Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of size'

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of size"

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Binz, S. M., M. Hupalo, and M. C. Tringides. "Quantum size effect dependent critical size cluster and finite size effects." Journal of Applied Physics 105, no. 9 (May 2009): 094307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3121504.

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Kilic, Selim. "Effect size." Journal of Mood Disorders 4, no. 1 (2014): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jmood.20140228012836.

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Borland, C. "Effect size." BMJ 310, no. 6980 (March 11, 1995): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6980.672.

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Bažant, Zdeněk P. "Size effect." International Journal of Solids and Structures 37, no. 1-2 (January 2000): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(99)00077-3.

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Yang, Shengping, and Gilbert Berdine. "Effect size." Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles 9, no. 40 (July 9, 2021): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.12746/swrccc.v9i40.901.

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Wolf, J., and M. Wolfová. " Effect of service sire on litter size traits in Czech Large White and Landrace pigs." Czech Journal of Animal Science 57, No. 5 (May 18, 2012): 220–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5920-cjas.

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The proportion of variance for service sire effect was estimated for three litter size traits (numbers of piglets born, born alive, and weaned) in Czech Large White (89 231 litters) and Czech Landrace (28 320 litters) pigs. Each trait in the first parity was considered as one trait and that trait in the second and subsequent parities was treated as a repeated trait. Consequently, three two-trait animal models were evaluated for each litter size trait: (i) the service sire effect was included and the complete relationship matrix for all the animals (service sires and sows) was taken into account; (ii) the service sire effect was included as a random effect without inclusion of the relationship matrix; (iii) the service sire effect was omitted from the model. Using the residual variance as a criterion, both models including the service sire effect were slightly better than the model without this effect. Estimates of genetic parameters were very similar for the two models including the service sire effect. The proportion of variance for service sire was in the range from 2 to 3% (standard error approx. 0.2%) in Czech Large White and 2% (standard error approx. 0.3%) in Czech Landrace for all three litter size traits and all models. Models without service sire effect or models including service sire as a simple random effect and without inclusion of the genetic relationship matrix are recommended for genetic evaluation of litter size traits.  
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Chotěborský, R., P. Hrabě, M. Müller, R. Válek, J. Savková, and M. Jirka. "Effect of carbide size in hardfacing on abrasive wear." Research in Agricultural Engineering 55, No. 4 (December 7, 2009): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1/2009-rae.

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Abrasive wear of high alloyed overlay materials with high contents of carbide phases of M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> depends on the sizes of the carbide particles and on their distribution in an overlay. This work is focused on the study of the carbide particles size effect on abrasive wear. The size of carbide particles of M<sub>7</sub>C<sub>3</sub> type, their distribution (part) in the matrix and their effect on abrasive wear were measured. Hardness in single layers, as well as microhardness of the matrix and of carbide particles, were also measured. The abrasive wear resistance was measured using the pin-on-disk machine with bonded abrasive particles. For the study of the chemical composition, the scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was used.
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Saltychev, Mikhail. "Measuring Effect Size." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 98, no. 1 (January 2019): e4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/phm.0000000000000985.

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Livingston, Edward H., Alan Elliot, Linda Hynan, and Jing Cao. "Effect Size Estimation." Archives of Surgery 144, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.2009.150.

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Gibbs, Neville M., and William M. Weightman. "Beyond Effect Size." Anesthesia & Analgesia 114, no. 2 (February 2012): 471–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1213/ane.0b013e31823d2ab7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of size"

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Mian, Aamer Jalil. "Size effect in micromachining." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/size-effect-in-micromachining(91bf7280-a937-4509-9c40-4ff2e36d26c6).html.

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The world is experiencing a growing demand for miniaturised products. Micro-milling, using carbide micro tools has the potential for direct, economical manufacture of micro parts from a wide range of workpiece materials. However, in previous studies several critical issues have been identified that preclude the direct application of macro machining knowledge in the micro domain through simple dimensional analysis. The research presented in this thesis focused on some of the areas that require development of the scientific knowledge base to enable determining improved microscale cutting performance. In the mechanical micro machining of coarse grained materials, the programmed undeformed chip thickness can be lower than the length scale of the workpiece grains. Moreover, when the microstructure of such materials is composed of more than one phase, the micro cutting process can be undertaken at a length scale where this heterogeneity has to be considered. Driven by this challenge, the material microstructure 'size effect' on micro-machinability of coarse grain steel materials was investigated in this PhD. In this regard, a predominantly single phase ferritic workpiece steel material and another workpiece material with near balanced ferrite/pearlite volume fractions was studied over a range of feedrates. The results suggested that for micro machined parts, differential elastic recovery between phases leads to higher surface roughness when the surface quality of micro machined multiphase phase material is compared to that of single phase material. On the other hand, for single phase predominantly ferritic materials, reducing burr size and tool wear are major challenges. In micro machining the so called 'size effect' has been identified as critical in defining the process performance. However, an extensive literature search had indicated that there was no clear reported evidence on the effect of process variables on driving this size effect phenomenon. It is often assumed in literature that the un-deformed chip thickness was the main factor driving the size effect. This limit manufactures to only altering the feedrate to try and influence size effect. To explore the significance of a range of inputs variables and specifically, cutting variables on the size effect, micro cutting tests were conducted on Inconel 718 nickel alloy. Taguchi methodology along with signal processing techniques were applied to micro milling acoustic emission signals to identify frequency/energy bands and hence size effect specific process mechanism. The dominant cutting parameters for size effect characteristics were determined by analysis of variance. These findings show that despite most literature focussing on chip thickness as the dominant parameter on size effect, the cutting velocity is a dominant factor on size effect related process performance. This suggests that manipulating the cutting speed can also be a very effective strategy in optimising surface finish in micro machining and in breaking the lower limit of micro machining.In micro machining the lower limit of the process window is set by the minimum chip thickness. Identifying this limit is thus important for establishing the process window. Process windows are valuable guidelines for industrial selection of cutting conditions. Additionally, understanding factors that influence the value of minimum chip thickness is even more important for progressing micro machining capability to the nano-scale machining regime. For this reason, in this PhD study, acoustic emission signatures emanating from microscale milling of six different workpiece materials were characterised to identify the rubbing mode and this enabled the identification of the threshold conditions for occurrence of minimum chip thickness. The minimum chip thickness predicted by this novel approach compares reasonably well to the values that exist in published literature. Additionally, the decomposition of raw acoustic signal allowed the determination of energy levels corresponding to deformation mechanisms. The PhD work provides significant and new knowledge on the utility and importance of acoustic emission signals in characterising chip formation in micro machining. A novel method for determining the minimum chip thickness was developed, micro machining chip formation mechanisms were identified and the machinability of coarse grained multiphase material is presented.
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Uusi-Heikkilae, Silva. "Body size, reproduction and size-selective harvesting." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16577.

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Die Körpergröße ist von großer Bedeutung für die Fitness vieler Tiere, weil sie positiv mit Überleben und Reproduktionserfolg korreliert ist. Große Rogner vieler Fischarten sind fruchtbarer und produzieren Nachkommen von höherer Qualität verglichen mit kleineren Weibchen. Auch für Milchner einiger Fischarten wurde ein Einfluss der Körpergröße auf frühe Lebensstadien nachgewiesen. Der größenabhängige paternale Effekt verglichen mit maternalen Effekten ist weniger gut untersucht. Das Verständnis der Variation im Reproduktionserfolg als Funktion der Körpergröße der Laicher ist wichtig, weil die Fischerei die Durchschnittsgröße des Laicherbestands reduziert. In vorliegender Dissertation wurden in Laborversuchen an Zebrafischen (Danio rerio) größenabhängige paternale und maternale Effekte auf den Reproduktionserfolg und die Auswirkungen größenselektiver Entnahme auf Körperlänge, Reifung und Reproduktionserfolg untersucht. Die Köperlänge und Kondition waren wichtige Determinanten der Reifung bei Zebrafischen. Größere Rogner zeigten höheren Reproduktionserfolg als kleinere Fische und ein signifikanter Einfluss der Milchnerkörperlänge auf die frühen Lebensstadien ihrer Nachkommen wurde dokumentiert. Längere Männchen wurden von Rognern auch bei der Paarung bevorzugt. Die größenabhängigen maternalen und paternalen Effekte waren ausschlaggebend für den erhöhten Reproduktionserfolg von Zebrafischlaichbeständen, die, verglichen mit kleinen Laichern, aus großen oder zufällig zusammengesetzten Individuen zusammengesetzt waren. Die größenselektive Entnahme führte zu phänotypischen und genetischen Veränderungen, die nach Einstellung der experimentellen Befischung persistierten. Das deutet an, dass die durch die Fischerei ausgelöste Evolution schwierig umkehrbar sein könnte. Die Köpergröße ist von überragender Bedeutung in der Reproduktionsbiologie des Zebrafisches und der Schutz großer Laichfische kann wichtig für den Erhalt der Reproduktionskapazität von befischten Beständen sein.
Body size is a fundamentally important trait for fitness in many animal species because it correlates positively with survival and reproductive success. In many fish species, large females exhibit higher fecundity and produce higher quality offspring compared to small females. Similarly, male body size can affect offspring quality and early life-history traits but the importance of these effects to the reproductive biology of fish is poorly studied. The extent to which variation in reproductive success is explained by parental body size is an important research topic because size-selective fishing usually reduces the average size of reproducing adults in a population. In my dissertation, I studied the parental size effects on reproductive success in a model species (zebrafish, Danio rerio). I also studied the effects of size-selective harvesting on body size, maturation and reproductive output. Body size and condition factor were important determinants of the initiation of maturation in zebrafish. Large females were found to have higher reproductive success compared to small females and a significant effect of male body size on early life-history traits was documented. I found that large males were also favored by the females resulting to differential allocation of reproductive resources toward large males. The maternal- and paternal-size effects ultimately led to elevated reproductive success of experimental spawning stocks consisting of large or random-sized individuals compared to spawning stocks consisting of small individuals. Size-selective harvesting induced rapid phenotypic and genetic changes, which persisted after selection was halted. This suggests that fishing-induced changes might be hard to reverse. My results emphasize the importance of body size to the reproductive biology of zebrafish and suggest that protecting large fish might be important to maintain the reproductive potential of exploited fish stocks.
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Lindh, Johan. "Common language effect size : A valuable step towards a more comprehensible presentation of statistical information?" Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Psykologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-166438.

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To help address the knowledge gap between science and practice this study explores the possible positive benefits of using a more pedagogical effect size estimate when presenting statistical relationships. Traditional presentation has shown limitations with major downsides being that scientific findings are misinterpreted or misunderstood even by professionals. This study explores the possible effects of the non-traditional effect size estimate Common Language Effect Size (CLES) on different training outcomes for HR professionals. This study also explores the possible effect of cognitive system preference on training outcomes. Results show no overall effect of CLES on either training outcomes or cognitive system. A positive effect of CLES on training outcome is found at the subfactor level showing a significant effect. The results can be interpreted that non-traditional effect size estimates have a limited effect on training outcomes. This small but valuable piece to bridge the gap of knowledge is discussed.
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Choi, Jae Sung. "Size Effect in the Cryptocurrency Market." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1927.

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This paper shows the existence of the size effect in the cryptocurrency market. The size effect is a market phenomenon observed in the stock market in which smaller assets outperform larger assets. Recent literature has revealed the size effect in other financial markets as well. In order to explain the size effect, this paper proposes a general quantitative theory that supports its existence in any financial markets under specific conditions. Furthermore, the paper tests for the size effect in the cryptocurrency market using daily price data from April 2013 to April 2018. The paper finds a statistically significant size effect across the cryptocurrency market during the sample period. In the process, we test a profitable pair-trading strategy that involves opening a short position on the higher rank (larger assets) and opening a long position on the lower rank (smaller assets) of the cryptocurrency market. Based on our findings, we discuss the implications on modern finance, specifically on the subjects of Efficient Market Hypothesis and asset pricing models.
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Moracz, Kelle. "Comprehension and Interpretation of Common Language Effect Size Displays." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1573756511230833.

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Baldassari, Mattia. "Fracture Energy and Size effect in Concrete." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020.

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A testing campaign was conducted to investigate fracture behavior in very large size specimen. After three chapters of theoretical background, on LEFM, nonlinear fracture mechanics, size effect on quasi-brittle material, a new three point bending horizontal set-up was developed, recent using of damage correlation techniques and its usage was then investigated in the determination of the softening parameters.
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Suk, Yongsoon. "Insider trading, size effect, and seasonal anomalies." Connect to resource, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1262108164.

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Backer-Meurke, Fredrik. "Finite-size effect in CoAlZr/AlZr multilayers." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Materialfysik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-355721.

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The structural and magnetic properties of amorphous Cox(Al80Zr20)1-x multilayers with varying thicknesses of the magnetic bilayers have been investigated. The reduction of the thickness causes a reduction of the critical temperature, Tc, this is known as the finite-size effect. The multilayers were grown using DC magnetron sputtering, co-sputtering was used with cobalt and an Al80Zr20 alloy target to create an amorphous CoAlZr alloy. The total thickness of the multilayers was chosen to be held constant at 60 nm and the Al80Zr20 spacing layers were thick enough to suppress any interlayer exchange coupling effects. Estimating the composition using RBS proved difficult with great uncertainties in the measured amount of aluminium in the samples. The amorphousness of the samples was investigated using GIXRD and all measured samples display x-ray amorphousness. Fits of XRR measurements showed that the bilayers displayed a rather large roughness, the origin of this roughness is unknown. MOKE measurements showed that the CoAlZr alloys exhibit a noncollinear spin structure at magnetic bilayer thicknesses of 6 nm and below. The samples’ noncollinear spin structure lead to the loss of remanence. Attempts at measuring the critical temperature with DC measurements using the remanence at zero field were therefore unsuccessful. AC susceptibility with SQUID should allow an accurate measurement of the critical temperature.
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Cengizoglu, Gonca. "Effect of Firm Size on Female Earnings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500428/.

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There are various factors effecting females' wage level such as marital status, occupation, education, and experience. This paper also includes firm size and answers the questions: What effect does firm size have on female earnings? Is that effect different for black than white females?
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He, Bin. "Drainage effect on machinery size and cost." The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1202233841.

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Books on the topic "Effect of size"

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Makkonen, Matti. Size effect and notch size effect in metal fatigue. Lappeenranta: Lappeenrannan Tekmillinen korkeakoulu, 1999.

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Brown, Charles. The employer size wage effect. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.

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Cortina, Jose, and Hossein Nouri. Effect Size for ANOVA Designs. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States of America: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412984010.

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Barth, Erling. Employer size or skill-group size effect on wages? Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2005.

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Aliofkhazraei, Mahmood. Nanocoatings: Size Effect in Nanostructured Films. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2011.

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Du, Xiuli, and Liu Jin. Size Effect in Concrete Materials and Structures. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4943-8.

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Green, Francis. Employer size-wage effect: Is monopsony the explanation? London: Centre for Economic Performance, 1992.

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Abdelraheem, S. K. The quantum size effect in wedge-shaped films. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1986.

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King, David L. Stock market anomalies: The size effect, the January effect in an Irish context. Dublin: University College Dublin, 1993.

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Green, F. The employer size-wage effect: Is monopsony the explanation. London: London School of Economics, Centre for Economic Performance, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of size"

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Sawilowsky, Shlomo, Jack Sawilowsky, and Robert J. Grissom. "Effect Size." In International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science, 426–29. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-04898-2_226.

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Ellenbroek, Bart, Alfonso Abizaid, Shimon Amir, Martina de Zwaan, Sarah Parylak, Pietro Cottone, Eric P. Zorrilla, et al. "Effect Size." In Encyclopedia of Psychopharmacology, 456. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-68706-1_912.

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Wagner, III, William E., and Brian Joseph Gillespie. "Effect Size." In Using and Interpreting Statistics in the Social, Behavioral, and Health Sciences, 157–64. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781071814284.n11.

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Pardo, Luis, Andrés Antivilo-Bruna, and Gonzalo Miguez. "Effect Size." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_242-1.

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Baguley, Thom. "Effect size." In Serious Stats, 234–76. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-36355-7_7.

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Bogduk, Nikolai. "Effect Size." In Encyclopedia of Pain, 1106–8. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28753-4_1259.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "effect size." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 62. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_464.

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Borenstein, Michael. "Effect size estimation." In APA handbook of research methods in psychology, Vol 3: Data analysis and research publication., 131–46. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/13621-006.

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Nahler, Gerhard. "effect size (SRM)." In Dictionary of Pharmaceutical Medicine, 62. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-89836-9_465.

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Eremeyev, Victor A. "Size Effect in Nanomaterials." In Encyclopedia of Continuum Mechanics, 2290–91. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-55771-6_170.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of size"

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Giger, Emanuel, and Harald C. Gall. "Effect size analysis." In 2013 1st International Workshop on Data Analysis Patterns in Software Engineering (DAPSE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dapse.2013.6603801.

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Ou, Haiyan, Yiyu Ou, Chuan Liu, Rolf W. Berg, and Karsten Rottwitt. "Size-effect of germanium nanocrystals." In CLEO: Applications and Technology. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_at.2011.jwa60.

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BAIER, V. N., and V. M. KATKOV. "BEAM-SIZE EFFECT IN BREMSSTRAHLUNG." In Proceedings of the Joint 28th ICFA Advanced Beam Dynamics and Advanced & Novel Accelerators Workshop. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702333_0043.

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Ghassemali, Ehsan, Anders E. W. Jarfors, Ming-Jen Tan, and Chua Beng Wah. "Microstructure versus substructure size effect." In ESAFORM 2016: Proceedings of the 19th International ESAFORM Conference on Material Forming. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4963491.

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Morozovsky, Nicholas, Hanna Shevliakova, and George Svechnikov. "Size Effect in Multilayer Pyroactive Structures." In 2019 IEEE 39th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/elnano.2019.8783802.

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Zeng, Qi, and Xiao Cao. "Seasonality, size effect, and delisting bias." In Microelectronics, MEMS, and Nanotechnology, edited by Derek Abbott, Tomaso Aste, Murray Batchelor, Robert Dewar, Tiziana Di Matteo, and Tony Guttmann. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.785230.

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Sato, Kunihiko, Masahiro Wanou, Masatoshi Kimura, and Takefumi Inagaki. "Toner-size effect on image density." In SC - DL tentative, edited by Joseph Gaynor. SPIE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.19805.

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Souers, P. C., and Raul Garza. "Size effect and detonation front curvature." In The tenth American Physical Society topical conference on shock compression of condensed matter. AIP, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.55651.

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Hu, Xiaozhi, and Kai Duan. "Size effect on quasi-brittle fracture." In SPIE Proceedings, edited by Jose F. Lopez, Chenggen Quan, Fook Siong Chau, Francisco V. Fernandez, Jose Maria Lopez-Villegas, Anand Asundi, Brian Stephen Wong, Jose M. de la Rosa, and Chwee Teck Lim. SPIE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.621534.

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Tseng, Yuan-Tai, Fan-Gang Tseng, and Ching-Chang Chieng. "Size Effect on Micro-Droplet Movement Due to Marangoni Effect." In ASME 2003 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2003-47163.

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Fundamental physics are studied on the movement of droplets for sizes ranging from 0.1 μl to 1.0 μl on a solid surface subjected to temperature gradients using numerical computations and the comparison with experiments. The receding/advancing contact angles relating to the droplet size and shape are the key parameters of droplet moving and the differences subjected to the temperature gradients induce unbalanced recirculation zones inside the moving droplet, thus induces driving force to drag the droplet. It is found that droplet of smaller size moves faster with smoothly changing speed and the droplet of larger size moves with fluctuating speed and the average moving speed is roughly the same magnitude as that with two-dimensional heating.
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Reports on the topic "Effect of size"

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Lu, Wei-Yang, James W. Foulk, Edwin M. Huestis, Kevin Connelly, Bo Song, and Nancy Y. C. Yang. Size Effect in Continuum Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1324728.

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Lu, Wei-Yang, James W. Foulk, Edwin M. Huestis, Kevin Connelly, Bo Song, and Nancy Y. C. Yang. Size Effect in Continuum Modeling. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1325213.

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Brown, Charles, and James Medoff. The Employer Size-Wage Effect. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2870.

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Lee, H. R., H. G. Oh, and Thomas F. George. Effect of Finite Size on Magnetoresistance. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada200267.

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Datta, Sandip, and Geeta Kingdon. Class Size and Learning: Has India Spent Too Much on Reducing Class Size? Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2021/059.

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Abstract:
This paper examines the efficacy of class-size reductions as a strategy to improve pupils’ learning outcomes in India. It uses a credible identification strategy to address the endogeneity of class-size, by relating the difference in a student’s achievement score across subjects to the difference in his/her class size across subjects. Pupil fixed effects estimation shows a relationship between class size and student achievement which is roughly flat or non-decreasing for a large range of class sizes from 27 to 51, with a negative effect on learning outcomes occurring only after class size increases beyond 51 pupils. The class-size effect varies by gender and by subject-stream. The fact that up to a class-size of roughly 40 in science subjects and roughly 50 in non-science subjects, there is no reduction in pupil learning as class size increases, implies that there is no learning gain from reducing class size below 40 in science and below 50 in non-science. This has important policy implications for pupil teacher ratios (PTRs) and thus for teacher appointments in India, based on considerations of cost-effectiveness. When generalised, our findings suggest that India experienced a value-subtraction from spending on reducing class-sizes, and that the US$3.6 billion it spent in 2017-18 on the salaries of 0.4 million new teachers appointed between 2010 and 2017 was wasteful spending rather than an investment in improving learning. We show that India could save US$ 19.4 billion (Rupees 1,45,000 crore in Indian currency) per annum by increasing PTR from its current 22.8 to 40, without any reduction in pupil learning.
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Luria, S. M., David F. Neri, and Alan R. Jacobsen. The Effect of Set Size on Color Matching. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada150899.

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Jacobsen, A. R., and D. F. Neri. The Effect of Set Size on Color Recognition. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada150958.

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Korinko, P. EFFECT OF PORE SIZE ON TRAPPING ZINC VAPORS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1025511.

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Yu Qiao. Size Effect in Cleavage Cracking in Polycrystalline Thin Films. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/912827.

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Qiao, Yu. Understanding Size Effect in Cleavage Cracking in Thin Materials. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1063785.

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