones. Although most family policies aimed at divorced families are targeted to improving family income, these findings reveal the need for governments to ensure that all children of divorce have access to programs and interventions designed to improve their psychological well-being.
3
ALAM, NURUL, SAJAL K. SAHA, ABDUR RAZZAQUE, and JEROEN K. VAN GINNEKEN. "THE EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON INFANT MORTALITY IN A REMOTE AREA OF BANGLADESH." Journal of Biosocial Science 33, no. 2 (2001): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932001002711.
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The process of divorce is usually lengthy and hazardous, and can start quarrels that can lead to the abuse of women and their children. This study examines the effects of divorce on neonatal and postneonatal mortality of babies born before and after divorce in Teknaf, a remote area of Bangladesh. The longitudinal demographic surveillance system (DSS) followed 1762 Muslim marriages in 1982–83 for 5 years to record divorce, deaths of spouse, emigration and births. It recorded 2696 live births during the follow-up period, and their survival status during infancy. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the effect of divorce on neonatal and postneonatal mortality, controlling for maternal age at birth, parity, sex of the child and household economic status. The odds of neonatal and postneonatal deaths among babies born after divorce or less than 12 months before mothers were divorced were more than double the odds of those born to mothers of intact marriages. The odds of postneonatal deaths were two times higher among babies born more than 12 months before divorce happens than their peers. The high mortality of infants born before and after mothers were divorced may reflect how abusive marriage and divorce increase the vulnerability of women and children in rural Bangladesh. Divorce and abuse of women are difficult and intractable social and health problems that must be addressed.
4
Bynum, Melissa K., and Mark W. Durm. "Children of Divorce and its Effect on Their Self-Esteem." Psychological Reports 79, no. 2 (1996): 447–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.79.2.447.
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The purpose was to investigate the temporal relationship of divorce with self-esteem of children and to assess differences in self-esteem, if any, between children of divorced families and children of intact families. The self-esteem of 60 children in Grade 9 and from divorced homes was measured using the Culture-free Self-esteem Inventory. There was no significant positive correlation between the passage of time and higher self-esteem among these children. Independent t tests were then computed using the inventory scores of 60 students in Grade 9 from homes with both parents and the 60 from homes of divorced parents. Significant differences in self-esteem were found between the two groups.
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Devor, Camron S., Susan D. Stewart, and Cassandra Dorius. "Parental Divorce, Social Capital, and Postbaccalaurate Educational Attainment Among Young Adults." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 10 (2018): 2806–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x18760349.
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Educational attainment is lower among children with divorced parents than those with continuously married parents. Most research has focused on the educational outcomes of children and little research has examined the effect of parental divorce on educational attainment beyond a bachelor’s degree. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997, we investigated how parental divorce affects young adult postbaccalaureate educational attainment, measured by graduate/professional school enrollment and attainment of a graduate/professional degree. We also examined the role of social capital, measured by parental educational expectations. Parental divorce was negatively associated with enrolling in a graduate/professional program and obtaining a degree. Parental educational expectations were positively related to children’s postbaccalaureate educational attainment, but the expectations of divorced and continuously married parents were similar and did not explain the negative effect of parental divorce. More work is needed to investigate explanations for lower postbaccalaureate educational attainment among children of divorce.
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Khattak, Mamoon Khan, Khalid Usman Khan Khattak, and Zahra Maqbool. "Psycho-Social Effects of Parental Divorce on Children in Pakistani Society." Global Social Sciences Review III, no. III (2018): 431–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gssr.2018(iii-iii).24.
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Divorce is the lawful form of dissolution of a marriage, which is permitted by Allah Almighty only in unavoidable unconducive conditions, hence it is still the most disliked act near to Him among lawful acts. The divorce has severe socio-psychological outcomes for stakeholders, particularly children from divorced spouses are at worst hit. Today's children are the tomorrow's vital human resource. The main objective of this research has been to analyze social and psychological impacts of divorce on the divorced spouses' children. Hypothesis of study was that parental divorce affects the children adversely in psycho-social terms. The universe selected for this study was province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. A number of 30 respondents were purposively selected, while using non-probability sampling technique. The respondents were juveniles having their ages ranging between 5 years to less than 18 years; these juveniles' parents were divorced. The Interview was used as method of data collection. The results of study shows that parental divorce affect their juveniles in terms of parental loss associated with emotional and economic loss, stress in life, complex dynamics in relationships, social and psychological problems etc. It is recommended that every possible effort should be made to maintain the marital tie intact, and if in some case, Allah forbid, the divorce occurred, even then children should be supported by both parent, by society and by the state.
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Peretti, Peter O., and Anthony Di Vitorrio. "EFFECT OF LOSS OF FATHER THROUGH DIVORCE ON PERSONALITY OF THE PRESCHOOL CHILD." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 21, no. 1 (1993): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1993.21.1.33.
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Children of divorce suffer psychologically in various ways due to the loss of a parent through the divorce process. The present study was an attempt to determine the effect of loss of father through divorce on personality of the preschool child. It examined personality characteristics of boys and girls of divorced parents residing with the single parent mother given custody of the youngsters. Results suggested five of the most frequently found variables for both S groups.
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Isik, Muhammed Ali. "The Socio-Psychological Impact of Divorce on School Children through Analysis of Interviews Implemented to Students and School Psychologists in Tirana\Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 4 (2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i4.p137-144.
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Recent studies indicate that there is great influence of divorce on children`s lives. The effect of a divorced couple with children may cause a lifespan impact on them; especially young aged children may experience dramatic and traumatic adjustments that could lead to mental, physical and emotional disorders. The effect is not only with visible traces but also their mindsets, hearts, spiritual well-beings may get effected from low to high scales; visible to non-visible; long-term to short term periods. The present study was mainly focused on divorced children from secondary and high school students in Albania as to observe, investigate and analyze the impact of divorce on children and their school lives. One of the main problems observed with divorced families was the uncertain role of the parent that would beheld child`s educational needs. Also how divorce impact on those children when their parents get the divorced, do they feel secure or not, or do they miss the parents who do not live with children or do they hate them. Do those children have low academic achievement in school, or not were main concerns of the present study. Together with this particular study as well as the interview with some psychologists, the obtained data and analysis of them indicated that support from school does not provide sufficient emotional support for children of divorced families. Present study also shows that there isn`t significant correlation between psychologists, children and parents in regard with expected sufficient emotional support and betterment of children`s current situations.
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Isik, Muhammed Ali. "The Socio-Psychological Impact of Divorce on School Children through Analysis of Interviews Implemented to Students and School Psychologists in Tirana\Albania." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (2016): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v6i1.p137-144.
Full textAbstract:
Recent studies indicate that there is great influence of divorce on children`s lives. The effect of a divorced couple with children may cause a lifespan impact on them; especially young aged children may experience dramatic and traumatic adjustments that could lead to mental, physical and emotional disorders. The effect is not only with visible traces but also their mindsets, hearts, spiritual well-beings may get effected from low to high scales; visible to non-visible; long-term to short term periods. The present study was mainly focused on divorced children from secondary and high school students in Albania as to observe, investigate and analyze the impact of divorce on children and their school lives. One of the main problems observed with divorced families was the uncertain role of the parent that would beheld child`s educational needs. Also how divorce impact on those children when their parents get the divorced, do they feel secure or not, or do they miss the parents who do not live with children or do they hate them. Do those children have low academic achievement in school, or not were main concerns of the present study. Together with this particular study as well as the interview with some psychologists, the obtained data and analysis of them indicated that support from school does not provide sufficient emotional support for children of divorced families. Present study also shows that there isn`t significant correlation between psychologists, children and parents in regard with expected sufficient emotional support and betterment of children`s current situations.
10
Foo, Ashley. "Parental Dissolution and the Transmission of Relational Instability for Adult Children of Divorce." Canadian Journal of Family and Youth / Le Journal Canadien de Famille et de la Jeunesse 13, no. 3 (2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjfy29620.
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This paper explores the ways in which divorce has an effect on adult children of divorce and their perception towards intimate relationships. Current research around the topic suggests that individuals raised in divorced families tend to develop less positive attitudes towards marriage, and more positive attitudes towards divorce. This concept stems from the types of experiences gained through an individual’s family-of-origin, this creates a clear indication surrounding the attitudes a child of divorce will carry through to their intimate relationships. I will discuss a common source of tension around ‘feeling caught’ between parents and the impact it has on communication and topic avoidance. The topic centers around the concept of relational uncertainty and its association to relational turbulence and reactivity. The portrayal of parental relationships influences the transmission of marital instability.
11
Gürgan, Uğur. "The Effect of Psychodrama Integrated Psycho-Education Program on Resilience and Divorce Adjustment of Children of Divorced Families." World Journal of Education 10, no. 1 (2020): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wje.v10n1p56.
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The aim of this study is to determine the effect of Psycho-drama Integrated Psycho-Education Program (PIPP) on divorce adaptation and resilience scores of children of divorced families. In this study, a 2x3 design with experimental and control groups and having pre-test, post-test and follow-up measurements was used. Nonparametric statistics were used in the analysis of the obtained data. Mann Whitney U test was adopted to determine the significance of the difference between the groups and Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test was utilized to find the significance of the difference between the measurements. The Child’s Divorce Adjustment Inventory, Child and Youth Resilience Measure and Personal Information Form were used as data collection tools. Based on the results, it was seen that the PIPP had a highly significant effect on the increase in adaptation and resilience scores of children of divorced families and this effect was long-lasting.
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Odis, Adaora Isabella. "Effects of Divorce on Women and Children." TEXILA INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH 9, no. 1 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.09.01.art001.
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Divorce is a legal separation of husband and wife, leaving each other free to remarry. It is also to break off a marriage legally. Marriage is a state of being legally joined as husband and wife. A family's social support is one of the major ways that family positively impacts health. Marriage is associated with physical health, psychological well-being, and low mortality. Marriage in particular has been studied in the way it affects health. Marriage is thought to protect well-being by providing companionship, emotional support, and economic security. It was also revealed that divorce has psychological and emotional effects on women. This article review discovered that divorced women and children experience more social isolation, which makes them end up producing greater feelings of loneliness, unhappiness, and lower self-esteem. Some psychological and emotional effects of divorce on women which include factors like; low appetite, reduced physical energy and strength, chest pain, severe pressure in chest difficulty in hearing, eye pain, digestive problem, lower abdomen pain, back pain headache, sleeping disturbance, worthless, suicidal attempt, decreased level of confidence, shocked, feeling of shame, feeling of sorrow in her heart, worried, anxious, irritated towards her life, suppressed problem, feeling bad, upset, feeling of miserable life, among other things as the major emotional and psychological effects of divorce on women.
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Hadayati, Rima. "PERCERAIAN ORANG TUA DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP PENDIDIKAN ANAK DALAM ISLAM." Raudhah Proud To Be Professionals : Jurnal Tarbiyah Islamiyah 1, no. 1 (2016): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.48094/raudhah.v1i1.9.
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Every child is born in a state of nature, then both his parents who make it Jewish, or Zoroastrian Nashrani (HR.Muslim). Implied meaning of the hadith is that the formation of the child's personality is influenced by upbringing and education of parents. Basically every child wants to live with his parents, didikik, nurtured and given affection filled by both parents. However, if the household of his parents could not be maintained in this case happens disharmony or other factors so that his parents divorced, the children are victims of divorce of their parents. Divorce for children is "a sign of the death of" the unity of the family, it was half of the "self" has lost a child, life will never be the same again after their parents divorced and they have to accept the grief and sense of loss is profound. such children should harbored a deep sense of longing for a father or mother who suddenly does not live with him anymore. The negative effect of divorce on the development and education of children are: children get less attention, affection, and educational demands of parents, the need for physical and psychological teen is not consummated, the children do not get physical exercise and mental indispensable for moral life, divorce of parents expected to affect the learning achievement of children, both in the field of religious studies as well as in other fields, improve the delinquency of children, influence the formation of the child's personality.
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GREENSTEIN, THEODORE N. "Occupation and Divorce." Journal of Family Issues 6, no. 3 (1985): 347–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019251385006003006.
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Analyses of the combined General Social Surveys for 1972-1983 are used to estimate propensity to divorce (proportion of ever-married persons who have ever been divorced or legally separated) for major occupational categories and for selected occupations. Separate analyses for males and females show significant estimated effects of occupation on propensity to divorce even when occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, income, education, and number of children are statistically controlled. Contrary to the findings of previous studies, male professional and technical workers do not have the lowest propensity to divorce. Propensity to divorce for male professional and technical workers, when adjusted for income, occupational prestige, age, age at first marriage, education, and number of children, is higher than for any occupational category except transport equipment operatives. For female workers, on the other hand, professional and technical workers do have the lowest propensity to divorce among nonfarm workers.
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Billingham, Robert E., and Jessica Cutrera. "Parental Divorce and Narcissism among College Students." Psychological Reports 81, no. 3 (1997): 877–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.877.
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342 women and 225 men, undergraduate students, participated in a study to assess whether experiencing the divorce of one's parents affected narcissistic development. In a larger study on the long-term effects of divorce, these students completed the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. The analyses indicated that the scores for children from divorced families did not differ from the scores of children from intact families on any of the seven subscales.
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Brand, Jennie E., Ravaris Moore, Xi Song, and Yu Xie. "Parental divorce is not uniformly disruptive to children’s educational attainment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 15 (2019): 7266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1813049116.
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Children whose parents divorce tend to have worse educational outcomes than children whose parents stay married. However, not all children respond identically to their parents divorcing. We focus on how the impact of parental divorce on children’s education varies by how likely or unlikely divorce was for those parents. We find a significant negative effect of parental divorce on educational attainment, particularly college attendance and completion, among children whose parents were unlikely to divorce. Families expecting marital stability, unprepared for disruption, may experience considerable adjustment difficulties when divorce occurs, leading to negative outcomes for children. By contrast, we find no effect of parental divorce among children whose parents were likely to divorce. Children of high-risk marriages, who face many social disadvantages over childhood irrespective of parental marital status, may anticipate or otherwise accommodate to the dissolution of their parents’ marriage. Our results suggest that family disruption does not uniformly disrupt children’s attainment.
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Raley, R. Kelly, Michelle L. Frisco, and Elizabeth Wildsmith. "Maternal Cohabitation and Educational Success." Sociology of Education 78, no. 2 (2005): 144–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003804070507800203.
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Despite the dramatic increase in children's experiences in cohabiting families, little is known about how living in such families affects children's academic success. Extrapolating from two theoretical frameworks that have been commonly used to explain the association between parental divorce and educational outcomes, the authors constructed competing hypotheses about the effect of maternal cohabitation on educational expectations, achievement, and attainment. The analysis of data from the National Survey of Families and Households shows that children who lived with cohabiting mothers fared exceptionally poorly and sometimes were significantly worse off than were children who lived with divorced or remarried mothers. The authors conclude that studies that have ignored cohabitation have probably overestimated the negative effects of divorce on educational outcomes. High levels of family instability that are associated with cohabitation may be one reason why children whose mothers cohabit do less well than do children with other types of family experiences.
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Schick, Andreas. "Behavioral and emotional differences between children of divorce and children from intact families: Clinical significance and mediating processes *This study is part of a dissertation () supported from the German research community." Swiss Journal of Psychology 61, no. 1 (2002): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024//1421-0185.61.1.5.
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The following study is based on a sample of 241 9-13-year-old children (66 children from divorced parents, 175 children from non divorced parents). They were examined for differences regarding anxiety, self-esteem, different areas of competence, and degree of behavior problems. With a focus on the children’s experiences, the clinically significant differences were examined. Clinically significant differences, revealing more negative outcomes for the children of divorce, were only found for social anxiety and unstable performance. The frequency of clinical significant differences was independent of the length of time the parents had been separated. The perceived destructiveness of conflict between the parents one of four facets of interparental conflict in this study functioned as a central mediator of the statistically significant group differences. The children’s perception of the father’s social support was a less reliable indicator of variance. Further studies should try to make underlying theoretical assumptions about the effects of divorce more explicit, to distinguish clearly between mediating variables, and to investigate them with respect to specific divorce adjustment indicators.
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Havermans, Nele, Sofie Vanassche, and Koen Matthijs. "De invloed van ouderlijke echtscheiding op schoolloopbanen." Relaties en Nieuwe Gezinnen 3, no. 12 (2013): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/reng.v3i12.18246.
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In dit onderzoek wordt de invloed van een echtscheiding op drie scharniermomenten in de schoolloopbaan van kinderen onderzocht aan de hand van data van het onderzoeksproject Scheiding in Vlaanderen. De resultaten tonen aan dat kinderen van gescheiden ouders significant minder kans hebben om een ASO‐richting te volgen in het secundair onderwijs en om een diploma hoger onderwijs te behalen. De effecten van een echtscheiding op de onderwijsuitkomsten van kinderen verschillen naargelang het opleidingsniveau van ouders: kinderen van laagopgeleide ouders ondervinden een sterker negatief effect van een echtscheiding op hun schoolloopbaan dan kinderen van hoogopgeleide ouders. Leerlingen die reeds een moeilijkere positie hebben in het onderwijs, lopen hierdoor het risico nog verder achterop te geraken. De resultaten benadrukken de nood aan meer aandacht voor de thuissituatie van kinderen in het Vlaams onderwijsbeleid. 
 Abstract :
 The influence of divorce on three key moments in children’s educational careers is investigated in this article. Data of the research project Divorce in Flanders are used to investigate this relationship. The results demonstrate that children of divorced parents have a lower probability of following a general track in secondary school and attaining a degree of higher education. Further, the results show that the effects of divorce on the educational outcomes of children differ according to parents’ educational level. Children of lower educated parents are more negatively affected by a parental divorce than children of high educated parents. So, to put it differently, children who already struggle more in school on average, risk even more difficulties when parents divorce. The results stress the need for more policy attention for children’s family life.
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Diekmann, Andreas, and Kurt Schmidheiny. "The Intergenerational Transmission of Divorce: A Fifteen-Country Study with the Fertility and Family Survey." Comparative Sociology 12, no. 2 (2013): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691330-12341261.
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Abstract Studies mainly from the United States provide evidence that children of divorced parents face a higher risk of divorce in their own marriages. We estimate and analyze the effects of divorce transmission using comparative individual data from the United Nations for 13 eastern and western European countries as well as for Canada and the United States. We find substantial and highly statistically significant transmission effects in all samples. This shows that the intergenerational transmission of divorce is a widespread phenomenon observed without a single exception in our data covering a large number of countries with differing historical, institutional, and cultural contexts.
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Perry, Gretchen, and Martin Daly. "Grandparental partnership status and its effects on caring for grandchildren in Europe." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (2021): e0248915. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248915.
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Grandparents are important childcare providers, but grandparental relationship status matters. According to several studies, caregiving is reduced after grandparental divorce, but differential responses by grandmothers versus grandfathers have often been glossed over. To explore the effects of relationship status on grandparental care, we analysed data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) comparing four grandparental relationship statuses (original couple, widowed, divorced, and repartnered) with respect to grandmothers’ and grandfathers’ provision of care to their birth children’s children. When proximity, kinship laterality, and grandparents’ age, health, employment, and financial status were controlled, divorced grandmothers without current partners provided significantly more childcare than grandmothers who were still residing with the grandfather, those who had new partners unrelated to the grandchildren, and widows without current partners. Grandfathers exhibited a very different pattern, providing substantially less grandchild care after divorce. Grandfathers in their original partnerships provided the most grandchild care, followed by widowers, those with new partners and finally those who were divorced. Seemingly contradictory findings in prior research, including studies using SHARE data, can be explained partly by failures to distinguish divorce’s effects on grandmothers versus grandfathers, and partly by insufficient controls for the grandmother’s financial and employment statuses.
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Ongider, Nilgun. "Effects of Divorce on Children." Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry 5, no. 2 (2013): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/cap.20130510.
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Salvador Brito, Jeanneth, and Lorena Bodero Arízaga. "Divorce: How Does Children Affect Children Emotionally?" Espirales Revista Multidisciplinaria de investigación 3, no. 28 (2019): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31876/er.v3i28.578.
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Introduction.Divorce is the dissolution of marriage, this behavior of the couple directly affects the children, even more so when they oscillate four years of age. Emotions in children are violated, affecting them in their actions and acquiring disruptive behaviors; showing aggressive, impulsive and conflicting with their parents, teachers and colleagues. Objective.Analyze the damage that this causes directly to children, in this way hurt feelings and emotions are altered, because their young age does not understand that being separated does not mean that their parents stop "loving". Materials and methods.Field research was used, which helps to determine the possible causes and as a determining factor the effect of the emotional development of children in childhood. To obtain information, instruments were used, such as surveys of parents and an observation card for children, allowing to corroborate that the emotional factor in children is fundamental for their biopsychosocial development. Results.They were tabulated and analyzed. Conclusion. Children of parents divorced children feel affected in their development, which is evident in their behavior, in the way they feel and express their emotions before others.
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Shamsie, Jalal. "Family Breakdown and its Effects on Emotional Disorders in Children." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (1985): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378503000414.
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The increase in the incidence of divorce and some of its causes are discussed. The literature relating to the effects of divorce on the emotional health of children is reviewed. It is suggested that the increase of divorce may account for the recent increase in certain emotional disorders in children. Various strategies to protect the children from the adverse effects of divorce are discussed.
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Winking, Jeffrey, and Jeremy Koster. "Timing, Initiators, and Causes of Divorce in a Mayangna/Miskito Community in Nicaragua." Social Sciences 10, no. 6 (2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10060212.
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There exists a paucity of evolution-oriented research focusing on why relationships end, particularly in comparison to the substantial literature centered around individual preferences that define the beginning of relationships. In contrast, there is a long tradition in the fields of sociology and family studies of exploring divorce; however, this body of research is largely limited to studies of Western populations. We address these gaps in the literature with an examination of patterns of divorce among a small-scale horticultural population in Nicaragua. We test a number of hypotheses derived from behavioral ecology perspective regarding the timing and causes of divorce. Results lend support to all but one of the hypotheses. Overall divorce rates are comparable to U.S. rates; however, they tend to occur earlier in marriages. Children appear to provide a slight buffering effect against divorce, although age in marriage does not. Gender differences in the reported causes of divorce fall along the lines that would be expected due to differences in partner preferences reported in previous research. Finally, this population also exhibits a similar peculiar pattern exhibited by Western populations, in which divorce is more costly for women, and yet women are slightly more likely to initiate divorces than husbands.
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Moon, Michelle. "The Effects of Divorce on Children: Married and Divorced Parents' Perspectives." Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 52, no. 5 (2011): 344–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.585093.
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Roizblatt, Arturo, and Fernando Riquelme. "EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON ADULT CHILDREN OF DIVORCED FAMILIES IN CHILE." Family Court Review 29, no. 4 (2005): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.1991.tb00250.x.
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Alothman, Husein M., and Mohammed Al-Hourani. "Post-Divorce Experiences in Jordan: A Phenomenological Perspective." Al-Adab Journal 2, no. 126 (2018): 31–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i126.45.
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This study analyzes the post-divorce experiences of a sample of 50 Jordanian divorced participants. Qualitative and exploratory results are similar to the results of other studies that were conducted in certain western cultures. Similar issues included modern reasons for exiting a marriage, men's experiences of losing children and women's poor financial circumstances. Despite changes in the structure and function of the Jordanian family, post-divorce experiences continue to be influenced by the major factors of a traditional gender culture regarding the traditional reasons to exit marriage, with women retaining custody of children when they do not remarry and failure to establish cooperative custody. In addition, the results of this study reveal that progressive changes in women's choices to exit their marriages to better themselves. The study also sheds light on the perception of violence against married women as a reason for exiting marriage and family support to minimize the negative effects of divorce on women with a concurrent realization of the stigmatization of society toward divorced women. Nevertheless, additional research on this topic is needed to significantly add to our understanding of these phenomena
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Ebrahimi, F. "Determining the influence of game treatment on decreasing divorce children's’ stress." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (2017): S436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.429.
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IntroductionOne of the main challenges facing the fact that every society has always called divorce. Phenomenon in modern societies is growing at a rapid rate and adverse effects of economic, social and especially psychological, parents and children.AimThis study pays to determining the influence of game treatment on decreasing divorce children's’ stress.MethodsThe method of study is of testing in which statistical society of study includes all children (girl and boy) of divorced parents. From all statistical society, we have selected a sample about 26 persons by randomly sampling. The instrument for gathering information in this study includes children stress test (SCARED) in which has been studied sample after measuring its narration and stability.ResultThe result of dependent t-test and covariance analysis showed game treatment has meaningful and positive influence on children stress.ConclusionsThe amount of its interference on decreasing divorce children stress is about 83%. It means 83% of the whole remained scores variance is related to game treatment interference.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Rakaj, Bashkim. "FACTORS AND CAUSES AFFECTING THE DIVORCE OF THE PARENTS MARRIAGE." Knowledge International Journal 34, no. 5 (2019): 1451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij34051451r.
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Divorce is the resolution of marriages, separation, and intermarriage. Divorce should be the last option of married partners, especially in cases where the parents, but marriage without proper relationships, would only damage the education of the children. There are a large number of factors, which can lead to a divorce of partners, although one can be difficult to identify. In some cases, partners develop a divorce, in some other cases an understanding of other effects, in some cases a small economic situation, and in other cases, the cause of the marriage is the violence caused by the partner. The purpose of the study is to identify the main causes of divorce leading to divorce, as well as to act as a divorce for a parent's spouse. In this study, through the empirical study, the cases of divorce of the spouse of the parents in the Municipality of Prizren were examined and compared, in the period 2017-2018.Based on the results, it was found that 38.8% were divorced from domestic violence, 14.9% because of adultery, 28.4% due to inconsistency, other reasons, and other reasons.
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Yaacob, Siti Nor, Fam Jia Yuin, Firdaus Mukhtar, and Zarinah Arshat. "Being Caught in the Middle of Inter-Parental Conflict: Relationship between Inter-Parental Conflict and Attitudes towards Marriage among Male and Female Adolescents from Divorced Families." Asian Social Science 12, no. 12 (2016): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n12p57.
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Children of divorced family are at greater risk to divorce themselves in later years. In an attempt to understand the process of “transmission of divorce” across generations, the current study examined the potential moderation role of gender in the relationship between inter-parental conflict and attitudes towards marriage among adolescents from divorced Muslim family. A total of 341 secondary school students across three states in Malaysia were recruited to participate in the current study. Results of multivariate analysis revealed that being male and exposure to high inter-parental conflict predicted less positive attitudes towards marriage. Gender has no moderating effects in the relationship between inter-parental conflict and attitudes towards marriage. These findings underscore the deleterious effects of inter-parental conflict on adolescents.
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JELLINEK, MICHAEL S. "Recognize Effects of Divorce on Children." Family Practice News 40, no. 18 (2010): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(10)71118-x.
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Lauroba, Elena. "The Effects of Divorce on Children." International Journal of Legal Information 42, no. 1 (2014): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500028304.
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As we speak about Family Law, I want to begin my exposition with a concise picture of the Catalan society and the “Catalan family”. Our concept of family, like other neighboring societies, has changed substantially in relation to the preceding generations. Catalonia today is an aging society with rather low fertility, increasing divorce rates and a large increase in the number of single households (the result of an increased life expectancy). Furthermore, the man is no longer the only household member who contributes to household income; in more and more families both men and women engage in paid employment. The female employment rate has risen in a big way, which explains that the average age for a first marriage is over thirty years for both women and men. This fact means in practice that Catalonian couples have few children: one, two, or as a heroic common project, three.
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Elliott, B. J., and M. P. Richards. "Effects of parental divorce on children." Archives of Disease in Childhood 66, no. 8 (1991): 915–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.66.8.915.
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de Mesquita, Shirley Pereira, and Wallace Patrick Santos de Farias Souza. "Child labor and family structure: the role of divorce." International Journal of Social Economics 45, no. 10 (2018): 1453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-07-2017-0287.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the role of family structure on child labor by comparing children of nuclear families headed by the father with children of single-mother families headed by the divorced mother. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses data from Brazilian urban areas provided by the Brazilian Demographic Census of 2010. The empirical approach consists of the estimation of three treatment effect models: the Average Treatment Effect, IV Treatment Effect and Two-Stage Estimator proposed by Lewbel (2012). Findings The main findings show that children of single-mother families headed by divorced mothers are more likely to work, compared to children living with both parents. This paper found evidence of a direct effect of family structure parents’ determinant on child participation in labor. The main hypothesis is that the absence of the father paired with exposure to family stress arising from marital dissolution is an indicator toward child labor. Practical implications This study implies that in order to combat child labor effectively, it is important to understand deeply its several causes and consider ruptures in family structure, such as divorce, as one of these factors. In addition, location and family’s characteristics also play a role on the decision of child labor. For instance, boys living at metropolis areas have less chance to work. Family’s head education and non-work income affects positively the child well-being by reducing the probability of child labor. On the other hand, the number of siblings increases the chance of child labor. Finally, the results of this study suggest policies to raise awareness among parents about the negative effects of child labor on children during both childhood and adulthood, and that social policies need to act beyond legislation and enforcement, but including family mobilization. Originality/value This paper estimates the impact of family structure on child labor using an empirical approach to deal with the endogeneity problem of the treatment.
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Yasik, Fatkhu, Dewi Anggraeni, and Aulia Sahnaz. "DAMPAK PERCERAIAN TERHADAP PERILAKU ANAK DAN HASIL BELAJAR." Mozaic : Islam Nusantara 5, no. 1 (2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47776/mozaic.v5i1.128.
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This study aims to examine the impact of divorce: (1) knowing the existence of a divorce factor. (2) how the impact of divorce on children's behavior. (3) what is the impact of divorce on children's learning outcomes. This study uses qualitative research. The subject of this study was MI Al Khairiyah students in Duri Kosambi Cengkareng, West Jakarta who were victims of their parents' divorce. Data collection methods used in this study are interviews, data analysis includes data reduction and coding. Validation of research data uses tringgulation where researchers conduct interviews with some of the subjects to analyze their validity with other supporters. 
 The results of this study indicate that the impact of parental divorce on children's behavior and learning outcomes can have a negative impact. Many negative effects are expressed by emotional expressions that make the child, easily sad, irritable, naughty and sometimes become quiet and inferior to his friends whose parents are not divorced. So that there is no motivation for active learning and achievement in the class because there is no support and attention of both parents for children excited in the process of learning and growth and development
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Jenz, Febriyani, and Nurliana Cipta Apsari. "DAMPAK PERCERAIAN ORANG TUA PADA PRESTASI ANAK REMAJA." Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (JPPM) 2, no. 1 (2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/jppm.v2i1.33430.
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ABSTRAKBanyak kasus perceraian terjadi belakangan ini. Perceraian tidak hanya berdampak pada orang tua yang bercerai saja, melainkan juga berdampak pada anak remaja. Sedangkan, anak masih menjadi tanggung jawab orang tua yang butuh diberi perhatian lebih. Dampak dari perceraian inilah yang juga menyebabkan menurunnya prestasi pada anak. Untuk itu, orang tua harus lebih jeli dalam memperhatikan kebutuhan anak, sehingga dampak perceraian pada anak dapat diminimalisir. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menerapkan penelitian kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif yang menjelaskan tentang pengaruh perceraian orang tua terhadap prestasi belajar pada anak remaja. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh perceraian terhadap prestasi belajar pada remaja ABSTRACT Many divorce cases have occurred lately. Divorce not only affects the parents who are divorcing, but also affects adolescents. Meanwhile, children are still the responsibility of parents who need more attention. The impact of divorce is what also causes decreased achievement in children. For this reason, parents must be more observant in paying attention to children's needs, so that the impact of divorce on children can be minimized. In this study, researchers applied qualitative research with descriptive methods which explained the effect of parental divorce on learning achievement in adolescents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of divorce on learning achievement in adolescents
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Shaw, Martha C., Kelsie T. Forbush, Jessica Schlinder, Eugene Rosenman, and Donald W. Black. "The Effect of Pathological Gambling on Families, Marriages, and Children." CNS Spectrums 12, no. 8 (2007): 615–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900021416.
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ABSTRACTPathological gambling (PG) is widely reported to have negative consequences on marriages, families, and children. Empirical evidence is only now accumulating but when put together with anecdotal information, the extent of these problems is clear. PG contributes to chaos and dysfunction within the family unit, disrupts marriages, leading to high rates of separation and divorce, and is associated with child abuse and neglect. Divorce rates are high, not surprising in light of reports that these marriages are often abusive. Research shows that the families of pathological gamblers are filled with members who gamble excessively, suffer from depressive or anxiety disorders, and misuse alcohol, drugs, or both. Families of persons with PG are also large, a variable independently related to family dysfunction. The authors review the evidence on the impact of PG on families, marriages, and offspring, and make recommendations for future research targeting these problems.
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CONNELL, H. M. "Effect of family break-up and parent divorce on children." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 24, no. 4 (1988): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.1988.tb01345.x.
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Syse, Astri, Jon H. Loge, and Torkild H. Lyngstad. "Does Childhood Cancer Affect Parental Divorce Rates? A Population-Based Study." Journal of Clinical Oncology 28, no. 5 (2010): 872–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.24.0556.
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Purpose Cancer in children may profoundly affect parents' personal relationships in terms of psychological stress and an increased care burden. This could hypothetically elevate divorce rates. Few studies on divorce occurrence exist, so the effect of childhood cancers on parental divorce rates was explored. Patients and Methods Data on the entire Norwegian married population, age 17 to 69 years, with children age 0 to 20 years in 1974 to 2001 (N = 977,928 couples) were retrieved from the Cancer Registry, the Central Population Register, the Directorate of Taxes, and population censuses. Divorce rates for 4,590 couples who were parenting a child with cancer were compared with those of otherwise similar couples by discrete-time hazard regression models. Results Cancer in a child was not associated with an increased risk of parental divorce overall. An increased divorce rate was observed with Wilms tumor (odds ratio [OR], 1.52) but not with any of the other common childhood cancers. The child's age at diagnosis, time elapsed from diagnosis, and death from cancer did not influence divorce rates significantly. Increased divorce rates were observed for couples in whom the mothers had an education greater than high school level (OR, 1.16); the risk was particularly high shortly after diagnosis, for CNS cancers and Wilms tumors, for couples with children 0 to 9 years of age at diagnosis, and after a child's death. Conclusion This large, registry-based study shows that cancer in children is not associated with an increased parental divorce rate, except with Wilms tumors. Couples in whom the wife is highly educated appear to face increased divorce rates after a child's cancer, and this may warrant additional study.
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Spigelman, Ami, and Gabriella Spigelman. "The Effects of Divorce on Children: Post-Divorce Adaptation of Swedish Children to the Family Breakup." Journal of Divorce & Remarriage 21, no. 3-4 (1994): 171–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j087v21n03_09.
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Mellingen, Sonja, Torbjørn Torsheim, and Frode Thuen. "Effect of Prepregnancy Alcohol Consumption on Postpartum Relationship Satisfaction and Divorce among Norwegian Mothers." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s2 (January 2015): SART.S23543. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s23543.
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This study assessed the effect of prepregnancy level of alcohol use among mothers on relationship breakups with young children at 36 months after birth and the extent to which relationship satisfaction (RS) throughout the postpartum period could mediate any association between alcohol use and divorce. The data were part of the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, and analyses of the present article were based on a total of 69,117 mothers divided into low-, medium-, and high-risk consumption groups. All the three groups experienced a decrease in RS, but the largest effect was observed for the high-risk group. Mothers in this group had 55% higher odds for divorce as compared to the low-risk group. The findings supported a conceptual model whereby the effects of alcohol use on divorce were mediated through lowered RS.
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Beer, John. "Relationship of Divorce to Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Grade Point Average of Fifth and Sixth Grade School Children." Psychological Reports 65, no. 3_suppl2 (1989): 1379–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.65.3f.1379.
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61 children (33 in Grade 5 and 28 in Grade 6) participated and were administered the Piers-Harris Self-concept Test, the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory—School Form, and the Children's Depression Inventory. At the end of the school year grade point averages (GPAs; 12-point scale) were calculated and Iowa Tests of Basic Skills were taken from their transcripts. Among the 58, 21 children were from divorced homes (10 girls and 11 boys) and 37 were from nondivorced homes (21 girls and 16 boys). Other subjects' data were not used because some data were missing. Children from divorced homes scored significantly lower on the self-concept test, self-esteem tests, and GPAs than children from nondivorced homes, although both scores would be considered average. Girls had significantly higher GPAs than boys. Children from divorced homes scored significantly higher on the Children's Depression Inventory than children from nondivorced homes, but there were no significant effects for the composite score from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills for marital status of parents. Present results agree with prior observations that divorce has negative effects upon the children involved.
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Nurhidayah, Siti, Agustina Ekasari, Alfiana Indah Muslimah, Ratna Duhita Pramintari, and Arini Hidayanti. "DUKUNGAN SOSIAL, STRATEGI KOPING TERHADAP RESILIENSI SERTA DAMPAKNYA PADA KESEJAHTERAAN PSIKOLOGIS REMAJA YANG ORANGTUANYA BERCERAI." Paradigma 18, no. 1 (2021): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33558/paradigma.v18i1.2674.
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Psychologically, the rate of parental divorce has a negative contribution to child development. Not all children from divorced families have poor psychological well-being. Some children quickly move on with their family conditions so that it does not really affect their psychological well-being. There are at least three factors related to the psychological well-being of children with divorced parents, namely social support, coping strategies and reliance. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of social support and coping strategies on the psychological well-being of adolescents whose parents divorced through resilience as a mediator. The subjects of this study were 362 (three hundred and sixty two) adolescents who attend school in Bekasi City and Regency which were taken by quota sampling. The data collection technique used six instruments to reveal the characteristics of the subject and family, psychological well-being, social support, coping strategies and resilience. Analysis of individual characteristics using descriptive analysis and a measurement model calledpath analysiswith the help of the SPSS version 23 computer software program.
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Green, Virginia P., and Lyn Schaefer. "The Effects of Personal Divorce Experience on Teacher Perceptions of Children of Divorce." Journal of Divorce 8, no. 2 (1985): 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j279v08n02_07.
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Sarrami, Maryam, Alimohamad Nazari, and Abdolrahim Kassayi. "Effect of positive psychotherapy on psychological well-being of divorce children." Journal of Research and Health 8, no. 4 (2018): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.29252/jrh.8.4.298.
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Wallerstein, Judith. "EFFECT OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN, RESEARCH FINDINGS, AND IMPLICATIONS FOR INTERVENING." Family Court Review 12, no. 1 (2005): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.174-1617.1974.tb01205.x.
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Wahyudi, Firman. "INTERVENSI ANAK DALAM PERCERAIAN." Al-Banjari : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 15, no. 2 (2017): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.18592/al-banjari.v15i2.839.
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The high divorce rate in Indonesia sometimes result with positive and negative trends. Positive trend meant the rise of women to defend their rights as a wife that is often abused by her husband so divorce is the best solutions and alternatives. Trend downside besides destroying a family structure also carries a psychological impact, especially children in addition to great effect in socio-civic life. Legal divorce just look at issues from both parties (husband and wife) only, while the other family members in this case the child is not involved. Though the realm of the family consisting of a husband and wife and children. Child has a fundamental right within the family and also have the right to intervene to prevent his parents' divorce because he was the main victim of the divorce itself. Required a special advocate to defend the interests and rights of the child in his parents' divorce given the level of skill in the legal act has not been adequate. In this case the role and functions of the Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI) is necessary in order to fulfill these rights.
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Dovydaitienė, Miglė. "AŠTUONERIŲ-DEŠIMTIES METŲ VAIKŲ POŽIŪRIS Į TĖVŲ SKYRYBAS." Psichologija 23 (January 1, 2001): 20–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/psichol.2001..4422.
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Straipsnyje analizuojamas 8-10 metų vaikų požiūris į tėvų skyrybas, aptariama skyrybų įvertinimo reikšmė vaikui prisitaikyti. Analizuojamas šeimoje patiriamų stresų kiekio, laiko po skyrybų ir požiūrio į skyrybas ryšys bei lyčių skirtumai.Tyrimas skirtas įvertinti vaiko įsitikinimus apie tėvų skyrybas bei požiūrį į aplinką ir aplinkinius žmones, palyginti išsiskyrusių šeimų vaikų ir pilnų šeimų vaikų požiūrį į aplinką ir aplinkinius žmones. Sprendžiama, kaip vaiko įsitikinimai apie tėvų skyrybas susiję su požiūriu į aplinką ir aplinkinius žmones. Atsižvelgiama į galimą šeimos/skyrybų stresiškumo, lyties ir laiko po skyrybų bei jų sąveikos ryšį su vaiko požiūriu į aplinką ir aplinkinius žmones.Rezultatai parodė, kad iš visų neadaptyvių įsitikinimų apie skyrybas vaikams labiausiai būdinga susijungimo viltis ir tėvo kaltinimas. Be to, vaikai baiminasi, kad juos paliks mama, mano, kad tėvų skyrybos gali paveikti jų santykius su draugais. Vaikų įsitikinimai palyginti su amerikiečių vaikų rezultatais. Rezultatai iš esmės neprieštarauja kitų autorių duomenims apie vaikų požiūrį į skyrybas. Pabrėžiama, kad pagal požiūrį į skyrybas galima spręsti apie vaiko požiūrį į aplinką ir aplinkinius žmones, o išsiskyrusių šeimų vaikų depresinio požiūrio, liūdesio, vienatvės išgyvenimai gali padidinti jų emocinį pažeidžiamumą. Gali būti, kad vaiko požiūrį į aplinką, aplinkinius žmones lemia tėvų skyrybų patyrimas ir kognityviniai-socialiniai veiksniai, visų pirma skyrybų supratimas, požiūris į skyrybas.
 
 CHILDREN‘S BELIEFS ABOUT PARENTAL DIVORCE Miglė Dovydaitienė
 Summar This article investigates children's beliefs about parental divorce and attitudes toward environment and people. Children's believes about parental divorce is evaluated in a sample 8 through 10-year children whose parents had been separated for about 3 years. Attitudes toward environment and people between children of separated as well as intact families is compared. We also examined the relation of children's beliefs about parental divorce and attitudes toward environment and people. The mediating effect of gender stresses in divorced and intact families and time since divorce is discussed. The analyses of results revealed that hope of reunification and parental blame occur most frequently. Chil-dren also are afraid of abandonment and common beliefs are peer ridicule and avoidance. Beliefs of Lithua-nian and American samples is being compared. The results in general are consistent with data of other investigators of the subject. We make a point on the relation of children's beliefs about parental divorce and attitudes toward environment and other people and stress the importance of children's attitude and beliefs toward children's vulnerability. Possible conclusion is that child-ren's attitude toward environment is effected by divorce experiences, and primary cognitive - social factors, such as divorce understanding, beliefs about divorce.
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Yongmin Sun and Yuanzhang Li. "Postdivorce Family Stability and Changes in Adolescents’ Academic Performance." Journal of Family Issues 30, no. 11 (2009): 1527–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x09339022.
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Three waves of panel data from 7,897 adolescents in the National Education Longitudinal Studies have been used to investigate whether a stabilized postdivorce family environment benefits adolescents’ academic performance trajectories. The analyses indicate that compared with peers who grow up in stable postdivorce families, children of divorce who experience additional family transitions during late adolescence make less progress in their math and social studies performance over time. Furthermore, family resource differences before and during late adolescence either partially or completely account for the less positive performance trajectories in two types of divorced families. Finally, daughters in unstable postdivorce families appear to make less academic progress over time than sons. The study illustrates the importance of incorporating both postdivorce family transitions and repeatedly measured child outcomes in the investigation of divorce effects.