Dissertations / Theses: 'Effect of global warming on'

1

Смоленніков, Денис Олегович, Денис Олегович Смоленников, Denys Olehovych Smolennikov, and Victoria Kubatko. "The greenhouse effect and global warming." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7989.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Parkinson, Stuart D. "The application of stochastic modelling techniques to global climate change." Thesis, Lancaster University, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240453.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Asandei, Ancuta. "Global warming : carbon-nutrient interactions and warming effects on soil carbon dynamics." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/17537.

Full text

Abstract:

In order to predict how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to global change, there is growing recognition that we need to better understand linkages between plant and soil processes. Previously the factors and processes with potential to influence the terrestrial carbon (C) cycle have been investigated in isolation from each other. This study investigated the interactions of nutrient availability and warming in controlling the soil carbon dynamics, with regards to the fate of already sequestered carbon in soil, under conditions of increasing atmospheric temperatures. The project objectives were addressed by three independent experiments designed to explain specific components of the carbon-nutrient cycle interactions, and the findings brought together to describe the implications for future soil carbon storage. The main measurements collected throughout this project included soil carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes, partitioned into autotrophic and heterotrophic components, net ecosystem exchange and respiration fluxes, and background soil moisture and temperature data, backed by gas, soil and biomass analyses. In the two field experiments, these measurements were taken from plots with or without any inorganic nutrient additions or in the presence or absence of legumes providing biological nitrogen addition to the ecosystem. In the laboratory, temperature and nutrient availability were manipulated within the ecosystem. The reduction in decomposition rates, without reduction of productivity as a result of inorganic nutrient additions, indicated the potential for increasing C storage. There was also evidence that nutrient availability controls the strength of the link between plant and soil processes in semi-natural grasslands. The yields, decomposition rates and soil C fluxes recorded in the presence and absence of legumes provided some evidence of N2 fixation, improving ecosystem productivity and soil properties while reducing soil C effluxes, in a managed grassland. In the laboratory, the warming of soils from lysimeters with and without plants, receiving or not receiving fertiliser, supported the findings from field experiments regarding the importance of the soil-plant link in controlling C fluxes. However, C stocks and δ13C analyses showed that over a year’s worth of warming and nutrient manipulations made little difference to the amount of C stored in the soil, indicating that edaphic factors have greater control over the response of C dynamics to increased temperatures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Hein, James Everett. "Movement-Countermovement Dynamics in the Global Warming Policy Conflict." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1338406978.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Boda, Pranav. "Effects of global warming on transmission line sag." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5377.

Full text

Abstract:

Global warming has forced the power industry to adapt its infrastructure and develop technology in order to mitigate the effects and reduce the extent to which it will affect the operation of the electrical grid. With this goal in mind, the project attempts to quantify the effect of global warming on transmission line sag. First, a climate model that could predict temperature data for the time period (2001-2100) was needed. Next, a relationship between temperature and electricity demand needed to be quantified. Using this relationship and the temperature values generated by the climate model, the predicted electricity demand values were calculated for the examined time period. Since the voltage at which power is transported remains constant, the rate at which power is delivered will be given by the current flowing through the conductor. Using the estimated current values, the temperature of the conductor was calculated. This value is then used to calculate incremental sag due to the additional electrical demand. The calculated incremental sag is then plotted across time to show the increase in sag as temperatures increase. The plots also show various spikes in transmission line sag values ranging from less than an inch to just over two inches over the examined time period which does not significantly affect the operation of the grid. However, the project was performed using ideal values and is only a best case scenario. Overall, the project was successful in establishing that a relationship between global warming and transmission sag does exist, and that it needs to be addressed during future infrastructure planning.
Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Ologunloluwa, Kehinde, and Jonathan Emeka Nwosu. "The effects of global warming on the ecosystem." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10017.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Pipatti, Riitta. "Emission estimtes for some acidifying and greenhouse gases and options for their control in Finland /." Espoo : Technical Research Centre of Finland, 1998. http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/publications/1998/P340.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Leung, Wai-hung. "Global climate change : environmental implications for Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457294.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Le, Roux Peter Christiaan. "Azorella selago (Apiaceae) as a model for examining climate change effects in the sub-Antarctic." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49868.

Full text

Abstract:

Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: There is increasing evidence that the rapid and anomalous changes in climate experienced in the last century have had widespread ecological impacts. Indeed, sub- Antarctic Marion Island has experienced particularly large increases in temperature and declines in rainfall. However, the effects of these changes on the island's extensive fellfield vegetation remain largely unexamined. The aim of this study was to examine the sensitivity of a dominant and keystone fellfield plant species, the cushion-forming Azorella selago Hook. (Apiaceae), to changes in climate. Three complementary approaches (two mensurate, one experimental) were used, and all showed that A. selago is likely to change in response to further changes in climate. First, the unimodal age class distribution of A. selago suggested that the species' establishment is episodic, and therefore reliant on specific (possibly climatic) conditions. Azorella selago growth rate was related to environmental factors, suggesting that both the establishment and growth rate of the species is likely to be sensitive to changes in climate. Second, altitudinal variation in A. selago plant attributes suggested that the species' morphology would be responsive to changes in climate (assuming that a spatial gradient in climate is a suitable analogue for similar changes in climate over time). Plant height, leaf size and trichome density differed most consistently over altitude across the island. The altitudinal range of some epiphyte species, as well as the cover and species richness of epiphytes growing on A. selago, also showed consistent patterns along the altitudinal gradient. These cushion plant and epiphyte attributes appeared to be related to climatic factors, and are therefore predicted to change in response to further shifts in climate. Finally, A. selago showed a rapid vegetative response to short-term experimental reductions in rainfall and increases in temperature and shading. Reduced rainfall accelerated autumnal senescence, shortening the species' growing season. Plants were relatively unaffected by the magnitude of warming imposed, although the foliar nutrient concentrations of some elements were higher in warmed plants than in control plants. Experimental shading of A. selago (simulating a predicted indirect effect of climate change: increased cover of the dominant epiphyte species, Agrostis magellanica (Lam.) Vahl (Poaceae)) caused greater stem elongation, and the production of larger, thinner leaves, with lower trichome densities and higher foliar nutrient concentrations of some elements. Given this sensitivity of A. selago to shading, it is possible that changes in epiphyte load could overshadow the direct effects of changes in climate on this species. Ongoing changes in climate are predicted for the next century. Based on the results of this study the following scenarios are proposed. Continued warming and drying of the island will potentially favour the upslope expansion of A. selago (although also shortening its growing season) and decrease the abundance of its dominant epiphyte. Under such a scenario fellfield primary production may decline. In contrast, under warming alone, most epiphyte species could increase in abundance and expand their altitudinal ranges upslope. This would bring about much heavier shading of A. selago plants, leading to a short-term increase in stem growth and leaf nutrient concentrations. However, ultimately a decline in A. selago abundance and production would also be expected if cushion plants experience stem mortality under longer-term shading. Nonetheless, monitoring A. selago leaf size, trichome density and phenology, as well as the altitudinal range of dominant epiphyte species (attributes that this research suggests may be most sensitive to short-term changes in climate), will indicate the biological consequences of these changes in climate. This study, therefore, shows that further climate changes on Marion Island will affect A. selago and its epiphytes, with likely repercussions for fellfield communities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is toemende bewys dat die vinnige en onreëlmatige veranderinge in klimaat oor die laaste half-eeu wye ekologiese gevolge gehad het. Inderdaad, sub-Antarktiese Marion Eiland het 'n ook 'n besondere groot toename in temperature en daling in reënval ervaar. Nogtans is die gevolge van hierdie veranderinge op die eiland se uitgebreide dorveld (fellfield) plantegroei nog nie nagevors nie. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die sensitiwiteit van 'n dominante hoeksteen spesie, die kussingvormige Azorella selago Hook. (Apiaceae), aan veranderinge in klimaat te ondersoek. Drie aanvullende metodes (twee waarnemend, een eksperimenteel) was gebruik, en al drie het aangedui dat A. selago waarskynlik sal reageer op verdere veranderinge in klimaat. Eerstens, die enkelpiek-vormige ouderdomsverspreiding van A. selago dui daarop dat die spesie ongereeld vestig, en is daarom afhanklik van spesifieke (dalk klimatiese) toestande. Verder, was A. selago se groeitempo aan omgewingsfaktore verwant. As gevolg hiervan sal die spesie se vestiging en groeitempo vermoedelik sensitief vir klimaatsveranderinge wees. Tweedens, veranderinge in A. selago eienskappe met 'n toename in hoogte bo seespieël (hoogte) dui daarop dat die spesie se morfologie sal reageer op veranderinge in klimaatstoestande (op voorwaarde dat 'n ruimtelike verandering in klimaat goed ooreenstem met 'n soortgelyke verandering in klimaat oor tyd). Planthoogte, blaaroppervlakte en trigoomdigteid het geleidelik met hoogte verander oor die eiland. Die verspreiding en bedekking van sommige epifitiese spesies, asook epifiet spesie rykheid, was ook aan hoogteverwant. Hierdie verwantskap tussen A. selago (en die epifiete) en hoogte is vermoedelik deur klimatiese faktore veroorsaak, en daarom word voorspel dat dit sal verander soos die klimaat verander. Laastens, het A. selago 'n vinnige vegetatiewe reaksie tot korttermyn eksperimentele vermindering in reënval en toename in temperatuur en beskaduwing gewys. 'n Afname in reënval het blaarveroudering versnel, en dus A. selago se groeiseisoen verkort. Plante het min verander as gevolg van hoër temperature, alhoewel die konsentrasie van sommige plantvoedingstowwe hoër was in blare van verwarmde plante as in die wat gewone temperature ervaar het. Eksperimentele beskaduwing van A. selago (wat 'n verwagde indirek effek van klimaatsverandering naboots, naamlik die toename in bedekking van A. selago deur die dominante epifiet spesie, Agrostis magellanica (Lam.) Vahl (Poaceae)) het stingel groei versnel, en veroorsaak dat groter en dunner blare met laer trigoomdigthede en hoër konsentrasies van sommige plantvoedingstowwe op die plante groei. As gevolg van die sensitiwiteit van A. selago op beskaduwing, is dit moontlik dat die gevolge van veranderinge in die bedekking van epifiete belangriker sal wees as die direkte gevolge van klimaatsverandering. Verdere klimaatsveranderinge word vir die volgende eeu voorspel. Gebasseer op die resultate van hierdie navorsing, word twee moontlike toekomstige omstadighede voorgestel. Toenemende verwarming en verdroging van die eiland sal vermoedelik veroorsaak dat A. selago op hoër hoogtes voorkom (alhoewel die spesie se groeiseisoen ook sal verkort), en dat die volopheid van A. magellanica sal afneem. In so 'n geval sal dorveld se plantproduksie waarskynlik effens verminder. In teenstelling, as die eiland slegs verwarm (sonder 'n verandering in reënval) kan die volopheid en verspreiding van epifiet spesies waarskynlik toeneem. Dit sal vermoedelik tot 'n toename in the verskaduwing van A. selago lei, wat tot 'n kort-termyn verhoging van stingel groeitempo en plantvoedingstof konsentrasies sal lei. Alhoewel, uiteindelik, word 'n vermindering van A. selago volopheid en groei verwag as plantstingels van lang-termyn beskaduwing vrek. Nietemin, as die blaargroote, trigoomdigteid en groeiseisoenlengte van A. selago en die hoogte verspreiding van die dominante epifiet spesie gemonitor word (eienskappe wat deur hierdie studie aangedui is as gevoelig aan kort-termyn veranderinge in klimaat), kan die biologiese gevolge van hierdie klimaatsveranderinge aangewys word. Hierdie navorsing bewys dus dat verdere veranderinge in klimaat op Marion Eiland 'n invloed sal hê op A. selago en geassosieerde epifiete, met moontlike gevolge vir die hele dorveld gemeenskap.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Nettleton, Stuart John. "Benchmarking climate change strategies under constrained resource usage /." Electronic version, 2009. http://utsescholarship.lib.uts.edu.au/iresearch/scholarly-works/handle/2100/1012.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Eriksson, Pia. "Modeling the effect of activelayer deepening on stocks ofsoil organic carbon in thePechora River Basin." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi och kvartärgeologi (INK), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-79563.

Full text

Abstract:

This study investigates how the estimated thickening of the active layer will affectthe soil organic carbon in permafrost soils. The focus lies on estimating how muchof the upper permafrost soil organic carbon will be affected by the active layerdeepening due to global warming, on what timescale the deepening will take placeand if the estimated changes differ depending on the extent of permafrost in theregion. A model made in a Geographic Information System (GIS) combines datasetsfrom The Northern Circumpolar Soil Carbon Database, field data of soil organiccarbon content (SOCC) in different permafrost soil horizons in the Usa basin anddata of recent and future active layer depth from a spatially distributed permafrostdynamics model in the Pechora River Basin. The model shows that in 1980, 75% ofthe available 0–100 cm Gelisol soil organic carbon mass (SOCM) has affected byseasonal thawing. In 2050 the proportion is increased to 86% and by 2090 almostthe whole study area has an active layer deeper than 1 meter (98%). This indicatesan increase from approximately 0.64% to 0.84% of the total 1–100 cm SOCM in thenorthern permafrost region. The change is more gradual in the isolated and thesporadic permafrost zones and more abrupt in the continuous and discontinuous regions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Larsson, Mattias. "Can effects from global warming be seen in Swedish snow statistics?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-303773.

Full text

Abstract:

This study is a result from a major investigation about the snow conditions in Sweden since the beginning of the twentieth century. For this purpose, data were analysed with respect to the maximum snow depth and the number of days with snow cover every year from some more than forty selected stations. These stations were then divided into different regions and means were calculated for each series. The data are presented in the shape of different histograms in the four following categories; the whole period in request (1900-2003), the latest 43 years (1961-2003), consecutive mean values for every decade and time series with the highest frequented fluctuations equalized. To be able to detect any trends in the plotted time series two statistical methods, simple linear regression and Mann-Kendall’s test, were applied. The calculations belonging to these tests are showed in tables. To be able to answer the question if the global warming can be related to the latest 3-4 decades predominantly warm winters in the southern part of Sweden I have been studying correlations in snow data with respect to the northern hemispheres mean temperature for the winter season. Corresponding estimates of the correlation coefficients have also been made with respect to the Swedish winter mean temperature. The response of the tests shows that it has not been such dramatic change in the snow conditions in the long run. The magnitude of the slope for the adjusted regression lines implies that the maximum snow depth and the number of days with snow cover in average have been on a fairly constant level during the latest hundred years. When it comes to the maximum snow depth one can distinguish a tendency for a small rise in Götaland and northern Norrland. This is also the only cases which are statistical significant for the period in request (1905-2003). For the shorter period 1961-2003 however, the number of days with snow cover has decreased quite substantially in the southern part of Sweden corresponding to a decrease about 40% in Götaland and 20% in Svealand. The test based on simple linear regression gives significant results in both cases while Mann-Kendall only establishes the trend for Götaland. A closer view of the maximum snow depth for the shorter period (1961-2003) does not give the same response but there is at least evidence for a significant decrease in Svealand in the test with simple linear regression. It corresponds to a decrease of about 30% since 1960. One cannot immediately relate the changes in the Swedish snow climate to the global warming. Estimated values of the correlation coefficient do not even give significant results for the period 1961-2003 despite of the fact that the global mean temperature has raised quite considerably since 1970. The corresponding calculations for the Swedish winter mean temperature show that it plays a very important roll if the precipitation in Götaland and Svealand is coming as rain or snow while it does not matter at all in northern Norrland.
Denna studie är ett resultat av en omfattande undersökning av snöförhållandena i Sverige sedan början av 1900-talet. Jag har för detta ändamål analyserat data av maximala snödjup och antalet dagar med snötäcke per kalenderår från ett 40-tal utvalda stationer. Dessa stationer har sedan delats upp på olika regioner varefter medelvärden har räknats fram i resp. fall. Datamaterialet illustreras här i form av olika stapeldiagram uppdelat på fyra följande kategorier; hela tidsserien, perioden 1961-2003, konsekutiva 10-årsmedelvärden samt en tidsserie med de mest högfrekventa svängningarna bortdämpade. För att kunna bedöma eventuella trender i de uppritade tidsserierna så har jag använt mig av de båda statistiska metoderna enkel linjär regression resp. Mann-Kendall's test. Tillhörande beräkningar redovisas på tabellform. För att svara på frågan om den globala uppvärmningen kan sättas i samband med de senaste 30-40 årens övervägande snöfattiga vintrar i södra Sverige så har jag studerat korrelationen av snödata gentemot det norra halvklotets vintermedeltemperatur. Motsvarande beräkningar av korrelationskoefficienter har också genomförts för den svenska vintermedeltemperaturen Utslaget på testerna visar att det inte har skett så dramatiska förändringar i snöförhållandena på lång sikt. Magnituden på lutningskoefficienten för de anpassade regressionslinjerna tyder på att det maximala snödjupet och antalet dagar med snötäcke i medeltal har legat på en ganska konstant nivå under de senaste hundra åren. När det gäller maximala snödjup så kan man paradoxalt nog se en tendens till en svag uppgång för Götaland och norra Norrland. Det är också de enda fallen som är statistiskt säkerställda för tidsserien som helhet. För den kortare perioden 1961-2003 så kan man däremot se att antalet dagar med snötäcke har minskat relativt kraftigt i södra Sverige motsvarande en nedgång på cirka 40% i Götaland och 20% i Svealand. Test med enkel linjär regression ger signifikanta resultat i båda fallen medan Mann-Kendall endast fastställer trenden för Götaland. En närmare undersökning av det maximala snödjupet för den kortare tidsserien ger dock inte lika tydligt utslag i statistiken men man kan trots allt urskilja en signifikant minskning för Svealand i testet med enkel linjär regression. Det rör sig här om en nedgång på cirka 30% efter 1960. Det går inte att omedelbart relatera förändringarna i det svenska snöklimatet till den globala uppvärmningen. Beräknade värden på korrelationskoefficienten ger inte ens signifikant utslag för perioden 1961-2003 trots att den globala medeltemperaturen har ökat ganska markant sedan 1970. Motsvarande beräkningar för den svenska vintermedeltemperaturen visar att den har väldigt stor betydelse för om nederbörden i Götaland och Svealand faller som regn eller snö medan det för norra Norrland inte har någon nämnvärd påverkan.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Avise, Jeremy Charles. "Global change and regional air quality impacts of climate, land-use, and emissions changes /." Online access for everyone, 2007. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2007/J_Avise_120907.pdf.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Mordaunt, Catharine Hilary. "Association between weather conditions, snow-lie and snowbed vegetation." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2213.

Full text

Abstract:

Snowbed vegetation contains both vascular plants and bryophytes. The latest snowbeds cover areas that are of predominantly, if not exclusively, bryophyte flora while the vascular plants are generally confined to the periphery of such late snowbeds. It is hypothesised that the exclusion of vascular flora from the snowbed core is the result of the shortened growing season generated by late-lying snow, which the bryophyte flora is better able to tolerate. The snowbed bryophytes cannot, however, tolerate the competition offered by the vascular flora in the peripheral areas from which they are absent. Data indicate that some of the bryophyte snowbed species are inhabiting optimal conditions in the snowbed core, rather than tolerating sub-optimal conditions. Adaptation and acclimation responses observed in peripheral vascular species indicate that these are inhabiting sub-optimal conditions in the snowbed periphery. The relationship between snow-lie and climate is examined, with to the construction and examination of a second hypothesis that snowbed loyalty in the Scottish Highlands is high, while duration of snow cover is variable. Snow-lie loyalty is the product of prevailing wind conditions, which are persistent and consistent in Scotland leading to consistency in late snowbed location, while the occurrence of mid-winter thaws at all altitudes makes duration of snow cover through accumulated snow depth much more variable. Increased zonal flow in winter has affected snow-lie in the Scottish Highlands, with a slight decrease in snow-lie duration in recent years. It is not clear whether this pattern applies to all altitudes and accumulations at higher levels, especially in the western Highlands, may be increasing as a result of steeper winter-time lapse rates. With late snowbed location varying very little, it is possible that the consequences of global warming may not necessarily mean an extinction of the late snowbed bryophytes in Scotland, which constitute an important part of Britain's montane flora.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

White, Philip Lewis. "The effects of environmental warming on Antarctic soil microbial communities." Thesis, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340641.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Dagdelen, Derya. "The Effects Of Exchange Rates, Oil Prices, Global Risk Perceptions And Global Warming On Food Prices." Thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614969/index.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

This thesis examines the relationship between food prices, oil prices, carbon emission prices, exchange rates and global risk perception. To obtain the effects of these variables on the food prices, Toda and Yamamoto procedure is employed for 5-day week daily time series covering the period February 27, 2008 and March 21, 2011. The empirical results indicate that only volatility index Granger causes food prices. Furthermore, according to results of generalized impulse response plots food prices respond to all variables in the short run.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Wong, Hin-lam Wilson, and 黃軒琳. "A study on the effect on tropical cyclone activity in Western North Pacific due to global warming." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46733504.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Silver, Ken, Ying Li, Emmanuel Odame, and Yuqiang Zhang. "Effects of Global Warming on Work-Rest Routines for Crop Workers in Appalachia." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2629.

Full text

Abstract:

Background: Workers in outdoor occupations are expected to be at high risk of increased morbidity and mortality, and diminished productivity, as a result of global warming in the 21st century. A previous modelling study of geographic variations in heat-related mortality risk in projected U.S. populations mid-century showed the states of Tennessee, Kentucky and North Carolina to be highly vulnerable. Methods: Under both the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emissions scenarios of IPCC AR5, we evaluate the effect of future warming on estimated Wet Bulb Globe Thermometer (WBGT) temperatures using model-simulated future climate variables that were dynamically downscaled by a regional meteorology model for years 2049-2052. Select Appalachian counties in the three states that are presently dependent upon agricultural crop production are the focus of this analysis. Results: Using predicted WBGT temperatures, together with estimated work loads for hand harvesting of crops, alterations in work-rest routines under heat stress prevention guidelines are presented. Conclusions: Assumptions needed to translate these altered work-rest routines into measures of productivity and economic loss are discussed. Issues in extending the modelling to heat-related morbidity and mortality in outdoor worker populations are considered in terms of data gaps and major sources of uncertainty.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Roux, Louis Johannes. "Climate change mitigation strategies and its effect on economic change." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020816.

Full text

Abstract:

Scientists started to study the relationship between changing weather patterns and the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2) and other harmful gasses. They soon discovered compelling evidence that CO2 concentration and other gases have been increasing and it was causing temperatures to increase in certain areas on the earth, which disturb historic weather patterns. Climate change has become a very popular field of study in the modern science. Europe first introduced measures to reduce carbon emissions but it was the Kyoto in 1997 where global leaders were asked to participate in a joint protocol to reduce greenhouse gases. South Africa responded to climate change challenges in 2008 with the Long term Mitigation Scenarios (LTMS). The Integrated Resource Plan for electricity to 2030 was developed from the LTMS scenarios and after some major amendments it was accepted and promulgated by Government and has recently been included in the National Development Plan to 2030 (NDP). There are concerns about the achievability of some of the objectives listed in the NDP and this study explored the IRP2010 as the proposed strategy to meet energy demand and reduce emissions. The purpose for this study was to answer this question: Is there an optimum climate change mitigation strategy for South Africa and how can the effect thereof be simulated on economic growth? Through primary and secondary research during the study it was possible to define some 32 categories of energy producing assets that are commercially active or nearly market-ready. The characteristics of the various assets and the relevant fuel are defined in mathematical equations. It was found that the three portfolios that matched the 450TWh electricity requirement would perform substantially better than the NDP portfolio in terms of cost and similar on emissions with marginally fewer employment opportunities created. The proposed electricity strategy in this study was 390TWh and 33.5 Million tonnes of oil consumption by 2030. This strategy was substantially more affordable than the 450TWh strategy. Trends in the Supply and Use tables since 1993 were studied and then forecasted to 2030 to determine consumption levels on electricity and liquid fuel into the future. It was found that electricity demand is seriously overestimated and South Africa would end up with large excess capacity in electricity infrastructures if the NDP energy strategy (IRP2010) is implemented. It is concluded that the NDP energy strategy to 2030 is based on an incorrect electricity demand forecast. It would lead to excessive investment in an electricity infrastructure. Government has confirmed that part of the new infrastructure would be nuclear. It is also found that NDP has not clearly supported nuclear as part of the strategy. Nuclear is partly the reason why the capital requirement of the NDP portfolio is so much higher than the other portfolios. It is the conclusion of this study that South Africa do not need to invest in a nuclear build programme as the electricity demand would be adequately covered by adding the new Medupi and Kusile power stations, Ingula pump storage scheme, some wind and solar renewables, electricity from cogeneration, biogas, biomass, small hydro and imported hydro from neighbour countries. To invest in electricity capacity to generate 450TWh annually by 2030 would result in excessive energy cost, GDP growth could be up to 1% lower due to underperforming capital investments in the electricity infrastructure and higher energy cost would lead to a decline in global competitiveness.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

施錦杯 and Kam-pui Sze. "Effects of the interaction of atmosphere and ocean on humanactivities." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31254378.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Sze, Kam-pui. "Effects of the interaction of atmosphere and ocean on human activities /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21301414.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Reyna, Kelly Shane. "Thermal Stress During Pre-Incubation Induces Subsequent Developmental Plasticity in Northern Bobwhites." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc30505/.

Full text

Abstract:

Northern bobwhite populations have declined concurrent with global warming. The focal period of this study was the 12-d pre-incubation period, when bobwhite eggs remain in the nest without the thermal protection of the incubating parent. This study first established the storage and thermal limits of bobwhite eggs, then investigated how global warming may impact oviparous embryos and how bobwhite embryos react to acute and chronic doses of simulated drought temperatures during pre-incubation. First, the maximum storage limit of bobwhite eggs was determined by storing eggs ≤21 d and measuring hatching success and pH of egg albumen and yolk. Hatching success of stored eggs declined after 14 d, when yolk and albumen pH reached levels detrimental to embryonic development. Secondly, thermal limits were determined by exposing bobwhite eggs to hyperthermic temperatures (38-52 °C). Bobwhite embryos survived 50 °C for 1 h, 49 °C for 3 h and 46 °C for 6 h. Results indicate an adaptation to the naturally occurring temperature extremes that can occur in the bobwhite's southern range during pre-incubation. Subsequently, bobwhite eggs were exposed to either low constant (LC), low fluctuating (LF), high constant (HC), or high fluctuating (HF) temperatures during pre-incubation to determine if the nature of temperatures differentially affected development. Although eggs exposed to high heat loads (HC and HF), and low heat loads (LF and LC) had equal heating degree-hours within groups, they exhibited differential growth during pre-incubation. Oxygen consumption, hatch timing, and hatching success were also affected by the thermal regimes. Eggs in simulated drought (HF) had a 47% lower hatch rate than eggs in simulated non-drought (LF) indicating that thermal stress during pre-incubation may contribute to population declines during drought. Finally, northern bobwhite eggs were exposed to acute or chronic doses of simulated drought temperatures, which tested for critical periods of development during pre-incubation. Collectively, data indicated that the earliest stages of bobwhite development were more affected by hyperthermic temperatures. Indeed, a critical period of development exists during the first 2/3 of pre-incubation during which exposure to hyperthermic temperatures results in aberrant development, hatching plasticity, and reduced hatch rates.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Andersson, Julia, and Fredrik Larsson. "The Effect of Global Warming on the Indoor Environment : A Simulation Study on Single – Family Houses in the Stockholm Region." Thesis, KTH, Hållbara byggnader, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301282.

Full text

Abstract:

In this thesis, the main objective has been to simulate and evaluate the change between the indoor climate today and 2070, due to climate change. The model created was built by parts chosen based on solutions and material commonly used when building single-family houses in the Stockholm region in 2020. This has been done by evaluating statistics, literature, common practices, and building requirements. To simulate a representative house, a model was built in the software IDA ICE where present and future climates were inserted and the resulting indoor environment evaluated. The future outdoor climate has been constructed through predictions based on scenarios determined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The hypothesis was that single-family houses built in 2020 will not be habitable in 2070 due to the increased indoor temperatures in summer, and that changes can be done to combat this potential warming.The result of the simulations shows that the indoor environment was strongly dependent on the outdoor climate, building design, and technique. Meaning that changes to the building, regarding design, structure, material, and building services will result in a change in the indoor environment. Furthermore, the indoor temperatures of the model increased above acceptable levels regardless of future scenario. Several changes and additions to the model have, therefore, been tested to examine whether they reduce the maximum temperatures below the threshold sustainably.None of the individual changes reduced the temperatures below the acceptable levels for every single scenario and was considered a sustainable option at the same time. Some more sustainable modifications reduced the indoor temperatures below the threshold for the cooler scenarios, and some less sustainable modifications reduced the indoor temperatures below the threshold for all scenarios. A combination of more sustainable modifications was also tested, yielding a reduction in temperature beneath the threshold for all scenarios except for the two most extreme.The changed outdoor climate has a large effect on the simulated indoor environment. This could be considered as a strong indication that the actual indoor environment and thermal comfort of single-family houses will be affected as well. It is difficult to predict whether single-family houses in 2070 will be considered unhabitable since it is determined by a wide range of variables. The simulated indoor environment can, however, be improved by changing or adding parts to the model.
Denna uppsats huvudsakliga mål har varit att simulera och utvärdera förändringen mellan inomhusklimatet idag och år 2070 på grund av klimatförändringarna. Den skapade modellen var uppbyggd av delar valda utifrån lösningar och material som vanligtvis används vid byggandet av småhus i Stockholmsregionen 2020. Detta har gjorts genom att utvärdera statistik, litteratur, vanliga metoder och byggregler. För att simulera ett representativt hus byggdes en modell i mjukvaran IDA ICE. Modellen testades mot ett nuvarande och framtida utomhusklimat och därefter utvärderades den resulterande inomhusmiljön Det framtida utomhusklimatet har konstruerats genom prognoser baserade på scenarier som bestäms av FN:s klimatpanel (IPCC). Hypotesen var att småhus som byggts runt 2020 inte kommer att vara beboeliga år 2070 på grund av de ökade inomhustemperaturerna på sommaren, och att förändringar kan göras för att bekämpa denna potentiella uppvärmning av inomhustemperatur.Resultaten av simuleringarna visar att inomhusmiljön var starkt beroende av utomhusklimatet, byggtekniken och designen. Vilket betyder att förändringar i byggnaden avseende design, stomme, material och installationsteknik kommer att resultera i en förändring av inomhusmiljön. Fortsatt steg inomhustemperaturerna i modellen över acceptabla nivåer, oavsett framtida scenario. Flera ändringar och tillägg till modellen har därför testats, för att undersöka om det kan leda till en sänkning av den maximala temperaturen under riktvärdet, på ett hållbart sätt.Ingen av de individuella förändringarna minskade temperaturerna under de acceptabla nivåerna för alla scenarier samt ansågs vara ett hållbart alternativ. Några mer hållbara ändringar minskade inomhustemperaturerna under riktvärdet för de svalare scenarierna. Medan vissa mindre hållbara modifieringar minskade temperaturerna under kravet för alla scenarier. En kombination av de mer hållbara modifieringar testades också, vilket sänkte temperaturerna under tröskelvärdet för alla scenarier, utom de två mest extrema.Det förändrade utomhusklimatet har stor inverkan på den simulerade inomhusmiljön. Detta kan ses som en stark indikation på att den verkliga inomhusmiljön och termiska komforten för småhus också kommer att påverkas i framtiden. Det är svårt att förutsäga huruvida småhus år 2070 kommer att betraktas som obeboeliga då det påverkas av många variabler. Den simulerade inomhusmiljön kan dock förbättras genom att ändra eller lägga till delar i modellen.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Cantin, Danielle 1967. "Response of Pinus banksiana (Lamb.) families to a global change environment." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68159.

Full text

Abstract:

We examined how fast- and slow-growing families (based on height at 10 years) of Pinus banksiana Lamb. are affected by a climate altered by CO$ sb2$ during their first growing season. Our primary objective was to evaluate the possibility that genotypes performing best under present conditions may not necessarily do best under projected warmer climate. Seedlings were grown for six months in two climatic environments (350 $ mu$L/L CO$ sb2$ x present temperatures and 700 $ mu$L/L CO$ sb2$ x 4$ sp circ$C warmer temperatures) and with 100 ppm and 5 ppm nitrogen.
The CO$ sb2$T$ sp circ$ environment had a significant effect on most biomass components of seedlings and water-use efficiency but not on height and other growth variables. The nitrogen fertilization was generally the most significant effect of the treatments for most growth variables.
All the families responded in a similar way to variations in the growing environments except for WUE. Family differences were more important for measurements of height and growth variables than for biomass components. The architecture of seedlings was also highly variable between families. Norm of reaction graphs were built for several growth variables to outline which families were overall most successful in an enriched CO$ sb2$T$ sp circ$ environment. Of the 15 families studied, four of them were classified as most successful in a projected high CO$ sb2$T$ sp circ$ climate.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Miyazawa, Kae. "Comparative ecophysiology of North American spruce species." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30705.

Full text

Abstract:

An ecophysiological comparison among species was conducted to investigate the possible factors controlling the distribution of North American spruce (Picea) species, especially with regard to the possible influence of global change. The seedlings of 8 North American spruce species were grown in a growth chamber, with half of them being given an episodic 'increased temperature and drought' stress treatment. Trait values among species, particularly growth analysis components, were compared and related to climatic variables associated with the geographical range of the species. Relative growth rate (RGR) and specific leaf area (SLA) were positively correlated with latitude, and the leaf weight ratio (LWR) variation negatively with the dryness of species' natural ranges. All these relationships hold with both messed and unstressed seedlings, even thou seedling response to the stress was significant. The SLA-latitude and LWR-dryness relationships are likely to have ecological significance, and this indicates that foliage stricture (SLA) and allocation (LWR) play important roles determining a species range along temperature and dryness gradients.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Johansson, Andreas, and Oliver Carlsén. "Klimatfrågan ur barns perspektiv : En litteraturstudie om elevers uppfattningar om klimatförändringen, dess orsaker, konsekvenser och åtgärder för att minska dess effekter." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43574.

Full text

Abstract:

The climate issue has become more relevant in the last decade with international alarm reports being exposed in various media. Today's social discussions are characterized by this complex subject, and our way of life affects the climate both for us and for future generations. Therefore, it is important that our children are given the opportunity to make decisions concerning the climate. The school has an important role in conveying knowledge and answer the primary school students' conceptions of climate change and its causes. The purpose of this literature study is to present primary school students' conceptions towards causes, concequenses and actions regarding the on going climate change, and their information sources, according to current research. Findings from this study may be useful for teachers so that they could be able to meet common misconceptions among the students. The material we have reviewed consists of 14 scientific studies from different parts of the world, to get a broad picture of what conceptions students can have about climate change. The results show that students have good knowledge of certain aspects of the climate issue, for example, that carbon dioxide emissions are a contributing factor to the increasing greenhouse effect and global warming, but at the same time there are many misconceptions about what the greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change entails. The students showed many conceptions about how we can reduce the on going climate change, but the willingness to implement these actions was low if they had to change their way of life.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Guzy, Jr Darrel James. "20th century warming: what fractions are fromanthropogenic greenhouse gases and from natural on solar effects?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46732780.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Santos, Antonio Carlos dos. "Emissão de metano nas lagoas de decantação da Estação de tratamento de esgotos de Jundiaí." [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258164.

Full text

Abstract:

Orientadores: Edson Aparecido Abdul Nour, Pedro Sérgio Fadini
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T21:36:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Santos_AntonioCarlosdos_M.pdf: 4339309 bytes, checksum: 8c2a2b650382806186dfd588a5c69deb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: No presente trabalho foi verificada a contribuição nas emissões de metano para a atmosfera da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto de Jundiaí, em duas campanhas de coletas em suas lagoas de decantação, com as amostragens sendo realizadas em pontos próximos à entrada e à saída das lagoas. Utilizou-se um coletor de gás semelhante ao concentrador de gás interno do reator UASB, a técnica da câmara estática para amostragem dos fluxos totais e a câmara estática adaptada para a coleta dos fluxos difusivos, na qual foi instalado um anteparo para impedir a coleta dos fluxos ebulitivos. Para a análise dos fluxos foram medidas as variáveis ambientais, pressão e temperatura. Os fluxos foram medidos e divididos por tipo: difusivos (liberados para a atmosfera por meio da difusão mássica) e ebulitivos (liberados para a atmosfera por meio de bolhas). O fluxo ebulitivo representou cerca de 95% da liberação total de metano para a atmosfera, e um valor médio de 9.008 mg CH4/m2 d. O fluxo difusivo teve valor médio de 421 mg CH4/m2 d. Devido a pouca variação nas temperaturas não foi possível verificar a sua correlação com os fluxos de metano. Porém com a altura do manto de lodo no interior das lagoas a correlação foi direta. Na estimativa do potencial energético do metano, os 471 kg CH4/d que poderiam ser recuperados, gerariam até 196 MWh/mês de energia elétrica, desconsiderando-se as perdas do sistema. Considerando-se o fluxo total médio e a área total das quatro lagoas de decantação, a emissão anual de metano foi de 264 Mg CH4. Estas estimativas ainda conservam uma incerteza devido às extrapolações das medidas realizadas
Abstract: In the present work was estimated the contribution of methane emission to the global atmosphere. In this study were realized two campaigns of collections in the settling ponds n.°03 (2008) and n.°04 (2010) with sampling operation being carried out in points coming into and out of the lagoons. A gas collector has been utilized as the UASB inner gas keeper and the static chamber technique to samples of the total flux, that chamber was adapted to collect diffusive flux in which was settled a screen to prevent bubble flux. To the flux analyses were measured some environmental variable mainly the temperature, and divided by type: diffusive (released to the atmosphere through the massive diffusion) and bubble (released to the atmosphere through bubble). The bubble flux submitted about 95% of the total methane liberation to the atmosphere and submitted an average value of 9.008 mgCH4/m².day. The diffusive flux submitted an average value of 421 mgCH4/m².day. Due of a little variation in the temperature it was not possible to verify the co-relation between methane flux with the temperatures. In spite of the height backlog of sludge in the deep of collection the direct co-relation was obtained. In the energetic potential of methane was estimated 471 kgCH4/day that could be recovered, would generate until 196 MWh/month of energy ignoring the system loss. Considering the average total flux of total area of the collection decantation lagoons, the annual emission of methane was 264 MgCH4 (Mega grams of methane). Those estimates still retain an uncertainty due extrapolations of the measures carried out
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Phillips, Marcus Jonathan Angus. "Effects of species and placement of neighbours on the ability to scale plant responses to elevated COâ†2." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266022.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Santillán-Sarmiento, Alex Renato. "Effects of increased temperature and copper excess on the physiology, biochemistry and gene expression of Ectocarpus siliculosus (Dillwyn) Lyngbye." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/13083.

Full text

Abstract:

Brown algae are an important group of organisms inhabiting coastal ecosystems worldwide. Because of their sessile nature, they are exposed to natural abiotic stresses such as high and low irradiances, desiccation, thermal fluctuations and mechanical stress, as well as anthropogenic-derived stresses such as chemical pollution. While the impacts of metal pollution affect brown algae on a local scale, there is growing concern on the potential interactions between pollutants and abiotic pressures resulting from global climate change. The main objective of this study was to determine the nature of the interactions (synergistic, additive or antagonistic) of different concentrations of copper in combination with increased temperatures in controlled laboratory experiments using the model brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus as a proxy for brown seaweeds, which are globally important primary producers and bioengineers of near-shore waters. The responses in E. siliculosus were evaluated at different levels of biological organisation. At the whole organism level Cu or temperature affected growth but no interactions occurred. Antagonistic interactions occurred between stressors in the photosynthetic efficiency response (measured as chlorophyll a fluorescence), being less affected by Cu at higher temperatures. The bioaccumulation of Cu ions showed and antagonistic response to temperature as less Cu ions were accumulated at elevated temperature. The concentrations of H2O2 and lipid peroxides (TBARS), which are indicators of oxidative stress, were synergistically affected by interactions of stressors. In contrast, the concentrations of antioxidants ascorbate and glutathione reflected both additive and antagonistic interactions respectively. This also occurred in the activity of antioxidant 8 enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, catalase and glutathione reductase) and the expression of related genes. Finally, the results of the biochemical and physiological tests were integrated with the whole transcriptome response to temperature and Cu stress. These results showed that interactions between temperatures and Cu stress could be highly complex, but also lead to the discovery of potential stress markers such as light harvesting complex proteins and several transporters. This research provides new insights into the responses of brown macroalgae to metal and thermal stress. Those responses indicate that synergistic or antagonistic interactions can occur at different levels of organisation, being the regulation of antioxidant metabolism, photosynthetic physiology and related gene expression, the most important mechanisms involved. This information will aid to understand potential effects of climate change on the toxicity of metals for macroalgae in estuaries and coasts affected by pollution.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Wagg, Serena Keri. "A mechanistic study of the implications of ozone and drought effects on vegetation for global warming." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.664457.

Full text

Abstract:

The effects of increasing background ozone on plant physiology, biochemistry and ecology is of growing concern as tropospheric ozone concentrations are predicted to continue to rise throughout this century in many regions in the Northern Hemisphere principally due to transboundary transport of precursor emissions from Asia and America. Alongside predicted ozone increases, climate models indicate more frequent global drought events. The aim of this study was to investigate the impacts of increasing background ozone in combination with reduced soil moisture availability on the mechanisms of ozone damage, principally with regard to impairment of stomatal response to closing stimuli. Mesotrophic grassland species, Dactylis glomerata, Ranunculus dcris, and Geranium sylvaticum, and ozone-sensitive and tolerant genotypes of a bioindicator species, Phaseolus vulgaris, commonly used in the International Cooperative Programme on the effects of air pollution on crops and (semi-) natural vegetation, were used to determine ozone effects in experiments using solardomes. A significant reduction in below-ground carbon allocation with increasing ozone was found for D. glomerata and R. Acris; this effect was the same and enhanced respectively, when in combination with reduced water availability, indicating loss of root sink strength, particularly in response to carbon fixation. Additional effects of elevated ozone included delayed flowering and seed-head production and reduced above-ground biomass for G. Sylvaticum and reduced pod yield for P. vulgaris. Furthermore, for some species studied (D. glomerata and R. acris) elevated ozone corresponded with an increase in stomatal conductance, in contrast to a decrease reported in several previous studies, and shown here for G. sylvaticum, indicating loss of stomatal control in these species. In addition to these effects, which can be directly related to species fitness, for D. glomerata (and to a lesser extent R. acris), a loss of stomatal sensitivity to soil drying and other environmental stimuli was observed in elevated ozone conditions. Further investigation of this, particularly of the reduced response to soil drying, and using the species, P. vulgaris indicated that this was due to a reduction in sensitivity to ABA in elevated ozone conditions, as there was a reduced response to exogenously applied ABA and reduced leaf ABA content in the ozone-sensitive but not ozone-resistant P. vulgaris. Implications for these reduced responses of stomatal conductance to environmental stimuli for the individual species concerned are varied and it is possible that this could be advantageous in the short term, but deleterious if the stress is maintained. Evidence of this was found for D. glomerata, where initially above ground biomass was stimulated with elevated ozone, but as the treatment continued, subsequently the above-ground biomass was substantially reduced. In a wider context, reduced response of stomatal conductance to environmental stimuli under elevated ozone conditions could influence predicted effects of Dynamic Vegetation Models and General Circulation Models, which assume reduced leaf gas exchange under elevated ozone and a 'normal' response to environmental stimuli, therefore these models may need to take account of this to improve accuracy when predicting effects in future ozone and CO2 scenarios. In addition, the findings here indicate that increased plant transpiration under elevated ozone concentrations could potentially influence catchment scale hydrology as soil moisture content would be reduced.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Adabzadeh, Ali. "Consumer awareness of the effects of under-inflated vehicular tires on global warming in southern California." Thesis, California State University, Los Angeles, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1528239.

Full text

Abstract:

The primary and immediate objective of this educational intervention study is to raise consumer awareness of the impact of under-inflated tires on global warming. The short-term result of this would be the widespread maintenance of proper tire air pressure, the use of low-rolling resistance tires, and the inflation of tires with nitrogen instead of air, which could assist in the reduction of fuel use and resultant CO₂ emissions. Such a reduction could have a significant short-term result of benefitting consumers economically and the world environmentally.

Utilizing a quasi-experimental design, a pamphlet and pre- and post-survey questionnaires were employed to collect data from a convenience sample of consumers (N=126). An educational pamphlet was prepared to increase consumer awareness about the importance of how properly inflated tires can be a factor in driver safety, fuel conservation, and the prevention of unnecessary increases in greenhouse gas emissions, which are among the major factors affecting global warming.

Data from the pre-intervention survey provides strong evidence that participants possess insufficient knowledge of general tire care, maintenance, performance and the impact of under-inflated tires on the environment in general and global warming in particular. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant change from pre- to postintervention surveys in the participants’ attitudes and knowledge regarding the maintenance of tire pressure and the impact of under-inflated tires on greenhouse gases and global warming.

The improvement in overall knowledge and attitudes demonstrated in the analysis between pre- and post-survey data indicates greater recognition by the participants that appropriate car care and tire maintenance are essential, and that for consumers, the acquisition and application of this knowledge can be powerful in improving the economy and environment. Suggestions for further study include development of consistent monitoring and data collection processes for use by facilities responsible for automobile care and the development of a broad-based, media-driven consumer education programs on the importance of the studied variables.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Pinheiro, Isabel Maria Chanoca. "A importância da disciplina de física e química do 3º ciclo do ensino básico na educação para o desenvolvimento sustentável." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/15966.

Full text

Abstract:

Neste relatório de atividade profissional, apresenta-se o desenvolvimento de um projeto aplicado na Escola Básica Vale de Milhaços, que se relaciona com a unidade didática: «Atmosfera e Mudança Global», pertencente ao programa da disciplina de Física e Química. Esta unidade está destinada ao estudo do fenómeno do efeito de estufa para o 3º ciclo do Ensino Básico. Utilizando o aquecimento global como tema organizador, propõem-se uma abordagem didática, explorando conceitos relacionados, quer com a influência da atividade humana na atmosfera e no clima, quer com a gestão sustentável dos recursos. Conceitos como mudança climática, uso racional de recursos, desenvolvimento energético e poluição são abordados, com os alunos de forma a relacioná-los com o fenómeno desenvolvido neste trabalho. Os problemas ambientais com dimensão global têm, desde os últimos tempos, preocupado não apenas as comunidades científicas, mas também um número cada vez maior dos seus cidadãos. A deterioração progressiva da qualidade do ar, da água e dos solos, com evidentes implicações em todos os ecossistemas, é cada vez maior, contribuindo para a perda da qualidade de vida das suas populações. Este relatório discute a mudança climática e menciona os gases de efeito estufa como principal causa do aquecimento global. Descreve os efeitos catastróficos que o aquecimento global pode causar ao planeta, faz referência às metas de redução das suas emissões de gases de efeito de estufa (GEE) e apresenta os mecanismos de flexibilização estabelecidos no Protocolo de Quioto. O Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) é o único mecanismo de flexibilização que permite a participação de países em desenvolvimento, para que estes reduzam as emissões de GEE por meio de projetos que atinjam o desenvolvimento sustentável. Deste modo, o presente trabalho é o relato de um percurso em que a reflexão e a ação se completam e se legitimam mutuamente. Por um lado, fundamentámos e interpretámos os resultados de uma intervenção direta, que efetuámos na escola, através de um trabalho preparado e desenvolvido, (enquanto professora de Física e Química, com a Agência Municipal de Energia e com os alunos da turma B, ao longo do seu 3º ciclo de escolaridade) por outro lado, centrámos a nossa reflexão no domínio da responsabilidade.Pretende-se, com este trabalho, informar, sensibilizar e consciencializar a comunidade educativa/escolar para a necessidade de implementar medidas de redução dos consumos de recursos, tais como: a energia, a água e os resíduos, visando a consequente diminuição das emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO2), no Concelho do Seixal. Procurámos também, incutir o sentido da responsabilidade individual, incentivando desta forma toda a comunidade educativa a participar nas ações desenvolvidas na escola; ABSTRACT: In this Professional activity report is presented the development of a Project implemented in the Escola Básica Vale de Milhaços, which is related with the school program unit: «Atmosphere and Global Change», belonging to the discipline program of Physics and Chemistry. This unit is intended to the study of the phenomenon of greenhouse effect for the third grade of the Portuguese Basic Education. Using global warming as the aggregation theme we proposed a didactic approach, exploring related concepts, either to the influence of human activity on the atmosphere and climate, either with the sustainable management of resources. Concepts as climate change, reasonable use of resources, energy development and pollution are addressed, with students in order to relate them to the phenomenon developed in this work. Environmental problems with global dimension have, since the last times, concerned not only the scientific community but also an increasing number of its citizens. The progressive deterioration of air quality, water and soil, with obvious implications in all ecosystems, is increasing, contributing to the loss of quality of life of their populations This report discusses climate change and mentions the greenhouse effect gases as the main cause for global warming. Describes the catastrophic effects that global warming could cause to the planet, makes reference to reduction targets for reducing their emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) and presents the flexibility mechanisms established by the Kyoto Protocol. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only mechanism that allows the participation of developing countries so that they reduce the GHG emissions through projects that achieve sustainable development. Thus, the present work is an account of a journey in which the reflection and the action complement and legitimize each other. On one hand, we based and interpreted the results of a direct intervention, which we carried out in school, through a work prepared and developed, (as teacher of Physics and Chemistry with the Agência Municipal de Energia and the students of class B, during their 3rd cycle of scholarship) on the other hand, we have focused our thinking in the domain of responsibility. It is intended with this work, inform, sensitize and raise awareness to the educational/school community for the need to implement actions to reduce consumption of resources such as: energy, water and waste, in order to thus reduce emissions carbon dioxide (CO2), in the Concelho do Seixal. We tried also to instill a sense of individual responsibility, thus encouraging the entire community to participate in educational activities developed in school.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Ramirez, Diana Marcela Rueda. "Ácaros edáficos Mesostigmata de grandes altitudes na Colômbia e os possíveis efeitos de mudanças edafo-climáticas sobre as populações destes ácaros." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-12032013-164042/.

Full text

Abstract:

Ácaros de solo têm sido pouco estudados na Colômbia. Este trabalho corresponde ao esforço inicial para conhecer os ácaros da ordem Mesostigmata que ocorrem em solos de regiões altas desse país. O processo conhecido como \"efeito estufa\" tem preocupado ecologistas de todo o mundo, inclusive aqueles que se dedicam ao estudo dos organismos de solo. A metodologia de coleta adotada neste trabalho foi estabelecida como uma tentativa de também indicar possíveis conseqüências deste processo sobre os ácaros deste grupo. O trabalho foi conduzido em um fragmento da Floresta Andina e em uma pastagem em suas proximidades, na Vereda Mundo Nuevo, Município de La Calera, Departamento de Cundinamarca. Pirâmides de policarbonato foram usadas numa tentativa de simular o efeito estufa. Foram coletadas 34 espécies de Gamasina e 21 morfoespécies de Uropodina. Destas, pelo menos seis espécies foram determinadas como novas para a ciência, havendo a possibilidade de que pelo menos outras dez também sejam novas. Um gênero novo de Laelapidae também foi encontrado. São relatadas pela primeira vez na Colômbia espécies pertencentes aos gêneros Arctoseius, Gamasellodes e Protogamasellus (Ascidae), Cheiroseius (Blattisocidae), Oloopticus e Gaeolaelaps (Laelapidae), Proctolaelaps (Melicharidae), Desectophis e Gamasiphis (Ologamasidae) e Multidentorhodacarus (Rhodacaridae). O método empregado permitiu o estabelecimento de aumentos significativos de temperatura no interior das pirâmides em certas épocas de amostragem, como esperado com a ocorrência do efeito estufa. Outros fatores edafo-climáticos que também sofreram alterações significativas foram o pH e a proporção de partículas de solo entre 53 e 300 ?m (ambos em níveis mais elevados no interior das pirâmides). A abundância e o número de espécies de Mesostigmata foram maiores no fragmento florestal, especialmente de Uropodina, grupo encontrado quase exclusivamente neste ecossistema. A abundância dos Mesostigmata e o número de espécies de Gamasina foram maiores dentro das pirâmides. Estes resultados podem sugerir que o efeito estufa poderá causar um aumento da abundância dos Mesostigmata e um aumento da diversidade dos Gamasina nas regiões de grande altitude de Cundinamarca. Há que se considerar, entretanto, que a metodologia adotada avaliou as possíveis variações em pequena escala, simulando-se o efeito estufa apenas para áreas de pequenas dimensões, cobertas pelas pirâmides. É possível que as alterações climáticas em escala maior (regional) possam levar a resultados diferentes dos obtidos neste estudo, especialmente tendo em vista a reduzida capacidade de dispersão dos ácaros em relação a outros grupos de animais. Este trabalho permitiu a obtenção de informações relevantes que servirão como base para a condução de trabalhos futuros similares na Colômbia, apresentando ainda sugestões para o aprimoramento dos métodos para a execução de estudos desta natureza.
Soil mites have been insufficiently studied in Colombia. This work represents the first step to understand the mites of the order Mesostigmata that occur in highland soils of that country. The process known as \"greenhouse effect\" has worried ecologists around the word, including those dedicated to the study of soil organisms. The sampling method adopted in this study was selected as an attempt to also estimate the consequences of this process on this mite group. This work was conducted in an Andean forest fragment and in a pasture in its vicinity, in Vereda Mundo Nuevo, La Calera municipality, Department of Cundinamarca. In an attempt to simulate the greenhouse effect, pyramids made of polycarbonate were used. Thirtyfour species of Gamasina and 21 morphospecies of Uropodina were collected. Of these, at least six species were indentified as new to science; it is possible that at least ten of the remaining species are also new. A new genus of Laelapidae was also collected. Species of Arctoseius, Gamasellodes and Protogamasellus (Ascidae), Cheiroseius (Blattisocidae), Oloopticus and Gaeolaelaps (Laelapidae), Proctolaelaps (Melicharidae), Desectophis and Gamasiphis (Ologamasidae) as well as of Multidentorhodacarus (Rhodacaridae) are reported for the first time in Colombia. The method adopted allowed the occurrence of significant increases in temperature inside the pyramids at certain sampling times, as expected to happen with the occurrence of the greenhouse effect. Other edapho-climatic factors undergoing significant changes were pH and proportion of soil particles between 53 and 300 ?m (both at higher levels inside the pyramids). The abundance and the number of species of Mesostigmata were higher in the forest fragment, especially of Uropodina, a group found almost exclusively in this ecosystem. The abundance of Mesostigmata and the number of Gamasina species were higher inside the pyramids. These results may suggest that the greenhouse effect may cause an increase in the abundance of Mesostigmata and an increase in the diversity of Gamasina in regions of high altitude of Cundinamarca. However, it should be considered that the methods adopted evaluated the possible variations in low scale, given that the greenhouse effect was simulated only in areas of small dimensions, covered by the pyramids. It is possible that wide scale climatic changes (over wide regions) may lead to different results, taking into account the reduced dispersal capacity of the mites in relation to other animals. This work produced relevant information to be considered in similar future studies in Colombia. It also allowed the elaboration of suggestions to improve the methods for studies of this nature.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Tacarindua, Custodio Ramos Paulo. "Effects of Increased Temperature on Growth and Seed Production of Soybean." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/180632.

Full text

Abstract:

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第17964号
農博第2032号
新制||農||1019(附属図書館)
学位論文||H25||N4808(農学部図書室)
30794
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)教授白岩立彦, 教授奥本裕, 教授稲村達也
学位規則第4条第1項該当

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Orsholm, Johanna. "The effect of temperature on productivity of birds in Sweden and Finland." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-157417.

Full text

Abstract:

Anthropogenic climate change is one of the most important factors influencing population growth and survival. Therefore, to be able to predict the effect of climate change on ecosystem composition and function, it is important to understand its effect on demographic variables, such as productivity. As a measure of productivity, I related the proportion of yearling birds captured during bird ringing in southern Sweden with mean temperature during the breeding season. I then compared the relationship between temperature and productivity for species with different traits regarding number of broods produced per season, thermal niches and migration behaviours. For most species (72%), productivity positively related to temperature during the breeding season. The relationship was strongest for species with the ability to vary the number of broods per year and species with a warmer thermal niche, whereas there was no difference between long-distance migratory and short-distance migratory species. The results suggest that, for some bird species in the study area, climate warming can increase population sizes. However, long-term effects of climate change may be different than the interannual fluctuations of temperature considered in this study, especially when interacting effects of habitat losses are taken into account.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Hopkins, Kathryn. "The potential ecological effects of global warming on the freshwater fish, the three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.)." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433022.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Movahed, Nooshin <1985&gt. "Effects of Global Warming on Berry Composition of cv. Sangiovese: Biochemical and Molecular Aspects and Agronomical Adaptation Approaches." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5393/1/Movahed_Nooshin_tesi.pdf.

Full text

Abstract:

Wine grape must deal with serious problems due to the unfavorable climatic conditions resulted from global warming. High temperatures result in oxidative damages to grape vines. The excessive elevated temperatures are critical for grapevine productivity and survival and contribute to degradation of grape and wine quality and yield. Elevated temperature can negatively affect anthocyanin accumulation in red grape. Particularly, cv. Sangiovese was identified to be very sensitive to such condition. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were slightly repressed by high temperature. Also, the heat stress repressed the expression of the transcription factor “VvMYBA1” that activates the expression of UFGT. Moreover, high temperatures had repressing effects on the activity of the flavonoids biosynthetic enzymes “PAL” and “UFGT”.Anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin is due to the balance between its synthesis and oxidation. In grape cv. Sangiovese, the gene transcription and activity of peroxidases enzyme was elevated by heat stress as a defensive mechanism of ROS-scavenging. Among many isoforms of peroxidases genes, one gene (POD 1) was induced in Sangiovese under thermal stress condition. This gene was isolated and evaluated via the technique of genes transformation from grape to Petunia. Reduction in anthocyanins concentration and higher enzymatic activity of peroxidase was observed in POD 1 transformed Petunia after heat shock compared to untrasformed control. Moreover, in wine producing regions, it is inevitable for the grape growers to adopt some adaptive strategies to alleviate grape damages to abiotic stresses. Therefore, in this thesis, the technique of post veraison trimming was done to improve the coupling of phenolic and sugar ripening in Vitis vinifera L. cultivar Sangiovese. Trimming after veraison showed to be executable to slow down the rate of sugar accumulation in grape (to decrease the alcohol potential in wines) without evolution of the main berry flavonoids compounds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Movahed, Nooshin <1985&gt. "Effects of Global Warming on Berry Composition of cv. Sangiovese: Biochemical and Molecular Aspects and Agronomical Adaptation Approaches." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5393/.

Full text

Abstract:

Wine grape must deal with serious problems due to the unfavorable climatic conditions resulted from global warming. High temperatures result in oxidative damages to grape vines. The excessive elevated temperatures are critical for grapevine productivity and survival and contribute to degradation of grape and wine quality and yield. Elevated temperature can negatively affect anthocyanin accumulation in red grape. Particularly, cv. Sangiovese was identified to be very sensitive to such condition. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that flavonoid biosynthetic genes were slightly repressed by high temperature. Also, the heat stress repressed the expression of the transcription factor “VvMYBA1” that activates the expression of UFGT. Moreover, high temperatures had repressing effects on the activity of the flavonoids biosynthetic enzymes “PAL” and “UFGT”.Anthocyanin accumulation in berry skin is due to the balance between its synthesis and oxidation. In grape cv. Sangiovese, the gene transcription and activity of peroxidases enzyme was elevated by heat stress as a defensive mechanism of ROS-scavenging. Among many isoforms of peroxidases genes, one gene (POD 1) was induced in Sangiovese under thermal stress condition. This gene was isolated and evaluated via the technique of genes transformation from grape to Petunia. Reduction in anthocyanins concentration and higher enzymatic activity of peroxidase was observed in POD 1 transformed Petunia after heat shock compared to untrasformed control. Moreover, in wine producing regions, it is inevitable for the grape growers to adopt some adaptive strategies to alleviate grape damages to abiotic stresses. Therefore, in this thesis, the technique of post veraison trimming was done to improve the coupling of phenolic and sugar ripening in Vitis vinifera L. cultivar Sangiovese. Trimming after veraison showed to be executable to slow down the rate of sugar accumulation in grape (to decrease the alcohol potential in wines) without evolution of the main berry flavonoids compounds.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Wolf, Kristina Michelle, Marc Horney, Brent Hallock, Robert T. Rutherford, Anthony T. O'Geen, Royce Larsen, and William Plummer. "EFFECTS OF HIGH-DENSITY, SHORT-DURATION PLANNED LIVESTOCK GRAZING ON SOIL CARBON SEQUESTRATION POTENTIALS IN A COASTAL CALIFORNIA MIXED GRASSLAND." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2011. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/603.

Full text

Abstract:

Planned grazing management in rangelands may improve carbon sequestration potential of soils by increasing plant biomass and the rate of nutrient cycling, which might mitigate global warming. The effects of high-intensity, short-duration planned grazing of sheep on several soil and ecosystem properties were investigated on a mixed grassland in San Luis Obispo, CA. The objectives of this study were to (a) identify soil properties related to soil C sequestration in rangelands; (b) determine if planned grazing improved soil carbon sequestration; (c) quantify changes in identified variables in grazed and rested plots; and (d) analyze any changes in plant species composition attributable to grazing. Total rest exclosures and short-duration grazing by sheep at average stocking densities of 115,000 pounds per acre were applied at two sites with clay-loam soils: a rangeland site that had been rested for over 50 years (REX), and an adjacent site that was previously rested for over 50 years, and subsequently grazed for six years (GR). Bare soil, live plants, plant litter, and perennial and annual plant densities were not different between sites. Soil organic carbon (SOC) was higher at the GR site, but total nitrogen was not different between sites, resulting in higher C:N ratios at the GR site. Soil pH was lower at the GR site, moisture was higher at the GR site, and bulk density and aggregate stability were not different between sites. There was a higher incidence of black soils at the REX site, suggesting perhaps a difference in soil mineralogy which may impact SOC. Treatment did not have an effect on any of the variables investigated except perennial plant diversity, in which grazed plots had lower species diversity than rested plots. Site aspect may have an effect on the results, as the GR site was northwest-facing while the REX site was south-facing. It is possible that higher SOC at the GR site is due to topography, rather than grazing management. Further investigation is required, but if grazing can be used in California as a strategy for increasing soil carbon sequestration, the rates of desertification may be slowed and damage caused to the ecosystem by global warming may be reduced.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Waibel, Michael Scott. "Model Analysis of the Hydrologic Response to Climate Change in the Upper Deschutes Basin, Oregon." PDXScholar, 2010. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/45.

Full text

Abstract:

Considerable interest lies in understanding the hydrologic response to climate change in the upper Deschutes Basin, particularly as it relates to groundwater fed streams. Much of the precipitation occurring in the recharge zone falls as snow. Consequently, the timing of runoff and recharge depend on accumulation and melting of the snowpack. Numerical modeling can provide insights into evolving hydrologic system response for resource management consideration. A daily mass and energy balance model known as the Deep Percolation Model (DPM) was developed for the basin in the 1990s. This model uses spatially distributed data and is driven with daily climate data to calculate both daily and monthly mass and energy balance for the major components of the hydrologic budget across the basin. Previously historical daily climate data from weather stations in the basin was used to drive the model. Now we use the University of Washington Climate Impact Group's 1/16th degree daily downscaled climate data to drive the DPM for forecasting until the end of the 21st century. The downscaled climate data is comprised from the mean of eight GCM simulations well suited to the Pacific Northwest. Furthermore, there are low emission and high emission scenarios associated with each ensemble member leading to two distinct means. For the entire basin progressing into the 21st century, output from the DPM using both emission scenarios as a forcing show changes in the timing of runoff and recharge as well as significant reductions in snowpack. Although the DPM calculated amounts of recharge and runoff varies between the emission scenario of the ensemble under consideration, all model output shows loss of the spring snowmelt runoff / recharge peak as time progresses. The response of the groundwater system to changing in the time and amount of recharge varies spatially. Short flow paths in the upper part of the basin are potentially more sensitive to the change in seasonality. However, geologic controls on the system cause this signal to attenuate as it propagates into the lower portions of the basin. This scale-dependent variation to the response of the groundwater system to changes in seasonality and magnitude of recharge is explored by applying DPM calculated recharge to an existing regional groundwater flow model.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Zhang, Jian. "Tree cooling effects on the outdoor thermal environment in a subtropical city of Australia." Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/414253.

Full text

Abstract:

Urban residents in tropical or subtropical climates may suffer from serious overheating issues due to global warming and urban heat island effects, causing high mortality, poor health, high energy load, and social disorder. Researchers have proposed various methods to mitigate overheating in outdoor environments, including altering the urban geometry, using cool surfaces, incorporating waterbodies, and using vegetation. Trees are highly effective at cooling. Previous studies demonstrate that the cooling effects of trees depend upon their physical characteristics and/or surrounding environments. This project conducted a comprehensive investigation into tree cooling effects at different levels, including the cooling effects of grouped trees in urban green spaces and individual trees in open spaces. They were studied in separation through field monitoring studies on the Gold Coast, a coastal city in Australia with subtropical climate features. The first part of the project studied grouped trees in urban green spaces. Eighteen urban parks were investigated. These parks are characterised by various tree coverages (PTC) and different distances from the sea (DFS). Monitoring results demonstrated that parks with a higher proportion of tree coverage or closer to a waterbody were cooler. After measuring each park for one full day and analysing the hourly data, the cooling intensity of parks (PCI), defined by the air temperature differences between the park and the Griffith University metrological station, demonstrated periodic variations influenced by PTC or DFS. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) found that PTC significantly correlated with PCI in the evening while, DFS had an important effect in the morning. For further exploration, multiple linear regression models were established. PTC was increasingly significant from morning to evening, its R2 generally increased from 0.01 (at 10:00) to 0.2 (at 16:00). In contrast, the effect of DFS weakened after peaking at noon. Trees showed poorer cooling effects during the daytime compared to the cooling effects of the sea. The second part of the project focused on the characteristics of a tree component (crown) that accounts for a large portion of the cooling effect. The tree crown characteristics were indexed by the crown diameter, trunk height, sky view factor (SVF), and leaf area index (LAI). Four new indicators that describe crown characteristics were proposed: the gross canopy index (GCI), leaf layer index (LLI), crown volume index (CVI), and total canopy index (TCI). The former two are basic indicators, and the latter two are sophisticated indicators. The results showed that the two sophisticated indicators were significantly associated with the mean radiant temperature beneath the tree crown. Further, increasing the value of each indicator by 10% could help reducing the mean radiant temperature by 0.67°C (CVI) and 0.83°C (TCI), respectively, when the other predictors were fixed. Similarly, increasing the value of each basic indicator by 10% could reduce the mean radiant temperature by 0.78°C (GCI) and 0.06°C (LLI), respectively. Still, their cooling effects were less significant than CVI and TCI. The thermal effect of the two sophisticated indicators was more significant than that of the two basic ones. Among all, TCI was the best predictor of the outdoor thermal environment underneath the tree crown. A similar result was found using air temperature as the index. However, these indicators can rarely predict air velocities and relative humidity. Part three explored temperature distributions under individual tree canopies. It was found that the mean radiant temperature (MRT) gradually increased when moving away from the trunk towards the shade. This increased intensity was affected by the crown size (TCD), tree height, sunlight angles, and distance from the trunk (DFT). The MRT followed a polynomial function with DFT. A sharp increase in the MRT was witnessed due to the disappearance of the shade. For a tree with a TCD of 16.6 m, MRT differences between a location near the trunk and a location outside the tree canopy were up to 18°C. This finding has confirmed that the cooling effect from individual trees was due to their canopied areas. This project has investigated the cooling effects of trees at various levels and the factors influencing these effects in a coastal city of Australia. The results echoed that some urban planning and landscape policies and strategies improve sustainability and habitability of the city. Findings provide a rational basis for future urban planning and landscaping practices.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Aguiar, Lídia Vaz. "Neutralização compensatória de carbono: estudo de caso em uma indústria do setor metal-mecânico." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2009. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8238.

Full text

Abstract:

Estudos têm mostrado que a intensificação do efeito estufa nos últimos anos vem ocasionando um aumento do aquecimento global com reflexos no clima que, por conseguinte, podem comprometer a vida no planeta. Tal intensificação se dá em função do acréscimo na concentração dos gases de efeito estufa proveniente de atividades antrópicas. Esta pesquisa visa quantificar a contribuição das emissões de gases do efeito estufa, lançados por uma empresa do setor metal-mecânico, situada no município do Rio de Janeiro RJ, além de propor cenários nos quais tais emissões podem ser compensadas. A quantificação foi concretizada através da utilização de metodologia elaborada pelo IPCC. A proposta de compensação das emissões se deu através da substituição de combustíveis utilizados em veículos, implantação de produção de energia por sistema fotovoltaico, biodigestão de efluentes domésticos e reflorestamento. A justificativa da pesquisa baseia-se na contribuição para a mitigação da intensificação do efeito estufa, do aquecimento global e das mudanças climáticas, o que conseqüentemente pode colaborar para a conservação da vida na Terra. Do total de emissões lançadas na atmosfera pela empresa em estudo, no ano de 2008, foi obtido um valor de 422 toneladas de CO2 equivalente, sendo 177 toneladas pelo consumo de combustíveis dos meios de transporte, 87 toneladas pelos resíduos gerados, 2,2 toneladas pelos efluentes gerados, 8,81 toneladas por consumo de energia elétrica e 148 toneladas por processos industriais internos. No cenário onde se contempla as medidas mitigadoras, tais emissões são reduzidas a 349 toneladas de CO2 equivalente. Caso seja empregado o reflorestamento como única forma de neutralização total de emissões da empresa em estudo, faz-se necessária a recuperação vegetal de uma área com 1,33 hectares de extensão. Esta alternativa pode se mostrar vantajosa em curto prazo por não acarretar maiores modificações na rotina dos processos industriais. No entanto, caso a Metal Master opte apenas pelo reflorestamento e mantenha o padrão de emissões semelhante ao ano de 2008, ao longo dos anos, será necessária uma vasta extensão de território reflorestado em relação aos valores pré-estabelecidos. Este fato denota a importância de modificações no ambiente industrial, de modo a permitir a neutralização em longo prazo.
Studies have shown that the intensification of the greenhouse effect in recent years has caused a rise in global warming with effects on climate, therefore, may compromise the life on the planet. This intensification is a function of the increase in concentration of greenhouse gases from human activities. This research aims to quantify the contribution of emissions of greenhouse gases, released by a company in the metal-mechanic, in Rio de Janeiro - RJ, propose scenarios in which these emissions can be offset. Quantification was achieved by using methodology developed by the IPCC. The offer of emissions is given by replacing the fuel used in vehicles, implementation of energy production by photovoltaic system, digestion of domestic sewage and reforestation. The justification of the research is based on contribution to the alleviation of the intensifying greenhouse effect, global warming and climate change, which consequently may help to preserve life on Earth. Of the total emissions into the atmosphere by the company under study, in 2008, was obtained a value of 422 tonnes of CO2 equivalent, with 177 tonnes from fuel consumption by transport, 87 tonnes from the waste generated, 2,2 tonnes from effluents generates, 8.81 tons from consumption of electricity and 148 tonnes from domestic industrial processes. In the scenario where we contemplate the mitigation measures, such emissions are reduced to 349 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. If employee reforestation as the only way to neutralize the emissions of the company, it is necessary to restore plant to an area of 1,33 hectares. This alternative may prove advantageous in the short term it does not cause major changes in routine processes. However, if Metal Master chooses only by reforestation and keep the emissions standard similar to the year 2008, over the years will require a vast expanse of land reforested. This fact indicates the importance of changes in the industrial environment, to allow the circumvention of long-term.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Bartek, Louise. "Life cycle assessment of DHA produced by microalgae using food waste : Assessing global warming, fossil energy use and effects on biodiversity." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-415543.

Full text

Abstract:

Biodiversity is a key component for life on Earth since it contributes to clean water, fresh air and food security. Today, fatty fish farmed in aquaculture is the main Omega 3 source consumed by humans, including the essential fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). DHA origin from plants and accumulate in fish via the marine food web. Therefore, DHA in the form of fish oil is often added to fish feed used in aquaculture. This process is dependent on fossil energy and marine raw materials, which infer increased global warming, damage to ecosystem and ultimately loss of biodiversity. In order to reduce the environmental impact, the essential fatty acid could instead be derived from the marine primary producer of DHA: microalgae. In this thesis, a life cycle approach was used to assess global warming, use of fossil fuels and Ecosystem damage when DHA is produced by the microalgae Crypthecodinium Cohnii. The environmental impact was modelled using SimaPro 9 and assessed with CML-IA and ReCiPe Endpoint. In this model, volatile fatty acids derived from dark fermentation of food waste was used as feedstock to the algae. The studied systems consisted of two parallel scenarios, one conventional food waste-to-biogas with DHA from fish oil and one conceptual food waste-to-DHA with DHA from algae oil. The aim was to evaluate the future potential of DHA produced from algae, by assessing and comparing environmental impact to DHA produced from Peruvian anchovy. For every ton DHA produced by microalgae the assessed impact was -1.9E+02 tonCO2e, -1.9 TJ and 9.7E-04 species.yr. DHA produced by microalgae using VFA from food waste was shown to mitigate global warming and reduce use of fossil fuels. The most important conclusion show that DHA from algae infer 37% lower biodiversity loss in comparison to DHA from Peruvian anchovy. Thus, DHA from microalgae could reduce dependency on marine raw material and decrease biodiversity loss.
Biodiversitet är en nyckelkomponent för liv på jorden eftersom det bidrar till rent vatten, frisk luft och säker livsmedelsproduktion. Idag är fet fisk odlad i vattenbruk den viktigaste källan till Omega 3 som konsumeras av människor, inklusive den essentiella fettsyran dokosahexaensyra (DHA). Då DHA härstammar från växter och ackumuleras i fisk via den marina näringskedjan, tillsätts DHA ofta till fiskfoder i form av fiskolja. Denna process är beroende av fossil energi och marina råmaterial, som leder till ökad global uppvärmning, skadar naturliga ekosystem och orsakar förlust av biologisk mångfald. För att minska miljöpåverkan skulle den essentiella fettsyran istället kunna produceras från den marina primärproducenten av DHA: mikroalger. I detta examensarbete användes livscykelanalys för att utvärdera miljöpåverkan med avseende på global uppvärmning, användning av fossila bränslen och påverkan på biodiversitet, då DHA produceras av mikroalgen Crypthecodinium Cohnii. Flyktiga fettsyror, VFA, som bildas vid mörk fermentering av matavfall användes som råmaterial till algerna. De studerade systemen bestod av två parallella scenarier, en konventionell matavfall-till-biogas med DHA från fiskolja och en konceptuell matavfall-till-DHA med DHA från algolja. Systemet modellerades i SimaPro 9 och miljöpåverkan beräknades med CML-IA och ReCiPe Endpoint. Syftet var att utvärdera DHA som produceras från alger genom att beräkna miljöpåverkan och jämföra med DHA producerad från peruansk ansjovis. För varje ton DHA producerat av mikroalger var påverkan -1.9E+02 tonCO2e, -1.9 TJ och 9.7E-04 arter per år. DHA producerad av mikroalger där VFA från matavfall använts som näring, visade sig minska den globala uppvärmningen, reducera användningen av fossila bränslen och innebar 37% lägre förlust av biologisk mångfald jämfört med DHA producerad från peruansk ansjovis. Denna studie visade därmed att DHA från mikroalger kunde minska beroendet av marina råmaterial och minska förlusten av biologisk mångfald.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Dahl, Karipidis Tim Oscar. ""Cibo" - A serious game raising awareness for the effect that different food has on the environment." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-20094.

Full text

Abstract:

Climate change might be our time's defining issue and our way of producing and consuming food is a large contributor of global climate change. This thesis investigate the possibility of using serious gaming with the intent of raising awareness for the difference in emissions of distinct food types. With the development of a serious game, this paper aims to raise awareness for these issues among university students. The game was evaluated with nine university students and the results suggests that the use of serious gaming with the intent of raising awareness for the difference in emissions of distinct food types show potential, however it was unclear whether or not the students gained a wider understanding of the issue or only acquired some factual knowledge.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Mori, Taiki. "Effects of phosphorus application on nitrous oxide emissions from soils of Acacia mangium plantation and their impacts on mitigation of global warming." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175064.

Full text

Abstract:

Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第17635号
農博第1997号
新制||農||1011(附属図書館)
学位論文||H25||N4756(農学部図書室)
30401
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授太田誠一, 教授水山高久, 教授大澤晃
学位規則第4条第1項該当

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Johansson, Andreas. "”Om femtio år är det nog kört” : En kvalitativ studie om svenska mellanstadieelevers uppfattningar om klimatförändringarna." Thesis, Jönköping University, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49237.

Full text

Abstract:

Många forskare menar att klimatförändringarna är vår tids största ödesfråga. För att möta de stundande klimatproblemen läggs ett stort ansvar på skolan och den undervisningen eleverna får ta del av. Klimatundervisningen ska dels leda till att eleverna lär sig om miljöfrågor, hur klimatförändringar uppstår, både de naturligt förekommande såväl som de vi människor påverkar, dels inge tilltro till sin egen förmåga att kunna leva hållbart och ta välgrundade beslut som rör klimatet. För att lärarna ska kunna utforma en undervisning som möter elevers uppfattningar behövs det kunskap om vilka uppfattningar svenska grundskolelever kan ha. Den här studien syftar till att svara på vilka uppfattningar svenska elever har om orsaker till-, konsekvenser av- och åtgärder för att bromsa klimatförändringarna, samt vilka informationskällor de har. Metoden som har använts för datainsamling är semistrukturerade fokusgruppsintervjuer med 15 svenska elever i årskurs 6. Materialet har sedan analyserats genom tematisk analys. Resultatet visar att även om eleverna har fått samma undervisning i ämnet, av samma lärare, skiljde sig deras uppfattningar om klimatförändringarna. Resultatet visar också att eleverna sätter sina egenintressen före klimatet även om de anser att handlingarna skulle vara effektiva åtgärder att bromsa klimatförändringarna. Många elever ställde sig också skeptiska till skolstrejk för klimatet, både att själva delta och nyttan med att andra skolstrejkar.
Many climate scientists believe that the climate change is the most critical issue of our time. In order to meet the future climate problems, a great responsibility is placed on school and the education the students receive. Climate education should partly lead to students learning about environmental issues, how climate change occurs, both the natural ones as well as the ones humans are responsible for, and to give confidence in their own ability to live sustainably and make well-grounded decisions regarding the climate. In order for teachers to make lessons that meet the students’ perceptions about the climate, we need to know what perceptions Swedish primary school students may have. The purpose of this study is to answer what perceptions the Swedish students have of the causes, consequences and actions to decrease the climate change, as well as to find out what sources of information they have. The method used for data collection is semi-structured focus group interviews with 15 Swedish students from 6th grade. The material has been analyzed using thematic analysis. The result from this study shows that despite the fact that the students have offered the same education, by the same teacher, their views on climate change differed. The results also show that students put their own interests ahead of the climate, even though they believe that some actions would be effective in terms of decreasing the climate change. Many students were also skeptical toward school strikes for the climate, both when it comes to participation and the efficiency themselves and the efficiency when other participate in school strikes.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Andrade, Joana Isabel da Silva. "Effects of cyanide exposure on marine fish with emphasis to Amphiprion spp." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14774.

Full text

Abstract:

Mestrado em Biologia Marinha
Tropical coral reefs have a high importance on marine ecosystems due to their high productivity and biodiversity. However, these ecosystems are facing a growing number of both natural and anthropogenic threats. Cyanide fishing is a destructive technique to capture live reef fish, both for human consumption and to supply the marine aquarium industry. Clownfish and damsels ( Family Pomacentridae) are the most heavily traded group of marine aquarium fish and consequently also some of the most commonly targeted fishes by this illegal fishery. Cyanide (CN-) is considered to be a potent inhibitor of enzymatic pathways involved in respiration and other physiological functions in fish and when used in acute doses can accumulate in body tissues and fluids, negatively affecting several enzymes. In the present study, we analyzed the effects of different concentrations of CN- pulse exposures (mimicking cyanide fishing) in survival and biomarker activity in two different sizes of Amphiprion ocellaris and calculated their respective LC50. Subsequently, the same species was exposed to a sublethal concentration of CN- (25 mg L-1) under global warming scenarios predicted for 2100 (29 °C and 32 °C). Eight different species of pomacentrids were also pulse exposed to a concentration of 50 mg L-1 of CN- to investigate interspecific variability in their tolerance to CN- poisoning. Our data revealed that LC50 of small fish is nearly half of that estimated for medium sized fish (28.45 mg L-1 and 50 mg L-1 of CN-, respectively). It was also possible to demonstrate that the increase of seawater temperature, by itself, can cause mortality in clownfish, and that mortality promoted by CN- fishing will be magnified at higher temperatures. Finally, it is confirmed that vulnerability to CN- poisoning may vary interspecifically, even in species which are closely related phylogenetically. The clownfish A. ocellaris displayed the highest tolerance to CN- poisoning among all tested pomacentrids. Overall, it is mandatory to effectively ban CN- fishing from tropical coral reefs, as the damage this practice already causes in the oceans of today will be largely magnified in the oceans of tomorrow.
Os recifes de coral tropicais têm uma grande importância nos ecossistemas marinhos, devido à sua produtividade e biodiversidade. No entanto, estes ecossistemas estão a enfrentar um crescente número de ameaças naturais e antropogénicas. A pesca com cianeto é uma técnica destrutiva para capturar peixes vivos de recife, tanto para o consumo humano como para abastecer a indústria de aquários marinhos. O peixe-palhaço e as donzelas (Família Pomacentridae) são o grupo de peixes mais comercializados em aquariofilia e, consequentemente, são dos peixes mais capturados com esta pesca ilegal. O cianeto (CN-) é considerado um potente inibidor das vias enzimáticas envolvidas na respiração e outras funções fisiológicas no peixe, que quando utilizado em doses agudas pode acumular-se em tecidos e fluidos corporais, afetando negativamente várias enzimas. No presente estudo, foram analisados os efeitos das diferentes concentrações de CN- (imitando a pesca com cianeto) na sobrevivência e atividade dos biomarcadores em dois tamanhos diferentes de Amphiprion ocellaris e calculado o respetivo LC50. Posteriormente, a mesma espécie foi exposta a uma concentração sub-letal de CN- (25 mg L-1) sob o cenário de aquecimento global previsto para 2100 (29 °C e 32 °C). Oito espécies diferentes de pomacentrídeos foram expostos a uma concentração de 50 mg L-1 de CN- para investigar a variabilidade interespecífica na sua tolerância ao envenenamento por cianeto. Os nossos dados revelaram que o LC50 de peixes pequenos é quase a metade do que o estimado para os peixes de tamanho médio (28,45 mg L-1 e 50 mg L-1 de CN-, respetivamente). Também foi possível demonstrar que o aumento da temperatura da água do mar, por si só, pode causar mortalidade no peixepalhaço, e que a mortalidade promovida pela pesca com cianeto será aumentada a temperaturas mais elevadas. Finalmente, confirma-se que a vulnerabilidade ao envenenamento por cianeto pode variar interespecificamente, mesmo em espécies que estão estreitamente relacionadas filogeneticamente. O peixe-palhaço A. ocellaris apresentou a maior tolerância ao envenenamento por cianeto relativamente a todos os pomacentrídeos testados. Por isso, é obrigatório proibir eficazmente a pesca com cianeto nos recifes de coral tropicais, pois o dano que esta prática faz nos oceanos de hoje será largamente ampliado nos oceanos de amanhã.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

NARDI, ALESSANDRO. "Indirect effects of climate changes: role of ocean warming and acidification on the susceptibility to environmental contamination in marine organisms." Doctoral thesis, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11566/245424.

Full text

Abstract:

Le crescenti emissioni antropiche di anidride carbonica stanno causando il riscaldamento e l’acidificazione degli oceani, cambiamenti pericolosi per l’integrità degli ecosistemi marini. Questi cambiamenti potrebbero essere particolarmente dannosi per organismi esposti ad altri fattori di stress nell’ambiente marino, come gli alti livelli di contaminazione antropica nelle aree costiere: le future variazioni di temperatura e pH potranno influenzare la speciazione chimica dei contaminanti inorganici, la loro biodisponibilità, il bioaccumulo e gli effetti biologici negli organismi marini. Nonostante il crescente interesse della comunità scientifica, i possibili effetti delle interazioni di questi fattori di stress sono ancora poco conosciuti. Il principale obiettivo di questa attività di ricerca è stato quello di investigare gli effetti del concomitante aumento di temperatura e diminuzione di pH sul bioaccumulo di cadmio, scelto come contaminante inorganico modello, e sugli effetti biologici indotti dal metallo, misurati a livello molecolare e cellulare, valutando possibili differenze tra organismi provenienti da ecosistemi differenti, in specie differenti provenienti dallo stesso ecosistema, in differenti stagioni e tessuti, e su diversi meccanismi cellulari. A tal scopo, tre specie di bivalvi sono state scelte come specie indicatrici modello, il pettinide antartico Adamussium colbecki, il mitilo mediterraneo Mytilus galloprovincialis, e il pettine glabro Flexopecten glaber. Un ampio set di risposte biologiche è stato analizzato sulla ghiandola digestiva e sulle branchie degli organismi, tra cui metallotioneine, singole difese antiossidanti, capacità antiossidante totale e accumulo di prodotti della perossidazione lipidica, mentre negli emociti degli organismi sono stati analizzati parametri immunitari e di danno genotossico. I risultati ottenuti mostrano effetti specie-specifici, con differenze tra organismi provenienti da ecosistemi con diversa pressione naturale e antropica; la stagionalità rappresenta un’ulteriore variabile a carico della risposta degli organismi, largamente influenzata da caratteristiche metaboliche e fisiologiche dei vari tessuti. In conclusione, questo lavoro ha contribuito alla crescente conoscenza sugli effetti degli stress multipli sullo stato di salute degli organismi marini.
Growing anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide are driving ocean warming and acidification, which represent a threat for marine ecosystems integrity. These changes may particularly affect marine organisms that are already coping with other stressors in the marine environment, as high levels of anthropogenic pollution in coastal areas. Changes of temperature and pH could influence inorganic pollutants speciation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation and biological effects in marine organisms. Despite the growing concern and the increased scientific literature available, possible effects of interactions of these multiple stressors are still poorly understood. The main objective of this research activity was to investigate the effects of concomitant higher temperature and reduced pH on the bioaccumulation of cadmium, as a typical inorganic pollutant, and on metal-induced biological effects, measured at low molecular and cellular level. Our aim was to elucidate possible differences in organisms from different ecosystems, in different species from the same ecosystem, in different seasons and tissues, and on different cellular mechanisms. In this respect, three bivalve species were chosen as model indicators species, namely the Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki, the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the smooth scallop Flexopecten glaber. A wide range of biological responses were analyzed in digestive gland and gills, including metal-binding proteins, single antioxidant defenses, total oxyradical scavenging capacity and accumulation of peroxidation products; immune system parameters and onset of genotoxic damages were also measured in haemocytes. Obtained results showed species-specific effects, with differences in organisms from ecosystems with different natural or anthropogenic pressure; seasonality represented an additional variable on organisms’ responsiveness largely influenced by metabolic and physiological features of various tissues. Overall, this work contributed to the growing knowledge on the effects of multiple stressors on the health status of marine organisms.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Willems, Franziska Merle [Verfasser]. "Effects of global change on plants : tracing the footprints of climate warming and land use from herbaria to forest understories. / Franziska Merle Willems." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2021. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-dspace-1183638.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effect of global warming on'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles