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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effect of intergroup relations on

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Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of intergroup relations on'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of intergroup relations on"

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Enos, Ryan D., and Christopher Celaya. "The Effect of Segregation on Intergroup Relations." Journal of Experimental Political Science 5, no. 1 (2018): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2017.28.

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AbstractInter-ethnic residential segregation is correlated with intergroup bias and conflict, poorly functioning states and civil societies, weak economic development, and ethnocentric political behavior. As such, segregation has been a subject of long-standing interest. However, segregation has not been assigned in randomized controlled trials, so the observed correlations may be spurious and the mechanism behind these correlations is poorly understood. In two experiments, we randomly assign segregation in a laboratory and demonstrate that segregation affects perceptions of other people and causes intergroup bias in costly decision-making. Rather than segregation merely inhibiting intergroup contact, we demonstrate that segregation directly affects perception and thus can affect intergroup relations even when holding contact constant.

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Roccas, Sonia, and Shalom H. Schwartz. "Effects of intergroup similarity on intergroup relations." European Journal of Social Psychology 23, no. 6 (November 1993): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420230604.

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Pfister, Miriam, Ralf Wölfer, and Miles Hewstone. "Contact Capacity and Its Effect on Intergroup Relations." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 7–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619837004.

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Although intergroup contact is an effective means to improve intergroup attitudes, it does not always have a positive impact on them. This study introduces contact capacity as a factor that may impede intergroup contact. Longitudinal social network data ( N = 6,600; M age = 14.87 years) was collected in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden and used to accurately calculate participants’ out-group, in-group, and total contact. Multilevel models (L1: students, L2: school classes) showed that the total amount of contact at Wave 1 negatively predicts individuals’ out-group friends at Wave 2 while controlling for out-group attitudes, existing out-group friendships and sociodemographic variables. An additional robustness check showed that this effect holds true for future in-group friendships. The study highlights the importance of contact capacity for whether people engage in intergroup contact and the contribution of social network analysis to contact research.

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Dawd, A. M., F. Y. K. Oumar, and C. S. Cukur. "Dynamics in the Contents of Self-Stereotyping and its Implication in Inter-Group Relations." Social Psychology and Society 12, no. 2 (2021): 23–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/sps.2021120202.

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Objectives. Developing a comprehensive model to understand intergroup relationship through integrating two constructs usually used to be examined discretely; self-stereotyping and stereotyping. Background. Today’s understanding of intergroup behavior is firmly grounded in concepts related to stereotypes. In literature, apparently, there are, two dominant approaches in studying stereotype’s effect on intergroup relations. The first approach focuses on the effect of dominant group’s stereotype on intergroup relation, while the second approach focuses on studying the impacts of self stereotyping on victims. Furthermore, minority groups’ self-sterotyping is considered to be derived from the dominant groups’ stereotype. As a result, the prevailing approaches are insensitive to the dynamics in self-stereotype and its implication to the intergroup relationship. In this article, it is claimed that the etiology of intergroup behavior could be better understood by considering a mutually interacting groups’ perspective. Methodology. Systematic approach of reviewing the prevailing literature pertaining to stereotyping and self-stereotyping and integrative analysis method to develop new perspective. Conclusion. Intergroup relation involves the interaction of two or more groups each of them having stereotypes regarding their own group and outgroup. Thus, in this paper, we argued that, the etiology of intergroup behavior cannot be adequately understood without employing the belief system of mutually interacting groups. Hence, we integrated self-stereotyping and other’s stereotypes and the behaviors that emerge during intergroup relations is predicted using the dynamics in the content/valence of minority group members’ self-stereotyping simultaneously with the dominant groups’ stereotype. The integration of these two approaches appears to offer the most adequate explanation for the complex nature of intergroup behavior.

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Birtel, Michèle D., Gian Antonio Di Bernardo, and Loris Vezzali. "Fading Affect Bias in Intergroup Relations." Social Psychology 52, no. 4 (July 2021): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000449.

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Abstract. Negative affect associated with autobiographical events fades faster over time than positive affect. This Fading Affect Bias (FAB) has been established in the individual and interpersonal domains. Two studies tested the FAB in intergroup relations with Muslims ( N= 76 White British non-Muslim) and opposite gender ( N = 242 women and men) as target outgroups. The results indicated that the FAB exists in an intergroup context, for both ingroup and outgroup memories. Mediation analyses showed that intergroup contact is related to a lower fading of positive affect associated with the outgroup memory, through greater memory strength and a more positive outgroup member evaluation. The findings are important for understanding affect associated with intergroup memories and the buffering effect of positive contact.

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Martinez-Ebers, Valerie, Brian Robert Calfano, and Regina Branton. "Bringing People Together: Improving Intergroup Relations via Group Identity Cues." Urban Affairs Review 57, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 104–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078087419853390.

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Many U.S. cities pursue a “human relations” strategy in response to racial and ethnic group conflict. Reflective of Common Ingroup Identity theory, human relations practitioners emphasize a superordinate community identity among residents from different groups for the purpose of “bringing people together” in an effort to improve intergroup relations. Practitioners also encourage intergroup contact to promote positive change in attitudes. Herein, we test the influence of group identity cues and intergroup contact as predictors of perceived intergroup commonality. The findings suggest emphasizing a superordinate community identity increases feelings of commonality in the attitudes of Anglos and Latinos toward one another and toward African-Americans and Asians, while intergroup contact has no significant influence on intergroup attitudes. These findings contribute to the extant literature by simultaneously testing the relative effect of salient group identities on intergroup attitudes and expanding the focus beyond the binary comparison found in most studies of racial–ethnic relations.

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Venugopalan, Asha. "The Effect of Affect: Friendship, Education and Prejudice in India." Studies in Indian Politics 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 152–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2321023020963441.

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Intergroup relations are fundamentally based on the idea of ‘us’ and ‘them’, and this categorization has driven political loyalties and social ties in India, particularly the relations between Hindus and Muslims. Contemporary nationalist politics have often combined patriotic love for the country along with suspicion of minorities, particularly the Muslims. Given the history of tense relations between the Hindus and Muslims, the role of positive intergroup relations becomes paramount in sustaining peace among the groups. Based on Allport’s intergroup contact hypothesis, this article tests whether having a Muslim friend reduces prejudicial attitude among Hindus. Additionally, the article also tests the notion of education being a harbinger of liberal values and its role in reducing prejudice. The results indicate that having a Muslim friend is significantly correlated with a more positive outlook towards the Muslim community, but education does not reduce prejudice.

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He, Wen, Lulu Xu, Yawen Sun, Junlong Luo, and Haijiang Li. "Effects of negative metastereotype on intergroup relations among rural-to-urban migrant children in China ." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 45, no. 6 (July 7, 2017): 931–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.6548.

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We examined how group identification and intergroup anxiety jointly mediate the relationship between negative metastereotype and intergroup relations among rural-to-urban migrant children in China. Migrant children, who have both rural and urban identities, are sensitive to their uncertain status, which means that a negative metastereotype is easily activated. We recruited 105 migrant children who were randomly assigned to two groups. They received either a negative metastereotype or control manipulation. Intergroup anxiety, group identification, and intergroup relations were then assessed. Results showed that intergroup anxiety and urban identification could independently mediate the effects of a negative metastereotype on intergroup relations. Intergroup anxiety indirectly influenced intergroup relations through urban identification. These findings suggest that negative emotion and urban identification should be considered when studying the negative metastereotype of migrant children in China and should be included when planning interventions to improve intergroup relations of these children.

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O’Brien, Thomas C., Bernhard Leidner, and Linda R. Tropp. "Are they for us or against us? How intergroup metaperceptions shape foreign policy attitudes." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 21, no. 6 (January 31, 2017): 941–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430216684645.

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We identify public opinion polls from other countries as an important form of indirect exposure to outgroups, and an important source of intergroup metaperceptions, outgroup perceptions, and support for group-level behavior towards outgroups. Three experiments demonstrate a two-step process through which such exposure affects support for ingroup behaviors that facilitate peaceful or violent intergroup relations. When indirectly exposed to national outgroups, Americans inferred intergroup metaperceptions (Step 1), which, in turn, shaped outgroup perceptions (Step 2). This effect and its underlying process occurred in relation to both fictitious (Experiment 2) and real outgroups (Iran, Experiment 1; Germany, Saudi Arabia, Experiment 3), as well as those similar (Germany) and dissimilar (Saudi Arabia) to the ingroup (Experiment 3). Further, this effect occurred beyond ingroup perceptions (Experiments 1–3), perceived intergroup threat (Experiments 2–3), and intergroup similarity (Experiment 3). Contributions to the literatures on cross-group contact, intergroup perceptions and attitudes, and image theory are discussed.

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Mazziotta, Agostino, Amélie Mummendey, and Stephen C. Wright. "Vicarious intergroup contact effects." Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 14, no. 2 (March 2011): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1368430210390533.

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This contribution examines the role of vicarious contact (observing in-group members having successful cross-group contact) as a tool to improve intergroup relations. Expanding previous research on indirect intergroup contact, vicarious contact (1) integrates and applies concepts of social-cognitive theory ( Bandura, 1986 ) to the field of intergroup contact research; (2) broadens the study of indirect contact effects to the observation of successful cross-group interactions; and (3) proposes to increase people’s intention for direct cross-group contact. Two video-based experiments indicate that vicarious contact improves attitudes towards the out-group and increases participants’ willingness to engage in direct cross-group contact. These studies provide evidence that the relation between vicarious contact and intergroup attitudes (and willingness to engage in direct contact) is sequentially mediated by self-efficacy expectancy and perceived intergroup uncertainty. Implications of these findings for further research on the (indirect) contact hypothesis and their application will be discussed.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of intergroup relations on"

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Trembath, Mark. "Reducing sensitivity to outgroup critics : applying the common ingroup identity model to the intergroup sensitivity effect /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16835.pdf.

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Robson, Erin. "Acknowledging the failings of one's group as a way to overcome the intergroup sensitivity effect /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19262.pdf.

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Vollhardt, Johanna Ray. "Victim consciousness and its effects on intergroup relations a double-edged sword? /." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3372282/.

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Coen, Sharon. "Collective guilt and shame in intergroup relations : the effects of group based guilt and shame on intergroup attitudes and prosocial behaviour." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.441031.

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Cohen, Taya R. Insko Chester A. "The effects of empathy on intergroup conflict and aggression examining the dual roles of empathy in fostering positive and negative intergroup relations /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1605.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2008.
Title from electronic title page (viewed Sep. 16, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Psychology Social Psychology Program." Discipline: Psychology; Department/School: Psychology.

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Shaw, Noskin Moira Pacifica Parvanih. "Religion, morality, mandates, and conflict exploring the moral mandate effect as a predictor of religious conflict /." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Porter, Brandon L. "The effect of the norm of group interest in response to leader dissent." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1569847116979601.

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Spearmon, Margaret L. "Effects of learning about racial identity and oppression on social work students /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7752.

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Chang, Jin Wook. "The Effects of Group Status on Intragroup Behavior: Implications for Group Process and Outcome." Research Showcase @ CMU, 2015. http://repository.cmu.edu/dissertations/516.

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How does the status of a group influence the behavior of individuals within the group? This dissertation aims to answer this question by investigating the psychological and behavioral implications of membership in high- versus low-status groups, with a primary focus on the impact of membership in a high-status group. I propose that membership in high-status groups leads to self-oriented intragroup behavior, behavior that best suits members’ own interests regardless of the impact on group outcomes. In five studies, I test this idea and examine the psychological mechanism underlying this effect. The first three studies find that membership in a high-status group (a) decreases the resources allocated for the group as members attempt to ensure personal gain; (b) lowers the preference for a competent newcomer who may enhance group outcome but who may jeopardize personal gains; and (c) reduces the amount of voluntary information sharing during group negotiations, hindering group outcomes. The findings also reveal that reducing the conflict between group and personal interests via cooperative incentives encourages group-oriented behavior in high-status groups. The next two studies conceptually replicate these findings focusing on members’ information withholding – self-oriented behavior designed to prevent other in-group members from outperforming them. Specifically, results reveal that high-status group-membership increases intentional withholding of information, which in turn impairs group outcomes. However, this damaging pattern of intragroup behavior triggered by membership in a high-status group is alleviated when group members are led to believe that their group status is at stake. Taken together, this dissertation provides converging evidence that membership in high-status groups increases emphasis on personal interests within the group and that these concerns manifest in intragroup behavior that is distinct from that triggered by membership in low-status groups. The findings illuminate how the status of a group might shape the ways that members interact with other in-group members, as well as document the potential micro- and meso-level mechanisms through which status differences among social groups persist and change.

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West, Keon P. A. "Effects of real and imagined contact under conditions of socially acceptable prejudice." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:94131925-43ae-461f-b16e-1a8d164f1b8d.

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The objective of this thesis was to examine the effectiveness of contact and imagined contact (a derivative of direct contact) in reducing intergroup prejudice when the prejudice in question is deemed socially acceptable. Studies focused on two populations that are targets of socially acceptable, prejudice – people suffering from schizophrenia in the U.K., and homosexual men in Jamaica. These target groups were selected because they are similar in that they are both targets of socially acceptable prejudice, but also because of their differences in that the stereotypes associated with them are quite dissimilar. The first part of the thesis empirically tested the assumption that the aforementioned populations are targets of socially acceptable prejudice. Two cross-sectional studies, one of which was also cross-cultural, measured motivation to control prejudice against these target groups, and compared it to motivation to control prejudice against targets of socially unacceptable prejudice. I found that motivation to control prejudice against people with schizophrenia in the U.K. was lower than motivation to control prejudice against Black people in the U.K. Also, motivation to control prejudice against homosexual men was higher in the U.K. and the U.S.A. than in Jamaica, and differences in motivation to control unspecified prejudice were significantly smaller. The second part examined the association between actual contact and prejudice for both populations. Two cross-sectional studies, one of which was also cross-cultural, found that contact was associated with less prejudice. This effect was mediated by intergroup anxiety in all cases, and also by fear in the case of people with schizophrenia. Furthermore, I found that contact was more strongly negatively associated with anti-homosexual prejudice in Jamaica, where the prejudice is socially acceptable, than it was in Britain, where the prejudice is not socially acceptable. The third part tested the effect of imagined contact, a form of extended contact, on prejudice against people with schizophrenia. Four experimental studies demonstrated that imagined contact can be an effective means of reducing prejudice against this group. However imagined contact must be conducted in very specific ways, otherwise it has the potential to increase prejudice against people with schizophrenia.

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Books on the topic "Effect of intergroup relations on"

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Kroon, Marceline B. R. Effects of accountability on groupthink and intergroup relations: Laboratory and field studies. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers, 1992.

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Horiner-Levi, Eveline. Effects of group membership and intergroup stereotypes on causal attribution. [Israel: s.n., 1988.

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1933-, Miller Norman, ed. Intergroup relations. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co., 1996.

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Stephan, Walter G. Intergroup relations. Madison: Brown & Benchmark, 1996.

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Brewer, Marilynn B. Intergroup relations. Buckingham [England]: Open University Press, 1996.

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Intergroup relations. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 2003.

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Crisp, Richard. Intergroup Relations. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road, London EC1Y 1SP United Kingdom: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781473915350.

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Wagner, Ulrich, Linda R. Tropp, Gillian Finchilescu, and Colin Tredoux, eds. Improving Intergroup Relations. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444303117.

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Advances in intergroup contact. New York, NY: Psychology Press, 2013.

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Job Corps (U.S.). Job Corps Intergroup Relations Program. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Labor, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of intergroup relations on"

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Pettigrew, Thomas F. "The Importance of Cumulative Effects: A Neglected Emphasis of Sherif’s Work." In Social Judgment and Intergroup Relations, 89–103. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-2860-8_4.

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Blumberg, Herbert, M. Valerie Kent, A. Paul Hare, and Martin F. Davies. "Intergroup Relations." In Small Group Research, 167–201. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0025-7_6.

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Sutton, Robbie, and Karen Douglas. "Intergroup relations." In Social Psychology, 472–514. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29968-0_11.

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Hogg, Michael A. "Intergroup Relations." In Handbook of Social Psychology, 533–61. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6772-0_18.

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Sutton, Robbie, and Karen Douglas. "Improving intergroup relations." In Social Psychology, 516–59. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-29968-0_12.

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Jackson, Lynne M. "Intergroup relations and prejudice." In The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.)., 105–21. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0000168-007.

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Haslam, Nick. "Dehumanization and intergroup relations." In APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 2: Group processes., 295–314. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14342-011.

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Jaspal, Rusi. "Prejudice and Intergroup Relations." In The Social Psychology of Gay Men, 81–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27057-5_5.

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Dovidio, John F., James D. Johnson, Samuel L. Gaertner, Adam R. Pearson, Tamar Saguy, and Leslie Ashburn-Nardo. "Empathy and intergroup relations." In Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature., 393–408. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12061-020.

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Knippenberg, Daan van. "Intergroup Relations in Organizations." In International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork and Cooperative Working, 381–99. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470696712.ch18.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of intergroup relations on"

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Kim, Yunkyung, Sonya S. Kwak, and Myung-suk Kim. "Effects of intergroup relations on people's acceptance of robots." In Proceeding of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1734454.1734495.

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Kim, Yunkyung, Sonya S. Kwak, and Myung-suk Kim. "Effects of intergroup relations on people's acceptance of robots." In 2010 5th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hri.2010.5453243.

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Choi, Jung Ju, Yunkyung Kim, and Sonya S. Kwak. "The impacts of intergroup relations and body zones on people's acceptance of a robot." In 2013 8th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hri.2013.6483524.

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Bahmani, Keivan, Zhaleh Semnani-Azad, Wendi L. Adair, and Katia Sycara. "Computer Mediated Communication in Negotiations: The Effect of Intragroup Faultlines on Intergroup Communication and Outcomes." In Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences. Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24251/hicss.2018.088.

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Frattini, Julian, Maximilian Junker, Michael Unterkalmsteiner, and Daniel Mendez. "Automatic extraction of cause-effect-relations from requirements artifacts." In ASE '20: 35th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3324884.3416549.

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Rais, Natasya Fila. "The Effect of Indonesia’s Candidature as United Nations’ Security Council Non-permanent Member on Its Foreign Policy." In Airlangga Conference on International Relations. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0010272300050008.

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Castro, Alejandro M., and Pablo M. Carrica. "Full Scale Simulations of the Bubbly Flow Around the Research Vessel Athena With Incoming Waves and Discretized Propeller." In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-04036.

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Simulations of the two-phase bubbly flow around the research vessel Athena are presented. These are performed using a polydisperse model where several bubbles sizes are modeled. Intergroup transfer mechanisms such as breakup, coalescence and dissolution of air into water are considered. These simulations are performed on the fully appended Athena R/V including the rotating propeller. In this way the interaction of the stream of bubbles pushed down by the ship and the propeller is explicitly taken into account. Incoming regular waves are included in the simulations to mimic the observations of available data that show a pulsating entrainment of bubbles due to the waves. The effect of the several intergroup transfer mechanisms on the bubbly field around the ship is analyzed and discussed in depth. Simulations are performed in full scale to predict realistic turbulent structures and allow for a valid comparison with experiments.

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Devriese, Dominique, Lars Birkedal, and Frank Piessens. "Reasoning about Object Capabilities with Logical Relations and Effect Parametricity." In 2016 IEEE European Symposium on Security and Privacy (EuroS&P). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/eurosp.2016.22.

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Guven, Can, Suzan Bayhan, and Fatih Alagoz. "Effect of social relations on cooperative sensing in cognitive radio networks." In 2013 First International Black Sea Conference on Communications and Networking (BlackSeaCom). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/blackseacom.2013.6623418.

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Liu, Jiakun, and Li Wan. "Labor Relations Effect on Employee Work Performance: Focusing on the Moderating Effect of Employee Emotional Factors." In 4th International Conference on Culture, Education and Economic Development of Modern Society (ICCESE 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.200316.327.

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Reports on the topic "Effect of intergroup relations on"

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Kimura, M. Remarks on relations between X-ray emission and Auger transition rates and molecular properties: Chemical effect. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10141710.

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Barrera-Osorio, Felipe, Paul Gertler, Nozomi Nakajima, and Harry A. Patrinos. Promoting Parental Involvement in Schools: Evidence from Two Randomized Experiments. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/060.

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Parental involvement programs aim to strengthen school-home relations with the goal of improving children’s educational outcomes. We examine the effects of a parental involvement program in Mexico, which provides parent associations with grants and information. We separately estimate the effect of the grants from the effect of the information using data from two randomized controlled trials conducted by the government during the rollout of the program. Grants to parent associations did not improve educational outcomes. Information to parent associations reduced disciplinary actions in schools, mainly by increasing parental involvement in schools and changing parenting behavior at home. The divergent results from grants and information are partly explained by significant changes in perceptions of trust between parents and teachers. Our results suggest that parental involvement interventions may not achieve their intended goal if institutional rules are unclear about the expectations of parents and teachers as parents increase their involvement in schools.

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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.

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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world

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