Dissertations / Theses: 'Effect of terms of trade on'

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Cederlöf, Jonas. "Are the labor market conditions causing the terms of trade to deteriorate? : A statistical evaluation of the Prebisch- Singer hypothesis." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-88437.

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The study examines to what extent weak labor unions and an abundance of labor have a negative effect on less developed countries terms of trade, as hypothesized by Hans Singer (1950) and Rául Prebisch (1950). Using a sample from panel data for 74 less developed countries during the period 1980 – 2010 in OLS-regressions with fixed effects, I find some evidence that weak labor unions and abundance of labor is negatively correlated with the terms of trade, which could be interpreted in favor of the Prebisch-Singer hypothesis. The marginal effect of an abundance of labor also appears to have less negative impact on the terms of trade as labor unions grow stronger.

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Michelitsch, Roland. "Do terms of trade have to worsen for developing countries? How low-income elasticity of demand affects the terms of trade in a laboratory market, in combination with the effect of market power." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186255.

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A laboratory economy was created to test the influence of both market power and low income elasticity of demand on the terms of trade. The Prebisch-Singer "Theory of Unequal Exchange" predicts that terms of trade worsen for developing countries, due to low income elasticity of demand for their primary product exports. A model is presented to show that, ceteris paribus, the terms of trade improve with population growth and differential technological progress. The effect of market power on the terms of trade was analyzed by comparing a 'competitive' market, a primary commodity cartel, and an industrial monopoly. The competitive (price taker) model predicts declining prices in both markets and worsening terms of trade as production grows. The cartel model predicts higher prices of the primary product, which increase as income grows, lower prices of the manufactured product, and better and improving terms of trade. The monopoly model predicts lower prices for primary commodities, higher and increasing prices in the market for manufactured products, and lower and worsening terms of trade. Experimental results. Trading occurred in a multiple-unit double auction. Prices usually converge from above in both markets. Only sellers succeed in exploiting their market power, buyers fail to do so. In the competitive design, prices in both markets generally converge to the competitive equilibrium. The terms of trade worsen in all experiments as income grows (caused by the low income elasticity of demand), confirming the prediction of the Prebisch-Singer model. The commodity cartels increase primary export prices, but cannot stop the decline of prices when income increases. They cannot decrease prices of the manufactured product. Terms of trade for the cartels are usually better and do not always worsen. Earnings of industrialized countries facing the cartel are lower than competitive, but earnings of the cartel members are not significantly higher. The single industrial country fails to lower prices for primary products, but can charge higher prices for manufactured products. Terms of trade usually improve as income grows, contradicting both the competitive and the cartel model. When the monopoly faces a cartel, a substantial deadweight loss occurs.

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Koya, Sharmistha N. "Terms of trade effects on PPP and incomes of primary-commodity exporting countries." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10022007-145406/.

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Malmström, Anna. "The alleged negative consequence of higher productivity : An empirical analysis on the effect of relative productivity on terms of trade." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7655.

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The relationship between increased productivity and improved standard of living is not a questioned statement on the global level, but does productivity growth necessarily lead to higher standard of living on the national level? Supported by empirical results it is suggested that a high relative productivity growth should not always be worth striving for, since it translates into decreased welfare, in terms of deteriorated terms of trade. This study attempts to examine the impact of relative productivity on the terms of trade in the OECD-countries and in Sweden, with an error-correction model. Further is an extension of the purpose made in order to estimate the impact of increased relative productivity growth on the welfare. The results suggest that the method for measuring productivity has a great impact on the findings, but concludes that a 1% higher relative labour productivity growth is associated with a 0.23% decline in the terms of trade.

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Wells, Lauren E. "The short-term effect of the movement of the USD on oil prices." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/wellsl/laurenwells.pdf.

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Bochard, Nicolas. "Effet de halo santé : une explication en termes de fausse attribution affective." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAS043/document.

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Les labels présents sur les emballages (e.g., « bio », « commerce équitable ») peuvent pousser les individus à sous-évaluer le contenu calorique des aliments, créant ainsi un effet de halo santé. Dans cette thèse, nous défendons l’idée qu’un mécanisme de fausse attribution affective pourrait en partie expliquer cet effet de halo santé. Nous présenterons 11 études ayant pour but de tester empiriquement cette hypothèse. Parmi les principaux résultats, nous avons montré qu’il était possible d’observer cet effet même si les individus ne rapportent pas avoir pris en compte le label dans leur évaluation (Etudes 3) et dans un contexte de double tâche entravant un raisonnement délibéré de leur part (Etudes 4 et 5). Nous avons également pu montrer, par le biais d’une tâche de fausse attribution affective, qu’un stimulus neutre, lorsqu’il est précédé d’un label bio (vs. une image contrôle) est ensuite évalué plus positivement (Etudes 6, 7 et 8). Enfin, nous avons observé une congruence systématique entre la valence de l’amorce (i.e., le label) et la valence de l’évaluation subséquente d’un stimulus neutre (i.e., le contenu calorique d’un produit alimentaire ; Etudes 9, 10 et 11). Ce biais cognitif relatif à nos évaluations caloriques apparaît donc comme un phénomène robuste, ne faisant intervenir que peu d’inférences délibérées de la part des individus et étant guidé par la valence du label (qu’il soit positif ou négatif)
Labels on food products can lead to unwarranted inferences: organic and fair-trade products are perceived as containing fewer calories. This effect is described in the literature as the health halo effect. In this thesis, we argue that an affective misattribution mechanism can partially explain this effect. We present 11 studies testing empirically this hypothesis.Among our main results, we show that this effect still occurs even if participants did not mention that they used the label in their evaluation (Study 3) and when they are under cognitive load, hindering a deliberate reasoning (Studies 4 and 5). By using an affective misattribution procedure, we also show that when a neutral stimulus is preceded by an organic label (vs. a control picture), this stimulus is then evaluated more positively (Studies 6, 7, and 8). Finally, we observed a systematic congruency between the valence of the prime (i.e., the label) and the valence of the evaluation of a neutral stimulus (i.e., the caloric content of a food product; Studies 9, 10, and 11). Taken together, these studies suggest that this cognitive bias is a robust phenomenon, involving a few inferences and mainly driven by the valence of the label (whether positive or negative)

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Curado, Thiago Luiz. "Terms of trade, macroeconomic dynamics and default decisions." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/13657.

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There is substantial evidence that terms of trade behavior are relevant to understand both the macroeconomic dynamics and the default risk of emerging markets. Nevertheless, the literature of sovereign debt that follows Eaton and Gerzovitz (1981) and Arellano (2008) has not yet adequately explored the connections between terms of trade and default incentives. We advance in this field, introducing terms of trade volatility to the model proposed by Mendoza and Yue (2012), where the sovereign debt decisions are linked to a general equilibrium model for the domestic economy. We find that an economy that faces stochastic terms of trade innovations can produce a consumption variability that highly exceeds the output variability, which is a key stylized fact of emerging markets business cycles. Our exercises also show that default episodes are driven by sudden shifts in the terms of trade but are no necessary related with bad times.
A evidência empírica aponta que Termos de Troca é uma variável relevante tanto para dinâmica macroeconômica como para o risco de default em países emergentes. No entanto, a literatura de dívida soberana baseada nos trabalhos de Eaton e Gerzovitz (1981) e Arellano (2008) ainda não explorou de forma adequada as conecções entre a dinâmica de termos de troca e incentivos ao default. Nós contribuímos nessa área, introduzindo volatilidade de Termos de Troca no modelo proposto por Mendoza e Yue (2012), no qual as decisões de dívida soberana são vinculadas à um modelo de equilíbrio geral para a economia doméstica. Nós encontramos que uma economia exposta à volatilidade dos termos de troca consegue produzir uma variabilidade do consumo que supera significativamente a variabilidade do produto, característica que constitui um fato estilizado chave de business cycles de países emergentes. Nossos exercícios também mostram que decisões de default são geradas por mudanças bruscas nos termos de troca, mas não necessariamente estão vinculados à estados ruins da economia.

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Makhlouf, Yousef. "Essays on commodities, terms of trade and development." Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701514.

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Significant changes in commodity prices imply serious challenges for many national economies, especially for those located in developing countries. Although the extant literature has investigated some of the effects, as well as the determinants, of commodity price movements, there are still many gaps in this field. This thesis fills some of these gaps in an attempt to achieve a deeper understanding of commodity price effects. To do so, the thesis employs a country-specific commodity index, commodity terms of trade (CTOT), which reflects the national dimension of global commodity price fluctuations by accounting for national commodity trade structures. The first essay examines two characteristics of commodity prices, trend and volatility, as potential channels of the relatively well studied resource curse phenomenon . In particular, the results show that CTOT volatility (growth) prevents (enhances) economic growth of commodity exporters. Additionally, this chapter demonstrates that financial development and fiscal policy affect CTOT volatility in countries that are recognized as leaders of commodity demand e.g. developed countries. The second essay focuses on the CTOT measure itself by evaluating the effects of typical commodity price determinants on CTOT growth. This models the aggregate, country-level effect of these global determinants, and hence removes the ambiguity caused by their mixed effects across individual commodities. The results show that determinants that boost commodity prices improve (deteriorate) CT9.T growth for commodity exporters (importers) and vice versa for determinants that lower commodity prices. Importantly, emerging market growth is the only determinant that universally and consistently affects the CTOTs in four groups of countries, classified by whether they are exporters or importers, and whether their trade basket is dominated by oil or not. Finally, the third essay studies the relationship between CTOT growth and volatility and child mortality. Child mortality is an important indicator of a country's welfare, yet its nexus with commodity prices remains underexplored. The essay examines this relationship not only for commodity-exporters but also for commodity- importers .. Additionally, the essay investigates how democracy and commodity dependence influence this relationship. The main finding is that CTOT volatility raises child mortality especially on commodity importers. This spots new light on commodity dependence outcomes as the literature traditionally focuses on commodity-exporters, solely. However, democracy and low-commodity dependence can mitigate this effect.

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Kang, Kichun. "The path of export variety and terms of trade /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Berge, Kersti Gallie. "The terms of trade : theoretical foundations and empirical measurement." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270599.

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Tugan, Mustafa. "Terms Of Trade And Economic Development In Turkey Since 1970." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607463/index.pdf.

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In this thesis, the terms of trade changes in Turkey since 1970 are analyzed. In the 1970s, Turkey faced strong terms of trade declines mainly due to two oil price shocks. Rapid diversification of Turkish exports into manufactures was instrumental in avoiding further declines in its terms of trade in the 1980s. However, the slow pace of the diversification into more skill- and technology-intensive manufactures in Turkey combined with the fallacy of composition problem in low-tech, labourintensive manufactures may pose a real danger to the prices of its exports. To the extent that in the long-term, the changes in terms of trade of a country are determined by the level of technology embodied in its exports, the concentration of Turkish exports in low-tech, labour-intensive manufactures may highlight the need for upgrading exports and establishing backward- and forward-linkages between industries to escape from the trap of terms of trade deterioration in the long-term.

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Bosch, Alexander Christopher. "Coming to terms with the banana trade : EO and WTO perspectives." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247089.

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Cicek, Sevim. "Engine of Growth : The ASEAN-4 case." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-9435.

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Indonesia, Malaysia, The Philippines, and Thailand, have all chosen outward-oriented strat-egy over inward-oriented strategy to gain economic growth. This approach was due to the Asian miracles development. Therefore, protectionism had to cave in (Edwards, 1993).

This thesis aim with the help of income terms of trade and GDP_{CAP to study the relation between trade and growth for these countries mentioned. Therefore, see if income terms of trade would work as an engine of growth for these countries. The purpose is to find a posi-tive correlation between the variables. ITT capture the price and volume effects when trade increases. That is why, ITT is used in this thesis, for the purpose that exports alone cannot explain growth if imports are left out.}

Time series was conducted with help of a unit root test, co-integration, and Granger causal-ity test. In each test made, the result provided showed of statistically significant values, hence, ITT is of relevance for growth in these countries, during 1980-2006.

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Perničková, Adéla. "Porovnání evropského a asijského přístupu k Africe." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81877.

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In my diploma thesis I compare European and Asian approach to African continent. In the first chapter natural resources and strategic position of Africa is described. I deal with traditional business relationships with African partner, political relation, their agriculture production and tourism in Africa. In this chapter I apply Leamer's triangle, Dutch disease and terms of trade on relationship between African countries and their business partners. Second chapter analyzes factors which influence interests for cooperation between European and African countries. In the second half of this chapter I try to show how Africa sees European and Asian countries. I deal mainly with relationship between European and African integration, using the theory of the effects of economic blocs. In the last chapter I compare the approach of the European Union and Asian countries to Africa.

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Lam, Sut Ngo. "Import demands, term of trade effects and total factor productivity in Australia." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555704.

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Njoroge, Nancy Njambi 1964. "The terms of trade for commodity exports: A case study of Kenya." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291826.

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The study estimated changes in the terms of trade of three Kenyan exports--tea, coffee, and pyrethrum--to test the validity of the theory of deterioration in the terms of trade for primary products. Several different measures of the terms of trade were considered. The results show no evidence of a secular deterioration. They also indicate that the terms of trade measure is extremely sensitive to the choice of the price index for manufactured goods. To evaluate the impact of domestic policies, costs and returns of the three exports were examined. The results show that the impact of policy distortions on profits is far greater than the impact of expected future world price declines. Future export expansion still is possible because policy changes can offset the effect of low world prices.

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Zheng, Linlin. "Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework an analysis of its terms and application /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41290501.

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Linlin, Zheng. "Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework : an analysis of its terms and application /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40961199.

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Wood, Scott Alan. "The elasticity of force: determinants of terms of trade in American Indian treaties." Thesis, Montana State University, 1992. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/1992/wood/WoodS1992.pdf.

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In the nineteenth century the United States Government acquired millions of acres of land from Indian tribes. In the early part of the century the government obtained land primarily through purchase. Later, however, land was taken by force. This paper is a theoretical and empirical investigation into the role of force in causing the change in government Indian policy and the effect of force on the outcomes of negotiated treaties. A theory of force in negotiated settlements is developed and tested in the context of American Indian treaties with the U.S. government. The conclusion is that the government used its superior military strength to reduce the prices paid for Indian land.

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Lutz, Matthias Guenther. "Four essays on economic growth and the terms of trade in developing countries." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283002.

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Mendis, Chandima. "Monetary consequences of terms of trade shocks and capital flows in small open economics." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365576.

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Hove, Seedwell. "Essays on monetary policy, institutions and terms of trade shocks in emerging market economies." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11544.

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Includes abstract.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis focuses on two important features of emerging market economies: institutional weaknesses and the exposure to commodity terms of trade shocks and how they shape the macroeconomic dynamics and the conduct of monetary policy. These issues are discussed in three essays. The first essay empirically evaluates the role of institutional structures in inflation targeting in emerging market economies (EMEs). The second essay theoretically investigates the appropriate monetary policy responses to commodity terms of trade shocks using a multi-sector New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model. Finally, the third essay empirically analyses the responses of different monetary policy regimes to commodity terms of trade shocks in emerging market economies.

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Larsson, Cristofer, and Jonathan Lööv. "Colombias frihandelsavtal och dess ekonomiska effekter. : Studie av komparativa fördelar och Terms of Trade." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för ekonomivetenskap och juridik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-30184.

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I denna studie kommer vi analysera vilken effekt Colombias handelsavtal fått på landets aggregerade sektorer och hur dessa förändrats. För att göra det räknar vi ut komparativa fördelar för 18 olika sektorer i landet. Perioden vi undersöker är 2002 t o m 2014. Vi använder oss av två mått för att fånga komparativa fördelar,“ The Export index of revealed comparativeadvantage (XRCA)” och “Net Export Index (NX)”. Vi analyserar vidare om Colombia tjänat på avtalen genom att kolla på landets Terms of Trade vilket anses vara det bästa måttet på vinster från liberaliserad handel mellan länder.Det är svårt att med den data som vi använt i studien dra några markanta slutsatser vad gäller komparativa fördelar, inte minst då det är olika andra faktorer som kan ha påverkat landets komparativa fördelar. Enligt XRCA-indexet har landet komparativa fördelar i bränsle och jordbruksrelaterade sektorer. Inom bränsle och gruvrelaterade sektorer har landet haft enpositiv trend sedan finanskrisen 2008. För jordbruksrelaterade sektorer vände en negativ trend vid 2013.Enligt NX-indexet har Colombia haft en negativ utveckling under 2010-talet. De sektorer som tidigare haft komparativa fördelar har försvagats. Kläder tappade landet 2012, troligen som en följd av handelsavtalet med Kanada. Enligt NX har landet dock börjat öka sina komparativa fördelar inom elektroniska komponenter efter avtalen. Resultaten ligger delvis i linje med de etablerade handelsteorierna och tidigare forskning. Resultatet vad gäller Colombias Terms of Trade är att det utvecklats negativt efter att avtalen implementerats i början av 2010-talet, men att priset på råolja som är landets största exportvara torde vara den största bidragande orsaken.
In this paper, we analyze the effects of FTA’s on Colombia's aggregated industries. To be more specific, we look at how the industries that Colombia have comparative advantage in has changed. To identify comparative advantage we use two instruments, “ The Export index of revealed comparative advantage (XRCA)” and “Net Export Index (NX)”. We also look at Terms of trade during this period to analyze whether Colombia has benefited from these FTA’s and liberal trade policies. The study also try to explain the results that has occurred after the implementation of these FTA’s.It is difficult with the data in this study to draw any obvious conclusions regarding the comparative advantage in Colombia. Several factors can have an effect on Colombia’s comparative advantage. According to XRCA-index, Colombia has comparative advantage in fuel and agricultural sector. The sector fuel and mining products has had a positive trend since the financial crisis of 2008. While the agricultural sector has had a negative trend since 2013. Colombia’s NX-index, in the different industries, has had a negative trend during 2010s. According to the NX-index, Colombia’s comparative advantage has diminished in the sector in which they previously held comparative advantage in. The clothing industry lost its comparative advantage in 2012, we believe it’s due to the free trade agreement with Canada. We have also identified an increase in electronic components after the trade agreements.The result of Colombia’s terms of trade has been declining after the trade agreements were implemented after 2010, but the price of oil, which is Colombia’s biggest export good, might have played a significant role of this decline.

Betyg 170112.

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Francis, Joseph A. "The terms of trade and the rise of Argentina in the long nineteenth century." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2013. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/918/.

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Argentina’s early twentieth century is commonly portrayed as a ‘golden age’ in which it became ‘one of the richest countries in the world’. Here, however, this optimistic vision is challenged by placing Argentina within a new metanarrative of global divergence during the long nineteenth century. A massive terms-of-trade boom – the extent of which has not previously been appreciated – had profoundly uneven impacts across the periphery. Where land was abundant, frontiers could expand, leading to dramatic extensive (that is, aggregate) growth. An expanding frontier then had a safety-valve effect on labour markets, so capitalists responded to high wages by mechanising production, which raised labour productivity and, consequently, per capita incomes. In the land-scarce periphery, by contrast, deindustrialisation led to increasing quantities of labour receiving diminishing returns by being applied to limited land resources. Similarly, Argentina’s own century-long terms-of-trade boom allowed the Littoral to prosper but made the more densely populated interior stagnate. The presence of the poor interior then prevented the country from developing the kind of white-egalitarian democracy that had allowed the prosperous European offshoots to make the transition to rapid intensive (that is, per capita) growth. Most importantly, Argentina’s political backwardness ensured that landownership remained concentrated, which muted the safety-valve effect of the expanding frontier, so capitalists did not make the same investments in laboursaving technologies. The new metanarrative of global divergence thus leads to a far more pessimistic revision of Argentina at the beginning of the twentieth century – a revision that is verified through a comparative assessment of its living standards that shows them to have been considerably below the levels of Northern Europe and the European offshoots. Argentina’s ‘golden age’ is therefore a myth.

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MacKenzie, Jill F. "The effect of iron fortification upon trace element metabolism in healthy term infants." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1993. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU552721.

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Iron fortification of commercial infant formulae is considered necessary to prevent iron deficiency and anaemia in infants receiving these formulae during late infancy. The current levels of iron fortification in formulae available in the U.K. may adversely affect the bioavailability of other minerals and trace elements present in the formula. The following study was designed to investigate whether the absorption of iron, zinc, copper, manganese, calcium, phosphate, magnesium or aluminium differed when infants were fed infant formula, either cows' milk based (CMF) or soy protein based (SMF), with or without iron fortification, 109molFe/1 or 10molFe/1 and 11molFe/1 or 53molFe/1 respectively. Twelve healthy infants were randomly allocated to receive either CMF (n&'61 6) or SMF (n&'61 6) from birth. After approximately four weeks they entered a double-blind cross-over study of the effects of iron fortification. This lasted a month during which each infant was allocated to receive one formula for the first two weeks then the other formula for the second two weeks. The formulae differed only in their level of iron fortification. After ten days on each formula, they participated in metabolic balance studies in which stable isotopes of iron, zinc and copper were given. Anthropometric measurements were obtained at fortnightly intervals throughout the study. Apparent absorption and maximum apparent retention of iron was significantly lower from the CMF without iron fortification than the CMF with iron fortification, as was expected, however there was no significant difference observed in fractional luminal disappearance. Maximum apparent retention and fractional luminal disappearance of zinc and copper from CMF did not appear to be related to iron fortification. Maximum apparent retention of aluminium was greater from the iron fortified CMF which also had a slightly higher aluminium concentration, 18.6mol/1 versus 16.8mol/1, which resulted in a marginally higher intake.

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Lindbom, Anton, and Ibteesam Hossain. "The European Union’s effect on Swedish trade : A study of trade diversion and trade creation." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-955.

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This Bachelor thesis investigates if the Swedish trade has faced trade diversion and or trade creation after entering the European Union (EU). This is done by analyzing Sweden’s trade pattern of goods before and during the membership using a selected time-period of 1985-2004.

To be able to investigate if Sweden has faced trade diversion and trade creation we apply the Soloaga and Winters model (2000) which is based on the gravity model of trade and we modify it to fit our purpose. By using the modified version we run a pooled panel data regression where we divide the time-period into two groups, a before (1985-1994) and during (1995-2004) EU membership group and we included eight different variables to estimate trade diversion and creation. After running the pooled panel data, we could conclude that Sweden has faced 44 percent trade diversion by diverting its trade from non-members to member states in the EU. Sweden has also increased its trade to EU member states by 106 percent implying trade creation. However since we have not included an exchange rate variable these figure cannot be used as direct percentages to estimate trade diversion and creation, they are instead used as a point of reference.

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Denna kandidatuppsats undersöker huruvida Sveriges handel har påverkats av handelsomfördelning och eller en handelsökning efter medlemskapet i den Europeiska Unionen (EU). Detta gör vi genom att analysera Sveriges handelstrend under 1985-2004.

Till vår hjälp i vår undersökning av Sveriges handelsutveckling under de senaste 20 åren har vi använt Soloaga och Winters (2000) regressionsmodell som är baserad på gravitations modellen för handel men vi har modifierat den till att passa vårt syfte. Genom denna modifierade modell har vi gjort en poolad paneldata analys där vi delar upp vår tids period i två grupper, en före- och en under EU grupp och vi inkluderade åtta variabler i modellen. Sammanfattningsvis har vi kommit fram till att Sverige har påverkats av en 44 procentig handelsomfördelning då handeln har skiftat från icke medlemsstater till medlemsstater. Sverige har även ökat sin handel med EU länderna med 106 procent vilket pekar på att Sverige även har påverkats av en handelsökning. Dessa siffror måste dock ses som en utgångspunkt och inte exakta siffror för handelsomfördelning och handelsökning då vi ej inkluderat en variabel som mäter valutakurs förändringar i vår regressionsmodell

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Werner, Frank. "Twomey Effect of Trade Wind Cumuli." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-158528.

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In this thesis upward spectral radiances are analyzed, which were sampled above subtropical trade wind cumuli near Barbados. Data were collected by a new measurement setup consisting of two payloads attached to a helicopter. This unique approach allows for collocated measurements of high–resolution microphysical cloud data, aerosol particle number size dis- tributions and the radiation reflected from cloud top, yielding a quantification of the first indirect aerosol effect of shallow water clouds. With the help of the spectral radiation data methods are introduced which help to identify cloud data that are influenced by the albedo of the water surface, as well as three–dimensional radiative effects. A statistical measure of cloud inhomogeneity is introduced, characterizing the observed trade wind cumuli to exhibit medium to high inhomogeneity with respect to upward radiances in the visible wavelength range. The influence of the substantial cloud inhomogeneity on the remote sensing of the cloud optical thickness and the effective droplet radius is quantified. It is shown, that misrep- resentation of the often observed overlying thin cirrus layers in the usual retrieval approaches yields an overestimation in retrieved effective droplet radius of up to 50% and and underestimation in retrieved cloud optical thickness of up to 6%. A new retrieval algorithm is introduced which minimizes the effects of the overlying cirrus without a priori knowledge of its properties. The results from the new algorithm are compared to in situ observations of the effective droplet radius, yielding a high agreement of ±1 μm. Relative susceptibilities of the retrieved microphysical and optical cloud parameters, as well as cloud top reflectivities, are derived to quantify the first indirect aerosol effect for subtropical trade wind cumuli. These relative susceptibilities are in the range of the maximum possible susceptibility following the theory for homogeneous clouds. Parameterizations of the cloud optical thickness and the effective droplet radius as a function of the derived relative susceptibilities and the liquid water path are introduced. The parameterized and measured parameters agreee with a correlation coefficient of 0.97, showing that the parameterization can reliably represent the measurements.

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Mirfacihi, Azar. "Oil Prices and Terms of Trade : A comparison between Saudi Arabia and the United States." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-589.

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One of the central issues in international macroeconomics is relative price movements and their sources. One such price is the price of crude oil. An increase in oil price leads to a transfer of income from importing to exporting countries through a shift in terms of trade. The general mechanism by which oil prices affect the economic performance is well under-stood. However, the dynamics of these effects – especially the adjustment to the terms of trade – are uncertain.

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of an increase in oil price on the terms of trade during the time period 1970 to 2004. The relationship between oil price and world business cycle as well as the relationship between oil price, GWP and Saudi Arabia’s export is also examined in this paper.

The regression results show that an increase in oil price has a negative impact on terms of trade for the net importing country. Whether an increase in oil price has a positive or no effect at all on terms of trade for the net exporting country cannot be told form the regres-sion results.

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Choi, Ga Eun, and Stephanie Galonja. "The Euro Effect on Trade : The Trade Effect of the Euro on non-EMU and EMU Members." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Economics, Finance and Statistics, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-20114.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate how the changes in trade values are affected by the implementation of the euro currency. We study the EU members, including 11 EMU members and 3 non-EMU members (Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom). The empirical analysis is conducted by using a modified version of the standard gravity model. Our core findings can be summarized into two parts. First, the euro effect on trade which is estimated by the euro-dummy coefficient reflects an adverse influence by the euro creation on trade values for the first two years of the implementation on all our sample countries. It leads us to a conclusion that there is no significant improvement of trade in the year of implementation. These results do not change when a time trend variable is added to evaluate the robustness of the model. Our primary interpretation is that the euro creation does not have an immediate impact on trade but it is rather gradual as countries need time to adapt to a new currency. It is connected to our second finding that the negative influence of the euro implementation is not permanent but eventually initiates positive outcomes on trade values over time, thus concluding that the euro implementation has had gradual impact on both EMU and non-EMU members.

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Rosiana. "The Impact of Rice Policy Reform on the Terms of Trade for Rice Farmers in Indonesia." 名古屋大学大学院国際開発研究科, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/9739.

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Seth, Sharan. "The Effects of Managerial Turnover on Share Prices Of Publicly Traded English Football Teams." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1378.

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This paper explores the effects of managerial changes on the share prices of publicly traded football teams in England. Using data from 9 publicly traded teams during 1992- 2016, 21 managerial changes were analyzed through an event study analysis. Events were categorized as sackings or resignations, and the hypotheses for each were laid out differently. The results indicated that two of the managerial sackings generated negative abnormal returns prior to the sacking and positive abnormal returns after the change of manager. The study also identifies the difficulties in the study of football teams’ share prices due to their illiquidity and identifies improvements that can make further research in this topic more accurate.

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Susa, Taiki, and Hikaru Ogawa. "Strategic Delegation in Asymmetric Tax Competition." 名古屋大学大学院経済学研究科附属国際経済政策研究センター, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/19504.

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Zheng, Linlin, and 鄭霖霖. "Transitional product-specific safeguard mechanism in the WTO legal framework: an analysis of its terms andapplication." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41290501.

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Djiofack, Zebaze Calvin. "Effect of services trade liberalization in Africa." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CLF10005.

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Abdullayev, Muzaffar. "Decline in distance effect in international trade." Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Nationalekonomi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-30665.

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Marin, Marie-France. "Immediate and delayed effects of stress on a reactivitated declarative long-term memory trace." Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=116034.

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In 1968, a study demonstrated that consolidated memories can be affected again if they are reactivated. Given the importance of the stress hormones glucocorticoids (GCs) on memory consolidation, the goal of the current study was to assess whether GCs had the capacity to affect a reactivated long-term memory and whether neutral and emotional memories were affected differently. At the first session, participants encoded a movie containing neutral and emotional scenes. Two days later, they recalled the story. Half of them were then exposed to a psychosocial stressor. Memory performance was assessed again right after the stressor and five days later. The stressed group recalled less neutral material five days after the stressor compared to controls. Immediately after the stressor, the stressed group recalled more emotional material than controls. Moreover, this enhanced memory trace was maintained across time. This highlights the importance of minimizing exposure to stressful contexts when reactivating emotional memories.

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Habtu, Besrat, and Intisar Ahmed. "The effect of Mercosur on trade : How have Mercosur effected trade between member countries?" Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för samhällsvetenskaper, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-38808.

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This thesis examines whether there is an effect of the Mercosur free trade agreement on export and import between member countries. The study uses an extended gravity model framework on a panel data between the years 1975 to 2017 for 34 countries, including the member countries. Two different regressions were run using OLS and country fixed effect. A Linder effect was also added to the regressions to further understand the impact on trade. The results show a significantly positive effect of the FTA on imports. The FTA yielded insignificant and significantly negative result for OLS and FEM respectively on exports.

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Query, Jason. "The Impact of Transportation Costs and Trade Barriers on International Trade Flows." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/19256.

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Because trade is seen as welfare improving for society, governments have long employed their policy-making powers to increase trade levels. In recent years, no strategy has been more employed by policy makers than free trade agreements. As free trade agreements become more popular, world tariff levels rapidly approach zero. Given this, policy makers must look to other methods to encourage trade. I examine how non-tariff trade barriers impact international trade levels. By better understanding these trade barriers, policy makers will be able to make more informed decisions. To better understand non-tariff trade barriers, I begin with well-known impediments to trade, including the border effect, transportation costs, and the trade creation and trade diversion effects of regional trade agreements. I then demonstrate and examine heterogeneity in these trade costs. In Chapter II I examine the often-studied border effect, the notion that regions trade more intra-nationally than internationally. I demonstrate that smaller regions are less attractive to foreign trading partners than their larger counterparts. Fixed costs of crossing an international border, as well as more effective marketing methods, mean economically larger U.S. states or Canadian provinces see a smaller border effect. In Chapter III I look at how transportation costs incurred within the exporting country impact trade levels. Using a unique instrumental variable strategy, I show that the cost of getting a good to a port is a significant hindrance to trade. Finally, in Chapter IV I show that the benefits of joining the European Union are heterogeneous across countries. This means that while the E.U. may be beneficial on average, it may not be beneficial for individual countries.

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Takaendesa, Peter. "The behaviour and fundamental determinants of the real exchange rate in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/516/.

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Varga, Lukáš. "Effect of Implied Volatility on FX Carry Trade." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-113592.

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This thesis aims to back-test the ability of implied volatility carry trade strategies to outperform the carry trade strategies in the FX markets. Recent research has shown that the profitability of the strategies is partly attributable to the market mispricings of the forward volatility agreements and a tendency of the forward implied volatility to overestimate the future spot implied volatility. This thesis uses a similar approach to construct portfolios containing 10 developed as well as 9 emerging market currencies. Our approach is based on the assumption that Uncovered Interest rate Parity (UIP), Forward Unbiasedness Hypothesis (FUH) and Forward Volatility Unbiasedness Hypothesis (FVUH) do not hold and therefore providing investors with several opportunities to construct trading strategies taking advantage of these market mispricings. In this thesis, we show that the foreign exchange carry trade strategy composed of the specific developed and emerging country's currencies can be outperformed by portfolio consisting of the implied volatility carry trade strategies in the FX market over the analysed period. The portfolios are adjusted to the riskiness which is accounted for by the VIX and VXY-G7 index for developed and VIX and VXY-EM index for emerging economies. The strong performance of the strategies outlined in this thesis can be of significant value to FX traders and portfolio managers.

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Munoz-Giro, Juan Enrique. "A general equilibrium analysis of temporary terms-of-trade shocks in a developing economy : coffee in Costa Rica /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487843688960815.

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Wilson, Janine Lynn Flathmann. "The effect of institutional quality on trade and investment /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Mukwaya, Rodgers. "Trade effect of a single currency in East Africa." Connect to this title online, 2009. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1247508870/.

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Aleksic, Matthew. "The effect of banking crises on openness to trade." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2009. http://worldcat.org/oclc/444709980/viewonline.

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Wu, Xiaoxuan. "THE TRADE-UPGRADE FRAMING EFFECT ON PURCHASE DECISION MAKINGS." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2019. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/582580.

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Business Administration/Marketing
Ph.D.
When making decisions, consumers often do not follow principles of normative economic theories but those of behavioral ones. Framing effect – one of the most robust phenomena in behavioral research – has been found to influence consumers’ choices and judgment in purchase decisions. In price promotion practices, however, it is not well understood whether framing a product replacement purchase as a trade-in or an upgrade affects consumers’ purchase decision making process. This dissertation research aims to explore the trade-upgrade framing effect on product replacement purchase decisions and to examine the mechanisms through which such effect manifests itself. The results have demonstrated that consumers prefer a price promotion framed as upgrade to a financially equivalent one framed as trade-in, especially when the upgrade promotion is presented after the trade-in one. Furthermore, the framing effect and order effect are mediated by affect and influenced by cognitive focus, semantic cues, and systematic processing. The theoretical and practical implications are discussed at the end.
Temple University--Theses

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MacPhail, Andrew H. "The Effect of Increasing Information in the Major League Baseball Trade Market." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1028.

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This paper uses data acquired from five Baseball statistics websites from the 2006-2010 Major League Baseball seasons to test the effect of increasing information in the Trade Market. Specifically, to test how increasing information affects teams’ preferences in the Trade Market. Player age and service time were used as predictors of team preferences, and an interaction variable between team winning percentage and week of season was used as a predictor of increasing team information. This paper finds that—with significance—the effect of a team’s winning percentage in relation to week in the season a given trade takes place has a negative effect on an acquired player’s tenure and a positive effect on an acquired player’s age. This relationship is likely due to the fact that more successful clubs are looking for established veteran players who can provide immediate help to their Major League team. Conversely, poorly performing clubs are likely looking for younger players who will contribute to their Major League team in future seasons.

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Meyer, Christoph. "Essays on international economic integration." Berlin dissertation.de, 2008. http://d-nb.info/989679853/04.

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Fung, King-yat Eric. "An empirical study of effect of land lease terms on the residential property prices." Click to view the E-thesis via HKU Scholars Hub, 2006. http://lookup.lib.hku.hk/lookup/bib/B37937753.

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Sollfrank, Horst D. "Peace through trade an analysis of the effect of domestic trade on international conflict and civil war." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Jun/09Jun%5FSollfrank.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Far East, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific))--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Johnson, Thomas. "June 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on 13 July 2009. Author(s) subject terms: Domestic trade, international conflict, civil war, inter-state dispute. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95). Also available in print.

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Shanmugam, Sugumari. "The effect of trade related environmental measures on the forest sector and timber trade of Peninsular Malaysia." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2015. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/31155/.

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Global concern on illegal logging has led to the imposition of binding trade related environmental measures on trade of timber and timber products by developed countries like the US, EU and Australia. This dissertation examines the effect of the binding measures on Peninsular Malaysia’s forest sector and timber trade. Putnam’s two-level game theory is applied, to demonstrate the interdependence of politics at the international level with the domestic level. There is a need to have a “win-set” between the international and domestic levels whereby an agreement reached by stakeholders at Level II (discussions at the domestic level) will help to make the bargaining at Level 1 a success (bargaining between negotiators which leads to a tentative agreement). In the case of Peninsular Malaysia’s forest sector and timber trade, it has been acknowledged that the measures imposed by the EU through FLEGT VPA/EUTR and to a lesser extent by Australia through its ILPA/ILPAR as well as the US with its Lacey Act amendments, have brought about changes in policy and administration. Thus, the Federal Government of Malaysia, specifically in the FLEGT VPA negotiations have an important task in managing domestic stakeholders’ demands for development, taking into account the unique Federal-State relations on land and forest matters as well as managing its international commitments to ensure trade in sustainable and/or legal timber. The policy reaction of the Federal Government of Malaysia to the measures imposed was analysed using Schoppa’s analysis of the concept of “synergistic linkages” and “reverberation”. On this note, case studies were conducted on Peninsular Malaysia’s forest sector and timber industry as well as the binding measures with specific focus on EU FLEGT VPA/EUTR. To substantiate the findings of the case studies, empirical evidence were gathered from primary interviews with experts from government or agency officials, Timber Industry Associations, environmental and social NGOs and international organizations. Further, focus group discussions were held with four states in Peninsular Malaysia to understand the position of the states. The findings show that it is important for the Federal Government to gain the support and commitment of State Governments on such measures. Therefore, the demands of State Governments for extra funding, resources, equipment and manpower to implement the sustainable and/or legal commitments need to be addressed. Furthermore, NGO criticism about not being properly consulted or given an effective role in government initiatives or meetings, also needs to be taken into account. There is also a need for greater political will by the Malaysian Government, to ensure the success of any negotiations or binding measures imposed. This dissertation indicates the importance of a Level II agreement to ensure the success of a Level I agreement of current negotiations pertaining to Peninsular Malaysia’s forest sector and timber trade.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effect of terms of trade on'

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