Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effect of oil spills on

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Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of oil spills on'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of oil spills on"

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Bruederle, Anna, and Roland Hodler. "Effect of oil spills on infant mortality in Nigeria." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (2019): 5467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1818303116.

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Oil spills can lead to irreversible environmental degradation and are a potential hazard to human health. We study how onshore oil spills affect neonatal and infant mortality by combining spatial data from the Nigerian Oil Spill Monitor with Demographic and Health Surveys. To identify a causal effect, we compare siblings born to the same mother, conceived before and after a nearby oil spill. We find that nearby oil spills that occur before conception increase neonatal mortality by 38.3 deaths per 1,000 live births, which corresponds to an increase of around 100% on the sample mean. The effect is fairly uniform across girls and boys, socio-economic backgrounds, and locations. We show that this effect is not driven by events related to oil production or violent conflict. Rather, our results are consistent with medical and epidemiological evidence showing that exposure to hydrocarbons can pose risks to fetal development. We provide further evidence suggesting that the effects of oil spills on neonatal mortality persist for several years after the occurrence of an oil spill.
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Lu, Jingyang, Liqiong Chen, and Duo Xu. "Study on the Oil Spill Transport Behavior and Multifactorial Effects of the Lancang River Crossing Pipeline." Applied Sciences 14, no. 8 (2024): 3455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app14083455.

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As the number of long-distance oil and gas pipelines crossing rivers increases, so does the risk of river oil spills. Previous research on oil spills in water mainly focuses on the oceans, and there are relatively few studies on oil spills in rivers. This study established two-dimensional hydrodynamic and oil spill models for the Lancang River crossing pipeline basin and verified the model’s accuracy. The oil spill transport process under different scenarios was simulated, and the oil spill transport state data set was established. The effects of river flow, wind, and leakage mode on the transport behavior of oil spills were studied. The results show that an increase in flow rate accelerates the migration, diffusion, and longitudinal extension behavior of oil spills; Changes in wind speed have less effect on the transport behavior of oil spills under downwind and headwind conditions. The mode of leakage mainly affects the diffusion and longitudinal extension of the oil spill. The oil spill transport state prediction model was established using machine learning combination algorithms. The three combined machine learning algorithms, PSO-SVR, GA-BPNN, and PSO-BPNN, have the best performance in predicting the oil spill migration distance, oil spill area, and the length of the oil spill contamination zone, respectively, with the coefficient of determination (R2) and the 1-Mean Absolute Percentage of Error (1-MAPE) above 0.971, and the prediction model has excellent accuracy. This study can provide support for the rapid development of emergency response plans for river crossing pipeline oil spill accidents.
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Röhrs, Johannes, Knut-Frode Dagestad, Helene Asbjørnsen, et al. "The effect of vertical mixing on the horizontal drift of oil spills." Ocean Science 14, no. 6 (2018): 1581–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-14-1581-2018.

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Abstract. Vertical and horizontal transport mechanisms for marine oil spills are investigated using numerical model simulations. To realistically resolve the 3-D development of a spill on the ocean surface and in the water column, recently published parameterizations for the vertical mixing of oil spills are implemented in the open-source trajectory framework OpenDrift (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1300358, last access: 7 April 2018). The parameterizations include the wave entrainment of oil, two alternative formulations for the droplet size spectra, and turbulent mixing. The performance of the integrated oil spill model is evaluated by comparing model simulations with airborne observations of an oil slick. The results show that an accurate description of a chain of physical processes, in particular vertical mixing and oil weathering, is needed to represent the horizontal spreading of the oil spill. Using ensembles of simulations of hypothetic oil spills, the general drift behavior of an oil spill during the first 10 days after initial spillage is evaluated in relation to how vertical processes control the horizontal transport. Transport of oil between the surface slick and the water column is identified as a crucial component affecting the horizontal transport of oil spills. The vertical processes are shown to control differences in the drift of various types of oil and in various weather conditions.
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Shehada, Mohamed F., Mohamed Y. Omar, Ahmed K. Mehanna, and Mousa S. Sharedy. "Review of Potential Effects of Oil Spills on Coastal and Marine Resources on Western Libyan Coastal." مجلة علوم البحار والتقنيات البيئية 7, no. 2 (2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.59743/jmset.v7i2.14.

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An oil spill can significantly affect coastal resources and the economy through economic activities that depend on clean seawater, coastal areas, and tourist sites, which may cause substantial economic losses after oil spills. However, this effect usually depends on the volume and type of oil spill and how sensitive it is to coastal and marine resources. Libya has one of the important Mediterranean marine biodiversity hotspots, which is the western Libyan coast that extends from western Tripoli city to the Gulf of Gabes with Tunisia. This work considers some of the effects of oil spills on a variety of coastal industries and social activities. In addition, this work provides a systematic literature review of biological, economic, and cultural resources and their sensitivity to oil spill scenarios on this coast. The findings of this work help provide a basis for the definition of priorities for protection to develop the capacity to respond to oil spills on the Libyan coast.
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Tan, Jen Yen, Siew Yan Low, Zhen Hong Ban, and Parthiban Siwayanan. "A review on oil spill clean-up using bio-sorbent materials with special emphasis on utilization of kenaf core fibers." BioResources 16, no. 4 (2021): 8394–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.8394-8416.

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Thousands of oil spill incidents regrettably have occurred on a daily basis around the globe. Oil spills are a form of pollution that poses major catastrophic threats to marine ecosystems. Oil spill incidents commonly occur in the middle of the ocean, and the process to remove the oil becomes a great challenge. Absorbents, due to their good oil-absorbing characteristics, are becoming more popular nowadays as one of the effective oil spill clean-up methods. Among the many types of oil absorbents, plant fibers were also being studied to remove the oil spills from the sea surface. This paper reviews factors leading to oil spills, the detrimental effect of the oil spill on the environment, the oil spill removal methods, and the application of plant fibers as oil absorbent material. The paper also will highlight the latest development on the utilization of kenaf core fibers as oil-absorbent material and the use of oil absorbed kenaf core fibers as fuel briquette by taking advantage the high calorific value of the oil spill.
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Tan, Jen Yen, Siew Yan Low, Zhen Hong Ban, and Parthiban Siwayanan. "A review on oil spill clean-up using bio-sorbent materials with special emphasis on utilization of kenaf core fibers." BioResources 16, no. 4 (2021): 8394–416. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.4.tan.

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Thousands of oil spill incidents regrettably have occurred on a daily basis around the globe. Oil spills are a form of pollution that poses major catastrophic threats to marine ecosystems. Oil spill incidents commonly occur in the middle of the ocean, and the process to remove the oil becomes a great challenge. Absorbents, due to their good oil-absorbing characteristics, are becoming more popular nowadays as one of the effective oil spill clean-up methods. Among the many types of oil absorbents, plant fibers were also being studied to remove the oil spills from the sea surface. This paper reviews factors leading to oil spills, the detrimental effect of the oil spill on the environment, the oil spill removal methods, and the application of plant fibers as oil absorbent material. The paper also will highlight the latest development on the utilization of kenaf core fibers as oil-absorbent material and the use of oil absorbed kenaf core fibers as fuel briquette by taking advantage the high calorific value of the oil spill.
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Ji, Hong, Yaxin Wang, Ting Wang, Ke Yang, and Zhixiang Xing. "The Influence of a Key Indicator kv on the Diffusion Range of Underwater Oil Spill." Processes 11, no. 8 (2023): 2332. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082332.

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As oil spills cause harm to the survival and environment of the ocean, the objective of the present paper is to study the oil migration range using the key indicator kv, which is defined as the ratio of oil spill speed to ocean current speed. The correctness of diffusion models created and estimated for subsea oil spills can be verified by experiments. We also considered the effect of key indicators on the horizontal and vertical dispersion ranges of oil spills. The study’s findings show that, under various kv settings, the horizontal and vertical spreading heights of oil spills both increase as kv rises. When kv is equal, the leakage velocity and water flow velocity increase synchronously, and over time, the horizontal distance and vertical diffusion height of the oil spill gradually increase. In the early stages of an oil spill, when kv = 50, 100, or 150, the vertical spreading velocity will rapidly decrease. The vertical spreading speed of spilled oil increases as kv rises when the water flow rate remains constant. The horizontal migration distance grows as kv decreases when the leakage rate is constant. Fitting curves for the vertical rise height and horizontal spreading distance for the same and various kv settings were also obtained in order to anticipate the migration mode of oil spills. This is critical for dealing with environmental damage caused by maritime oil spills, as well as emergency responses.
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Dunford, Richard W., and Melissa K. Lynes. "PREDICTING NATURAL RESOURCE DAMAGES FROM OIL SPILLS IN THE UNITED STATES." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (2014): 588–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2014.1.588.

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ABSTRACT Most major oil spills in the United States result in some natural resource damages (NRD), which arise from injuries to natural resources and losses of their services. Other things being equal, larger spills lead to larger NRD. However, factors other than the number of gallons spilled can affect the subsequent amount of natural resource damages. These factors may include the type of oil spilled, the geographic location of the spill, the season in which the spill occurred, whether threatened and endangered species were injured, whether recreation closures occurred, whether the spill occurred in saltwater or freshwater, and other characteristics of the spill. This paper presents a statistical model using multiple-regression analysis that explains variations in 86 NRD settlements for oil spills in the United States based on a variety of factors. The results of the statistical analysis identify which of the factors influence NRD settlements and the magnitude of the effect. Then, the results of the statistical model are used to predict a point estimate and 90% confidence interval for the NRD settlement for three hypothetical oil spills. Such predictions could give both Trustees (i.e., government agencies that pursue NRD claims on behalf of the public) and responsible parties a useful damage range, for planning purposes, within days of future oil spills.
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Sornam, M. "OILSPILL AND LOOK-ALIKE SPOTS FROM SAR IMAGERY USING OTSU METHOD AND ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK." International Journal of Engineering Technologies and Management Research 4, no. 11 (2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/ijetmr.v4.i11.2017.117.

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Oil spill pollution plays a significant role in damaging marine ecosystem. Discharge of oil due to tanker accidents has the most dangerous effects on marine environment. The main waste source is the ship based operational discharges. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) can be effectively used for the detection and classification of oil spills. Oil spills appear as dark spots in SAR images. One major advantage of SAR is that it can generate imagery under all weather conditions. However, similar dark spots may arise from a range of unrelated meteorological and oceanographic phenomena, resulting in misidentification. A major focus of research in this area is the development of algorithms to distinguish ‘oil spills’ from ‘look-alikes’. The features of detected dark spot are then extracted and classified to discriminate oil spills from look-alikes. This paper describes the development of a new approach to SAR oil spill detection using Segmentation method and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). A SAR-based oil-spill detection process consists of three stages: image segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition (classification) of the segmented objects as oil spills or look-alikes. The image segmentation was performed with Otsu method. Classification has been done using Back Propagation Network and this network classifies objects into oil spills or look-alikes according to their feature parameters. Improved results have been achieved for the discrimination of oil spills and look-alikes.
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Arslan, Niyazi, Meysam Majidi Nezhad, Azim Heydari, Davide Astiaso Garcia, and Georgios Sylaios. "A Principal Component Analysis Methodology of Oil Spill Detection and Monitoring Using Satellite Remote Sensing Sensors." Remote Sensing 15, no. 5 (2023): 1460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15051460.

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Monitoring, assessing, and measuring oil spills is essential in protecting the marine environment and in efforts to clean oil spills. One of the most recent oil spills happened near Port Fourchon, Louisiana, caused by Hurricane Ida (Category 4), that had a wind speed of 240 km/h. In this regard, Earth Observation (EO) Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS) images can effectively highlight oil spills in marine areas as a “fast and no-cost” technique. However, clouds and the sea surface spectral signature complicate the interpretation of oil spill areas in the optical images. In this study, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) has been applied of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 SRS images to improve information from the optical sensor bands. The PCA produces an output unrelated to the main bands, making it easier to distinguish oil spills from clouds and seawater due to the spectral diversity between oil, clouds, and the seawater surface. Then, an additional step has been applied to highlight the oil spill area using PCAs with different band combinations. Furthermore, Sentinel-1 (SAR), Sentinel-2 (optical), and Landsat-8 (optical) SRS images have been analyzed with cross-sections to suppress the “look-alike” effect of marine oil spill areas. Finally, mean and high-pass filters were used for Land Surface Temperature (LST) SRS images estimated from the Landsat thermal band. The results show that the seawater value is about −17.5 db and the oil spill area shows a value between −22.5 db and −25 db; the Landsat 8 satellites thermal band 10, depicting contrast at some areas for oil spill, can be determined by the 3 × 3 and 5 × 5 Kernel High pass and the 3 × 3 Mean filter. The results demonstrate that the SRS images should be used together to improve oil spill detection studies results.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of oil spills on"

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Suprayogi, Bambang. "The effects of oil spills on mangroves." Thesis, Suprayogi, Bambang (1996) The effects of oil spills on mangroves. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 1996. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/51817/.

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Mangrove communities are vulnerable to oil spills due to their location close to harbours, onshore and offshore oil production facilities, oil exploration facilities and tanker routes. Many oil spill accidents have been reported and the literature on these accidents has been examined with particular emphasis on the effects of oil on mangroves and other organisms. Most of the published studies have resulted from research after oil spill accidents occurred. However, there are very few detail studies on oil dose-response (plant symptomatology, growth, physical and chemical action) relationships in plants and sediments. An understanding of the effects of oil on mangroves may assist in predicting the interactions between oil exposure factors, species sensitivity and environmental factors. The study was designed to determine the concentrations, the time dependencies, and the lethal and subtle effects of spilled oils on different ages of mangroves, with particular focus on mangrove seedlings. The effects of volatile hydrocarbons and the interactions of oil with anoxia (lack of oxygen) on plants and sediments were also studied. Moreover, the aims of the experiments were to characterise the toxic fractions by recording chemical action of two oil types on plant leaves and sediments. The results were expected to determine the resistant index of mangroves to oil spills (time and dose) and to clarify the chemical compounds and concentrations which were toxic to mangroves. Kuwait Crude Oil (KCO) and North West Shelf Condensate (NWSC) were chosen for use as common heavy and light grade oils, respectively. Different age levels (seeds, seedlings and saplings) of Avicennia marina, Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora stylosa and Rhizophora mncronata were chosen for experiments due to their differences in morphological features, physiological processes and sizes. The research was divided into two main exposure conditions, laboratory and field conditions. Each species was exposed to different selected doses of oil, ranging from very low (27.5 g m-2) to very high (1100 g m-2), applied to the sediment surface only, or to the sediment surface and shoots. Very low (27.5 g m-2), low (275 g m-2) and medium (1375 g m-2) doses of KCO did not permanently affect the total metabolic processes for plant survival. In certain case, these doses stimulated growth. However, application of the same doses of NWSC produced chronic effects. Exposure to higher doses (2750, 5500 and 11000 g m-2) of both oils significantly increased injury symptoms and decreased plant growth. The interactive effects between oil treatment and duration of treatment were mostly antagonistic at medium high and high doses of oil and became synergistics at very high doses of oil. Application of oil to the sediment and shoots had more acute impacts than application to the sediment surface only, as indicated by a higher symptom index, leaf abscission and mortality, decreased plant growth and reduced biomass. There were variable effects on leaf area and biomass accumulation as responses of any species were affected more by individual plant-size than by oil treatments. The greater tolerance of biomass responses to oil treatments may be because of its slower response to the stress as it follows physiological and biological changes. In certain cases, the effects were more complicated due interactions of response to oil with other environmental stresses. Although the effects of NWSC and KCO on mangroves were variable, A. marina was more sensitive to both types of oil than the three other species. The differences in morphological features and physiological processes may play an important role in sensitivities of different species. Plant stress in Avicennia mangroves was exhibited as primary effects in response to the toxicity of high concentrations of hydrocarbons and other toxic fractions in plant tissues; while, the stress in Rhizophora mangroves was caused by secondary effects such as physical and chemical changes in sediments which affected nutrient deficiencies and metabolic disruptions. Dose-response relationships for individual oil types were different in each species, and were variable under different conditions of experiment. Different species origin, culturing system, sediment characteristics and environmental factors may cause different sensitivities. Furthermore, differences in the capacity of metabolism, and different ages of mangroves resulted in different sensitivities when the same type and doses of oil were applied. The most sensitive age was seed germination, followed by seedlings and saplings, respectively. NWSC as a light oil was more toxic than KCO (a heavy oil) in all species and all age levels of mangroves. The chemical compositions of hydrocarbons in plants was more important than concentration in producing lethal and sublethal impacts than in KCO. The higher increased content of aromatic fractions in NWSC may confer the considerably degree of toxicity to plants. However, different doses of oil caused different responses in each species. While both oils were greatly degraded with time under laboratory and field conditions, the degradation of NWSC was faster than KCO in sediments. The degradation processes may also be influenced by rainfall, tidal flushing, weathering processes (evaporation), biological factors (bacteria, fungi and other micro-organisms) and environmental factors (temperature, oxygen, nutrients, salinity and pressure). In conclusion, different types and doses of oil, and duration of exposures produced different responses in each species of mangroves. Depending on amount of oil applied, the responses developed from growth stimulation to chronic and acute impacts. However, the mechanism of damage appeared to be similar in all species. The responses included foliar injury (leaf chlorosis and necrosis), leaf abscission, stem deformation, reduced number of new leaves, reduced plant growth and biomass accumulation, and mortality.
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Stacey, Bruce M. "The chronic effect of no. 2 fuel oil on the population dynamics of Harpacticoid copepods in experimental marine mesocosms /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63374.

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Salgado, Maria Antonia Santos Mendes. "The effects of vegetable oil contamination on mussels." Thesis, Bangor University, 1995. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effects-of-vegetable-oil-contamination-on-mussels(a001885f-2570-447b-90fb-d4cc6630d1e9).html.

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In this study the effects of the vegetable oils rapeseed, linseed, olive and sunflower oil on mussel performance were investigated. In view of the scarse knowledge of the effects of vegetable oil spills on marine life, unlike petroleum spills which have been extensively studied, this investigation was directed towards an evaluation of the impact of vegetable oil contamination in the marine environment using Mytilus edulis as a bioindicator organism. The growth of mussels, their tolerance to changing salinities and temperatures, their behaviour and vegetable oil metabolism were studied. Fatty acid composition of mussels. microalgae and vegetable oils was also determined. All the vegetable oils studied had an inhibitory effect on the growth of Mytilus edulis, the growth rate of mussels after four weeks of exposure to the oils being 5 times lower than the growth rates of the control mussels. Growth rates were assessed by a photographic method which proved to be practical and provided sufficient precision in detect small increases in growth. Vegetable oils caused mortalities and they changed the fatty acid composition of mussels. Other biological responses of mussels are also affected by sunflower oil exposure: gaping time, tolerance to low salinities and foot extension activity, of which the latter may be of ecological significance. An uptake and accumulation of fatty acids in mussels marked the presence of vegetable oils, however, fatty acid metabolism was only detected after the oils had been removed. The results of this study indicate that contrary to what is believed, vegetable oils should not be overlooked under the argument of their edibility and biodegradability but instead should be included in oil spill contingency planning because they can cause mortality and disrupt the growth of wild and cultured mussels.
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Bell, Barbara Allen Spotila James R. "Effects of crude oil contamination on the reproduction of freshwater turtles /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2005. http://dspace.library.drexel.edu/handle/1860/479.

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Chan, Godine Kok Yan. "Effects of droplet size on intrusion of sub-surface oil spills." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/79493.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, February 2013.<br>"February 2013." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 86-90).<br>This thesis explores the effects of droplet size on droplet intrusion in sub-surface oil spills. Laboratory experiments were performed where glass beads of various sizes, which serve to simulate oil droplets in deepsea oil spills, were released vertically in a quiescent salinity stratified ambient and descended as multi-phase plumes. The two-tank stratification method was used to create linear density profiles for all experiments. The resulting radial concentration distributions of the dispersed phases were obtained by collecting the settled particles from the bottom of the tank. The radial distributions recorded were found to resemble Gaussian distributions, based on visual observations and analyses of kurtosis, which is consistent with particles being vertically well mixed in the intrusion layer. A new typology was proposed to describe plume structures with UN= us/(BN)¹/⁴ </= 1.4. For UN </=1.4 particle detrain from the plem, but only those with smallest slip velocity (UN </+0.3) intrude. An analytical model assuming well-mixed particle distributions within the intrusion layer was also used to predict the spread of the particle distribution based on initial buoyancy flux B, stratification frequency N, the particle slip velocity us, and the non-dimensional slip velocity UN. Comparison between experimental results and the analytical model suggested that the model accurately predicts the spread of the particles for UN </=1.4. Experiments with beads of difference sizes also suggested that the interaction between two particle groups has minimal effects on their radial particle spread. This indicates that particles of difference sizes can be treated independently when analyzing their radial plume spread. Chemical dispersants produce small oil droplets and the current experiments provide references on the minimum diameter needed for efficient particle spread (Type la* plume). By knowing the following parameters for a scenario - 1) initial buoyancy flux B; 2) the ambient stratification profile N; and 3) the slip velocities of the droplets u, - suitable amounts of dispersant can be determined and applied to reduce the size of the particles exiting the spill, allowing them to intrude and spread for a larger distance in the ocean column. A hypothetical example with conditions taken from the 'Deep Spill' experiment and Deepwater Horizon oil spill was also presented for reference.<br>by Godine Kok Yan Chan.<br>S.M.
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Alloy, Matthew Michael. "Photo-induced Toxicity of Deepwater Horizon Spill Oil to Four Native Gulf of Mexico Species." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc822778/.

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The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill resulted in the accidental release of millions of barrels of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Photo-induced toxicity following co-exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is one mechanism by which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from oil spills may exert toxicity. Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) are an important commercial and ecological resource in the Gulf of Mexico and their largely transparent larvae may make them sensitive to PAH photo-induced toxicity. Mahi-mahi (Coryphaena hippurus), an important fishery resource, have positively buoyant, transparent eggs. These characteristics may result in mahi-mahi embryos being at particular risk from photo-induced toxicity. Red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and speckled seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) are both important fishery resources in the GoM. They spawn near-shore and produce positively buoyant embryos that hatch into larvae in about 24 h. The goal of this body of work was to determine whether exposure to UV as natural sunlight enhances the toxicity of crude oil to early lifestage GoM species. Larval and embryonic organisms were exposed to several dilutions of water accommodated fractions (WAF) from several different oils collected in the field under chain of custody during the 2010 spill and two to three gradations of natural sunlight in a factorial design. Here, we report that co-exposure to natural sunlight and oil significantly reduced larval survival and embryo hatch compared to exposure to oil alone.
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Boyé, Donald J. "The effect of weathering processes on the vertical turbulent dispersion characteristics of crude oil spilled on the sea." FIU Digital Commons, 1994. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1777.

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Since the Exxon Valdez accident in 1987, renewed interest has come forth to better understand and predict the fate and transport of crude oil lost to marine environments. The short-term fate of an Arabian Crude oil was simulated in laboratory experiments using artificial seawater. The time-dependent changes in the rheological and chemical properties of the oil under the influence of natural weathering processes were characterized, including dispersion behavior of the oil under simulated ocean turbulence. Methodology included monitoring the changes in the chemical composition of the oil by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), toxicity evaluations for the oil dispersions by Microtox analysis, and quantification of dispersed soluble aromatics by fluorescence spectrometry. Results for this oil show a sharp initial increase in viscosity, due to evaporative losses of lower molecular weight hydrocarbons, with the formation of stable water-in-oil emulsions occurring within one week. Toxicity evaluations indicate a decreased EC-50 value (higher toxicity) occurring after the oil has weathered eight hours, with maximum toxicity being observed after weathering seven days. Particle charge distributions, determined by electrophoretic techniques using a Coulter DELSA 440, reveal that an unstable oil dispersion exists within the size range of 1.5 to 2.5 um, with recombination processes being observed between sequential laser runs of a single sample.
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Radović, Jagoš. "Comprehensive analytical approaches to determine the sources, fate and effects of marine oil spills." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/283088.

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In the past two decades we witnessed a decrease in both the number of oil spill incidents, and of the quantity of oil released in these incidents, which led to a diminished interest for basic oil spill science. With the introduction of more stringent oil spill legislation, much of the spill response, assessment and restoration activities were passed to governmental agencies and other stakeholders. Their capabilities were perhaps sufficient to deal with the most frequently occurring small-scale spills, however, recent large, catastrophic incidents such as the sinking of Prestige in 2002, or the Deepwater Horizon blowout in 2010, renewed the need for fundamental science in order to be able to fully understand and estimate the scope of the impacts such spills can have on the environment, economy and society. This is particularly important in the context of new explorations and discoveries of hydrocarbon resources in pristine regions such as Arctic, where extreme weather and the lack of infrastructure emphasize even more the need for a comprehensive assessment of all of the possible effects the future oil production could cause. The objectives of this thesis were set to provide new approaches and methodologies, and to improve and reevaluate the previously existing ones, in a way which can contribute to this comprehensive and proactive strategy. Their scope is comprehensive because it covers all the important aspects of marine oil spills – the sources, environmental fate and possible toxic effects. In addition, particular relevance of this thesis is drawn from the fact that the studies presented here include the investigation of real major oil spills (Prestige, DWH), and of a broad range of oils and oil products that are currently produced and transported worldwide. In order to fulfill the abovementioned general objectives, the following specific objectives had to be accomplished: Firstly, a physicochemical database of frequently transported crude and refined oils was created using elemental analysis, thin-layer liquid chromatography (TLC) with flame ionization detector (FID) analysis of principal oil compound groups, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) fingerprinting of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and biomarkers, and available oil assays. This database was then applied to assess their possible fate in the case of a spill, and to model three spill scenarios in different European regional seas using ADIOS2 software from NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Fingerprints of selected oils were assessed and statistically compared to discover the most relevant compositional differences that could facilitate the identification of oil spill sources. Secondly, the GC-MS methodology used to create the fingerprint database of selected oils was evaluated in an international interlaboratory ring test. The objective was to test the capability of this fingerprinting methodology to identify the type and source of weathered (biodegraded) oil samples. Thirdly, the weathering of oil samples from Prestige and Deepwater Horizon spills, in particular the photooxidation, was studied. Samples weathered in field and in laboratory experiments were analyzed using TLC-FID, GC-MS, comprehensive two dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) with FID, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) to discover compositional changes on the bulk level as well as on the molecular level. PAHs and triaromatic steranes (TAS) were of particular interest, as well as the effects of the photooxidation on the robustness of the oil fingerprinting methodology. Finally, the effects of selected fresh and weathered (evaporated, photooxidized) crude and refined oils were studied, using the effect-directed analysis (EDA). The samples were sequentially fractionated using open-column liquid chromatography and normal-phase semipreparative HPLC, and the obtained fractions were subjected to bioassays to test their AhR agonist and AR antagonist activity. The most active fractions were then analyzed using GCxGC coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOFMS), and this data was related to bioassay results using N-way partial least square (N-PLS) chemometric model, in order to identify the compounds responsible for the observed effects.<br>A pesar de las tendencias positivas en las últimas décadas, los vertidos ocasionados por la exploración, extracción y transporte de petróleo siguen siendo una importante amenaza para los ecosistemas marinos y especialmente costeros. Esta Tesis se ocupa de todos los aspectos importantes sobre los vertidos marinos de petróleo: el origen, el destino ambiental y sus posibles efectos. Para permitir su comprensión global, se utilizaron diferentes metodologías complementarias. En primer lugar, se ha creado una base de datos físico-químicos de diferentes petróleos (crudos y refinados) que se transportan frecuentemente usando el análisis elemental, la cromatografía en capa fina (TLC) acoplada a un detector de ionización de llama (FID) de los principales grupos de compuestos de petróleo, la toma de huellas químicas de los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP) y los biomarcadores mediante cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), y ensayos de petróleo disponibles. A continuación, se aplicó esta base de datos para evaluar su posible destino en el caso de un vertido, y para modelar tres escenarios de vertidos en diferentes mares regionales europeos usando el software ADIOS2 de la Administración Nacional Oceánica y Atmosférica (NOAA). Las huellas químicas de los petróleos seleccionados fueron evaluadas y comparadas estadísticamente para investigar las diferencias de composición más relevantes que podrían facilitar la identificación del origen de vertido. En segundo lugar, la metodología de GC-MS utilizada para crear la base de datos de las huellas químicas de los petróleos seleccionados se ha evaluado en una prueba interlaboratorio internacional. El objetivo fue investigar la capacidad que tiene esta metodología de toma de huellas químicas para identificar el tipo y el origen de las muestras envejecidas (biodegradadas) de petróleo. En tercer lugar, se ha estudiado el envejecimiento de las muestras de petróleo de los vertidos de Prestige (2002) y de la plataforma Deepwater Horizon (2010), en particular, debido a la fotooxidación. Se analizaron muestras envejecidas en el campo y en experimentos de laboratorio mediante TLC-FID, GCMS, cromatografía de gases bidimensional integrada (GCxGC) acoplada a un FID, y espectroscopia infrarroja por transformada de Fourier (FT-IR) para investigar los cambios de composición tanto a nivel global como a nivel molecular. Los HAP y esteranos triaromáticos fueron de especial interés, así como los efectos de la fotooxidación en la robustez de la metodología de toma de huellas químicas de petróleo. Finalmente, se estudiaron los efectos de las muestras no tratadas y envejecidas (evaporadas, fotooxidadas) de los petróleos crudos y refinados seleccionados, utilizando el análisis dirigido por los efectos tóxicos (EDA). Las muestras se fraccionaron secuencialmente usando la cromatografía líquida en columna abierta y la cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia (HPLC) semipreparativa en fase normal. Las fracciones obtenidas se sometieron a bioensayos para investigar su actividad agonista de los receptores AhR y la actividad antagonista de los receptores AR. En el siguiente paso, las fracciones más activas fueron analizadas mediante GCxGC acoplada a espectrometría de masas en tiempo de vuelo (TOFMS), y estos datos se relacionaron con los resultados de los bioensayos utilizando un modelo quimiométrico de regresión por mínimos cuadrados parciales en N direcciones (N-PLS), con el fin de identificar los compuestos responsables de los efectos observados.
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Clem, Travis. "Oceanographic effects on maritime threats mines and oil spills in the Strait of Hormuz." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FClem.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Physical Oceanography)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Peter C. Chu. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 97-101). Also available in print.
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Ota, Jonathan Okore. "The effect of light crude oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of kaolinite clay soil." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2013. http://arro.anglia.ac.uk/297120/.

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Crude oil is of economic importance to any nation. However its poor management and disposal method has resulted in oil spillage and ground contamination. Most emphasis on crude oil contamination on the environment has been on surface and ground water pollution, as well as plants and animals with little or no attention paid to the engineering properties of the contaminated soil. This research is thus aimed at investigating the effect of light crude oil contamination on the geotechnical properties of kaolinite clay soil. This research is a laboratory based experiment in which the contaminated soil was prepared by adding different percentages of light crude oil (2%, 5%, 8%, 10%, 15% and 20%) measured by weight of the dry soil sample and mixed until a uniform mixture was obtained. The British Standard Test Methods for Civil Engineering purposes BS 1377: 1990 (EUROCODE 7: EN 1997: 2-5) was adopted with few modifications. The calculations were based on the fact that the pore space in the contaminated soil is occupied by water and crude oil so water content was calculated from the fluid content and the rate of evaporation of crude oil during oven drying was also considered. The classification results showed that crude oil contamination caused an increase in linear shrinkage, liquid limit, plastic limit and plasticity index between 0% to 20% contaminations. The compaction result showed that there was an increase in maximum dry density while the optimum moisture content decreased between 0% and 15% of crude oil contamination. The result showed that the soil could not compact at 20% contamination and above. Also, the coefficient of permeability increased with increase in the percentage of crude oil contamination while the coefficient of consolidation value (Cv) increases with increase in the percentage of contamination. There was a decrease in the cohesion value and the frictional angle due to the introduction of the crude oil into the soil. Although crude oil altered the geotechnical properties of the kaolinite clay soil and reduced its strength, the soil can still be used for geotechnical purposed after remediation.
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Books on the topic "Effect of oil spills on"

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Albers, Peter H. Oil spills and living organisms. Texas Agricultural Extension Service, 1992.

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International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation., ed. Effects of marine oil spills. The International Tanker Owners Pollution Federation Ltd., 1985.

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United States. Minerals Management Service. Alaska OCS Region, ed. Potential effects of oil spills on marine mammals that occur in Alaskan waters. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, 1992.

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1945-, Patten Samuel Merrick, Alaska. Division of Wildlife Conservation., and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., eds. Assessment of injury to sea ducks from hydrocarbon uptake in Prince William Sound and the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 2000.

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1945-, Patten Samuel Merrick, Alaska. Division of Wildlife Conservation., and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., eds. Assessment of injury to sea ducks from hydrocarbon uptake in Prince William Sound and the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 2000.

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1945-, Patten Samuel Merrick, Alaska. Division of Wildlife Conservation., and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service., eds. Assessment of injury to sea ducks from hydrocarbon uptake in Prince William Sound and the Kodiak Archipelago, Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, 2000.

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National Research Council (U.S.). Marine Board. and National Research Council (U.S.). Ocean Studies Board., eds. Spills of emulsified fuels: Risks and response. National Academy Press, 2002.

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Trowbridge, Charles E. Effects of hydrocarbons on bivalves following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, 2002.

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Trowbridge, Charles E. Effects of hydrocarbons on bivalves following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council, 2002.

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Davis, Randall William. Sea otter oil spill avoidance study. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Pacific OCS Region, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of oil spills on"

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Langenhoff, Alette A. M., Shokouh Rahsepar, Justine S. van Eenennaam, et al. "Effect of Marine Snow on Microbial Oil Degradation." In Deep Oil Spills. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_18.

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Zeinstra-Helfrich, Marieke, and Albertinka J. Murk. "Effects of Oil Properties and Slick Thickness on Dispersant Field Effectiveness and Oil Fate." In Deep Oil Spills. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_10.

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Court, Christa, Alan Wade Hodges, Kara Coffey, Cameron H. Ainsworth, and David Yoskowitz. "Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill on Human Communities: Catch and Economic Impacts." In Deep Oil Spills. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_33.

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Pulster, Erin L., Adolfo Gracia, Susan M. Snyder, Kristina Deak, Susan Fogelson, and Steven A. Murawski. "Chronic Sub-lethal Effects Observed in Wild-Caught Fishes Following Two Major Oil Spills in the Gulf of Mexico: Deepwater Horizon and Ixtoc 1." In Deep Oil Spills. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11605-7_24.

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Horn, Matt, Deborah French-McCay, and Dagmar Schmidt Etkin. "Environmental Impact and Modeling of Petroleum Spills." In Threats to Our Ocean Heritage: Potentially Polluting Wrecks. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57960-8_3.

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AbstractThe risks associated with a release of oil posed by potentially polluting wrecks (PPW) span a wide range of probabilities and potential magnitudes for environmental consequences. Even a lay reader will be well aware that following a release of oil, there is great potential for environmental damage and mortality of birds, mammals, and fish. Fisheries and beach closures and localised evacuations may occur to limit the exposure of humans to potential contaminants. The range of socio-economic and ecological impacts can be quite large between releases with the geographic extent and magnitude of effects being extremely variable between releases. In addition, the duration of these effects and changes to populations and ecosystems can range from a few days to years or even decades in some circumstances. This variability necessitates the quantitative assessment of the range of environmental impacts to understand where a release may occur, the environmental conditions at the time of the release, the geographic extent over which it may be transported, and the receptors of interest (e.g., species of concern, shorelines, populated areas) that may be impacted. Computational oil spill models were developed to characterise the movement and behavior of released oil in the environment, while also quantifying the duration of exposure to levels of contamination and their potential for both lethal and sublethal effects.
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Stephansen, Cathrine, Anders Bjørgesæter, Odd Willy Brude, et al. "Environmental Risk Management Applications of ERA Acute." In Assessing Environmental Risk of Oil Spills with ERA Acute. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70176-5_2.

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AbstractERA Acute supports a variety of analyses, from simple screening studies based on oil spill statistics and potential impact areas to more in-depth impact and recovery calculations on species and habitats. The ERA Acute software tool has been built to enable and provide ease of use of the methodology and results. Visualizations of impact and risk areas can be made at several levels, from simulations and scenarios to whole cases. Results can have a monthly resolution to show variations throughout the year. This enables a wide range of decision-support from risk screening studies, impact assessments, risk quantification, risk management including effect of mitigating measures (NEBA/SIMA) evaluations to properly inform oil spill response planning. The methodology is suitable for global use and will be the recommended approach for oil spill risk assessments for offshore operators on the NCS.
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Foekema, Edwin M., Justine S. van Eenennaam, David J. Hollander, et al. "Testing the Effect of MOSSFA (Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculent Accumulation) Events in Benthic Microcosms." In Scenarios and Responses to Future Deep Oil Spills. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12963-7_17.

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Helm, Roger C., Daniel P. Costa, Terry D. DeBruyn, Thomas J. O'Shea, Randall S. Wells, and Terrie M. Williams. "Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals." In Handbook of Oil Spill Science and Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118989982.ch18.

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Overton, Edward B., Dana L. Wetzel, Jeffrey K. Wickliffe, and Puspa L. Adhikari. "Spilled Oil Composition and the Natural Carbon Cycle: The True Drivers of Environmental Fate and Effects of Oil Spills." In Scenarios and Responses to Future Deep Oil Spills. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-12963-7_3.

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Che Ishak, Ismila, Aminuddin Md Arof, Md Redzuan Zoolfakar, et al. "The Effect of Oil Spill from Current Oil Spill Incidents in Malaysia." In Advanced Structured Materials. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38993-1_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of oil spills on"

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Bai, Yong, Shahirah Abu Bakar, ShiLiang He, and Abu Bakar Mohd Arif. "Consequences of Failure Estimation for Oil and Gas Spills." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83098.

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This paper reviews the consequence of failure (CoF) estimation for oil and gas spills based from Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) study. The main purpose of QRA is to determine the target reliabilities for each different pipeline system segments; and the purpose of CoF is to determine the failure consequences including amount and rate of oil spill and gas spill, affected area, delaying mission or any other measurement of negative impact. However, this paper will focused on determination of oil spill slicked and gas spill leakage within a leakage in a pipeline system. Then, a suitable action can be performed based on these calculations and data to avoid the consequences of failure such as number of people effected, production cost affected, environment area affected, etc. In some cases, event tree analysis will be performed especially for consequences of gas spill. Oil spill modeling is performed by using ADIOS software to stimulate the oil spilled evaporation, while oil slick calculation and gas spill leakage modeling is from common mathematical software to calculate the failure consequences. The purpose of both modeling is to simulate the potential spills with varying leakage sizes at different sections of the pipeline systems.
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Raharjo, D. "Detect Oil Spill in Offshore Facility using Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning." In Indonesian Petroleum Association 44th Annual Convention and Exhibition. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa21-e-194.

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The oil spill has a detrimental effect on the environment due to its pollution and long-term damage to sea wildlife. As the facility ages, the pipeline leak may increase as integrity reduces due to corrosion or erosion and worsens by minimal maintenance activity. To detect the oil leak, some assessments in the United States statistically found that leak detection system (LDS) effectiveness is less than 20% based on Aloqaily and Arafat (2018). Probably, LDS might not always give a satisfactory result to detect leaks and oil spills and may need to rely on other manual surveillance. Nevertheless, due to limited personnel and the large area of interest, oil spill usually goes undetected until local people and fishermen report it. In an oil spill case, having an early notification is crucial to limiting the leakage and improving mitigation time. To put it in perspective, one of the largest oil spills is the Deepwater Horizon, with an estimation of oil discharged around 4.1 – 4.9 million bbls, and legal fees cost up to 61.6 billion dollars. Looking at this number, we can estimate how important it is to stop oil spills at the very initial of occurrence to minimize environmental damage. This paper aims to exhibit a new approach in oil spill detection using deep convolutional neural networks and transfer learning. We develop an “artificial eye” to automatically classify the surrounding image and identify external manifestations to detect oil spills. We offer a concept upon how we leverage artificial intelligence to automatically classify a stream of the picture, whether it is an oil spill or not. Furthermore, we introduce an IoT and drone technology concept to maximize it to survey the pipeline path regularly. The image captured by these devices is then fed through a deep learning classifier model that decides whether the leak is present or not. By utilizing this technology, we hope to create automatic early notification if leakage occurs so that the oil spill combat team can cure the problem as fast as possible before the leak expands further.
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Davis, Donald W., and Roland J. Guidry. "University Expertise and the Oil and Gas Industry: Development of Cost Effective Solutions to Applied Oil-Spill-Related Research Issues." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-054.

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Immediately after the Exxon Valdez incident, the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was passed. This Act clarified the lines of responsibility associated with future oil spills. In addition to this Federal legislation, Louisiana lawmakers in 1991 enacted the Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act. Financial awards associated with this Act support a wide-range of research activities. Since 1993, 24 projects have been funded. The scope and nature of this research includes: • Oil Spill Awareness through Geoscience Education (OSAGE); • Used Oil Recycling in Louisiana’s Coastal Communities; • Evaluation and Characterization of Sorbents; • Landsat TM and Synthetic Aperture Radar to Facilitate Coastline Delineation; • Environmental Effects and Effectiveness of In-Situ Burning in Wetlands; • Bioremediation Protocol for Small-Scale Oil Spills; • Oil Spill Risk on Louisiana’s Largest Waterway; • River Time-of-Travel Modeling; • Composting Technology for Practical and Safe Remediation of Oil-Spill Residuals; • Predictability of Oceanic and Atmospheric Conditions off the Mississippi Delta; and • Phytoremediation for Oil Spill Cleanup and Habitat Restoration in Louisiana’s Marshes. Each of these projects, and others, are the result of the marriage of industry and university researchers in the identification and solution of applied oil-spill-related problems. The alliance is a good one. Important environmental issues are addressed because the selection process ensures each research initiative has the potential of being implemented by the response community. The work and knowledge gained from these projects is a clear indication of how industry and the university community can function in a collaborative manner to solve important issues — a significant partnership that clearly shows how both can benefit and a model for others to follow.
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Bai, Yong, and Zatil Akmal Zukifli. "Environmental Impact Assessment for Offshore Pipelines." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83100.

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The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) emphasize and intended to access and evaluate the impacts on the environment of any possible alternative and initiative in decision making process. In this paper, the biggest impact of oil spills in the history, which is the BP oil spill are discuss. The calculation especially calculate the oil spread by the average of wind and wave. The spread are effected while an oil spill in the water surface and expose to the environment. This exposure might evaporated to the air or maybe spread into the water flow and might be dissolved in the water it self. In making these calculation successfull, the main equation disscuss here are the dispersion model. This model cover all aspects of dispersion and its consequences while it is burst once at the atmosphere. Besides, in order to find the oil evaporation and its spreadable, the calculation have been made which is the same equation to calculate the SHELL spills before.
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ŽIVELYTĖ, Vilma, Saulius VASAREVIČIUS, and Irma GALGINIENĖ. "RESEARCH OF THE BIOREMEDIATION OF HYDROCARBONS IN SOIL BY THE USE OF SILICA NANOCOMPOSITE." In Conference for Junior Researchers „Science – Future of Lithuania“. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/aainz.2017.025.

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Decades ago, oil spill has become a global issue. It effects not only environment but also economic life. Oil spills occur due to tanker disasters, wars, operation failures, during transportation, storage, use of oil and other accidents. Soil contaminated with petroleum effects human health, causes organic pollution of groundwater, which limits its use and decreases the agricultural productivity of the soil. Therefore, it is important to clean up oil spills as quickly as possible. Nowadays researchers are looking for new technologies that tackle three most important factors related with the oil spill clean-up: money, efficiency and time. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in oil-contaminated soil using silica nanocomposite. According to the findings, silica nanocomposite might increase microbial activity during biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil because of the ability of nanoparticles to absorb water and keep moisture in soil thus creating a favourable environment for microorganisms. The study of biodegradation with the use of silica nanocomposite was carried out for a period of ten weeks in cooperation with the company Grunto Valymo Technologijos.
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Paladino, Emilio Ernesto, and Clovis Raimundo Maliska. "Numerical Simulation of Oil Slicks Trajectories: A Tool for Risk Assesment in Pipeline Breakdown." In 2000 3rd International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2000-239.

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The aim of this paper is to present a mathematical model and its numerical treatment to forecast oil spills trajectories in the sea. The knowledge of the trajectory followed by an oil slick spilled on the sea is of fundamental importance in the estimation of potential risks for pipeline and tankers route selection, and in combating the pollution using floating barriers, detergents, etc. In order to estimate these slicks trajectories a new model, based on the mass and momentum conservation equations is presented. The model considers the spreading in the regimes when the inertial and viscous forces counterbalance gravity and takes into account the effects of winds and water currents. The mass loss caused by oil evaporation is also considered. The numerical model is developed in generalized coordinates, making the model easily applicable to complex coastal geographies.
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Mitchell, James, Steve Jasper, and Jim Mihell. "A Semi-Quantitative Risk Assessment to Support Oil Pipeline Risk-Based Design." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33659.

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During the regulatory phase of the Enbridge Northern Gateway Project (Northern Gateway), the Joint Review Panel (JRP) requested information on “how the risk factors resulting from the geotechnical and geographic aspects of the pipeline will be taken into account” and to demonstrate “the integration of risk factors with the environmental and socio-economic consequences from potential hydrocarbon releases”. Furthermore, the JRP required Northern Gateway to identify where a risk-based approach to design would be used to address geotechnical and seismic hazards, valve locations for spill consequence reduction and risk reduction in consequence areas”. [1] To meet this requirement a semi-quantitative risk assessment (SQRA) was undertaken. Risk was defined as a function of probability and consequence, where the probability (expressed as a frequency) of loss of pipe integrity was quantitatively determined and the consequence of failure was qualitatively determined. The frequency of failure was a probabilistic combination of the calculated probability of failure from reliability methods, historical frequencies and assessed geo-hazard failure frequency rates. Consequence scoring was based on intersection of theoretical spills with “consequence areas” for environmental or socio-economic effects Frequency and consequence were then combined to provide risk scoring and ranking. Failure frequencies were developed using reliability methods where appropriate. The use of reliability methods addresses the primary challenge associated with quantifying risk for new pipelines as industry failure statistics are not directly applicable to modern pipeline designs, materials, and operating practices. In the pipeline industry, reliability models exist for the most significant threats, including third-party damage, internal corrosion and external corrosion. In addition, geotechnical threats can be characterized in terms of expected magnitude and associated frequency of occurrence, thereby enabling pipeline reliability to be established for each geo-hazard. Consequence scoring was based on modeling full bore rupture spill scenarios and determining whether these spills would potentially intersect identified “consequence areas”. Over the course of the application and hearing process two SQRA’s were undertaken. Following the filing of the first SQRA, additional measures were included in the pipeline design to reduce the frequency of failure and to reduce potential consequences. This resulted in the calculated overall risk being reduced by a factor of 84%, primarily due to increases in wall thickness resulting in a reduction in the likelihood of 3rd party damage and in a reduction of consequence by an increased number of valves.
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Dahi-Taleghani, Negar, and Mayank Tyagi. "Economic Effects of Multiple Disasters in the Gulf of Mexico." In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-42204.

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With the recent exploration/discovery of deep-water reservoirs andcontinued developments of drilling and production, it remains very important to have a comprehensive and quantitative risk assessment ofthe drilling/production processes including effective response to deal with such disasters. What measures must be taken to recover from the disaster scenario of a hurricane impacting the same region in the aftermath of an oil spill? The Deepwater Horizon oil spill, the largest marine oil spill in history, was caused by an explosion on a semi-submersible drilling rig about 50 miles southeast of the Mississippi River delta on April 20, 2010. Catastrophic events such as oil spills have enormous impact for the local economy of the area and even for the local labor markets. Another regional disaster, Hurricane Katrina impacted Louisiana, Mississippi, and Alabama, as it ripped over the core of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) producing zone, one of the important oil and gas production areas of the worldin 2005. Also, if acatastrophic disaster occurs and the emergency response supply chain is not adequately prepared, then the economic consequences of sucheventcan be huge. Whenever a disaster happens, another reaction to this event that should be considered is resiliency. It is the ability to reduce or remove potential losses due to disaster events. The impact of different shocks on various aspects of a state’s economic performance is estimated using a Vector Autoregressive model (VAR). In this study, the dynamic response of a variety of industrial sectors in Louisiana to each of these disasters is considered. The responses of different impulses in this model are shown to demonstrate the interdependence of various time series data.
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Skalak, Katherine, Adam Benthem, Isabelle Cozzarelli, et al. "VARIATION IN THE EFFECTS OF UNCONVENTIONAL OIL AND GAS SPILLS IN THE WILLISTON BASIN." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-285756.

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Villoria, C. M., A. E. Anselmi, and F. R. Garcia. "An Oil Spill Fate Model Including Sinking Effect." In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/23371-ms.

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Reports on the topic "Effect of oil spills on"

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Stavland, Arne, Siv Marie Åsen, Arild Lohne, Olav Aursjø, and Aksel Hiorth. Recommended polymer workflow: Lab (cm and m scale). University of Stavanger, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.201.

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Abstract:
Polymer flooding is one of the most promising EOR methods (Smalley et al. 2018). It is well known and has been used successfully (Pye 1964; Standnes &amp; Skjevrak 2014; Sheng et al. 2015). From a technical perspective we recommend that polymer flooding should be considered as a viable EOR method on the Norwegian Continental Shelf for the following reasons: 1. More oil can be produced with less water injected; this is particularly important for the NCS which are currently producing more water than oil 2. Polymers will increase the aerial sweep and improve the ultimate recovery, provided a proper injection strategy 3. Many polymer systems are available, and it should be possible to tailor their chemical composition to a wide range of reservoir conditions (temperature and salinity) 4. Polymer systems can be used to block water from short circuiting injection production wells 5. Polymer combined with low salinity injection water has many benefits: a lower polymer concentration can be used to reach target viscosity, less mechanical degradation, less adsorption, and a potential reduction in Sor due to a low salinity wettability effect. There are some hurdles when considering polymer flooding that needs to be considered: 1. Many polymer systems are not at the present considered as green chemicals; thus, reinjection of produced water is needed. However, results from polymer degradation studies in the IORCentre indicates that a. High molecular weight polymers are quickly degraded to low molecular weight. In case of accidental release to the ocean low molecular weight polymers are diluted and the lifetime of the spill might be quite short. According to Caulfield et al. (2002) HPAM is not toxic, and will not degrade to the more environmentally problematic acrylamide. b. In the DF report for environmental impact there are case studies using the DREAM model to predict the transport of chemical spills. This model is coupled with polymer (sun exposure) degradation data from the IORCentre to quantify the lifetime of polymer spills. This approach should be used for specific field cases to quantify the environmental risk factor. 2. Care must be taken to prepare the polymer solution offshore. Chokes and vales might be a challenge but can be mitigating according to the results from the large-scale testing done in the IORCentre (Stavland et al. 2021). None of the above-mentioned challenges are server enough to not consider polymer flooding. HPAM is neither toxic, nor bio-accumulable, or bio-persistent and the CO2 footprint from a polymer flood may be significantly less than a water flood (Dupuis et al. 2021). There are at least two contributing factors to this statement, which we will return in detail to in the next section i) during linear displacement polymer injection will produce more oil for the same amount of water injected, hence the lifetime of the field can be shortened ii) polymers increase the arial sweep reducing the need for wells.
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2

Ahad, J., and M. Bringué. Oil spills project. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329837.

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Evans, D., G. Mulholland, D. Gross, H. Baum, and K. Saito. Environment effects of oil spill combustion. National Bureau of Standards, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.88-3822.

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Walton, William D., William D. Walton, and Nora H. Jason. In situ burning of oil spills. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.935.

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Walton, William D. In situ burning of oil spills :. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.995v2r1.

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Spies, R. Effects of the Shell Oil spill on hydrocarbon metabolism in the staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus: Pilot and reconnaissance study for the Shell Oil spill assessment and recovery monitoring environmental effects program. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5403219.

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Harris, Aubrey E., Leslie Hopkinson, and Daniel Soeder. The Assessment of Instruments for Detecting Surface Water Spills Associated with Oil and Gas Operations. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1340657.

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ABB ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES INC PORTLAND ME. No Further Action Decision Under CERCLA, Fort Devens Study Area 58, Buildings 2648 and 2650 Fuel Oil Spills. Defense Technical Information Center, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada467004.

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Olsen, D. K. Effect of wettability on light oil steamflooding. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5921887.

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Hajdu, P. E., J. W. Tierney, and I. Wender. Effect of modifying host oil on coprocessing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/61082.

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