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Bocharova, Inna Anatolevna, Vadim Agadzhanov, and Vadim Sagalaev. "Drug addiction. Drugs and their effects on man." Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Serija 11. Estestvennye nauki, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu11.2013.2.3.
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Slørdal, Lars, and Jarle Aarbakke. "Effect of anticancer drugs on drug metabolism." Pharmacology & Therapeutics 35, no. 1-2 (January 1987): 217–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0163-7258(87)90107-0.
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Tulegenova, Symbat, Raikhan Beisenova, and Almagul Auelbekova. "The sensitivity of algae to the effect of antifungal drugs." Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 97, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2020bmg1/90-95.
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Sharifovna, Xidoyatova Zulfiya, Azimova Nozima Akramovna, and Azimova Munira Takhirovna. "Analysis Of The Assortment Of Drugs With A Sedative Effect." American Journal of Medical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research 03, no. 01 (January 22, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmspr/volume03issue01-12.
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A content analysis of the pharmaceutical market range of drugs with sedative effect was conducted. In the analysis of drugs with sedative effect, "West trade", "Floromed", "Grand farm", "Tabletka", "Dava", "Shafran farm", "Glucose", "Tetra", "Kobiljon Obidjon", "Pharmacy diabetes", "Navbahor", "777 pharmacy", "999 pharmacy", "pharmacy Malikabonu" pharmacies, the Department of neurology of the II clinic of the Tashkent Medical Academy, the State Department of medicines and medical products the basis of the register was. Determination of the share of products of manufacturing enterprises in the pharmaceutical market was the main objective of the study carried out.
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Hu, Baofang, Hong Wang, and Zhenmei Yu. "Drug Side-Effect Prediction Via Random Walk on the Signed Heterogeneous Drug Network." Molecules 24, no. 20 (October 11, 2019): 3668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24203668.
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Drug side-effects have become a major public health concern as they are the underlying cause of over a million serious injuries and deaths each year. Therefore, it is of critical importance to detect side-effects as early as possible. Existing computational methods mainly utilize the drug chemical profile and the drug biological profile to predict the side-effects of a drug. In the utilized drug biological profile information, they only focus on drug–target interactions and neglect the modes of action of drugs on target proteins. In this paper, we develop a new method for predicting potential side-effects of drugs based on more comprehensive drug information in which the modes of action of drugs on target proteins are integrated. Drug information of multiple types is modeled as a signed heterogeneous information network. We propose a signed heterogeneous information network embedding framework for learning drug embeddings and predicting side-effects of drugs. We use two bias random walk procedures to obtain drug sequences and train a Skip-gram model to learn drug embeddings. We experimentally demonstrate the performance of the proposed method by comparison with state-of-the-art methods. Furthermore, the results of a case study support our hypothesis that modes of action of drugs on target proteins are meaningful in side-effect prediction.
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Mohd Ali, Yousoff Effendy, Kiam Heong Kwa, and Kurunathan Ratnavelu. "Predicting new drug indications from network analysis." International Journal of Modern Physics C 28, no. 09 (September 2017): 1750118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183117501182.
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This work adapts centrality measures commonly used in social network analysis to identify drugs with better positions in drug-side effect network and drug-indication network for the purpose of drug repositioning. Our basic hypothesis is that drugs having similar phenotypic profiles such as side effects may also share similar therapeutic properties based on related mechanism of action and vice versa. The networks were constructed from Side Effect Resource (SIDER) 4.1 which contains 1430 unique drugs with side effects and 1437 unique drugs with indications. Within the giant components of these networks, drugs were ranked based on their centrality scores whereby 18 prominent drugs from the drug-side effect network and 15 prominent drugs from the drug-indication network were identified. Indications and side effects of prominent drugs were deduced from the profiles of their neighbors in the networks and compared to existing clinical studies while an optimum threshold of similarity among drugs was sought for. The threshold can then be utilized for predicting indications and side effects of all drugs. Similarities of drugs were measured by the extent to which they share phenotypic profiles and neighbors. To improve the likelihood of accurate predictions, only profiles such as side effects of common or very common frequencies were considered. In summary, our work is an attempt to offer an alternative approach to drug repositioning using centrality measures commonly used for analyzing social networks.
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Krishnarao, Joshi Prema, and Kashinath K. Jadhav. "The Effect of Anticholinergic Drug on Thermoregulation in Paediatric Patients." International Physiology 6, no. 2 (2018): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/ip.2347.1506.6218.16.
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Seo, Sukyung, Taekeon Lee, Mi-hyun Kim, and Youngmi Yoon. "Prediction of Side Effects Using Comprehensive Similarity Measures." BioMed Research International 2020 (February 28, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/1357630.
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Identifying the potential side effects of drugs is crucial in clinical trials in the pharmaceutical industry. The existing side effect prediction methods mainly focus on the chemical and biological properties of drugs. This study proposes a method that uses diverse information such as drug-drug interactions from DrugBank, drug-drug interactions from network, single nucleotide polymorphisms, and side effect anatomical hierarchy as well as chemical structures, indications, and targets. The proposed method is based on the assumption that properties used in drug repositioning studies could be utilized to predict side effects because the phenotypic expression of a side effect is similar to that of the disease. The prediction results using the proposed method showed a 3.5% improvement in the area under the curve (AUC) over that obtained when only chemical, indication, and target features were used. The random forest model delivered outstanding results for all combinations of feature types. Finally, after identifying candidate side effects of drugs using the proposed method, the following four popular drugs were discussed: (1) dasatinib, (2) sitagliptin, (3) vorinostat, and (4) clonidine.
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Song, Min, Seung Han Baek, Go Eun Heo, and Jeong-Hoon Lee. "Inferring Drug-Protein–Side Effect Relationships from Biomedical Text." Genes 10, no. 2 (February 19, 2019): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10020159.
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Background: Although there are many studies of drugs and their side effects, the underlying mechanisms of these side effects are not well understood. It is also difficult to understand the specific pathways between drugs and side effects. Objective: The present study seeks to construct putative paths between drugs and their side effects by applying text-mining techniques to free text of biomedical studies, and to develop ranking metrics that could identify the most-likely paths. Materials and Methods: We extracted three types of relationships—drug-protein, protein-protein, and protein–side effect—from biomedical texts by using text mining and predefined relation-extraction rules. Based on the extracted relationships, we constructed whole drug-protein–side effect paths. For each path, we calculated its ranking score by a new ranking function that combines corpus- and ontology-based semantic similarity as well as co-occurrence frequency. Results: We extracted 13 plausible biomedical paths connecting drugs and their side effects from cancer-related abstracts in the PubMed database. The top 20 paths were examined, and the proposed ranking function outperformed the other methods tested, including co-occurrence, COALS, and UMLS by P@5-P@20. In addition, we confirmed that the paths are novel hypotheses that are worth investigating further. Discussion: The risk of side effects has been an important issue for the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, the causes and mechanisms of such side effects have not been fully elucidated. This study extends previous research on understanding drug side effects by using various techniques such as Named Entity Recognition (NER), Relation Extraction (RE), and semantic similarity. Conclusion: It is not easy to reveal the biomedical mechanisms of side effects due to a huge number of possible paths. However, we automatically generated predictable paths using the proposed approach, which could provide meaningful information to biomedical researchers to generate plausible hypotheses for the understanding of such mechanisms.
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Inasu, Shiny, Biju Thomas, Satheesh Rao, Amitha Ramesh, and Smitha Shetty. "Antidepressant Drug Effect on Periodontal Status in Chronic Periodontitis Patients." Journal of Health and Allied Sciences NU 06, no. 02 (June 2016): 044–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1708640.
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AbstractPatients with problems related to central nervous system dysfunctions are often treated with psychotropic drugs. These include antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, and drugs blocking specific receptors in the brain such as anticholinergics or beta-blockers. However, these medications have serious side effects affecting the oral health. The purpose of this study is to explore antidepressant drug effect in chronic periodontitis patients. Aim: To explore the effect of antidepressant drug in chronic periodontitis patients. Material and Methods: The study comprised of 100 subjects, 50 periodontally healthy subjects, 50 chronic periodontitis subjects.Clinical examination was done and the following parameters were assessed: Gingival index, Clinical Attachment Loss.
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Zhou, Bo, Xian Zhao, Jing Lu, Zuntao Sun, Min Liu, Yilu Zhou, Rongzhi Liu, and Yihua Wang. "Relating Substructures and Side Effects of Drugs with Chemical-chemical Interactions." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 23, no. 4 (May 19, 2020): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1386207322666190702102752.
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Background:Drugs are very important for human life because they can provide treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of different diseases. However, they also cause side effects, which can increase the risks for humans and pharmaceuticals companies. It is essential to identify drug side effects in drug discovery. To date, lots of computational methods have been proposed to predict the side effects of drugs and most of them used the fact that similar drugs always have similar side effects. However, previous studies did not analyze which substructures are highly related to which kind of side effect.Method:In this study, we conducted a computational investigation. In this regard, we extracted a drug set for each side effect, which consisted of drugs having the side effect. Also, for each substructure, a set was constructed by picking up drugs owing such substructure. The relationship between one side effect and one substructure was evaluated based on linkages between drugs in their corresponding drug sets, resulting in an Es value. Then, the statistical significance of Es value was measured by a permutation test.Results and Conclusion:A number of highly related pairs of side effects and substructures were obtained and some were extensively analyzed to confirm the reliability of the results reported in this study.
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Crow, Stephen M., James W. Logan, and Lillian Y. Fok. "Illicit Drug Effects in Labor Arbitration Decision Making." Journal of Drug Issues 24, no. 3 (July 1994): 489–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269402400309.
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Two hundred twenty-six arbitration outcomes in alcohol and drug disciplinary cases were investigated to examine illicit drug effects on arbitral decision making. We examined these effects on arbitrators' final decisions and the standards or decision cues that arbitrators use to justify their decisions. We also examined interactions of illicit drugs and standards of proof and looked at decisions in two different time spans to determine if changing societal attitudes about alcohol and drugs might have an effect. In this study, arbitrators were less lenient with illicit drug users than with legal drug users. This finding suggests that an illicit drug effect may exist in other distributive justice scenarios.
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Huang, Dong, Lingna Sun, Leaf Huang, and Yanzuo Chen. "Nanodrug Delivery Systems Modulate Tumor Vessels to Increase the Enhanced Permeability and Retention Effect." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11020124.
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The use of nanomedicine for antitumor therapy has been extensively investigated for a long time. Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect-mediated drug delivery is currently regarded as an effective way to bring drugs to tumors, especially macromolecular drugs and drug-loaded pharmaceutical nanocarriers. However, a disordered vessel network, and occluded or embolized tumor blood vessels seriously limit the EPR effect. To augment the EPR effect and improve curative effects, in this review, we focused on the perspective of tumor blood vessels, and analyzed the relationship among abnormal angiogenesis, abnormal vascular structure, irregular blood flow, extensive permeability of tumor vessels, and the EPR effect. In this commentary, nanoparticles including liposomes, micelles, and polymers extravasate through the tumor vasculature, which are based on modulating tumor vessels, to increase the EPR effect, thereby increasing their therapeutic effect.
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Petrosyan, Georgiy Rubenovich. "What is the placebo effect?" Spravočnik vrača obŝej praktiki (Journal of Family Medicine), no. 8 (July 12, 2021): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-10-2108-09.
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For the first time, the placebo effect was described in 1955 by the American physician Henry Beecher, who found that about a third of patients recover as a result of the use of sugar pills that do not contain any active medicinal substances. The first mentions of such drugs date back to the 18th century; at that time they meant "fake" drugs containing indifferent substances in their composition. It is believed that the placebo effect is associated with a person's psycho-emotional perception of this drug as a means of salvation, belief in its effectiveness and efficacy, and the desire to recover. Against this background, the maximum mobilization of vital forces occurs, the processes of regeneration are switched on, and the physical and mental state of the patient is normalized. An interesting fact is that the severity of the placebo effect can be significantly affected by the cost of the drug (the higher it is, the better the drug "helps") and even its appearance. For instance, yellow pills are very effective in treating depression, green pills help reduce feelings of anxiety, and white pills assist in treating stomach ulcers. In addition, taking two pills has a greater positive effect than taking one.
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Deng, Shuai, Yige Sun, Tianyi Zhao, Yang Hu, and Tianyi Zang. "A Review of Drug Side Effect Identification Methods." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 26 (August 11, 2020): 3096–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200612163819.
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Drug side effects have become an important indicator for evaluating the safety of drugs. There are two main factors in the frequent occurrence of drug safety problems; on the one hand, the clinical understanding of drug side effects is insufficient, leading to frequent adverse drug reactions, while on the other hand, due to the long-term period and complexity of clinical trials, side effects of approved drugs on the market cannot be reported in a timely manner. Therefore, many researchers have focused on developing methods to identify drug side effects. In this review, we summarize the methods of identifying drug side effects and common databases in this field. We classified methods of identifying side effects into four categories: biological experimental, machine learning, text mining and network methods. We point out the key points of each kind of method. In addition, we also explain the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Finally, we propose future research directions.
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Shankrayya. M, Shankrayya M., Venkatesh J. S. Venkatesh J S, Sindhu Patil, Santhosh Raj M. Santhosh Raj M, and Jagadish Rabadia. "Effect of Surfactants on Morphology and Drug Release of Ethylcellulose Microspheres." International Journal of Scientific Research 2, no. 7 (June 1, 2012): 436–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/july2013/147.
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M., Shanthi, and Madhavrao C. "Study of adverse drug reaction and causality assessment of antidiabetic drugs." International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology 8, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20185158.
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Background: Study about adverse drug reaction of antidiabetic drugs helps in ensuring maximum benefits of drug therapy.Methods: An observational study was carried out in patients attending tertiary care hospital in Kanyakumari district from August 2013 to August 2014. Adverse drug reactions due to the use of antidiabetic drugs were collected and adverse effects experienced by the patient was assessed using WHO scale, Naranjo scale, Schumock and Thornton scale and Hartwig and Siegel scale.Results: In this prospective study a total of 76 adverse events (41 male and 35 female) were identified. Most frequently observed adverse effect were hypoglycaemia and the less observed were pruritis. Maximum of 14 adverse effect were observed due to use of insulin. Combination of sulphonylurea and biguanides caused 28 adverse effects. Assessment of adverse effect using WHO scale showed 64% as probable, 16% possible, 7% conditional, 5% unclassifiable, 4% certain, and 4% unlikely. Relationship of adverse reaction to antidiabetic drugs using Naranjo scale showed 92% possibly, 5% probably and 3% as definite. Antidiabetic drug adverse effects were not preventable in 63%, definitely preventable in 19% and probably preventable in 18% as per modified Schumock and Thornton scale. Severity assessment of adverse effects were mild in 75%, moderate in 25% and no severe reactions according to modified Hartwig and Siegel scale.Conclusions: Adverse effect most commonly encountered during the study period were predictable, definitely preventable and without serious effects. Majority of the reactions were due to combination of antidiabetic drugs.
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Nugent, Timothy, Vassilis Plachouras, and Jochen L. Leidner. "Computational drug repositioning based on side-effects mined from social media." PeerJ Computer Science 2 (February 24, 2016): e46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.46.
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Drug repositioning methods attempt to identify novel therapeutic indications for marketed drugs. Strategies include the use of side-effects to assign new disease indications, based on the premise that both therapeutic effects and side-effects are measurable physiological changes resulting from drug intervention. Drugs with similar side-effects might share a common mechanism of action linking side-effects with disease treatment, or may serve as a treatment by “rescuing” a disease phenotype on the basis of their side-effects; therefore it may be possible to infer new indications based on the similarity of side-effect profiles. While existing methods leverage side-effect data from clinical studies and drug labels, evidence suggests this information is often incomplete due to under-reporting. Here, we describe a novel computational method that uses side-effect data mined from social media to generate a sparse undirected graphical model using inverse covariance estimation with ℓ1-norm regularization. Results show that known indications are well recovered while current trial indications can also be identified, suggesting that sparse graphical models generated using side-effect data mined from social media may be useful for computational drug repositioning.
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Zhao, Xian, Lei Chen, Zi-Han Guo, and Tao Liu. "Predicting Drug Side Effects with Compact Integration of Heterogeneous Networks." Current Bioinformatics 14, no. 8 (December 13, 2019): 709–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1574893614666190220114644.
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Background: The side effects of drugs are not only harmful to humans but also the major reasons for withdrawing approved drugs, bringing greater risks for pharmaceutical companies. However, detecting the side effects for a given drug via traditional experiments is time- consuming and expensive. In recent years, several computational methods have been proposed to predict the side effects of drugs. However, most of the methods cannot effectively integrate the heterogeneous properties of drugs. Methods: In this study, we adopted a network embedding method, Mashup, to extract essential and informative drug features from several drug heterogeneous networks, representing different properties of drugs. For side effects, a network was also built, from where side effect features were extracted. These features can capture essential information about drugs and side effects in a network level. Drug and side effect features were combined together to represent each pair of drug and side effect, which was deemed as a sample in this study. Furthermore, they were fed into a random forest (RF) algorithm to construct the prediction model, called the RF network model. Results: The RF network model was evaluated by several tests. The average of Matthews correlation coefficients on the balanced and unbalanced datasets was 0.640 and 0.641, respectively. Conclusion: The RF network model was superior to the models incorporating other machine learning algorithms and one previous model. Finally, we also investigated the influence of two feature dimension parameters on the RF network model and found that our model was not very sensitive to these parameters.
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Maat, H. Pander, and R. Klaassen. "Side Effects of Side Effect Information in Drug Information Leaflets." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 24, no. 4 (October 1994): 389–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lek9-vujp-l3b9-v2ld.
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This study examines the way side effects information is presented in patient information leaflets about drugs. In a field experiment, we tested the effects of two attempts to improve a side effects paragraph in a leaflet about a nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug. First, a short introductory passage on the nature of side effects was added. Second and more importantly, we changed the frequency descriptors (FDs) for the side effects. A preliminary study had shown that the frequencies associated with common Dutch FDs are much higher than the writers of patient information leaflets and package inserts mean to convey. In our experiment we replaced the original FDs by lower-assessed FDs. For instance, soms (sometimes) was replaced by zelden (seldomly). Replacing FDs led to lower recall for the side effects mentioned in the leaflet. It also decreased the number of side effects experienced. Contrary to our expectations, lower FDs did not significantly increase the confidence in the safety and effectiveness of the drug, nor did they increase therapy compliance; incompliance was extremely rare in our sample of patients. Adding an introductory passage on the nature of side effects lowered FD interpretations. It did not significantly affect any of the other dependent variables.
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Xiao, Xiao, James Trevor Oswald, Ting Wang, Weina Zhang, and Wenliang Li. "Use of Anticancer Platinum Compounds in Combination Therapies and Challenges in Drug Delivery." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 18 (June 3, 2020): 3055–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181105115849.
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As one of the leading and most important metal-based drugs, platinum-based pharmaceuticals are widely used in the treatment of solid malignancies. Despite significant side effects and acquired drug resistance have limited their clinical applications, platinum has shown strong inhibitory effects for a wide assortment of tumors. Drug delivery systems using emerging technologies such as liposomes, dendrimers, polymers, nanotubes and other nanocompositions, all show promise for the safe delivery of platinum-based compounds. Due to the specificity of nano-formulations; unwanted side-effects and drug resistance can be largely averted. In addition, combinational therapy has been shown to be an effective way to improve the efficacy of platinum based anti-tumor drugs. This review first introduces drug delivery systems used for platinum and combinational therapeutic delivery. Then we highlight some of the recent advances in the field of drug delivery for combinational therapy; specifically progress in leveraging the cytotoxic nature of platinum-based drugs, the combinational effect of other drugs with platinum, while evaluating the drug targeting, side effect reducing and sitespecific nature of nanotechnology-based delivery platforms.
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Wang, Feng, Yanyan Chi, Xiangrui Meng, and Qingxia Fan. "PS02.206: THE SYNERGISTIC ANTITUMOR EFFECT OF APATINIB COMBINED WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS ON ESOPHAGEAL CANCER." Diseases of the Esophagus 31, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2018): 180–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/dote/doy089.ps02.206.
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Abstract Background Esophageal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the digestive system in the world. It is difficult to acquire satisfactory effect through chemotherapy which is an essential method to advanced esophageal cancer. Apatinib, a highly selective inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2), inhibits the angiogenesis of tumors. Methods The mRNA and protein expression of VEGFR-2 in esophageal cancer cell lines (Eca9706, Eca109, KYSE450, KYSE70) were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot assay. These cell lines were treated with apatinib combined with cytotoxic drugs: cisplatin, paclitaxel, or 5-Fu respectively. Cell proliferation was then measured using CCK-8; cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry; cell migration and invasion were evaluated by wound healing and transwell assays. Esophageal cancer xenografts model was established and used to evaluate the the antitumor effects of combination of apatinib and cytotoxic drugs in vivo. Results The mRNA and protein expression of VEGFR-2 were higher in Eca109 and Eca9706 cell lines than those in KYSE70 and KYSE450. The proliferation, migration, and invasion ability of esophageal cancer cells treated with apatinib combined with cytotoxic drugs were lower than those untreated cells. Furthermore, the inhibition effects of apatinib with each cytotoxic drug on the proliferation, migration, and invasion of esophageal cancer cells were greater compared with those treated with either apatinib or cytotoxic drug (P < 0.05). The proportion of G0/G1 phase was increased and the effect of arresting cell cycle were enhanced in esophageal cancer cells treated with apatinib and cytotoxic drugs compared with those treated with either apatinib or cytotoxic drug (P < 0.05). The combination of apatinib with each cytotoxic drug demonstrate synergistic promotion effects on the apoptosis of esophageal cancer cells compared with those treated with either apatinib or cytotoxic drug (P < 0.05). The combination of apatinib with each cytotoxic drug displayed synergistic inhibition effects on the growth of esophageal cancer xenografts compared with those treated with either apatinib or cytotoxic drug (P < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of apatinib with cytotoxic drugs had the synergistic antitumor effects on esophageal cancer. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
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Soedarsono, Soedarsono, and Agustinus Rizki Wirawan Riadi. "Tuberculosis Drug-Induced Liver Injury." Jurnal Respirasi 6, no. 2 (May 30, 2020): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jr.v6-i.2.2020.49-54.
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Effective tuberculosis (TB) treatment requires a combination of bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic TB drugs. The combination of these regimens is the standard therapy recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). The standard therapy consists of 5 first-line anti-TB drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, and streptomycin). TB drugs have mild to severe side effects. Side effects that arise not only cause mortality and morbidity but also cause the cessation of treatment with the effect of not achieving cure, even arising drug resistance. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a form of side effect that causes the cessation of TB treatment or regimen changes due to treatment failure, relapse, and drug resistance. DILI increases the problem, covering more than 7% of all side effects. DILI is also one of the concerns in the treatment of TB.
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Zhuang, David, Melinda Smedema, Ann LeMonte, Benita K. Book, Mark D. Pescovitz, and L. Joseph Wheat. "Effect of Calcineurin Inhibitors on Posaconazole Blood Levels as Measured by the MVista Microbiological Assay." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52, no. 2 (November 19, 2007): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01096-07.
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ABSTRACT Calcineurin inhibitors may augment the effects of antifungal drugs in microbiological assays. We examined this interaction in a microbiological assay for posaconazole. No effect was observed. However, concurrent or recently discontinued treatment with other antifungal drugs caused false-positive results, emphasizing a limitation of microbiological assays for antifungal drug level measurement.
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Syroid, Noah D., James Agutter, Frank A. Drews, Dwayne R. Westenskow, Robert W. Albert, Julio C. Bermudez, David L. Strayer, Hauke Prenzel, Robert G. Loeb, and Matthew B. Weinger. "Development and Evaluation of a Graphical Anesthesia Drug Display." Anesthesiology 96, no. 3 (March 1, 2002): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200203000-00010.
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Background Usable real-time displays of intravenous anesthetic concentrations and effects could significantly enhance intraoperative clinical decision-making. Pharmacokinetic models are available to estimate past, present, and future drug effect-site concentrations, and pharmacodynamic models are available to predict the drug's associated physiologic effects. Methods An interdisciplinary research team (bioengineering, architecture, anesthesiology, computer engineering, and cognitive psychology) developed a graphic display that presents the real-time effect-site concentrations, normalized to the drugs' EC(95), of intravenous drugs. Graphical metaphors were created to show the drugs' pharmacodynamics. To evaluate the effect of the display on the management of total intravenous anesthesia, 15 anesthesiologists participated in a computer-based simulation study. The participants cared for patients during two experimental conditions: with and without the drug display. Results With the drug display, clinicians administered more bolus doses of remifentanil during anesthesia maintenance. There was a significantly lower variation in the predicted effect-site concentrations for remifentanil and propofol, and effect-site concentrations were maintained closer to the drugs' EC(95). There was no significant difference in the simulated patient heart rate and blood pressure with respect to experimental condition. The perceived performance for the participants was increased with the drug display, whereas mental demand, effort, and frustration level were reduced. In a post-simulation questionnaire, participants rated the display to be a useful addition to anesthesia monitoring. Conclusions The drug display altered simulated clinical practice. These results, which will inform the next iteration of designs and evaluations, suggest promise for this approach to drug data visualization.
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Amigó, Salvador, Joan C Micó, and Antonio Caselles. "LEARNING TO BE A PSYCHOSTIMULANTS ADDICT WITH SELF-REGULATION THERAPY." Revista Internacional de Sistemas 22, no. 1 (February 20, 2018): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/ris.22.1.11486.
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This article presents the results of a single-case experiment of alternative treatments in which a participant applied the Self-Regulation Therapy (SRT) to reproduce the effects of a stimulant drug, methylphenidate, and a sedative, alcohol. The SRT is a learning procedure based on classic conditioning and suggestion that reproduces the effect of drugs by remembering the effects they have. The participant reproduced the effects of both drugs during ten sessions held on 5 consecutive days. To record effects, adjective scales were used that measured Drug effect, High, Rush, Energy, Tension and the General Factor of Personality (GFP). The results indicated that the participant was capable of independently reproducing the effects of both the above-cited drugs, and that most of these effects were graphically represented as an inverted U-shape. This inverted U can be interpreted as a process in which effects of drugs become progressively more marked (sensitization) to become progressively less marked (tolerance). In this way, the inverted U represents the equivalent to a complete process of becoming addicted to a drug. The participant “learnt to be an addict” without using drugs. The theoretical implications and therapeutic potential of this procedure are discussed.
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Zhang, Chunxia, Qian Qin, and Hongle Li. "Targeted Therapeutic Effect of Bavachinin Nanospheres on Pathological Site of Chronic Asthmatic Mice Model." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 1085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18641.
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Steroids are the main drugs currently used to treat asthma. However, the toxic and side effects of these drugs and the tolerance of the drugs due to long-term administration are still problems in the clinical treatment of asthma. Bavachinin has a good effect in the treatment of mouse asthma models, and it can effectively inhibit the expression of a variety of cytokines. However, it is extremely difficult to dissolve in water, has low bioavailability, and is quickly cleared in the blood. These characteristics limit its clinical application potential. In this study, nanotechnology was used to construct an effective oral drug delivery system. Through analysis of serum-related antibodies and cytokines, the system showed significant therapeutic effects on asthma-positive groups. Far-infrared imaging results showed that the system has a good targeted enrichment effect on pathological parts, while showing lower toxicity and higher therapeutic effect. Whether it is the splenocyte flow typing or the analysis of lung tissue, the system has verified the excellent treatment, and through the observation of paraffin sections of lung tissue, it was found that the bronchial morphology returned to normal after drug treatment, and the leakage of inflammatory cells was significantly reduced.
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Li, Xiaofei, Lina Sheng, Juncai Tu, and Lianqing Lou. "A Preliminary Study on the Synergistic Effect of Nano Ag and Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs on Drug-Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 6155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18597.
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To determine the bactericidal effect of nano silver and anti-tuberculosis drugs on drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Solid-state drug sensitivity tests with streptomycin (SM), isoniazid (INH), RIF, EMB, kanamycin (km), and ofloxacin (ofx) were carried out on H37Rv and different clinical isolates. Briefly, the effects of SM, INH, RIF, EMB (1.0 μg/mL, 0.1 μg/mL, 1.0 μg/mL, 5.0 μg/mL), and anti-tuberculosis drugs, and their combined effect with 0.15 μg/mL and 0.30 μg/mL nano silver on drug-resistant tuberculosis bacteria were evaluated by liquid drug sensitivity test. At the low concentration (0.15 μg/mL), nano silver could not effectively kill the tuberculosis strains; however, at concentrations ≥0.30 μg/mL, it could effectively kill H37Rv and the clinical isolates of the sensitive, single-resistant, multi-resistant, multi-resistant, and extensively resistant strains. Combining 0.15 μg/mL nano silver with the four first-line anti-tuberculosis drugs could not effectively kill the tuberculosis strains; however, combining 0.30 μg/mL nano silver and the anti-tuberculosis drugs could effectively kill the drug-resistant tuberculosis strains. Nano silver exhibits a concentrationdependent killing effect on tubercle bacillus. Further, a nano silver concentration higher than 0.30 μg/mL could kill sensitive and resistant tubercle bacillus.
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Polski, Andrzej, Regina Kasperek, Karolina Sobotka-Polska, and Ewa Poleszak. "Review on analgesic effect of co-administrated ibuprofen and caffeine." Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cipms-2014-0003.
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Abstract Pain is a symptom of many diseases and significantly affects the quality of life, so researchers are constantly seeking new substances to be used as analgesics. Other, easier way is to combine already known drugs which cause synergistic effects greater than additive, so that probability of drug-specific side effects can be reduced. Researchers showed that caffeine can be an effective analgesic adjuvant enhancing antinociceptive effect of ibuprofen in animals and humans. By using modern drug technology methods tablets containing well-soluble ibuprofen salt and caffeine can be easily prepared. Thanks to that combination, the therapeutic dose of ibuprofen can be lowered and the side effects may be reduced.
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Rajalakshmi, Manikkam. "DaiCee: A database for anti-cancer compounds with targets and side effect profiles." Bioinformation 16, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.6026/97320630016843.
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Identification of the toxicity of compounds is more crucial before entering clinical trials. Awareness of physiochemical properties, possible targets and side effects has become a major public health issue to reduce risks. Experimental determination of analyzing the physiochemical properties of a drug, their interaction with specific receptors and identifying their side-effects remain challenging is time consuming and costly. We describe a manually compiled database named DaiCee database, which contains 2100 anticancer drugs with information on their physiochemical properties, targets of action and side effects. It includes both synthetic and herbal anti-cancer compounds. It allows the search for SMILES notation, Lipinski’s and ADME/T properties, targets and side effect profiles of the drugs. This helps to identify drugs with effective anticancer properties, their toxic nature, drug-likeness for in-vitro and in-vivo experiments. It also used for comparative analysis and screening of effective anticancer drugs using available data for compounds in the database. The database will be updated regularly to provide the users with latest information. The database is available at the URL http://www.hccbif.org/usersearch.php
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AHMED, SAIMA, MUHAMMAD ASADULLAH, and ATA-UR REHMAN. "EFFECT OF DRUGS;." Professional Medical Journal 20, no. 01 (December 10, 2012): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2013.20.01.586.
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ABSTRACT... Objective: The aim of this study was to determine head-dipping exploratory test parameter as a measure of strongmodulating effect on brain and behavior. Design: It was an observational animal study. Setting: University of Karachi. Period: Jan 2004 toJuly 2006. Material & methods: In this present study, drugs used reserpine, nux- vomica; anacardium and chlorpromazine were widerange of pharmacological actions. We evaluate the effectiveness of these drugs as agents with modulating effect on brain and behavioraccessed by head dipping parameter. In this study, 25 mice were included belonging to both sexes. The study animals were divided intofive groups of five animals each. Four groups were given drugs and one group was kept as control. Mice (20-35g) of either sex were usedin this study. One group was kept as control for drugs. Mice were kept under room temperature. Tap-water was allowed ad-Libitum.30minutes after giving drugs, animals were observed for 10 minutes with two minutes of interval. Tablet crushed in 10ml of water, 1cc wasgiven. Screening method used was head dipping. Results: Strychnos Nux-Vomica when used in a dose of 0.07mg has strong action oncholinergic system, CNS activity and frequent head dipping (39.8±28.8) was observed. Rauwolfia serpentine is an active alkaloidparticularly present in reserpine (62.2±43.4) no significant head dipping effect was observed. Anacardium (37.2±28.6) &Chlorpromazine (39.4±32.4), show decrease effects. Keeping in view, the medicinal importance of these herbs, our present study wasdesigned to screen these drugs for CNS activity on albino mice.
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Bakhadirova, I. B., and S. S. Arifov. "Ototoxic effect of cytostatic platinum-based drug." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 19, no. 2 (2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2021-2-78-84.
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Ototoxicity refers to the hearing impairment that results from the temporary or permanent inner ear dysfunction after treatment with an ototoxic drug. Other drug classes known to have ototoxic properties include aminoglycosides, loop diuretics, quinine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiretroviral therapy. Platinum-based chemotherapy drugs are effective drugs used to treat many types of malignant neoplasms. However, its ototoxic potential puts cancer patients at risk of hearing loss. This, in turn, negatively affects the patient’s quality of life. It is essential for clinicians working with these patients to be aware of the ototoxic properties of platinum preparations and the clinical signs in order to identify patients at risk of developing hearing loss. The review identified peer-reviewed articles available from January 1975 to July 2019 on the monitoring of cytotopic toxicity and ototoxicity associated with cisplatin, and included only articles in English. The same researcher conducted a literature search and reviewed abstracts and articles for inclusion in the study. The studies were identified using a MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) keyword and term search in electronic databases. A manual search for relevant authors and journals was also completed. The links cited by each publication, review, or book chapter were reviewed to find additional potential publications. This article provides an updated review of the ototoxicity associated with platinum-based chemotherapy drugs.
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Sinkeviciute, Igne, Rune A. Kroken, and Erik Johnsen. "Priapism in Antipsychotic Drug Use: A Rare but Important Side Effect." Case Reports in Psychiatry 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/496364.
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Priapism is a rare but important side effect of antipsychotic drugs which may evolve into a urological emergency. Most antipsychotic drugs are alpha-1 adrenergic antagonists, which is thought to be the principal mechanism involved in antipsychotic-induced priapism. Other aetiologies exist, however. A case is presented with multiple episodes of priapism during the use of several different antipsychotic drugs. The case is representative of many patients treated with antipsychotic drugs, as there were hyperprolactinemia, and illicit drug use, which are known causes of priapism. Moreover, the patient used combinations of antipsychotic drugs. The case thus illustrates the etiological complexity which could delay a diagnosis of antipsychotic-induced priapism, and the problem of establishing a link between priapism and one particular ingredient of a drug combination. The case presents how a treatment regimen was finally established balancing antipsychotic efficacy to acceptable side effects and offers guidance to physicians regarding how antipsychotic-induced priapism may be resolved.
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Ionov, Stepan, Valentina Orlova, and Natalia Kulbachevskaya. "Effect of metformin on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in experiment." Problems in oncology 67, no. 1 (March 4, 2021): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37469/0507-3758-2021-67-1-35-39.
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The article provides an overview of the currently known descriptions of the mechanisms and toxic effects of two drugs: doxorubicin, a first-line drug for the treatment of cancer, and the mechanisms of action of Metformin, a drug widely used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus 2. The review made with the usage of NCBI, PubMed and OxfordAcademic presents the analysis of published data on the protective effect of Metformin in its combined use with doxorubicin in an experiment in an attempt to reduce the manifestations of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity.
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Ahn, Jung Hwan, Junhyeong Kim, Naveed Ur Rehman, Hye-Jin Kim, Mi-Jeong Ahn, and Hye Jin Chung. "Effect of Rumex Acetosa Extract, a Herbal Drug, on the Absorption of Fexofenadine." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 6 (June 12, 2020): 547. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12060547.
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Herbal drugs are widely used for the auxiliary treatment of diseases. The pharmacokinetics of a drug may be altered when it is coadministered with herbal drugs that can affect drug absorption. The effects of herbal drugs on absorption must be evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effects of Rumex acetosa (R. acetosa) extract on fexofenadine absorption. Fexofenadine was selected as a model drug that is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and organic anion transporting polypeptide 1A2 (OATP1A2). Emodine—the major component of R. acetosa extract—showed P-gp inhibition in vitro and in vivo. Uptake of fexofenadine via OATP1A2 was inhibited by R. acetosa extract in OATP1A2 transfected cells. A pharmacokinetic study showed that the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) of fexofenadine was smaller in the R. acetosa extract coadministered group than in the control group. R. acetosa extract also decreased aqueous solubility of fexofenadine HCl. The results of this study suggest that R. acetosa extract could inhibit the absorption of certain drugs via intervention in the aqueous solubility and the drug transporters. Therefore, R. acetosa extract may cause drug interactions when coadministered with substrates of drug transporters and poorly water-soluble drugs, although further clinical studies are needed.
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Zimmer, David. "The effect of Medicare Part D on prescription drug composition and demand." Journal of Economic Studies 42, no. 2 (May 11, 2015): 170–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-08-2013-0109.
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Purpose – The US Medicare Modernization Act of 2003 introduced optional prescription drug coverage, beginning in 2006, widely known as Medicare Part D. This paper uses up-to-date nationally representative survey data to investigate the impact of Part D not only on drug spending and consumption, but also on the composition of drug consumption. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Specifically, the paper investigates whether Part D impacted the number of therapeutic classes for which drugs were prescribed, and also whether Part D lead to increased usage of drugs for specific medical conditions that typically receive drug-intensive therapies. Findings – In addition to confirming findings from previous studies, this paper shows that Part D increased the number of therapeutic classes to which seniors receive drugs by approximately four classes. Part D also lead to increased usage of drugs used to treat upper respiratory disease, hypertension, and diabetes. Originality/value – While mostly concurring with previous studies on the spending impacts of Part D, this paper is the first to shed light on other impacts of Part D, specifically with respect to its impact on therapeutic classes for which drugs are prescribed.
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Das, Madhusudan, Ms Ankita Sharma, and Mr Kaushal K. Chandrul. "A Review of Potential Effect of Nanotechnology and Control Drug Delivery System Introduce Into Ocular Drug Delivery System." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-4 (June 30, 2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd23563.
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Asakura, Toshio, Osheiza Abdulmalik, Efe Iyamu, Qiukan Chen, Jisheng Yang, Donald J. Abraham, Martin K. Safo, Carlo Brugnara, and Greg Evans. "Various Drugs with or without an Antisickling Effect in the In Vitro Tests Showed a Strong Antisickling Effect in the In Vivo Studies in Transgenic Sickle Mice." Blood 106, no. 11 (November 16, 2005): 3190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3190.3190.
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Abstract Since its inception in 1997, the NHLBI Sickle Cell Disease (SCD) Reference Laboratory (Ref Lab) has received over 150 candidate drugs from over 30 researchers, universities and companies for evaluation. All candidate drugs are evaluated for both their beneficial and adverse effects in vitro using more than 10 sophisticated methods. Specifically, each candidate drug is studied to see whether it inhibits cell sickling, prolongs the delay time prior to deoxy-hemoglobin (Hb) S polymerization, increases the solubility of deoxy-Hb S, hydrates red blood cells (RBCs), prevents dehydration of RBCs, shifts the oxygen equilibrium curve (OEC) toward the left, reduces the adhesion of RBCs to endothelial cells, promotes the synthesis of Hb F, causes hemolysis, promotes formation of met-Hb and increases the denaturation of intracellular Hb S. With this new approach, we have found more than 10 new antisickling agents that showed beneficial effects without significant adverse effects in the in vitro tests. Of these, five drugs were further studied in vivo using transgenic mice that produce human Hb S, and all five drugs inhibited the formation of sickled cells in the blood and significantly prolonged their survival time under acute hypoxic conditions. The five drugs are NIPRISAN (plant extracts) [Brit. J. Haematol. (BJH) 122:1001,2003], MX-1520 (prodrug of vanillin) (BJH125: 788,2004), 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (5HMF) (BJH128:552,2005), NS3623 (Blood 97: 1461,2001, in vivo results not shown), and FLOCOR (surfactant) (Blood94:420a,1999). Of these 5 drugs, FLOCOR and NS3623 did not have an antisickling effect in vitro. It is quite interesting that FLOCOR and NS3623 which showed no direct antisickling effect in vitro, showed a strong antisickling effect in vivo. Some of our results suggest that combined use of some of these drugs may have a synergistic effect in vivo. Studies on the combined use of these drugs are planned. Researchers with candidate drugs that may have beneficial effects for SCD are welcome to contact the SCD Ref Lab for free in vitro evaluation of their agents (for more information, please see our website at www.tatcom.com/sickle-cell).
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Poojitha M, Saravanakumar A S, and Satyanarayana S V. "Gastroprotective effect of leaves of Breyniavitis-Idaea." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 2 (May 18, 2020): 2519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i2.2247.
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Due to the lure backs of synthetic drugs that are being used medical field has turned over to the traditional medicine which are devoid of side effects and major adverse effects. So that Herbal drugs were seen as probable replacements for the handling of PUD without showing side effects and equaling the treatment efficacy. The literature review on investigations of antiulcer activity of various plant drug, the present investigation was carried out to investigate the antiulcer potential, chemical constituents present in the methanol extract of traditional plant Breyniavitis-idaea. Gastric ulcers in experimental animals were brought by four different models like Ethanol(Alcohol) induced, NSIDS (Indomethacin) induced, Pylorus ligation method and Cold resistant stress induced method by comparing with the standard drug namely omeprazole (20mg/kg) which exhibited the dose dependent capacity of the extract (125mg/kg,250mg/kg, 500mg/kg) and also the biochemical parameters like ALP, GSH, pH and Gastric volume contents were estimated in all the selected groups (Design of Experiment). The results obtained from the study has helped to identify that 500mg/kg of plant extract has gastro protective effect in all the chosen models in comparison to the omeprazole (20mg/kg) standard drug. Owing to the prevalence of different phytoconstituents like poly phenols and flavonoids shown the dose dependent potent gastroprotective activity.
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Duggan, Mark, and Fiona Scott Morton. "The Effect of Medicare Part D on Pharmaceutical Prices and Utilization." American Economic Review 100, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 590–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.100.1.590.
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Medicare Part D began coverage of prescription drugs in 2006. Rather than setting pharmaceutical prices, the government contracted with private insurers to provide drug coverage. Theory suggests that additional insured consumers will raise the optimal price of a branded drug, while the insurer's ability to move demand to substitute treatments may lower prices. We estimate the program's effect on the price and utilization of pharmaceutical treatments. We find that Part D enrollees paid substantially lower prices than while uninsured, and increased their utilization of prescription drugs. We find relative price declines only for drugs with significant therapeutic competition.
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Shazzad, Md Nahiduzzamane, Syed Jamil Abdal, Muhammad Shoaib Momen Majumder, Jahangir ul Alam Sohel, Syed Mohammad Monowar Ali, and Shamim Ahmed. "Drug Addiction in Bangladesh and its Effect." Medicine Today 25, no. 2 (February 10, 2014): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17927.
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Drug addiction and drug abuse, chronic or habitual use of any chemical substance to alter states of body or mind for other than medically warranted purposes. Addiction is more often now defined by the continuing, compulsive nature of the drug use despite physical and/or psychological harm to the user and society and includes both licit and illicit drugs, and the term "substance abuse" is now frequently used because of the broad range of substances (including alcohol and inhalants) that can fit the addictive profile. Psychological dependence is the subjective feeling that the user needs the drug to maintain a feeling of well-being; physical dependence is characterized by tolerance (the need for increasingly larger doses in order to achieve the initial effect) and withdrawal symptoms when the user is abstinent. There are a lot of effects of drug addiction to the economy, society, and family. Drug addiction affects individual's physical and mental health. Drug addicts are burden for a family and society. It is a great challenge for all nations of the world to prevent drug addiction. This article reviews the effects of drug addiction in details. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v25i2.17927 Medicine Today 2013 Vol.25(2): 84-89
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Banerjee, Basu Dev, Ranjeet Kumar, Krishna Latha Thamineni, Harendra Shah, Gaurav Kumar Thakur, and Tusha Sharma. "Effect of Environmental Exposure and Pharmacogenomics on Drug Metabolism." Current Drug Metabolism 20, no. 14 (February 25, 2020): 1103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200221666200110153304.
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Background: Pesticides are major xenobiotic compounds and environmental pollutants, which are able to alter drug-metabolizing enzyme as well as pharmacokinetics of drugs. Subsequent to the release of the human genome project, genetic variations (polymorphism) become an integral part of drug development due to their influence on disease susceptibility/ progression of the disease and their impact on drug absorption, distribution, metabolism of active metabolites and finally excretion of the drug. Genetic polymorphisms crucially regulate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs under the influence of physiological condition, lifestyle, as well as pathological conditions collectively. Objective: To review all the evidence concerning the effect of environmental exposure on drug metabolism with reference to pharmacogenomics. Method: Scientific data search and review of basic, epidemiological, pharmacogenomics and pharmacokinetics studies were undertaken to evaluate the influence of environmental contaminants on drug metabolism. Result: Various environmental contaminants like pesticides effectively alter drug metabolism at various levels under the influence of pharmacogenomics, which interferes with pharmacokinetics of drug metabolism. Genetic polymorphism of phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes remarkably alters disease susceptibility as well as the progression of disease under the influence of various environmental contaminants at various levels. Conclusion: Individual specific drug response may be attributed to a large variety of factors alone or in combination ranging from genetic variations (SNP, insertion, deletion, duplication etc.) to physiological setting (gender, age, body size, and ethnicity), environmental or lifestyle factors (radiation exposure, smoking, alcohol, nutrition, exposure to toxins, etc.); and pathological conditions (obesity, diabetes, liver and renal function).
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Intili, Henry. "Overlooked Drug Effect." American Journal of Nursing 95, no. 12 (December 1995): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3471291.
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Intili, Henry. "OVERLOOKED DRUG EFFECT." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 95, no. 12 (December 1995): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199512000-00012.
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Halliwell, B. "Drug antioxidant effect." European Journal of Anaesthesiology 13, no. 2 (March 1996): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003643-199603000-00035.
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Sunitha G N, Satyavati Dulipala D, and Girish Gudi. "Effect of ritonavir on pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drug combinations in rats." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 10, no. 3 (September 21, 2019): 2477–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v10i3.1497.
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The current treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients coinfected with malaria involves the coadministration of antimalarial and antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends artemisinin-based therapy for malaria that usually consists of artemether, artesunate or dihydroartemisinin with non-artemisinin derivatives such as amodiaquine, lumefantrine and mefloquine. Protease inhibitors (PI) such as ritonavir contribute to the improved health of HIV-positive individuals, and the inclusion of ritonavir in antiretroviral regimens is common in clinical practice. Ritonavir is a potent inhibitor of human CYP3A4, which is the primary enzyme involved in the metabolism of many of artemisinin-based drugs, as well as amodiaquine and proguanil. Upon co-administration, ritonavir can potentially influence the metabolism and thus increase the systemic exposure of these drugs. In order to understand this pharmacokinetic (PK) drug interaction, the current work evaluated the effect of ritonavir (50 mg/kg orally) on the PK of antimalarial drug combinations in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. When co-administered with ritonavir, the exposure (AUC) of the antimalarial drugs artemether, artesunate and proguanil was increased by approximately 3.5-fold. Correspondingly, peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of these drugs increased as well. There was no apparent influence of ritonavir on the PK of lumefantrine, amodiaquine and atovaquone. This study demonstrates the potential influence of ritonavir on the pharmacokinetics of at least some anti-malarial drugs, likely a result of inhibition of CYP3A. Further evaluation of clinically relevant drug interaction in humans may be warranted to ensure safe and effective use of anti-malarial and anti-HIV drugs concomitantly.
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Hollon, Steven D., Robert J. DeRubeis, Richard C. Shelton, and Bahr Weiss. "The emperor's new drugs: Effect size and moderation effects." Prevention & Treatment 5, No Issue Specified (2002): No First Page Specified—No Last Page Specified. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//1522-3736.5.0028c.
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Kaliuzhna, T. M., and H. A. Fotina. "Study of the toxic effect of the drug “Incombivit”." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 22, no. 99 (October 28, 2020): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet9904.
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Modern veterinary medicine has made great strides in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, largely through the availability of highly effective drugs. One of the major challenges to development of effective, safe, competitive drugs in Ukraine is the creation of an effective system of pre-clinical trials that meet international standards. The toxicity study is a mandatory phase trials of new drugs. The drug “Inkombivit” accommodates only available endogenous biologically active substances, which are natural feed ingredients for animals and are naturally present in animal tissues. All active pharmaceutical ingredients used in drug “Inkombivit”, by the EU regulation No. 37/2010 related to non-hazardous for animals and people compounds. The LD50 of most active pharmaceutical ingredients included in the drug “Incombivit” for mice when administered orally ranges from 5000 to 10000 mg/kg body weight, except for some active pharmaceutical ingredients when they are contained in milligram amounts in 1 liter of the drug, for which LD50 less than 1000 mg/kg body weight of animals. Incombivit is a combination drug that contains fat- and water-soluble vitamins, trace elements and amino acids that normalize metabolism, increase overall resistance, improve productivity, safety and reproductive functions of animals. Acute toxicity of the drug was studied on 50 white mice weighing 19–21 g and on 20 white rats weighing 250–295 g. The animals were kept in accordance with sanitary norms and rules on a standard diet (compound feed) adopted in the vivarium. The acute LD50 of Incombivit for a single oral administration is 7500 ± 229.95 mg/kg body weight for mice and 6250 ± 375.50 mg/kg body weight for rats. Incombivit can be classified as hazard class 4 according to the International Standard GOST 12.1.007-76 and to category 5 according to the International Global Harmonized System (GHS) classification, as its LD50 for mice and rats with a single oral administration exceeds 5000 mg/kg body weight.
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Wu, Mu-Lu, Jasmie Tan, and Thomas Dick. "Eagle Effect in Nonreplicating Persister Mycobacteria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 59, no. 12 (September 8, 2015): 7786–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.01476-15.
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ABSTRACTWe determined the microbicidal activities of antibacterials against nonreplicatingMycobacterium smegmatisgrown in a starvation-based Loebel model for persistence. Whereas most drugs lost their activity, fluoroquinolones retained lethal potency. Dose-response characterizations showed a paradoxical more-drug-kills-less Eagle effect. Pretreatment of cultures with chloramphenicol blocked the lethal action of the gyrase inhibitors. These results suggest that fluoroquinolones at low concentrations trigger a protein synthesis-dependent cell death pathway and shut off this suicide pathway at elevated concentrations.
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Du, Chunhua, Qi Zhang, Lina Wang, Mei Wang, Jinfeng Li, and Qian Zhao. "Effect of Montelukast Sodium and Graphene Oxide Nanomaterials on Mouse Asthma Model." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 1161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18705.
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Because some asthma patients have different types of inflammatory cells in their bodies, they cannot get relief with traditional drugs. However, the nano drug delivery system can realize efficient drug delivery, inflammatory cells and intracellular targeting, and the apoptosis of inflammatory cells. This article aims to comprehensively evaluate the effects of montelukast sodium combined with graphene oxide nanomaterials on improving the clinical symptoms and airway inflammation of children with bronchial asthma, with a view to further improving the clinical treatment of children with bronchial asthma. The results show that montelukast sodium can improve lung function in patients with asthma, and also has important effects such as anti-inflammatory and regulating immune function. After exposure to graphene oxide, the level of oxidative stress in mice increased with brightness and humidity, demonstrating the role of T oxidative stress in the development of asthma. In addition, nanocarriers assist co-loaded drugs to deepen and enrich the pulmonary inflammation site, further achieving effective mitochondrial targeted drug delivery, thereby enhancing the inhibitory effect of anti-apoptotic proteins, leading to inflammatory cell apoptosis.