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Mushi, Deograsias. "Demand and welfare in health care : effects of asymmetric information and user charges." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365641.
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Hjelle, Harald M. "A foundation of road user charges." Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Civil and Transport Engineering, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-1765.
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Atkins, S. T. "Travel behaviour : responses to direct road user charges." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370514.
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Kim, Dokoan. "Taxes, user charges and the public finance of college education." Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/420.
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Gaudet, Megan Brett. "Harmonization of aviation user charges in the North Atlantic airspace." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/44326.
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Thesis (S.M. in Transportation)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Operations Research Center, 2008.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 91-93).<br>The purpose of this thesis is to explore various harmonization scenarios for North Atlantic en route user charges. The current charging system involves eight countries, each with their own method for computing user charges. The scope of the research is limited to revenue neutral approaches for service providers, meaning each air navigation service provider (ANSP) receives constant total charges in 2006. Therefore, the viability of different scenarios is compared in terms of its impact on airspace users. Two different interpretation of a "harmonized" system are considered. The first explores the harmonization of only the charging methodology, allowing service providers to set and collect their own charges. The second harmonization alternative fully harmonizes the North Atlantic user charges resulting in a single charge per flight. Within each of these alternatives four different charge scenarios were modeled using 2006 data. The four alternatives are a flat charge, distance-based rate, a combination weight and distance charge, and a fixed-plus-variable charge. Utilizing 47,516 North Atlantic flights drawn from a systematic random sampling of days in 2006, the average North Atlantic user charge was determined to be $393 and ranged from less than $1 to $3,868. The magnitude of the average North Atlantic user charge is small relative to the total flight costs airlines incur, thus all harmonization approaches will have only second order effects on the airlines' bottomline. Thus, the harmonization of the regions' user charges allows for the unique opportunity to develop a more rational system of charges without large disruptions to the majority of users. The thesis explores the impact of the various charge scenarios on user stakeholder groups in terms of aircraft size, North Atlantic distance, and origin-destination regions.<br>(cont.) The results show a distance-based rate imposed at the ANSP-level would result in the smallest disruption to users' charges compared to the baseline system. However, any semi-independent harmonization approach sacrifices the efficiencies which could be realized under a fully harmonized system. Of the fully harmonized methods, the Eurocontrol formula with a service unit rate of $7.28 is the least disruptive to the baseline user charges.<br>by Megan Brett Gaudet.<br>S.M.<br>S.M.in Transportation
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Cho, Hye-Jin. "Route choice responses to variable road user charges and traffic information." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/923/.
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This study investigates the drivers' route choice in response to variable road user charges and traffic information. Firstly, this study investigates the effects of information concerning traffic conditions on drivers' route choice behaviour and the way in which drivers evaluate the value of information concerning delay time. Secondly, drivers' response to different types of variable road user charges and their sensitivity to these road user charges are explored. Thirdly, the way that the uncertain information influence drivers' behaviours are also analysed. Finally, this study investigates the extent to which socio-economic characteristics influence drivers' responses to road user charge and to the information concerning traffic conditions and charges. The traffic information is provided via VMS and related to the expected delay time. Three types of the variable road user charges are applied: fixed charges; timebased charges; and delay time-based charges. Three SP surveys are conducted to collect data. The main survey is conducted in Leeds and Seoul, and the additional survey is conducted in Leeds. Logit models are used for analysing the main SP survey data. The repeated measurement problem in the main survey data is corrected using the jackknife method and Kocur's method. A regression method is used in the analysis of the additional survey data. Some results reveal that Utility Theory was not enough to explain the results. Therefore, Prospect Theory is applied to the results and is found to give a satisfactory explanation. The results indicate that drivers are less likely to choose a route characterised by recurrent delays and as the length of delay reported on their usual route increases drivers value delay time information more highly than free travel time and become increasingly sensitive to delay time as it increases. The delay thresholds in this study are 10 minute for the normal delay time and 15 minutes for the extra delay time on VMS.
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Cheung, Lam-chau, and 張林秋. "User charges: a new way for funding social welfare services in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964904.
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Cheung, Lam-chau. "User charges : a new way for funding social welfare services in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17508435.
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Shiu, Wan-yee Ruby. "An evaluation on 2007 obstetric service policy in Hong Kong a solution to the service-seeking behaviour of Mainland pregnant women? /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38598358.
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Neff, Jessica Ann. "Willingness to pay as a predictor of viability for three different recreational pass variables." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4609.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 104 p. : col. maps. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 83-88).
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Mbugua, Jason Karanja. "Impact of user charges on health care utilisation patterns in rural Kenya : the case of Kibwezi Division." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335506.
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Adams, Michael Roy. "Development of a User Cost Estimation Procedure for Work Zones." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd860.pdf.
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Cook, Philip S. "User fee for wilderness recreation: a comparison of user characteristics and travel cost demand functions for Linville Gorge wilderness area and Grandfather Mountain backcountry, North Carolina." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/104313.
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Luna, Requena Álvaro Carlos. "Crisis of the user charges in the Argentine Republic: reflections in light of the jurisprudence of Peru, Uruguay and Brazil." Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118385.
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The article sets out that argentinean municipalities are legally banned from raising taxes, but are allowed to levy user charges for specific services. Nevertheless, such limitation is overlooked by the municipalities by means of introducing the “ability top ay” principle within the structure of the taxable base of said user charges. The author concludes that such mechanism distorts the user charge, altering its essence, with the result of transforming it into a mere tax, with the resulting violation of the current legislation.The author critically reviews argentinean case law that has given grounds to such a fiscal deviation and –in order to make his point- compares it with jurisprudence registered on this issue by the Supreme Courts of Peru, Brazil and Uruguay. Such comparison evidences that, if argentinean courts were to apply the criteria said of those Supreme Courts, almost every user charge in Argentina would have to be declared unconstitutional.<br>El artículo expone que los municipios argentinos están legalmente vedados de cobrar impuestos, viendo limitado su poder tributario al cobro de tasas. Sin embargo, en la práctica eluden esa prohibición mediante la maniobra de introducir en su base imponible criterios puros de capacidad contributiva (vgr. el monto de ventas), con total prescindencia del costo de los servicios retribuidos.El autor reseña críticamente la jurisprudencia de los tribunales argentinos, los cuales han convalidado el uso del principio de capacidad contributiva en materia de tasas. También efectúa una comparación con el tratamiento que esta cuestión ha tenido en los máximos tribunales de Perú, Brasil y Uruguay. Dicha comparación deja en evidencia que, de aplicarse en Argentina los criterios uniformemente sostenidos por los tribunales de estos tres países, una parte sustancial de las tasas hoy vigentes en este último país debería ser declarada inconstitucional.
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Khan, Rabia Fatima. "The effect of embodied agents within the user interface." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2011. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-effect-of-embodied-agents-within-the-user-interface(a4194210-be07-45a0-92db-3a60f8b15a6a).html.
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The thesis explores the trend in recent years by HCI designers to create an interface which is increasingly more anthropomorphic in nature, due to advances in computer graphics and interface technologies. The thesis has researched the effects of one such manifestation of this anthropomorphic trend on the human user, which embodies the human persona, in the form of embodied agents. The thesis is anchored in the growing area of human-agent interaction studies; and how the agent's appearance in terms of their visual cues (i.e. gender, ethnicity, realism, and attractiveness levels), affects the human user interacting with these artificial entities. The aim of this thesis is to explore how the agents' visual appearance can elicit change in the user's perception and behaviour, in order to improve human-agent design, and the interaction experience for the user. The thesis extends HCI studies investigating the effect of embodied agents, by highlighting the effect of the attractiveness stereotype which can elicit various impressions, stereotypes and behavioural changes within the human user. The thesis results demonstrate that attractive agents were perceived and evaluated more positively, as well being more persuasive than the unattractive agents. Hence, the agents' attractiveness was the main visual cue which played a major role in affecting the participants' opinion and behaviour towards the agents. The thesis advances the current understanding of CASA, by providing evidence to suggest that although users may respond socially to agents; this human-agent experience is not always equal to human-human experience. The thesis concludes by stating that the CASA methodology and Media Equation require some modification and needs to be adapted when applied to human-agent interaction, and especially within the interaction-based context.
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Cafarella, Nicole. "The effect of hospital characteristics on length of stay and charges for pediatric asthma patients." CONNECT TO ELECTRONIC THESIS, 2008. http://dspace.wrlc.org/handle/1961/4419.
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Nasr, Amgad [Verfasser]. "Space charge effect measurements for a multi-channel ionization chamber used for synchrotron radiation / Amgad Nasr." Siegen : Universitätsbibliothek der Universität Siegen, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026365945/34.
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Franco, Telma Teixeira. "Use of modified proteins in aqueous two-phase systems : effect of surface hydrophobicity and charge." Thesis, University of Reading, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332663.
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Eriksson, Hanna, and Emelie Parflo. "Mobile application onboarding processes effect on user attitude towards continued use of applications." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Datateknik och informatik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-45721.
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The growing popularity of smartphones in recent years has led to an increase in mobile application development and use. However, a large number of mobile applications are only used once before being removed. For companies and organizations to spend time and money on application development only to achieve low user retention rates is unsustainable. During their first interaction with a mobile application it is crucial that users find functionality and value quickly to avoid discontinuation of use. User onboarding is often implemented in mobile applications to aid in first time interaction, making onboarding processes subject of investigation for effect on user attitude towards continued use of mobile applications. The study examined mobile onboarding processes and their effect on user attitude towards continued use of applications as well as the difference between onboarding processes effect on user attitude towards continued use of applications. The study was conducted within-subjects through a survey consisting of interaction with two prototypes with different onboarding processes and a questionnaire based on the technology acceptance model in order to investigate the variables of interest. The results of the survey were analyzed to measure the effects of the onboarding processes on the factors of the technology acceptance model and to investigate the differences between the onboarding processes. The results showed that user onboarding has a positive influence on perceived usefulness, attitude towards use and intention to use. There was no significant difference between the different types of onboarding patterns effect on attitude towards continued use. The positive effects on attitude and intention to use confirmed that implementing onboarding processes in mobile applications could be beneficial for value proposition and user retention. The perceived usefulness proved to be the determining factor on attitude and intention to use.
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Nordahl, Sanna. "Animations Effect on Reading Comprehension in Web-based User Interfaces." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-189602.
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When it comes to web-based user interfaces and web design, one of today’s trends is to use informative and storytelling animations. They can be used as tools for communication, simplifying the interaction, or guiding the user’s attention. However, those animations used in a web- based user interface can slow down the interaction and the user flow and become a distraction for the user. Three popular informative and storytelling animations that are used in web design are: background video, animated slideshows, and parallax scrolling. In order to understand what effect these informative animations have on the users’ reading comprehension on websites — four prototypes were created in Adobe Muse. A user study in form of an A/ B testing followed by a questionnaire were conducted, showing that the three different animations affected the reading comprehension negative. While they at the same time also brought an entertaining feeling to the user experience (UX).
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Svärdström, Mikael. "Different screen sizes on iPhoneand iPad effect the user experience." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-310899.
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iPad applications are often considered easier to use than iPhone ap- plications,primarily due to that iPad screens is larger and can contain more information than theiPhone screen. The goal with this report is to describe how the different screen sizesbetween iPhone and iPad affect the user experience.The iPhone and the iPad have a lot in common, for example iOS, design process,Apple Human Interface Guidelines, development language, structure and elementetsused on the screen. The biggest difference is the screen size. The iPad has a largerscreen than the iPhone which makes it is easier to create a user experience thatrequires fewer actions to acquire more information on an iPad than on an iPhone.When less actions is required the user can fully focus on completing the task. Withlarger screen on the iPad it is easier for the user to get an overview and see morecontent in one screen. This makes it possible to create applications that have greatdeal of content with a good overview and navigation.
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Liu, Xiaoxing. "What role does effort play: the effect of effort for gesture interfaces and the effect of pointing on spatial working memory." Diss., University of Iowa, 2016. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2110.
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Automatically recognizing gestures of the hand is a promising approach to communicating with computers, particularly when keyboard and mouse interactions are inconvenient, when only a brief interaction is necessary, or when a command involves a three-dimensional, spatial component. Which gestures are most convenient or preferred in various circumstances is unknown. This work explores the idea that perceived physical effort of a hand gesture influences users’ preference for using it when communicating with a computer. First, the hypothesis that people prefer gestures with less effort is tested by measuring the perceived effort and appeal of simple gestures. The results demonstrate that gestures perceived as less effortful are more likely to be accepted and preferred. The second experiment tests similar hypothesis with three-dimensional selection tasks. Participants used the tapping gesture to select among 16 targets in two environments that differ primarily in the physical distance required to finish the task. Participants, again, favor the less effortful environment over the other. Together the experiments suggest that effort is an important factor in user preference for gestures. The effort-to-reliability tradeoff existing in the majority of current gesture interfaces is then studied in experiment 3. Participants are presented 10 different levels of effort-to-reliability tradeoff and decide which tradeoff they prefer. Extreme conditions were intentionally avoided. On average they rate their preferred condition 4.23 in a 10-point scale in terms of perceived effort, and can achieve a success rate of approximately 70%. Finally, the question of whether pointing to objects enhances recall of their visuospatial position in a three-dimensional virtual environment is explored. The results show that pointing actually decreases memory relative to passively viewing. All in all, this work suggests that effort is an important factor, and there is an optimal balance for the effort-to-reliability tradeoff from a user’s perspective. The understanding and careful consideration of this point can help make future gesture interfaces more usable.
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Dillon, Andrew, John Richardson, and Cliff McKnight. "The effect of display size and text splitting on reading lengthy text from screen." Taylor & Francis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105365.
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This item is not the definitive copy. Please use the following citation when referencing this material: Dillon, A., Richardson, J. and McKnight, C. (1990) The effect of display size and paragraph splitting on reading lengthy text from screen. Behaviour and Information Technology, 9(3), 215-227. Abstract: The present paper reports on an experimental investigation of reader performance and preferences with a screen-presented journal article. The effects of display size (20 lines and 60 lines) and sentence splitting on readers' manipulation, comprehension and subjective impressions are assessed. The results indicate that neither variable significantly affects comprehension but adjusted manipulation levels are significantly higher in the small window condition. Splitting sentences across screens also caused readers to return to the previous page to re-read text significantly more. Subjective data reveal a preference for larger screens and high awareness of text format. Implications for future work are discussed.
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Weidenmark, Joel. "Acceptable Ads guidelines, its effect on user experience and ad-noticeability." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280801.
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The Acceptable Ads Standard is a set of guidelines developed by the biggest ad-blocker company AdBlock Plus as an attempt to alleviate the largest need for ad-blocking programs; ads being annoying, irrelevant, and too intrusive. The guidelines inflict rules regarding how ads can be presented in order to be acceptable, thereby not disturbing the consumer. If a website follows these guidelines, their ads will not get blocked. The terms ad-avoidance and ad-irritation has been established by Cho et al. and Baek et al. [4]. The term ad-noticeability was added to these in order to express the behavior of seeing an ad, but not necessarily understanding what it’s trying to mediate. This study aims to examine the Acceptable Ads guidelines’ effect on user experience and ad-noticeability through a quantitative and qualitative study. The two studies were conducted with the help of two specially made test suites in the form of two websites, one with acceptable and one with non-acceptable ads. All participants went through the same set of tasks on the websites. In the quantitative study, data regarding what ads the participants’ had seen and what their experiences’ had been like was collected. Through the qualitative study, it was possible to get more elaborate answers to why certain ads were seen or missed and to get more in-depth answers regarding the participants’ experiences. Through the study, it was found that there is a difference in ad-noticeability and the user experience of ads between websites that contain either acceptable or non-acceptable ads. The results suggest that the Acceptable Ads guidelines affect user experience positively, i.e. leading to less ad-irritation or annoyance, but also affect ad-noticeability negatively. It was also found that cognitive ad-avoidance was greatly affected by task-oriented focus, both in cases with and without ads following acceptable<br>The Acceptable Ads Standard är en samling med riktlinjer utvecklade av det största företaget inom ad-blockers, AdBlock Plus. Dessa riktlinjer utvecklades som ett försök att motverka de största anledningarna till att konsumenter installerar ad-blockers: att reklam är irriterande, irrelevant, eller för påträngande. Dessa riktlinjer skapar regler för hur onlinereklam ska presenteras för att vara acceptabelt, och därmed inte störa konsumenterna. Om en hemsida följer dessa regler är tanken att deras reklam inte ska bli blockerad av installerade ad-blockers. Termerna ad-avoidance (“reklamundvikelse”) och ad-irritation (“reklamirritation”) har blivit etablerade av Cho et al. och Baek et al [4]. Termen ad-noticeability (att notera reklam) har blivit tillagt till dessa för att uttrycka beteendet att se reklam, utan att nödvändigtvis förstå den. Denna studie riktar sig till att undersöka Acceptable Ads påverkan på användarupplevelse och hur mycket reklam som noteras genom en kvantitativ och en kvalitativ studie. Dessa två studier genomfördes med hjälp av två specialtillverkade testsviter i formen av två hemsidor: en hemsida med acceptabel reklam och en med oacceptabel reklam. Alla testdeltagare gick igenom samma uppgifter på dessa hemsidor. I den kvalitativa studien fanns ett fokus på att samla in data gällande vad testdeltagare sett och upplevt. Genom den kvalitativa studien var det möjligt att få mer djupgående svar på varför viss reklam hade missats och hur deltagarna hade upplevt reklamen. Genom studien hittade man att det var skillnad på hur mycket reklam som noteras och på hur testdeltagare upplever reklam på hemsidor med acceptabel kontra oacceptabel reklam. Resultaten föreslår att riktlinjerna från Acceptable Ads påverkar användarupplevelsen positivt genom att minska irritation men också att de har en negativ påverkan på hur mycket reklam som noteras. Det visade sig också att kognitiv reklamundvikelse var mycket påverkat av ett uppgiftsorienterat fokus, både i fall med och utan acceptabel reklam.
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Cook, Henry Ernest IV. "EFFECT OF ENACTIVE-INTERFACE CONSTRAINTS ON USER BEHAVIOR IN VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENTS." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1366718517.
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Knutson, James Foster. "The effect of the user interface design on adoption of new technology." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30005.
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Le, Gal [Beneroso] Mikael. "Procedural generation of game bits and its effect on game user experience." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18659.
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Procedural Content Generation means the algorithmic creation of game content with limited or indirect user input. This technique is currently widespread in the game industry. However, its effects when applied to elements that do not engage directly with the player, also known as Game Bits, require more research. This paper focuses on how players experience a game when these Game Bits are procedurally generated, and how this alters their will to continue playing the game. By developing and using a 2DRogue like game to perform a qualitative study with eight participants, this dissertation shows an indication that procedurally generating Game Bits does not alter how the players experience a game or their desire to replay it.
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Warren, Lawrence Elliot. "The Effect of Interaction Fidelity on User Experience in Virtual Reality Locomotion." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83403.
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In virtual worlds, designers often consider "real walking" to be the gold standard when it comes to locomotion, as shown by attempts to incorporate walking techniques within tasks. When real walking is not conceivable due to several different limitations of virtual interactions (space, hardware, tracking, etc.) a walking simulation technique is sometimes used. We call these moderate interaction fidelity techniques and based upon literature, we can speculate that they will often provide an inferior experience if compared to a technique of high or low fidelity. We believe that there is an uncanny valley which is formed if a diagram is created using interaction fidelity and user effectiveness. Finding more points on this graph would help to support claims we have made with our hypothesis.
There are several studies done previously in the field of virtual reality, however a vast majority of them considered interaction fidelity as a single construct. We argue that interaction fidelity is more complex involving independent components, with each of those components having an effect of the actual effectiveness of an interface. In addition, the intention of the designer can also have influence on how effective an interface can be. In this study we are going to be doing a deeper look into devices which attempt to overcome the limitations of physical space which we will call semi-natural interfaces. Semi-natural interfaces are sometimes difficult to use at first due to mismatch of cues or possibly due to a lack of fidelity, but training has been shown to be beneficial to overcome this difficulty. As of today, designers have not yet found a fully general solution to walking in large virtual environments.<br>Master of Science
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Berg, M. (Markus). "Methods for antenna frequency control and user effect compensation in mobile terminals." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514296918.
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Abstract In this thesis, new methods for mobile terminal antenna frequency control and user effect compensation are presented. The thesis is divided into two parts. The first part includes frequency reconfigurable and tuneable antennas for mobile terminals. At first, the efficient frequency reconfiguration methods for a slot-, planar inverted-F (PIFA) and inverted-F (IFA) antennas are presented. Methods are based either on the use of RF switches, or on variable capacitor loading. One of the frequency tuneable antennas is used for the antenna frequency bandwidth enhancement in an internal digital television reception antenna, offering a continuous tunability range from 470 MHz to 702 MHz with 8 MHz instantaneous bandwidth. The second part of this thesis is concentrated on the user effect on the mobile terminal antennas, and especially, on the active compensation of the user-induced losses. At first, an experimental user effect study is conducted for triple-band PIFA and the body loss, comprising both the reflection loss and absorption loss, is characterized and formulated. It was observed that with the highly loaded mobile terminal antenna the majority of the losses are absorption losses and the user-induced reflection losses play a minor role. An active method of compensating the body loss, and especially the absorptive part of it, is designed and developed in this thesis. The switchable two-antenna arrangement is applied to a dual-band top-bottom PIFA that yielded up to 9 dB compensation of the body loss with a specific phantom hand grips in the lower band (GSM 850). In the higher band (GSM 1900 and WCDMA) 2 dB compensation is obtained. The same method is verified with two side by side-located PIFA and monopole configurations in order to compensate the effect of the user’s index finger. The losses from switching circuitry proved to be smaller than the benefit achieved by the compensation method<br>Tiivistelmä Tässä työssä esitään uudenlaisia menetelmiä matkaviestinantennin taajuussäätöön ja käyttäjän vaikutuksen kompensointiin. Työ jakautuu kahteen osaan, joista ensimmäisessä käsitellään taajuussädettäviä matkaviestinantenneja. Aluksi esitetään tehokkaita taajuussäätömenetelmiä rako-, tasomainen käännetty-F- ja käännetty-F -tyyppisille antennirakenteille. Menetelmät perustuvat joko RF kytkimen tai säädettävän kapasitanssin käyttöön. Yhtä säätömenetelmää sovelletaan päätelaitteen sisäisen vastaanottoantennin taajuuskaistanleveyden kasvattamiseen. Säätömenetelmällä saavutettu jatkuva säätöalue on 470–702 MHz ja hetkellinen kaistanleveys on 8 MHz. Työn toisessa osassa keskitytään käyttäjän matkaviestimen antennille aiheuttamaan vaikutukseen ja erityisesti käyttäjän aiheuttamien häviöiden kompensointiin. Aluksi esitetään kokeellinen tutkimus käyttäjän vaikutuksesta kolmikaistaiseen PIFA-antenniin. Tutkimuksessa arvioidaan kehohäviöiden määrää, antennin impedanssimuutoksesta aiheutuvaa heijastushäviötä ja absorptiohäviötä. Tutkimuksen perusteella absorptiolla on suurempi vaikutus kokonaishäviöön kuin heijastushäviöllä. Työssä esitetään aktiivinen kehohäviön ja erityisesti absorptiohäviön kompensointimenetelmä. Menetelmässä antennikytkentää sovelletaan päätelaitteen ylä- ja alapäähän sijoitettuihin kaksitaajuus antenniin. Tutkimuksen perusteella todetaan, että tietyn käsiotteen aiheuttamia häviöitä voidaan kompensoida 9 dB matalammalla taajuuskaistalla (GSM 850) ja 2 dB korkeammalla taajuuskaistalla (GSM 900 ja WCDMA). Kompensointimenetelmän toimivuus todennetaan myös kahdella monopoli- ja PIFA-antennirakenteella käyttäen erilaista antennijärjestelyä, jossa pääpaino on käyttäjän etusormesta johtuvien häviöiden kompensoinnissa. Antennikytkennän aiheuttamat häviöt ovat pienemmät kuin kompensointimenetelmällä saavutettu etu
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Rosdahl, Rebecka. "The effect of user onboarding : How can a tailored user onboarding be designed for an audiobook application to increase its usage?" Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för tillämpad fysik och elektronik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-179665.
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User onboarding is a concept to convince and introduce users to use an application and a way for users to understand the application and what it can be used for. This research aimed to explore whether user onboarding could increase the usage of an audiobook application, and help users to find a suitable book. To examine the research question a human-center-design method was applied. It consisted of an extensive literature study, interviews, journey mapping and iterative prototyping, which resulted in an implemented user onboarding prototype for an audiobook application. The prototype was evaluated with an A/B-test, where the user onboarding prototype was compared to another prototype without user onboarding. Interesting results have emerged through A/B-testing. Findings in this research did not provide any significant correlation between user onboarding and increased usage of an audiobook application. However, the user onboarding motivated users to listen to books, compared to one not being exposed to a user onboarding. Furthermore, results also revealed that the prototype with user onboarding was helping the users to find a book they were interested in. The results also showed that women who were introduced to the prototype with user onboarding were more positive to use the application again. There was a significant correlation between user onboarding and the perceived simplicity of finding an interesting book in the group of participants aged between 26 and 30. Regarding the perceived usability, findings showed that the users who were introduced to the user onboarding experienced that it was easier to find a book, felt more motivated to listen to a book, felt that the application helped them to find a book that suited them and felt that the application introduced them to the audiobook format to a greater extent than those who were not exposed to user onboarding. However, it could not be proven that there was a statistically significant difference between the group that was introduced to the user onboarding and the group that was not exposed to the user onboarding. In this research a total of 66 people participated in the A/B-test. For future research a larger number of participants could provide interesting results, since an A/B-test benefits from a high number of participants. Some of the results were bordering to prove that there were a significant correlation between being exposed to user onboarding and greater usage of an application.
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Myllymäki, S. (Sami). "Capacitive antenna sensor for user proximity recognition." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2012. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514299155.
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Abstract Users of mobile devices induce detrimental electrical effects on the antenna when devices are operated in close proximity to either the head, hand or fingers. A totally covered antenna can suffer over 10 dB gain loss and force an increase in the output power of the device, which additionally causes shorter battery life and higher emissions in terms of the specific absorption rate (SAR) and hearing aid compatibility (HAC). The user effect can be minimized with compensation methods such as active antenna tuning or a spatial antenna selection. In this thesis, capacitive proximity sensors are investigated in order to provide new characteristics for user effect compensation. The thesis has three parts. In the first, hand positions along the device chassis are measured with the antenna integrated capacitive sensor. The results are in proportion to the induced hand loss in the antenna. Secondly, discrete electrode sensors are studied as hand and single finger proximity recognition and are found to have a good performance in applications. Thirdly, weaknesses of integrated and discrete sensors are evaluated. The discrete sensor had an induced low antenna loss of 0.05–0.20 dB in the 1–2 GHz bands. In contrast, the integrated sensor caused radio interference in proper GSM channels, decreasing the sensitivity of the radio receiver. The capacitive sensor is able to sense the user proximity effect regardless of antenna matching, which may be changed in a complex manner when more than one electrical resonance is used in the same frequency band or when the matching is modified mainly by the resistive component. In multiple-antenna applications, capacitive sensors are able to maintain up-dated information of user loads of all antennas. Combining the results, the discrete electrode sensors fulfilled the technical and operational objectives of this thesis. They are able to detect a single finger or other user objects, they have low losses and they can be located in such a way that will not consume extra room in mobile devices<br>Tiivistelmä Kannettavien päätelaitteiden käyttäjät aiheuttavat sähköisiä häviöita laitteen antennissa kun laitetta käytetään käden, pään tai sormien läheisyydessä. Kokonaan peitetyn antennin häviö voi olla yli 10 dB, mikä johtaa laitteessa lisääntyneeseen tehontarpeeseen, lyhyempään pariston kestoon ja korkeampiin haitta-arvoihin SAR ja HAC mittauksissa. Käyttäjän vaikutusta voidaan minimoida kompensaatiotekniikoilla kuten antennin säädöllä ja -valinnalla. Tässä työssä kapasitiivisia antureita tutkittiin uusien käyttäjävaikutuksen kompensaatiotekniikoiden löytämiseksi. Työ jakaantuu kolmeen osaan. Ensimmäiseksi käden sijainti laitteen rungon suhteen on mitattu kapasitiivisella anturilla. Nämä tulokset ovat verrannollisia käden aiheuttamaan kuormaan antennissa. Toiseksi erillisiä antureita tutkittiin käden ja sormien havaitsemiseksi hyvällä menestyksellä eri sovelluksissa. Kolmanneksi arvioitiin antennin integroidun ja erillisen anturin heikkouksia. Erillisen anturin aiheuttama häviö antenniin oli 0.05–0.20 dB 1–2 GHz taajuuskaistalla. Vastaavasti integroitu anturi aiheutti radiohäiriöitä tietyillä radiokanavilla, mikä heikentää vastaanottimen herkkyyttä. Kapasitiivinen anturi havaitsee käyttäjän läheisyyden riippumatta antennin sovituksesta. Sovitus voi muuttua monimutkaisesti kun useampaa sähköistä resonanssia käytetään samalla taajuuskaistalla tai sovitukseen vaikuttaa sähköisesti resistiivinen kuorma. Moniantennirakenteissa kapasitiiviset anturit voivat tuottaa jatkuvaa informaatiota käyttäjän aiheuttamasta kuormasta eri antenneissa. Erilliset kapasitiiviset anturit täyttivät ne tekniset ja toiminnalliset vaatimukset, jotka työlle aluksi asetettiin. Niillä voidaan havaita yksittäinen sormi tai muu kohde, ne ovat pienihäviöisiä, ja ne voidaan sijoittaa tilaa säästävällä tavalla nykyisiin päätelaitteisiin
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Bobbara, Sanyasi. "Effect of Encapsulation and Light-soak on Charge Transport Properties in Organic Semiconductor –based Diodes." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0022/document.
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Les semiconducteurs organiques (SO) ont attiré une grande attention ces dernières années en raison de leur facilité de fabrication, de leurs modifications des propriétés optiques et électriques et de leur rentabilité. Ils forment la classe de matériaux les plus adaptés à l'électronique flexible et à la bioélectronique, en particulier en association avec des matériaux inorganiques / hybrides solubles en solution. Cependant, la mobilité des charges dans ces matériaux est fortement affectés par leur désordre structurel et énergétique introduit par les défauts qui "piègent" les transporteurs de charge. Selon l'emplacement physique des pièges et leur distribution en énergie, ils pourraient affecter de manière significative le transport de charge dans un dispositif. Le présent travail s'efforce de sonder l'interface et les états défectueux en masse dans des diodes à base de polymère. Au lieu de cela, une partie de l'étude implique de caractériser le système avec et sans encapsulation, en utilisant des techniques pour enregistrer le comportement de courant-tension à l'état stationnaire (IV), les transitoires d'extraction de charge par la tension augmentant linéairement (CELIV) et les courants transitoires d'injection en obscurité (DiTC), ainsi que la photoluminescence (PL) et l'électroluminescence (EL) des systèmes. Les mêmes caractéristiques ont été effectuées pour observer l'effet de pénétration de la lumière ultraviolet (UV) sur les systèmes. Tous les tests ont été effectués sur trois polymères différents, à savoir P3HT, MDMO:PPV et PCDTBT. La comparaison des dispositifs encapsulés et non encapsulés donne un aperçu des différences caractéristiques des mesurables lors de l'exposition à l'air et humidité. Les tests de pénétration lumineuse indiquent la modification de la fonction de travail de la cathode après une désorption d'oxygène assistée par UV sur l'interface polymère/cathode. Un effort simultané s'est traduit par une étude in situ de la dynamique de transport des charges dans les semi-conducteurs organiques sur une large gamme de temps à une échelle microscopique<br>Organic semiconductors (OSs) have garnered a great attention in the recent years due to their ease of processibility, optical and electrical property-tunability, and to their cost-effectiveness. They form the class of materials most suitable for flexible electronics and bioelectronics, especially in association with solutionprocessable inorganic/hybrid materials. However, the charge mobility in these materials is strongly affected by their structural and energetic disorder introduced by the defects that ‘trap’ the charge carriers. Depending upon the physical location of the traps and their distribution in energy, they could significantly affect the charge transport in a device. The present work strives to probe the interface and bulk defect states in polymer-based diodes. In lieu of that, a part of the study involved characterizing the device with and without encapsulation, using techniques to record steady-state current-voltage (IV)behaviour, transients of charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) and dark-injection transient currents (DiTC), as well as photoluminescence (PL) and electroluminescence (EL) off the devices. The same characteristics have been carried out to observe the effect of ultra-violet (UV) lightsoak on the devices. All the tests were performed on three different polymers, namely P3HT, MDMO:PPV and PCDTBT. The comparison of the encapsulated versus unencapsulated devices gives an insight into characteristic differences in the measurables upon exposure to air and moisture. The light-soak tests indicate the modification of the cathode work function after a UV-assisted oxygen desorption off the polymer/cathode interface. A simultaneous effort went into an in-situ investigation of charge transport dynamics in organic semiconductors over wide time range at a microscopic scale
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Cnattingius, Linda. "Analyzing the effect of animated transitions on the user experience of mobile interfaces." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-301641.
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Animations in interfaces, when designed correctly, are shown to be beneficial for usability and user experience (UX). However, most designers create their animations from personal preference without knowledge of how their animated transitions affect the user experience, which increases the risk of them becoming distracting and ruining the experience. Current studies on the topic focus mostly on the usability aspects of animations while the research regarding the emotional impact and aesthetics remain sparse. By understanding how the properties of transitions impact the whole user experience of a user interface, well thought out design choices can be made for improving the experience. The aim of this thesis was to investigate how three transforms and five easing types in animated transitions affect user emotions and perceived user experience. These properties were examined and compared using the mixed method approach of semi-structured interviews, Think-Aloud and the shortened version of AttrakDiff. The results of this thesis indicate that both easings and transforms can affect the perceptions of speed, and that faster perceived transitions are generally more preferred. Also, that the transforms can be more or less suitable for communicating certain changes, and that easings can convey certain impressions suiting different contexts in mobile UIs. The insights of this study can be used for guidance in designing or choosing transitions for specific affective purposes for an improved user experience.<br>Animationer i gränssnitt sägs gynna användbarhet och användarupplevelse när de är utformade korrekt. De flesta designers skapar dock sina animationer utifrån personliga preferenser utan kunskap om hur deras animerade övergångar påverkar användarupplevelsen, vilket ökar risken för att distraherande animationer som kan förstöra upplevelsen istället. I dagsläget fokuserar studier inom detta område främst på användbarhet av animationer medan forskningen kring emotionell påverkan och estetik är begränsad. Genom att förstå hur egenskaperna för animerade övergångar påverkar hela användarupplevelsen för ett användargränssnitt kan mer genomtänkta designval göras för att förbättra upplevelsen. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka hur tre transformationer och fem olika accelerationer i animerade övergångar påverkar användarnas känslor och användarupplevelse när de används i ett mobilt gränssnitt. Dessa egenskaper undersöktes och jämfördes med genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer, Think-Aloud metoden och den förkortade versionen av AttrakDiff. Resultaten tyder på att både accelerationer och transformationer kan påverka uppfattningen av animationens hastighet, och att snabbare upplevda övergångar i allmänhet är mer föredragna. Dessutom kan transformationerna kan vara mer eller mindre lämpliga för att kommunicera vissa förändringar i gränssnittet, och olika accelerationer kan förmedla vissa intryck som passar i olika sammanhang i mobila användargränssnitt. Resultaten av denna studie kan användas som vägledning vid utformning av övergångar för specifika affektiva ändamål och för en förbättrad användarupplevelse.
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De, Wet Theunis Jacobus. "The Effect of a tax on coal in South Africa a CGE analysis /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06302004-143319.
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Carvalho, Paulino Fortes. "Effect of the law of fiscal responsibility on the public charges of the cities of the state of the PiauÃ." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2007. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1891.
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nÃo hÃ<br>O final dos anos 90 foi marcado por uma profunda transformaÃÃo no cenÃrio econÃmico e polÃtico do Brasil, com a implementaÃÃo de condutas que buscavam a adequaÃÃo do nosso paÃs Ãs novas exigÃncias do cenÃrio internacional. Para que o paÃs incorporasse as noÃÃes de competitividade e desenvolvimento, era necessÃrio que o setor pÃblico desse tambÃm sua quota nesta busca, e que as atividades financeiras dos administradores pÃblicos se adequassem ao novo modelo de Estado, com o controle mais racional e probo do OrÃamento PÃblico.Neste contexto, entrou em vigor em 04.05.2000, a Lei Complementar n 101 â a chamada Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF). Surge com o intuito de limitar o endividamento da UniÃo, dos Estados e MunicÃpios, ao passo que define os princÃpios bÃsicos de responsabilidade, derivados da noÃÃo de prudÃncia na gestÃo de recursos pÃblicos. O Problema deste trabalho Ã: qual o efeito da LRF e dos limites constitucionais de gasto com educaÃÃo e saÃde sobre as despesas pÃblicas dos municÃpios do PiauÃ? O Objetivo geral à analisar o efeito da LRF e dos limites constitucionais da educaÃÃo e saÃde sobre as despesas pÃblicas dos municÃpios do Estado. Especificamente, verificar quais os municÃpios que estÃo cumprindo a LRF, considerando o limite de 60% da Receita Corrente LÃquida; os municÃpios que estÃo sofrendo sanÃÃes ou vedaÃÃes por estarem entre o limite prudencial e o limite legal; os que estÃo abaixo do limite prudencial; analisar o efeito da Lei sobre os municÃpios atravÃs do modelo logit e; verificar o cumprimento dos limites constitucionais da educaÃÃo e saÃde atravÃs do modelo
probit. A metodologia consistiu essencialmente na verificaÃÃo dos municÃpios que estÃo cumprindo a LRF, atravÃs do cÃlculo da participaÃÃo dos gastos com pessoal no total da
receita corrente lÃquida de cada municÃpio e a aplicaÃÃo do modelo logit para verificar especificamente o efeito da referida Lei considerando o limite de gasto com pessoal de 54%
do poder Executivo municipal, considerando as variÃveis de controle populaÃÃo e PIB. AlÃm disso, foi utilizado o modelo probit para verificar o efeito do cumprimento dos limites
constitucionais da educaÃÃo e saÃde. Os resultados apontam um efeito positivo da Lei para a maioria dos municÃpios do Piauà com uma queda de 2000 para 2002 da participaÃÃo de
municÃpios que descumpriram a Lei. AlÃm disso, os resultados do logit apontam, em geral, uma probabilidade dos municÃpios reduzirem os dÃficts primÃrios com variaÃÃo positivas, na
mÃdia dos municÃpios, nos Ãndices da Lei, levando a conclusÃo do efeito positivo da citada Lei na contenÃÃo dos gastos pÃblicos nos municÃpios do PiauÃ. Os resultados do probit mostram um efeito positivo, para os municÃpios do PiauÃ, no cumprimento dos limites constitucionais da educaÃÃo e saÃde, pois aumento no Ãndice dos gastos com educaÃÃo e com saÃde aumenta a probabilidade de ampliaÃÃo de dÃficits, e como os municÃpios cumprem a lei aumentando seus gastos com educaÃÃo e saÃde cresce a possibilidade do cumprimento dos limites constitucionais.<br>The end of the nineties was marked by a deep transformation in the economical and political scenery of Brazil, with the implementaÃÃo of conducts that looked for the adaptation of our country to the new demands of the international scenery. So that the country incorporated the
notions of competitiveness and development, it was necessary that the public section of that
also your share in this search, and that the public administrators' financial activities if they
adapted to the new model of State, with the most rational control and probo of the Budget PÃblico.Neste context, he went into effect in 04.05.2000, the Law Complemental no. 101 - the call Law of Fiscal Responsibility (LRF). it Appears with the intention of limiting the
endividamento of the Union, of States and Municipal districts, while it defines the basic beginnings of responsibility, derived of the prudence notion in the administration of public resources. The Problem of this work is: which the effect of LRF and of the constitutional
limits of expense with education and health on the public expenses of the municipal districts of PiauÃ? The general Objective is to analyze the effect of LRF and of the constitutional limits of the education and health on the public expenses of the municipal districts of the State.
Specifically, to verify which the municipal districts that are accomplishing LRF, considering the limit of 60% of the Liquid Average Revenue; the municipal districts that are suffering sanctions or vedaÃÃes for they be between the limit prudencial and the legal limit; the ones
that are below the limit prudencial; to analyze the effect of the Law on the municipal districts through the model logit and; to verify the execution of the constitutional limits of the education and health through the model probit. The methodology consisted essentially of the
verification of the municipal districts that you/they are accomplishing LRF, through the calculation of the participation of the expenses with personnel in the total of the liquid average revenue of each municipal district and the application of the model logit to verify the
effect of the referred Law specifically considering the expense limit with personnel of 54% of the municipal Executive power, considering the variables of control population and GDP. Besides, the model probit was used to verify the effect of the execution of the constitutional
limits of the education and health. The results point a positive effect of the Law for most of the municipal districts of Piauà with a fall of 2000 for 2002 of the participation of municipal districts that descumpriram the Law. Besides, the results of the logit appear, in general, a
probability of the municipal districts reduce the primary dÃficts with positive variation, in the average of the municipal districts, in the indexes of the Law, taking the conclusion of the positive effect of the mentioned Law in the contention of the public expenses in the municipal
districts of PiauÃ. The results of the probit show a positive effect, for the municipal districts of
PiauÃ, in the execution of the constitutional limits of the education and health, because I increase in the index of the expenses with education and with health it increases the
probability of amplification of deficits, and as the municipal districts they accomplish the law
increasing your expenses with education and health increases the possibility of the execution
of the constitutional limits.
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Moradi, Massoud. "Financial evaluation of milege based user fees for Florida's transportation funding." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5342.
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Motor fuel taxes have been collected as a principal source of highway funding for close to a century. They account for approximately two thirds of all the highway user fees and about half of all highway expenditures. Federal fuel taxes have not kept pace with the inflation in general and increasing traffic demand and resulting construction, maintenance and operation costs of the transportation assets in particular. Lack of political will, combined with rising anti-tax sentiment among the populace, has kept the federal tax level not only well below its initial intents, but also at a unsustainable level in future. Mileage based user fees are possibly an alternative to the fuel taxes, which have been the main mechanism for funding the transportation system. Mileage based user fees have been successfully utilized in many parts of the world with glowing results. Germany's “TollCollect”, a quasi government enterprise has utilized GPS technology in collecting the users' fee from the truck operators. The system has been a financial engine providing much needed funding for many major transportation projects. Oregon Department of Transportation, in a federally co-funded pilot project, examined the practicality of the mileage based user fee collection at the fuel pumps. According to the Oregon study, there are not any major technical difficulties in mileage based user fee collection at the pump. Study participants (general motorist) did not express any objection to the mileage based user fee collection. This dissertation evaluates revenue impacts of several pricing policies including: Current per gallon fuel taxes, conversion to a mileage based user fee, time of day user fee application, area type user fee and congestion priced user fees. State of Florida's years 2015-2035 fuel revenue forecast is used as a case study. A model is constructed to estimate annual vehicle miles travelled for the analyses period. Fuel efficiencies, current per gallon fuel taxes and their corresponding mileage-based user fee equivalents are the input to a financial model developed for comparisons. Results demonstrate that decrease in fuel revenues due to vehicles fuel efficiency improvements can be offset by replacing current per gallon fuel taxes with a mileage-based user fee. Pricing the user fee according to area type, roadway classification, time of day and congestion level can not only generate more revenues but also assist in demand management.<br>ID: 031001300; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Adviser: Haitham Al-Deek.; Title from PDF title page (viewed March 11, 2013).; Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-145).<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering<br>Engineering and Computer Science<br>Civil Engineering
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Wise, Kevin Robert. "The effect of user control on the [sic]. cognitve and emotional processing of pictures /." May be available electronically:, 2004. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Setterquist, Erik. "The effect of quality metrics on the user watching behaviour in media content broadcast." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för systemteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-304514.
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Understanding the effects of quality metrics on the user behavior is important for the increasing number of content providers in order to maintain a competitive edge. The two data sets used are gathered from a provider of live streaming and a provider of video on demand streaming. The important quality and non quality features are determined by using both correlation metrics and relative importance determined by machine learning methods. A model that can predict and simulate the user behavior is developed and tested. A time series model, machine learning model and a combination of both are compared. Results indicate that both quality features and non quality features are important in understanding user behavior, and the importance of quality features are reduced over time. For short prediction times the model using quality features is performing slightly better than the model not using quality features.
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Muscat, Angela Michelle. "The Effect of 2D and 3D Menus on Memory Retention in User Interface Design." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2013. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/934.
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The increasing use of 3D user interface elements, particularly 3D menus, demonstrates the need to expand research in the field of Human Computer Interaction (HCI) as it pertains to 3D user interfaces. The results of this thesis contribute to the understanding of the cognitive impacts of using 3D menus. Multiple application areas for 3D menus have been identified where memory retention is a critical success factor, but little research has been done in the area of memory retention for 3D menus. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate if the use of 3D carousel menus increases retention of information over 2D menus and if is there a gender effect with these results. A three factor split-plot (one-between subject factor and two-within subject factors) experiment was designed to test if menu dimension, content type, and gender are significant factors in memory retention and to determine if there are any interactions between these factors. The results of the experiment revealed that dimension and gender are not significant factors in the retention of information and none of the interactions of dimension (2D vs. 3D), gender, and content were significant. Several subjects’ questionnaire responses demonstrated that the menu dimension they perceived to better aid retention was 3D; however these results were not statistically significant. While these results showed that within the boundaries chosen the use of a 3D menu neither promotes nor degrades memory retention, there are still a number of questions that need to be answered regarding the use of 3D menus and their effect on other cognitive processes.
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Minett, Roger. "An evaluation of a 'user-led' training course for mental health nurses and the effect of user involvement upon professional power, autonomy and practice." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/30866.
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This study explores how 'user led' workshops for mental health workers were evaluated and subsequent effects upon professional power, practice and partnership working. Research methods involved observation of workshops, semi-structured interviews with course participants and analysis of evaluation forms. A content analysis of the evaluations, interviews and observation notes were interpreted in relation to literature on user involvement, professional power, practice and partnership working, although sub themes emerged during the process including safety and accountability, Care Programme Approach, resources in practice and resistance to change.;The findings reveal that the reaction of nurses to user involvement has been mixed and two groups have emerged. One group are more accepting of user involvement, the user perspective and seek more equality and partnerships with users. They espouse the rhetoric and implement the policy on user involvement and the study reveals a number of changes to their professional practice as a result of the workshop. However even in this group user involvement and partnership may be negated by the need to defer to others or legal and professional imperatives.;In contrast there is a second group who, may also espouse the rhetoric of user involvement and partnership working but nevertheless feel threatened by it. These nurses have been resistant to policy developments, are tokenistic in their acceptance of the user perspective and reluctant to change practice. They do not regard users as equal partners or engage in partnership working. This research has demonstrated therefore that user involvement in education and training can have a beneficial effect upon the working practices of some professionals but there remains a group for whom education alone is less effective.
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Shrestha, Saurav. "The effect of search engine results page presentation style on user satisfaction and eye movements." Diss., Wichita State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5589.
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Eye movement on a web page is determined by the layout of the page presented to the user (Nielsen, 2006; Shrestha et al., 2007, 2008). A typical search engine results page layout suffers from a hierarchical bias with higher fixations on the top and lower fixations on the bottom areas of interest (Granka et al., 2004; Joachims et al., 2005; Dumais et al., 2010; Curtell et al., 2007; Guan et al., 2007). This study compared the usability and eye movement data of participants searching a traditional SERP layout and two alternative layouts, grid and tabular. Results showed that while participants indicated a higher preference for the traditional layout, no differences in success, satisfaction, mental workload, or perceived difficulty were found across the 3 layouts for either informational or navigational tasks. Participants were found to look at the page more times and for longer when completing informational tasks compared to navigational tasks regardless of the layout presented to them. Participants looked at the top portion of the page more than the bottom when presented with the traditional or the tabular layout in both the task conditions. For the informational task condition, the top portion of the page was viewed for longer and for the navigational task condition, the bottom portion of the page was view for longer for both the traditional and the tabular layouts. When presented with the grid layout, participants were found to view the content vertically by column starting on the left column, then to the right: the left column was viewed more than the right column but the right column was viewed for longer than the left column regardless of the task condition. Moreover, it was found that participants fixated on the right column of the grid layout more than twice as much as they fixated on the bottom portion of the traditional layout. Compared to the bottom portion of the tabular layout, participants fixated 50% more on the right column of the grid layout. This, along with its scroll-less interface, shows the advantage of the grid layout over both the traditional and the tabular layouts. In terms of layout preference, participants equally preferred the traditional and the grid layout. It was found that the tabular layout was the easiest for the participants to parse out what element of the search results they wanted to fixate to effectively complete the given task: this meant that participants could fixate on the title and the text snippet portion of the search result and ignore the URL portion while completing informational tasks and in the same manner participants could fixate on the URL and the title and ignore the text snippet more effectively than on the traditional or the grid layouts when completing navigational tasks. This shows the advantage of the tabular layout when the user is interested in a specific type of information. The advantage of the uniqueness of their layouts may have potential with their application in proper contexts.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology
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Lund, Lisa. "The effect of communication method on user experience in a formal communication with a stranger." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-291126.
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This thesis aims to find out how communication method a˙ects user experience in a formal communication with a stranger, such as a job application process. The communication methods investigated were instant messaging and email. To this end, two studies were performed. The first one based on a set of interviews with recruiters. The second one based on a questionnaire sent out to job candidates. Recruiters did not value communication method as important for the candidate to make a good first impression, but they were concerned with the need for rapid communication and needing to be constantly available when using informal communication methods. I found that candidates significantly preferred formal communication methods, results also showed that candidates felt less insecure when communicating using a formal method. Finally, we also found that younger users did not have a stronger preference for informal communication methods than older users, contrary to my expectations.<br>Målet med denna uppsats var att ta reda på hur kommunikationsmetod påverkar användarupplevelsen i en formell kommunikation med en främling, så som i en arbetsansökan. Kommunikationsmetoderna som undersöktes var e-post och chatt. För att ta reda på detta gjordes två studier. Den första bestod av intervjuer med rekryterare. Den andra bestod av ett frågeformulär som skickades ut till kandidater. Rekryterarna värderade inte kommunikationsmetoden i sig högt när det gällde vilket intryck de fick av en kandidat, men kommunikations-hastigheten var en viktig faktor i valet av metod. Speciellt så uppfattade de ett behov av att vara tillgänglig och kunna svara snabbt om en informell kommunikationsmetod användes, denna uppfattning delades av kandidaterna. Mina resultat visade att jobbkandidater hade en signifikant preferens för att använda formella kommunikationsmetoder, och visade sig känna sig mindre osäkra när de använde formella kommunikationsmetoder än när de använde informella metoder. Slutligen upptäckte jag att yngre användare inte visade sig föredra informella kommunikationsmetoder mer än äldre användare.
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Yu-Chun, Cheng, and 鄭伃君. "The Effect of User-Charge Policy on Household Waste Behavior." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ear774.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>經濟學研究所<br>107<br>This paper exploits the historical statistical data and government open data at the district level to examine the effect of Pay-As-You-Throw (User-Charge) on households’waste behavior. New Taipei City (Taiwan’s most populous city) initiated a Trash Per-bag Fee Collection Policy, versus the previous one based on household tap water consumption, in each district at different times from 2008 to 2011. We utilized the regression discontinuity design to estimate the overall policy effect and found the user-charge policy reduced solid waste quantities by about 50%, and increased food waste by about 40%.For the reduction of solid waste, the effect is stronger in the low income group. On the other hand, the effect of user charge on recycling significantly increase recycling only in higher education level and income group. In addition, the policy externality of user-charge is not statistically significant.
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Ferrara, Ida. "Essays on solid waste management the impact of user fees /." 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ39265.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 1998. Graduate Programme in Economics.<br>Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 177-182). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ39265.
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Kapelner, Rachel A. "Effect of Protein Charge and Charge Distribution on Protein-Based Complex Coacervates." Thesis, 2021. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-9c92-7b72.
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Polyelectrolytes of opposite charge in aqueous solution can undergo a liquid-liquid phase separation known as complex coacervation. Complex coacervation of ampholytic proteins with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes is of increasing interest as it results in a protein rich phase that has potential applications in food science, protein therapeutics, protein purification, and biocatalysis. However, many globular proteins do not phase separate when mixed with an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte, and those that do phase separate do so over narrow concentration, pH, and ionic strength ranges. Much of the work that has been done on complex coacervates looks at polymer-polymer systems. While there have been some initial studies showing that proteins can undergo complex coacervation, the major design factor studied to date has been overall protein charge. The tools of genetic engineering, which allow the precise tuning and placement of charge have not been used to more fully understand the design criteria for protein complex coacervation.
In this dissertation, we developed a model protein library based on green fluorescent protein (GFP) to study the impact of protein net charge and charge distribution on protein phase separation with polyelectrolytes. We developed a short, ionic polypeptide sequence (6-18 amino acids) that can drive the liquid-liquid phase separation of globular proteins. We characterize the phase behavior of the protein library with a homopolymer and diblock copolymer of similar chemistry to elucidate how protein design impacts macro- and microphase separation. In these phase characterization studies, differences in the nature of phase separation as well as the salt stability of the protein coacervates with the different polymer species are identified. We finally used this model protein library to study the effects of the protein design and phase separation behavior for coacervate-based applications including intracellular protein delivery, purification, and protein stabilization.
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WEI, CHIN-LI, and 魏勤儷. "Designing User-Centric Recommendation System – The Effect of User Control and Social Presence on User Experience." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x45dc8.
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碩士<br>輔仁大學<br>企業管理學系管理學碩士班<br>106<br>Previous studies related to recommendation system mainly focused on the refinement of recommendation algorithm instead of user’s experience. Therefore more and more researchers developed user-centric recommendation system to enhance user experience. One of the ways which enhance user experience is designing a usable recommendation interface. This study proposes a research model to investigate the factors influencing users’ adoption intention toward recommendation systems. A laboratory experiment was conducted to collect empirical data and test research model. Both the anthropomorphic interface and filtering function were manipulated to analyze the impact of social presence and user control on users’ experience on recommendation systems. The results of MANOVA analysis show that both social presence and user control will be affected by filtering function. The PLS analysis results show that user experience which includes perceived usefulness and satisfaction will affect users’ intention toward recommendation systems. Satisfaction will be affected by social presence while perceived usefulness will be affected by user control. In addition, both social presence and user control have positive effect to user's trust beliefs, i.e., ability, benevolence and integrity. Then ability and benevolence, in turn, will affect perceived usefulness. Furthermore, this study also explores the mediating effect of trust beliefs. The results show that the ability and benevolence will partially mediate the effect of user control on perceived usefulness. The results of this study provide academic and practical implications.
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Chuang, Wei-Li, and 莊維禮. "Effect of Asymmetric Charges on the Ion Current Rectification in Hourglass Nanopores." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83d6ut.
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碩士<br>國立雲林科技大學<br>化學工程與材料工程系<br>104<br>Biological ion channels in cell membranes are generally of asymmetric geometries and charges, which are highly related to their biological functions in physiology. Inspired by this, we theoretically investigate the ion current rectification (ICR), an interesting diode-like behavior displaying different conductance behaviors at the applied voltage with different polarities, in hourglass nanopores. Parameters including the nanopore geometry, electrolyte concentration, and asymmetry charges are examined comprehensively for their influences on the ICR and corresponding rectification ratio. Results obtained shown that if the hourglass nanopore is of symmetric charge, it exhibits current rectification only when the nanopore is of asymmetric geometries and its rectification becomes significant when the salt concentration is medium high. On the other hand, if the hourglass nanopore is of asymmetric charges, the ICR takes place no matter what kind of nanopore geometry is chosen and the rectification effect is more significant than that of symmetric charge. Moreover, the current rectification is more significant as the salt concentration decreases, which is also inconsistent with the behavior observed in the hourglass nanopore is of symmetric charge. Results gathered are informative to the design of relevant biomimetic nanofluidics, the interpretation of experimental data, as well as the system optimization.
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"Statistical analysis of equity-linked instruments." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892701.
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Mak Nga-sze.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Purpose --- p.2<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Flow of the study --- p.3<br>Chapter 2 --- Review of Equity Linked Securities --- p.5<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Backgrond of Equity Linked Securities in Hong Kong --- p.5<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Differences of trading between listed and non-listed ELIs --- p.7<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Non-listed ELIs --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- Definition --- p.9<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- Variables specification --- p.11<br>Chapter 2.3.3 --- Payoff possibilities --- p.13<br>Chapter 3 --- Data --- p.17<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Data sources --- p.17<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Data treatment --- p.18<br>Chapter 4 --- Methodology --- p.21<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Volatility --- p.23<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Implied volatility by CRR binomial Tree --- p.24<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Historical volatility --- p.26<br>Chapter 5 --- Estimation of Empirical Data --- p.28<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Statistical results of the issuer's profit margin --- p.29<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Empirical analysis of the profit margin trends --- p.31<br>Chapter 5.2.1 --- Factor 1: Volatility --- p.34<br>Chapter 5.2.2 --- Factor 2: Trading volume --- p.34<br>Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.37<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusion --- p.37<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Extensions --- p.38<br>Appendix --- p.40<br>Chapter .1 --- "Tables of non-listed ELIs in Hong Kong, updated to January 31,2005" --- p.40<br>Chapter .2 --- "Stock options in HKEx, lastest to June 2004" --- p.43<br>Chapter .3 --- Histograms of the issuer's profit margins --- p.44<br>References --- p.45
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Wang, Yung-Hsien, and 王永嫻. "Evaluation of pollution-reduction and economical effect on industries by levying effluent charges." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/57033716016697732723.
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碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>環境工程學研究所<br>93<br>The two strategies to prevent and treat water pollution problems are using administrational control or economical systems. From the experiences of European countries, those combine the above two strategies can improve the pollution-reduction effect, while using only administrational control can’t do so well.
In Taiwan, there were many studies about the effluent charge, and the rate they suggested depend on their point of view. This study considers the inflating of currency and referring to the way how the Environmental Protection Administration decide the rates, then obtains the rates per polluting unit from 2003 to 2005 are 920NT, 935NT and 950NT accordingly.
Because the levying objects at the first stage are industries and the sewer systems of industrial area, this study choose the industries with more complete data of water quality and pollution costs , then construct their Marginal Water Quality Abatement Cost curve to analysis and evaluate how much can the pollution-reduction improve, and the economical effect to those delivering effluent charges.
The results show that the food-manufacturing industries will raise the amount of pollution, while the textile-manufacturing industries, leather-manufacturing industries and chemical plants will reduce it. And the effluent charge delivered by each kind of industries is lower than 1% of its gross profit, means that the rate may be accepted by those delivering them. By comparing with other countries comes to the results that the rates of recent years are suitable. Because the levying objects at the first stage also inclusive of the sewer systems of industrial area, this study calculate their cost to process pollution and shows that the rate has fewer attraction for them to improve pollution-reduction.
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Bouman, Claudette Eunice. "Fees in public schools." Thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/6985.
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This study investigated fees in public schools in seven school districts of British
Columbia. A conceptual framework was formulated from issues in the literature on
privatization, principles of taxation, school fee law and practices, and the public/private sectors
of education. The framework was then applied to study the occurrence of school fees in public
education and their effects on students.
Purposive sampling techniques were employed to select districts, schools, and personnel
for the study. Selection criteria included size, wealth, location and ethnic composition of
districts and schools. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a total of fifty-four
professionals including school district officials, school administrators and teachers. The data
were analyzed using qualitative techniques.
Explanations for current fee practices included: 1) financial and budgetary limitations;
2) the philosophy of users' pay; and 3) an educational policy on voluntary educational pursuits.
Fees as a source of revenue to maintain, improve and introduce educational services occurred
in four categories: curricular, extracurricular, incidental, and supplementary and special.
Administrators at the district and school levels emphasized that fee waivers, bursaries and
reimbursements could be applied where necessary. However, costs could not always be
absorbed by the school and, needy students were not always easily identified. Schools varied
in the degree to which they experienced fee administration difficulties. Most principals indicated
that the elimination of all school fees would result in curtailment or discontinuation of certain
activities and items. Educators agreed that psychological and social effects from charging fees
were also important concerns. Main conclusions are: 1) the benefit principle and ability-to-pay principle are both used
to justify school fees; 2) school policies and laws define the application of fees according to
required and non-required curricula, thus fees are encountered chiefly for course electives and
voluntary activities; 3) by charging fees, schools are able to provide resources necessary for
student programs and activities; 4) fees can negatively impact on student participation and
psychology. Two policy directions are suggested based on the principles of benefit and abilityto-
pay: the maintenance of current levels of fees and the augmentation of fee in public schools.