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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effect of user charges on

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Academic literature on the topic 'Effect of user charges on'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Effect of user charges on"

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Smith, Peter C. "Universal health coverage and user charges." Health Economics, Policy and Law 8, no. 4 (2013): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133113000285.

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AbstractThere has been an explosion of interest in the concept of ‘universal health coverage’, fuelled by publication of the World Health Report 2010. This paper argues that the system of user charges for health services is a fundamental determinant of levels of coverage. A charge can lead to a loss of utility in two ways. Citizens who are deterred from using services by the charge will suffer an adverse health impact. And citizens who use the service will suffer a loss of wealth. The role of social health insurance is threefold: to reduce households’ financial risk associated with sickness; to promote enhanced access to needed health services; and to contribute to societal equity objectives, through an implicit financial transfer from rich to poor and healthy to sick. In principle, an optimal user charge policy can ensure that the social health insurance funds are used to best effect in pursuit of these objectives. This paper calls for a fundamental rethink of attitudes and policy towards user charges.

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Bierhanzl, Edward J. "Incentives for Efficiency: User Charges and Municipal Spending." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 17, no. 1 (1999): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569299x15668906480838.

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Abstract User charges have been an increasingly important source of revenue tor local governments. Furthermore, it has been suggested in the public finance literature that user charge finance can increase the efficiency of local government service provision, with the evidence being a reduction of expenditures, ceteris paribus. This paper goes one step further, using an empirical test to distinguishing die quantity effect from the cost effect. An analysis of local sewer service demonstrates that greater reliance on user charge finance does not have a significant impact on the quantity of service provided, but does lead to reduced cost of service. The argument for user charges as an efficiency-enhancing mechanism is thereby strengthened.

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Będzieszak, Marcin. "Is There a Link between User Charges and Expenditures on Public Kindergartens in Poland?" Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia 54, no. 4 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2020.54.4.7-18.

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<p>The aim of this article is to assess the link between user charges and expenditures on the service on the example of public kindergartens in Poland. The rationale behind the paper is that implementation of user charges for public service results in effiient use of resources and leads to the passing-on of expenditure increase to consumers. To achieve the aim, three methods were used, namely weighed-least-squares, fixed effect and random effect method. The empirical analysis based on a panel data set for 65 large Polish cities in the years 2012–2018 showed that about 10–25% of an expenditure increase is passed on to consumers in terms of higher user charge. Moreover, user charge financing has a significant negative effect on the unit cost. An increase in the share of user charges in expenditures by 10 pp causes a decrease in expenditure at the level of 2.5–5.0%.</p>

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MWABU, GERMANO, JAMES MWANZIA, and WILSON LIAMBILA. "User charges in government health facilities in Kenya: effect on attendance and revenue." Health Policy and Planning 10, no. 2 (1995): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/10.2.164.

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Pethő, Lilla, Gábor Mező, and Gitta Schlosser. "Overcharging Effect in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Daunomycin-Tuftsin Bioconjugates." Molecules 24, no. 16 (2019): 2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162981.

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Peptide-based small molecule drug conjugates for targeted tumor therapy are currently in the focus of intensive research. Anthracyclines, like daunomycin, are commonly used anticancer drug molecules and are also often applied in peptide-drug conjugates. However, lability of the O-glycosidic bond during electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis hinders the analytical characterization of the constructs. “Overprotonation” can occur if daunomycin is linked to positively charged peptide carriers, like tuftsin derivatives. In these molecules, the high number of positive charges enhances the in-source fragmentation significantly, leading to complex mass spectra composed of mainly fragment ions. Therefore, we investigated different novel tuftsin-daunomycin conjugates to find an appropriate condition for mass spectrometric detection. Our results showed that shifting the charge states to lower charges helped to keep ions intact. In this way, a clear spectrum could be obtained containing intact protonated molecules only. Shifting of the protonation states to lower charges could be achieved with the use of appropriate neutral volatile buffers and with tuning the ion source parameters.

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Kang, Wenbin, Shaoxing Meng, Haozhe Cui, et al. "Space Charge Accumulation in Silicone Rubber Influenced by Poole-Frenkel Effect." MATEC Web of Conferences 238 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823801001.

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With the rapid increase of electrical energy consumption in metropolises, more and more power cables are utilized in power grid or urban power network to transmit and distribute electrical energy. Silicone rubber is widely used as polymeric insulating materials of power cable accessories due to their excellent electrical and thermal performances. However, under high dc electric field space charges can accumulate inside the silicone rubber, which will distort the electric field in the bulk of the material, influencing the reliability and safety of operation. A bipolar charge injection and transport model is adopted to investigate the accumulation of space charges and distortion of electric field in silicone rubber. It is found that when charge injection rate is higher than the charge migration rate, space charges will accumulate in the material and the accumulation increases with an increase in electric field. The influence of the Poole-Frenkel effect is then studied. It is found that stronger Poole-Frenkel effect can enhance the nonlinearity of effective carrier mobility of silicone rubber, reducing the accumulation of space charges. This indicates that tuning the nonlinearity of effective carrier mobility by nano-doping can suppress space charges, improving the reliability of power cable accessories.

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Gryn'ova, Ganna, and Michelle L. Coote. "Directionality and the Role of Polarization in Electric Field Effects on Radical Stability." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 4 (2017): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16579.

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Accurate quantum-chemical calculations are used to analyze the effects of charges on the kinetics and thermodynamics of radical reactions, with specific attention given to the origin and directionality of the effects. Conventionally, large effects of the charges are expected to occur in systems with pronounced charge-separated resonance contributors. The nature (stabilization or destabilization) and magnitude of these effects thus depend on the orientation of the interacting multipoles. However, we show that a significant component of the stabilizing effects of the external electric field is largely independent of the orientation of external electric field (e.g. a charged functional group, a point charge, or an electrode) and occurs even in the absence of any pre-existing charge separation. This effect arises from polarization of the electron density of the molecule induced by the electric field. This polarization effect is greater for highly delocalized species such as resonance-stabilized radicals and transition states of radical reactions. We show that this effect on the stability of such species is preserved in chemical reaction energies, leading to lower bond-dissociation energies and barrier heights. Finally, our simplified modelling of the diol dehydratase-catalyzed 1,2-hydroxyl shift indicates that such stabilizing polarization is likely to contribute to the catalytic activity of enzymes.

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Tai, L. S., Y. W. Wong, Y. M. Poon, and F. G. Shin. "Characteristics of Corona-Charged PET Sandwich Electrets." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.123.

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the major electret materials which has been studied and widely used in charge storage applications for a long time. The homo-charge and hetero-charge formation responsible for the electret effect of PET can be explained by the dipolar polarization, space charge separation and charge injection respectively as a result of contact poling or corona charging. These processes are also verifiable from studies of surface charges and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) of the PET films. Now consider a stack of PET films charged under the same condition as a single film. It would be intuitively expected that the electret effects of the individual films of the stack should be different due to their different positions in the stack. However, in a recent study on charged PET stacks, it was found that the electret effects of the individual films are quite similar. The surface charges of the individual films are about the same and they sum to make same total as a single charged PET film. On the other hand, the TSDC thermograms of individual films show similar characteristics in the thermal relaxation processes where homo- and hetero- charge effects are still observed. From the TSDC results, especially for the film in the middle of a triple layer sandwich, it shows clearly dipolar polarization and charge injection related peaks. These findings agree with the results of surface charge studies of the individual films.

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Ahamefule Amaghionyeodiwe, Lloyd. "The Effect of User Charges on the Pattern of Health Care Demand in Nigeria." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 10, no. 2 (2020): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2020.10.001494.

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THANG, Dam, Vladimir BELIN, and Tran DOANH. "STUDIES OF THE SHAPED CHARGES EFFECT WITH A HEMISPHERICAL ECCENTRIC SHAPE RECESS FOR THE ROCKS DESTRUCTION." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 2 (2021): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-281-291.

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The method of outdoor installation of explosive charges is usually used in the destruction of rocks in conditions in which the method of drilling and blasting using borehole or borehole charges is difficult to apply due to objective conditions. The productivity of rock destruction by the outdoor installation of a concentrated charge is very low. This is due to the fact that such an explosion is characterized by a large loss of energy in the environment. The destruction of rocks by an explosion using shaped charges (CW) to destroy the rock is one solution to increase the useful energy of the destruction of the rock compared to charges placed outside. To achieve the optimal effect of destruction of the rock by cumulative charges, it is necessary to, so that for each type of rock, a specific type of shaped charges can be determined with the appropriate performance and efficiency of the use of explosives. The stronger the rock, the more efficient the short-circuit should be, and vice versa. Thus, for effective rock crushing, it is necessary to develop and produce a number of different types of shaped charges. The use of shaped explosive charges allows you to increase the utilization rate of the useful energy of the explosion and increase the destruction zone of the rock. At a fixed mass of the explosive, the destructive effect of the explosive charge placed on the surface of the rock, it depends on the shape of the charge and the geometric parameters of the charge. Shaped charges with an eccentric hemispherical shape have a coefficient of use of the useful energy of the explosion for the destruction of rock, more than 2.4 times compared to conventional concentrated charges of the same mass.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effect of user charges on"

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Mushi, Deograsias. "Demand and welfare in health care : effects of asymmetric information and user charges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365641.

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Hjelle, Harald M. "A foundation of road user charges." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1765.

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Atkins, S. T. "Travel behaviour : responses to direct road user charges." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370514.

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Kim, Dokoan. "Taxes, user charges and the public finance of college education." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/420.

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Gaudet, Megan Brett. "Harmonization of aviation user charges in the North Atlantic airspace." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44326.

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Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Operations Research Center, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).<br>The purpose of this thesis is to explore various harmonization scenarios for North Atlantic en route user charges. The current charging system involves eight countries, each with their own method for computing user charges. The scope of the research is limited to revenue neutral approaches for service providers, meaning each air navigation service provider (ANSP) receives constant total charges in 2006. Therefore, the viability of different scenarios is compared in terms of its impact on airspace users. Two different interpretation of a "harmonized" system are considered. The first explores the harmonization of only the charging methodology, allowing service providers to set and collect their own charges. The second harmonization alternative fully harmonizes the North Atlantic user charges resulting in a single charge per flight. Within each of these alternatives four different charge scenarios were modeled using 2006 data. The four alternatives are a flat charge, distance-based rate, a combination weight and distance charge, and a fixed-plus-variable charge. Utilizing 47,516 North Atlantic flights drawn from a systematic random sampling of days in 2006, the average North Atlantic user charge was determined to be $393 and ranged from less than $1 to $3,868. The magnitude of the average North Atlantic user charge is small relative to the total flight costs airlines incur, thus all harmonization approaches will have only second order effects on the airlines' bottomline. Thus, the harmonization of the regions' user charges allows for the unique opportunity to develop a more rational system of charges without large disruptions to the majority of users. The thesis explores the impact of the various charge scenarios on user stakeholder groups in terms of aircraft size, North Atlantic distance, and origin-destination regions.<br>(cont.) The results show a distance-based rate imposed at the ANSP-level would result in the smallest disruption to users' charges compared to the baseline system. However, any semi-independent harmonization approach sacrifices the efficiencies which could be realized under a fully harmonized system. Of the fully harmonized methods, the Eurocontrol formula with a service unit rate of $7.28 is the least disruptive to the baseline user charges.<br>by Megan Brett Gaudet.<br>S.M.<br>S.M.in Transportation

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Cho, Hye-Jin. "Route choice responses to variable road user charges and traffic information." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/923/.

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This study investigates the drivers' route choice in response to variable road user charges and traffic information. Firstly, this study investigates the effects of information concerning traffic conditions on drivers' route choice behaviour and the way in which drivers evaluate the value of information concerning delay time. Secondly, drivers' response to different types of variable road user charges and their sensitivity to these road user charges are explored. Thirdly, the way that the uncertain information influence drivers' behaviours are also analysed. Finally, this study investigates the extent to which socio-economic characteristics influence drivers' responses to road user charge and to the information concerning traffic conditions and charges. The traffic information is provided via VMS and related to the expected delay time. Three types of the variable road user charges are applied: fixed charges; timebased charges; and delay time-based charges. Three SP surveys are conducted to collect data. The main survey is conducted in Leeds and Seoul, and the additional survey is conducted in Leeds. Logit models are used for analysing the main SP survey data. The repeated measurement problem in the main survey data is corrected using the jackknife method and Kocur's method. A regression method is used in the analysis of the additional survey data. Some results reveal that Utility Theory was not enough to explain the results. Therefore, Prospect Theory is applied to the results and is found to give a satisfactory explanation. The results indicate that drivers are less likely to choose a route characterised by recurrent delays and as the length of delay reported on their usual route increases drivers value delay time information more highly than free travel time and become increasingly sensitive to delay time as it increases. The delay thresholds in this study are 10 minute for the normal delay time and 15 minutes for the extra delay time on VMS.

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Cheung, Lam-chau, and 張林秋. "User charges: a new way for funding social welfare services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964904.

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Cheung, Lam-chau. "User charges : a new way for funding social welfare services in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17508435.

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Shiu, Wan-yee Ruby. "An evaluation on 2007 obstetric service policy in Hong Kong a solution to the service-seeking behaviour of Mainland pregnant women? /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38598358.

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Neff, Jessica Ann. "Willingness to pay as a predictor of viability for three different recreational pass variables." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4609.

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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 104 p. : col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88).

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Books on the topic "Effect of user charges on"

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Nangendo, Florence. Patterns of user charges, and their effects on the utilization of services for the treatment of childhood illnesses: A study of Mpigi District of Uganda. NURRU Publications, 2002.

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Mwesigye, Runumi Francis. Effects of user charges on quality of curative services: A perspective of Uganda's rural health units. s.n., 1995.

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Population, United States Congress House Committee on Post Office and Civil Service Subcommittee on Census and. Review current pricing policies at the Bureau of the Census and the potential effect of increased user fees: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Census and Population of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundred Second Congress, second session, August 5, 1992. U.S. G.P.O., 1992.

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Kinnaman, Thomas C. How a fee per-unit garbage affects aggregate recycling in a model with heterogeneous households. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1994.

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Office, General Accounting. Food and Drug Administration: Effect of user fees on drug approval times, withdrawals, and other agency activities : report to the chairman, Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, U.S. Senate. United States General Accounting Office, 2002.

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Ismāʻīl, Ẓafar Ḥamīd. User charges in health. Social Policy and Development Centre, 1994.

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Ismāʻīl, Ẓafar Ḥamīd. User charges in education. Social Policy and Development Centre, 1994.

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Ontario. Premier's Council on Health, Well-being and Social Justics. Research papers on user charges. Premier's Council on Health, Well-being and Social Justice, 1993.

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Richardson, Pearl. The growth of federal user charges. Congress of the U.S., Congressional Budget Office, 1993.

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Maryland. General Assembly. Dept. of Fiscal Services. Fees and user charges in Maryland. Dept. of Fiscal Services, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effect of user charges on"

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Kitchen, Harry, Melville McMillan, and Anwar Shah. "Charges and User Fees." In Local Public Finance and Economics. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21986-4_11.

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Shome, Parthasarathi. "Environment Taxes and User Charges." In Taxation History, Theory, Law and Administration. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68214-9_22.

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Judge, Ken, and James Matthews. "The Deterrent Effect of Charges." In Charging for Social Care. Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003198031-6.

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Leroy, Gondy. "Avoid Missing the Effect." In Designing User Studies in Informatics. Springer London, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-622-1_14.

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Taniguchi, Isao. "Use of Promoter Modified Electrodes for Heme Protein Electrochemistry." In Charge and Field Effects in Biosystems—2. Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0557-6_9.

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Pizzato, Luiz Augusto, Joshua Akehurst, Cameron Silvestrini, Kalina Yacef, Irena Koprinska, and Judy Kay. "The Effect of Suspicious Profiles on People Recommenders." In User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31454-4_19.

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Hvannberg, Ebba Thora. "Cause and Effect in User Interface Development." In Human-Centered Software Engineering. Springer London, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-84800-907-3_9.

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Persson, Anna, and Zülfikar Güzelgün. "Taxes, Premiums, User Charges: Financing from the Point of View of Consumers." In Developments in Health Economics and Public Policy. Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4052-6_12.

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Soukal, Ivan. "The Novel Online Comparison Tool for Bank Charges with User-Friendly Approach." In Information Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-11395-7_19.

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Belk, Marios, Panagiotis Germanakos, Christos Fidas, and George Samaras. "Studying the Effect of Human Cognition on User Authentication Tasks." In User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-38844-6_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effect of user charges on"

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Thiessen, Scott, Oliver Han, Ramadan Ahmed, and Rida Elgaddafi. "An Experimental Study of Coefficient of Discharge for Consistent Hole Perforating and the Effect on Limited Entry Designs." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204178-ms.

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ABSTRACT In hydraulic fracturing, determining the perforation pressure loss is a critical step in the design strategy, on-site troubleshooting diagnostics and post-fracture analysis. Historically, the most widely assumed and thus unknown components in the perforation friction equationare the coefficient of discharge and the holistic perforation diameter. The perforation coefficient of discharge has long been assumed as a dynamic variable dependent on the amount of fluid and proppant pumped through the perforations. This variable becomes increasingly important when clusters are spaced closer together and fewer perforations are shot such as in a limited entry design. Limited entry is a perforating technique used to generate uniform fractures along the wellbore by creating appropriate pressure differentials from cluster to cluster. With the adoption of consistent hole perforating shaped charges, the perforating diameters are more consistent and predictable. While not all consistent hole shaped charges have low diameter variability, the perforating diameters downhole are no longer an unknown, particularly after the introduction of downhole cameras. Therefore, the coefficient of discharge is the only unknown variable remaining. This paper presents an experimental methodology to accurately define the true coefficient of discharge in common completions perforated by a known consistent hole shaped charge. The test setup is illustrated, detailed test steps are discussed, and experimental data with correlations of rate per perforation and discharge coefficient is presented. Completions tested included 4-1/2", 5", and 5-1/2" casings in common weights and grades. Various perforating strategies were examined such as single shot and angled shot. Critical parameters such as entry hole diameters were made by the actual shaped charges and measured before and after the test. Freshwater and slickwater were used as hydraulic fluid and circulated at real-world pump rates through each perforation to simulate the actual field flow conditions. Based on the study, several correlations for the coefficient of discharge of flow through a perforation are created considering casing thickness, entry hole diameter and rate per perforation for the given consistent hole shaped charges. These correlations can improve perforation and fracturing designs where perforation friction are important variables.

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Tudor, V., M. Cerza, A. N. Smith, and C. T. Conroy. "The Effect of Initial Charge on the Steady-State Operating Performance of a Capillary Assisted Thermosyphon." In ASME 2005 Summer Heat Transfer Conference collocated with the ASME 2005 Pacific Rim Technical Conference and Exhibition on Integration and Packaging of MEMS, NEMS, and Electronic Systems. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2005-72323.

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The future capabilities of naval ships will be directly related to the electronic components used in advanced radar systems, fire control systems, electric propulsion and electric weapons. Modern electronics continue to grow in speed and functionality but shrink in size and mass, causing the power density to dramatically increase. Thermal management is becoming a major issue for the modern electronic Navy. An experimental investigation on the effect of liquid charge in a capillary assisted thermosyphon (CAT) loop for the shipboard cooling of electronics components has been conducted. The employed CAT loop differs from the capillary pumped loop or loop heat pipe system, in that the basic cooling loop is based on a thermosyphon. A wick structure located on the walls of the evaporator plate provides the capillary assistance needed to spread the working fluid (i.e. water) across the flat plate evaporator in the areas under the heat sources. This differs from a capillary pumped loop in that the wick structure does not produce a significant capillary pumping head from the liquid return to the vapor outlet side of the evaporator. The forced circulation in the CAT loop is caused by a gravity head between the condenser cold plate and the flat plate evaporator. The influence of the liquid charge on the CAT loop performance was studied for a fixed sink temperature and a range of heat inputs from 250W to 1000W. The initial liquid charge was varied from 50 ml to 200 ml (i.e. 16% to 24% evaporator fill ratio). The evaporator fill ratio was defined in this study as the ratio of the initial charge to the total volume of the evaporator. The condenser cold plate cooling water flow rate was set to 63.088 ml/sec. The CAT flat plate evaporator performed very well under this range of heat inputs, sink temperature, and initial charges. The experimental results obtained indicated that as heat input and the liquid charge increased or decreased above/below an optimum value, the operating temperature in the evaporator increased. The CAT loop flow dynamics also changed as a function of the initial liquid charge. Overall these effects did not hinder the thermal performance as measured by the internal operating temperature of the evaporator. An optimal charge was observed at an evaporator fill ratio of 40% (i.e. 125ml).

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Ebrahimpour Tolouei, Nadia, Shima Ghamari, and Mohammad Shavezipur. "Investigation of the Effect of Native Oxide Layer on Performance of Interdigitated Impedance-Based Silicon Biochemical Sensors." In ASME 2020 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2020-22207.

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Abstract Chemical and biological detection using Electrochemistry Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) highly depends on the electrical characteristics of the electrodes used in the measurement process. In this work, the effect of surface coating on behavior of interdigitated impedance-based biochemical sensors is studied. Two interdigitated sensors with the same geometry and different electrode materials are fabricated using a standard process. One electrode is made of gold and the other electrode is made of polycrystalline silicon covered with a thin layer of native silicon dioxide. Different concentrations of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) in water are used and the Nyquist responses of the two sensors exposed to these solutions are obtained. The measurement results show that at high frequency both sensors form double-layer capacitance values on their electrode surfaces, however, the silicon sensor has a much lower double-layer capacitance values, because formation of oxide layer adds to the gap between charges at the interface of the electrode and the solution. Moreover, comparing the low frequency regions of the Nyquist plots for two sensors shows that the presence of oxide layer affects the Warburg effect and the charge diffusion near the surface of the electrode, creating an extra capacitive element in series with the diffusion effect. The results of this work may be extended to other interdigitated biochemical sensors that may have other sources of contamination on their surfaces.

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Wang, Shau-Chun, Hsiao-Ping Chen, and Hsueh-Chia Chang. "Entrainment of DNA and Charged Nano-Particles Using AC Electrospray." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18207.

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We examine our earlier finding that AC electrospray cone can preferentially entrain and concentrate low-mobility ions generated at the cone tip [Chetwani, Maheshwari and Chang, Phys Rev Lett., 101, 204501 (2008)]. Instead of tip ionization, we scrutinize entrainment effects on dispersed ionic species in the spray solution. Fluorescence images of ejected ionic species, including anionic oxide ions, organic dyes, charged nano-particles, and stained DNA from AC electrospray cone generated with a 4–5 kV source. Negatively charged species such as anionic dyes concentrate at the tip of AC spray cone before ejection. Cationic dyes are more homogeneously distributed in the cone during ejection. Larger particles with negative charges, including fluorescence dye-tagged nano-particles (about 50 nm) and dye-stained DNA, have similar spatio-temporal evolutions of anioic dyes within the cone before ejection. These observations extend our previous entrainment and concentration effect to AC spray without ionization. The images will be correlated with tandem Mass Spectrometry and will be used to selectively gate either cationic (protein) or anionic polymers (DNA).

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Zangeneh Kazemi, Pouya, Ponnambalam Ravi Selvaganapathy, and Chan Y. Ching. "Microfabricated EHD Pumps With High Aspect Ratio Electrodes." In ASME 2007 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2007-30140.

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This work presents the design, fabrication and testing of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) micropumps with three dimensional (3-D) electrodes. It is known that the body force on the fluid due to an electric field is increased by increased injection of charges. In this design, 3-D micro pillars are used electrodes to provide high electrode-fluid contact area and to improve charge injection. Three different electrode designs were used to investigate the effect of different parameters, such as electrode spacing and pillars size, on the pump performance. The electrodes were fabricated using nickel, and were integrated into a microchannel of dimensions 22mm × 5mm × 100μm. The micropumps were tested under a no-flow condition with ethanol as the working fluid. The preliminary results suggest that the new 3-D electrodes improve pump performance over pumps with 2-D planar electrodes. A maximum pressure head of 780 Pa was achieved at an applied voltage of 150 V with the 3-D electrodes.

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Karnik, Rohit, Chuanhua Duan, Kenneth Castelino, Rong Fan, Peidong Yang, and Arun Majumdar. "Transport of Ions and Molecules in Nanofluidic Devices." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62065.

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Interesting transport phenomena arise when fluids are confined to nanoscale dimensions in the range of 1–100 nm. We examine three distinct effects that influence ionic and molecular transport as the size of fluidic channels is decreased to the nanoscale. First, the length scale of electrostatic interactions in aqueous solutions becomes comparable to nanochannel size and the number of surface charges becomes comparable to the number of ions in the channel. Second, the size of the channel becomes comparable to the size of biomolecules such as proteins and DNA. Third, large surface area-to-volume ratios result in rapid rates of surface reactions and can dramatically affect transport of molecules through the channel. These phenomena enable us to control transport of ions and molecules in unique ways that are not possible in larger channels. Electrostatic interactions enable local control of ionic concentrations and transport inside nanochannels through field effect in a nanofluidic transistor, which is analogous to the metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistor. Furthermore, by controlling surface charge in nanochannels, it is possible to create a nanofluidic diode that rectifies ionic transport through the channel. Biological binding events result in partial blockage of the channel, and can thus be sensed by a decrease in nanochannel conductance. At low ionic concentrations, the effect of biomolecular charge is dominant and it can lead to an increase in conductance. Surface reactions can also be used to control transport of molecules though the channel due to the large surface area-to-volume ratios. Rapid surface reactions enable a new technique of diffusion-limited patterning (DLP), which is useful for patterning of biomolecules and surface charge in nanochannels. These examples illustrate how electrostatic interactions, biomolecular size, and surface reactions can be used for controlling ionic and molecular transport through nanochannels. These phenomena may be useful for operations such as analyte focusing, pH and ionic concentration control, and biosensing in micro- and nanofluidic devices.

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Nguyen, Hiep, Ashcon Navid, and Laurent Pilon. "Improved Pyroelectric Energy Converter for Waste Heat Energy Harvesting Using Co-Polymer P(VDF-TrFE) and Olsen Cycle." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-23412.

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This study is concerned with pyroelectric energy conversion to directly convert waste heat into electricity. The pyroelectric effect refers to the flow of charges to or from the surface of a material upon heating or cooling. A prototypical pyroelectric energy converter was designed, built, and tested. It performed the Olsen cycle consisting of two isothermal and two isovoltage processes in the charge-voltage diagram. Co-polymer poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) [P(VDF-TrFE)] thin films sandwiched between metallic electrodes were used as the pyroelectric elements. Their temperature oscillation, charge, and voltage along with the overall heat input and output were measured experimentally. Then, the electrical power generated and the energy efficiency of the device were computed. The effects of channel width, frequency, and stroke length on temperature swing, heat input, and energy and power densities were investigated. Reducing the channel width and increasing the stroke length had the largest effect on device performance. A maximum energy density of 130 J/L of P(VDF-TrFE) was achieved at 0.061 Hz frequency with temperature oscillating between 69.3 and 87.6°C. Furthermore, a maximum power density of 10.7 W/L of P(VDF-TrFE) was obtained at 0.12 Hz between 70.5 and 85.3°C. In both cases, the voltages in the Olsen cycle were 923 and 1732 V imposed on a 45.7 microns thick 60/40 P(VDF-TrFE) films. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest energy density achieved by any pyroelectric energy converter using P(VDF-TrFE). It also matches performances reported in the literature for more expensive lead zirconate stannum titanate ceramic films operated at higher temperatures between 110 and 185°C.

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Huang, Cunkui, Kumar Nandakumar, and Daniel Y. Kwok. "Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Injection Flow in a Nano-Meter Syringe by Consideration of Extra Pairwise Interactions for Positive and Negative Ions." In ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2005-75211.

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The average concentration of ions in a liquid depends on the size of a channel if the charges on solid surface do not change. The relation between them is that the concentration of ions is inversely proportional to the channel size. When a channel decreases from a micro to a nano size, the concentration of ions will increase 1000 times. In this case, the ion’s distribution in liquid may not be considered as dilute if the charges on solid surface is large, and interactions among ions have to take into account. In this paper, molecular dynamics is applied to study the effect of extra-pairs of positive/negative ions on liquid transport properties in a nano syringe under a constant injection flow rate boundary condition. In simulations, the Coulomb’s law and 12-6 Lennard-Jones potential are used to govern the interaction between ion-ion, ion-liquid, ion-solid, liquid-liquid and liquid-solid molecules. Four different cases (no ions, counter-ions, and counter-ions combining with small and large extra-pairs of positive/negative ions in liquid) are carried out. The non-equilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD) simulation results show that the concentration of extra-pairs of positive/negative ions has significant influence on liquid velocity profile and ion distributions. For liquid flow without ions, a quasi-parabolic velocity distribution was obtained. When the counter-ions and extra-pairs of positive/negative ions are considered, the flow approaches a plug flow as the number of extra-pair of ions increases. We also found that charges in liquid do not follow the Poisson-Boltzmann distribution, especially for the net charges which have a valley located at about 1.5 molecular sizes away from the solid surface.

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Lall, Pradeep, Ved Soni, Amrit Abrol, Ben Leever, and Scott Miller. "Effect of Charge-Discharge Depth and Environment Use Conditions on Flexible Power Sources." In ASME 2019 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2019-6570.

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Abstract Recent surge in demand for wearable technology products such as activity tracking smartwatches, and for medical devices has necessitated development of flexible secondary lithium ion batteries which also possess high capacity, robustness and thin form factors. Oftentimes, these power sources are only charged up to a partial state of charge (SoC) before use (shallow charge). Their usage continues until the SoC reaches almost zero, after which they are recharged again. Nowadays, the ‘fast-charge ‘feature used to charge the battery at higher C-rates, is a necessity in consumer electronics rather than an amenity. Also, in everyday use, these batteries are exposed to higher-than-ambient temperatures due to perpetual human body contact and also to the high temperatures resulting from poor thermal management in compact devices. This study investigates the compounded influence of partial charge, high temperatures and high C-rates on the capacity degradation of a flexible Li-ion power source subjected to accelerated life testing. The battery current and terminal voltage were logged for multiple charge-discharge cycles and were used to compute the battery capacity and energy efficiency. Finally, a regression model based on several parameters was developed to estimate the battery capacity as a function of the cycle number.

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Hancke, Gerhard P., and Gustav Brand. "A hub-odometer sensor network for road user charges." In 2014 IEEE 9th Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (ICIEA). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iciea.2014.6931199.

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Reports on the topic "Effect of user charges on"

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Kuhl, Jon G., and David J. Forkenbrock. A New Approach to Assessing Road User Charges. University of Iowa Public Policy Center, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/71gx-vkt7.

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Vélez-Velásquez, Juan Sebastián. Banning Price Discrimination under Imperfect Competition: Evidence from Colombia's Broadband. Banco de la República de Colombia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1148.

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Economic theory is inconclusive regarding the effects of banning third-degree price discrimination under imperfect competition because they depend on how the competing firms rank their market segments. When, relative to uniform pricing, all competitors want higher prices in the same market segments, a ban on price discrimination will reduce profits and benefit some consumers at the expense of others. If, instead, some firms want to charge higher prices in segments where their competitors want to charge lower prices, price discrimination increases competition driving all prices down. In this case, forcing the firms to charge uniform prices can increase their profits and reduce consumer surplus. We use data on Colombian broadband subscriptions to estimate the demand for internet services. Estimated preferences and assumptions about competition are used to simulate a scenario in which firms lose their ability to price discriminate. Our results show large effects on consumer surplus and large effects on firms’ profits. Aggregate profits increase but the effects for individual firms are heterogeneous. The effects on consumer welfare vary by city. In most cities, a uniform price regime causes large welfare transfers from low-income households towards high-income households and in a few cities, prices in all segments rise. Poorer households respond to the increase in prices by subscribing to internet plans with slower download speed.

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Kang, Ju-Young M. Showrooming, Webrooming, and User-Generated Content Creation: The Moderating Effect of SoLoMo. Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa_proceedings-180814-932.

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Hendrickson, J. J., and R. D. Williams. The Effect of Input Device on User Performance With a Menu-Based Natural Language Interface. Defense Technical Information Center, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada193095.

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Redden, Elizabeth S., Daniel D. Turner, and Christian B. Carstens. The Effect of Future Forces Warrior Planned Sensor Offset on Performance of Infantry Tasks: Limited User Evaluation. Defense Technical Information Center, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada448487.

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Treadwell, Jonathan R., James T. Reston, Benjamin Rouse, Joann Fontanarosa, Neha Patel, and Nikhil K. Mull. Automated-Entry Patient-Generated Health Data for Chronic Conditions: The Evidence on Health Outcomes. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb38.

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Background. Automated-entry consumer devices that collect and transmit patient-generated health data (PGHD) are being evaluated as potential tools to aid in the management of chronic diseases. The need exists to evaluate the evidence regarding consumer PGHD technologies, particularly for devices that have not gone through Food and Drug Administration evaluation. Purpose. To summarize the research related to automated-entry consumer health technologies that provide PGHD for the prevention or management of 11 chronic diseases. Methods. The project scope was determined through discussions with Key Informants. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE (via EMBASE.com), In-Process MEDLINE and PubMed unique content (via PubMed.gov), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews for systematic reviews or controlled trials. We also searched ClinicalTrials.gov for ongoing studies. We assessed risk of bias and extracted data on health outcomes, surrogate outcomes, usability, sustainability, cost-effectiveness outcomes (quantifying the tradeoffs between health effects and cost), process outcomes, and other characteristics related to PGHD technologies. For isolated effects on health outcomes, we classified the results in one of four categories: (1) likely no effect, (2) unclear, (3) possible positive effect, or (4) likely positive effect. When we categorized the data as “unclear” based solely on health outcomes, we then examined and classified surrogate outcomes for that particular clinical condition. Findings. We identified 114 unique studies that met inclusion criteria. The largest number of studies addressed patients with hypertension (51 studies) and obesity (43 studies). Eighty-four trials used a single PGHD device, 23 used 2 PGHD devices, and the other 7 used 3 or more PGHD devices. Pedometers, blood pressure (BP) monitors, and scales were commonly used in the same studies. Overall, we found a “possible positive effect” of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for coronary artery disease, heart failure, and asthma. For obesity, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (body mass index/weight) as likely no effect. For hypertension, we rated the health outcomes as unclear, and the surrogate outcomes (systolic BP/diastolic BP) as possible positive effect. For cardiac arrhythmias or conduction abnormalities we rated the health outcomes as unclear and the surrogate outcome (time to arrhythmia detection) as likely positive effect. The findings were “unclear” regarding PGHD interventions for diabetes prevention, sleep apnea, stroke, Parkinson’s disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Most studies did not report harms related to PGHD interventions; the relatively few harms reported were minor and transient, with event rates usually comparable to harms in the control groups. Few studies reported cost-effectiveness analyses, and only for PGHD interventions for hypertension, coronary artery disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; the findings were variable across different chronic conditions and devices. Patient adherence to PGHD interventions was highly variable across studies, but patient acceptance/satisfaction and usability was generally fair to good. However, device engineers independently evaluated consumer wearable and handheld BP monitors and considered the user experience to be poor, while their assessment of smartphone-based electrocardiogram monitors found the user experience to be good. Student volunteers involved in device usability testing of the Weight Watchers Online app found it well-designed and relatively easy to use. Implications. Multiple randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have evaluated some PGHD technologies (e.g., pedometers, scales, BP monitors), particularly for obesity and hypertension, but health outcomes were generally underreported. We found evidence suggesting a possible positive effect of PGHD interventions on health outcomes for four chronic conditions. Lack of reporting of health outcomes and insufficient statistical power to assess these outcomes were the main reasons for “unclear” ratings. The majority of studies on PGHD technologies still focus on non-health-related outcomes. Future RCTs should focus on measurement of health outcomes. Furthermore, future RCTs should be designed to isolate the effect of the PGHD intervention from other components in a multicomponent intervention.

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Sarofim, Samer. Developing an Effective Targeted Mobile Application to Enhance Transportation Safety and Use of Active Transportation Modes in Fresno County: The Role of Application Design & Content. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2021.2013.

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This research empirically investigates the need for, and the effective design and content of, a proposed mobile application that is targeted at pedestrians and cyclists in Fresno County. The differential effect of the proposed mobile app name and colors on the target audience opinions was examined. Further, app content and features were evaluated for importance and the likelihood of use. This included design appeal, attractiveness, relevance, ease of navigation, usefulness of functions, personalization and customization, message recipients’ attitudes towards message framing, and intended behaviors related to pedestrian, cyclist, and motorist traffic safety practices. Design mobile application features tested included image aesthetics, coherence and organization, and memorability and distinction. Potential engagement with the mobile app was assessed via measuring the users’ perceived enjoyment while using the app. The behavioral intentions to adopt the app and likelihood to recommend the app were assessed. The willingness to pay for purchasing the app was measured. This research provided evidence that a mobile application designed for pedestrians and cyclists is needed, with high intentions for its adoption. Functions, such as Safety Information, Weather Conditions, Guide to Trails, Events for Walkers and Bikers, and Promotional Offers are deemed important by the target population. This research was conducted in an effort to increase active transportation mode utilization and to enhance the safety of vulnerable road users. The public, city administrators, transportation authorities, and policy makers shall benefit from the results of this study by adapting the design and the features that are proposed in this research and were found appealing and useful for the target vulnerable road user groups. The need of the proposed mobile application and its main functions are established, based on the results of this research, which propagates further steps of implementation by city administrators and transportation authorities.

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Baluk, Nadia, Natalia Basij, Larysa Buk, and Olha Vovchanska. VR/AR-TECHNOLOGIES – NEW CONTENT OF THE NEW MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11074.

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The article analyzes the peculiarities of the media content shaping and transformation in the convergent dimension of cross-media, taking into account the possibilities of augmented reality. With the help of the principles of objectivity, complexity and reliability in scientific research, a number of general scientific and special methods are used: method of analysis, synthesis, generalization, method of monitoring, observation, problem-thematic, typological and discursive methods. According to the form of information presentation, such types of media content as visual, audio, verbal and combined are defined and characterized. The most important in journalism is verbal content, it is the one that carries the main information load. The dynamic development of converged media leads to the dominance of image and video content; the likelihood of increasing the secondary content of the text increases. Given the market situation, the effective information product is a combined content that combines text with images, spreadsheets with video, animation with infographics, etc. Increasing number of new media are using applications and website platforms to interact with recipients. To proceed, the peculiarities of the new content of new media with the involvement of augmented reality are determined. Examples of successful interactive communication between recipients, the leading news agencies and commercial structures are provided. The conditions for effective use of VR / AR-technologies in the media content of new media, the involvement of viewers in changing stories with augmented reality are determined. The so-called immersive effect with the use of VR / AR-technologies involves complete immersion, immersion of the interested audience in the essence of the event being relayed. This interaction can be achieved through different types of VR video interactivity. One of the most important results of using VR content is the spatio-temporal and emotional immersion of viewers in the plot. The recipient turns from an external observer into an internal one; but his constant participation requires that the user preferences are taken into account. Factors such as satisfaction, positive reinforcement, empathy, and value influence the choice of VR / AR content by viewers.

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Over, Thomas, Riki Saito, Andrea Veilleux, et al. Estimation of Peak Discharge Quantiles for Selected Annual Exceedance Probabilities in Northeastern Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/16-014.

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This report provides two sets of equations for estimating peak discharge quantiles at annual exceedance probabilities (AEPs) of 0.50, 0.20, 0.10, 0.04, 0.02, 0.01, 0.005, and 0.002 (recurrence intervals of 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 500 years, respectively) for watersheds in Illinois based on annual maximum peak discharge data from 117 watersheds in and near northeastern Illinois. One set of equations was developed through a temporal analysis with a two-step least squares-quantile regression technique that measures the average effect of changes in the urbanization of the watersheds used in the study. The resulting equations can be used to adjust rural peak discharge quantiles for the effect of urbanization, and in this study the equations also were used to adjust the annual maximum peak discharges from the study watersheds to 2010 urbanization conditions. The other set of equations was developed by a spatial analysis. This analysis used generalized least-squares regression to fit the peak discharge quantiles computed from the urbanization-adjusted annual maximum peak discharges from the study watersheds to drainage-basin characteristics. The peak discharge quantiles were computed by using the Expected Moments Algorithm following the removal of potentially influential low floods defined by a multiple Grubbs-Beck test. To improve the quantile estimates, regional skew coefficients were obtained from a newly developed regional skew model in which the skew increases with the urbanized land use fraction. The skew coefficient values for each streamgage were then computed as the variance-weighted average of at-site and regional skew coefficients. The drainage-basin characteristics used as explanatory variables in the spatial analysis include drainage area, the fraction of developed land, the fraction of land with poorly drained soils or likely water, and the basin slope estimated as the ratio of the basin relief to basin perimeter. This report also provides: (1) examples to illustrate the use of the spatial and urbanization-adjustment equations for estimating peak discharge quantiles at ungaged sites and to improve flood-quantile estimates at and near a gaged site; (2) the urbanization-adjusted annual maximum peak discharges and peak discharge quantile estimates at streamgages from 181 watersheds including the 117 study watersheds and 64 additional watersheds in the study region that were originally considered for use in the study but later deemed to be redundant. The urbanization-adjustment equations, spatial regression equations, and peak discharge quantile estimates developed in this study will be made available in the web-based application StreamStats, which provides automated regression-equation solutions for user-selected stream locations. Figures and tables comparing the observed and urbanization-adjusted peak discharge records by streamgage are provided at http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sir20165050 for download.

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Effect of Spark Discharge Duration and Timing on the Combustion Initiation in a Lean Burn SI Engine. SAE International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2021-01-0478.

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Meeting the increasingly stringent emission and fuel efficiency standards is the primary objective of the automotive research. Lean/diluted combustion is a promising avenue to realize high-efficiency combustion and reduce emissions in SI engines. Under the diluted conditions, the flame propagation speed is reduced because of the reduced charge reactivity. Enhancing the in-cylinder charge motion and turbulence, and thereby increasing the flame speed, is a possible way to harness the combustion process in SI engines. However, the charge motion can have a significant effect on the spark ignition process because of the reduced discharge duration and frequent restrikes. A longer discharge duration can aid in the formation of the self-sustained flame kernel and subsequent stable ignition. Therefore, an empirical study is undertaken to investigate the effect of the discharge duration and ignition timing on the ignition and early combustion in a port fueled SI engine, operated under lean conditions. The discharge duration is modulated from 1 ms to 8 ms through a continuous discharge strategy. The discharge current and voltage measurements are recorded during the engine operation to characterize the discharge process. The in-cylinder charge is diluted using fresh air to achieve lean combustion. The in-cylinder pressure measurement and heat release analysis are used to investigate the ignition and combustion characteristics of the engine. Preliminary results indicate that while the discharge duration has a marginal effect on the ignition delay, cyclic variations are notably impacted.

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