Journal articles: 'Effect of user charges on'

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Smith, Peter C. "Universal health coverage and user charges." Health Economics, Policy and Law 8, no. 4 (2013): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133113000285.

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AbstractThere has been an explosion of interest in the concept of ‘universal health coverage’, fuelled by publication of the World Health Report 2010. This paper argues that the system of user charges for health services is a fundamental determinant of levels of coverage. A charge can lead to a loss of utility in two ways. Citizens who are deterred from using services by the charge will suffer an adverse health impact. And citizens who use the service will suffer a loss of wealth. The role of social health insurance is threefold: to reduce households’ financial risk associated with sickness; to promote enhanced access to needed health services; and to contribute to societal equity objectives, through an implicit financial transfer from rich to poor and healthy to sick. In principle, an optimal user charge policy can ensure that the social health insurance funds are used to best effect in pursuit of these objectives. This paper calls for a fundamental rethink of attitudes and policy towards user charges.

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Bierhanzl, Edward J. "Incentives for Efficiency: User Charges and Municipal Spending." Journal of Public Finance and Public Choice 17, no. 1 (1999): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/251569299x15668906480838.

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Abstract User charges have been an increasingly important source of revenue tor local governments. Furthermore, it has been suggested in the public finance literature that user charge finance can increase the efficiency of local government service provision, with the evidence being a reduction of expenditures, ceteris paribus. This paper goes one step further, using an empirical test to distinguishing die quantity effect from the cost effect. An analysis of local sewer service demonstrates that greater reliance on user charge finance does not have a significant impact on the quantity of service provided, but does lead to reduced cost of service. The argument for user charges as an efficiency-enhancing mechanism is thereby strengthened.

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Będzieszak, Marcin. "Is There a Link between User Charges and Expenditures on Public Kindergartens in Poland?" Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska, sectio H – Oeconomia 54, no. 4 (2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/h.2020.54.4.7-18.

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<p>The aim of this article is to assess the link between user charges and expenditures on the service on the example of public kindergartens in Poland. The rationale behind the paper is that implementation of user charges for public service results in effiient use of resources and leads to the passing-on of expenditure increase to consumers. To achieve the aim, three methods were used, namely weighed-least-squares, fixed effect and random effect method. The empirical analysis based on a panel data set for 65 large Polish cities in the years 2012–2018 showed that about 10–25% of an expenditure increase is passed on to consumers in terms of higher user charge. Moreover, user charge financing has a significant negative effect on the unit cost. An increase in the share of user charges in expenditures by 10 pp causes a decrease in expenditure at the level of 2.5–5.0%.</p>

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MWABU, GERMANO, JAMES MWANZIA, and WILSON LIAMBILA. "User charges in government health facilities in Kenya: effect on attendance and revenue." Health Policy and Planning 10, no. 2 (1995): 164–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/10.2.164.

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Pethő, Lilla, Gábor Mező, and Gitta Schlosser. "Overcharging Effect in Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectra of Daunomycin-Tuftsin Bioconjugates." Molecules 24, no. 16 (2019): 2981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24162981.

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Peptide-based small molecule drug conjugates for targeted tumor therapy are currently in the focus of intensive research. Anthracyclines, like daunomycin, are commonly used anticancer drug molecules and are also often applied in peptide-drug conjugates. However, lability of the O-glycosidic bond during electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis hinders the analytical characterization of the constructs. “Overprotonation” can occur if daunomycin is linked to positively charged peptide carriers, like tuftsin derivatives. In these molecules, the high number of positive charges enhances the in-source fragmentation significantly, leading to complex mass spectra composed of mainly fragment ions. Therefore, we investigated different novel tuftsin-daunomycin conjugates to find an appropriate condition for mass spectrometric detection. Our results showed that shifting the charge states to lower charges helped to keep ions intact. In this way, a clear spectrum could be obtained containing intact protonated molecules only. Shifting of the protonation states to lower charges could be achieved with the use of appropriate neutral volatile buffers and with tuning the ion source parameters.

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Kang, Wenbin, Shaoxing Meng, Haozhe Cui, et al. "Space Charge Accumulation in Silicone Rubber Influenced by Poole-Frenkel Effect." MATEC Web of Conferences 238 (2018): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201823801001.

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With the rapid increase of electrical energy consumption in metropolises, more and more power cables are utilized in power grid or urban power network to transmit and distribute electrical energy. Silicone rubber is widely used as polymeric insulating materials of power cable accessories due to their excellent electrical and thermal performances. However, under high dc electric field space charges can accumulate inside the silicone rubber, which will distort the electric field in the bulk of the material, influencing the reliability and safety of operation. A bipolar charge injection and transport model is adopted to investigate the accumulation of space charges and distortion of electric field in silicone rubber. It is found that when charge injection rate is higher than the charge migration rate, space charges will accumulate in the material and the accumulation increases with an increase in electric field. The influence of the Poole-Frenkel effect is then studied. It is found that stronger Poole-Frenkel effect can enhance the nonlinearity of effective carrier mobility of silicone rubber, reducing the accumulation of space charges. This indicates that tuning the nonlinearity of effective carrier mobility by nano-doping can suppress space charges, improving the reliability of power cable accessories.

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Gryn'ova, Ganna, and Michelle L. Coote. "Directionality and the Role of Polarization in Electric Field Effects on Radical Stability." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 4 (2017): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch16579.

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Accurate quantum-chemical calculations are used to analyze the effects of charges on the kinetics and thermodynamics of radical reactions, with specific attention given to the origin and directionality of the effects. Conventionally, large effects of the charges are expected to occur in systems with pronounced charge-separated resonance contributors. The nature (stabilization or destabilization) and magnitude of these effects thus depend on the orientation of the interacting multipoles. However, we show that a significant component of the stabilizing effects of the external electric field is largely independent of the orientation of external electric field (e.g. a charged functional group, a point charge, or an electrode) and occurs even in the absence of any pre-existing charge separation. This effect arises from polarization of the electron density of the molecule induced by the electric field. This polarization effect is greater for highly delocalized species such as resonance-stabilized radicals and transition states of radical reactions. We show that this effect on the stability of such species is preserved in chemical reaction energies, leading to lower bond-dissociation energies and barrier heights. Finally, our simplified modelling of the diol dehydratase-catalyzed 1,2-hydroxyl shift indicates that such stabilizing polarization is likely to contribute to the catalytic activity of enzymes.

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Tai, L. S., Y. W. Wong, Y. M. Poon, and F. G. Shin. "Characteristics of Corona-Charged PET Sandwich Electrets." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.123.

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Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the major electret materials which has been studied and widely used in charge storage applications for a long time. The homo-charge and hetero-charge formation responsible for the electret effect of PET can be explained by the dipolar polarization, space charge separation and charge injection respectively as a result of contact poling or corona charging. These processes are also verifiable from studies of surface charges and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) of the PET films. Now consider a stack of PET films charged under the same condition as a single film. It would be intuitively expected that the electret effects of the individual films of the stack should be different due to their different positions in the stack. However, in a recent study on charged PET stacks, it was found that the electret effects of the individual films are quite similar. The surface charges of the individual films are about the same and they sum to make same total as a single charged PET film. On the other hand, the TSDC thermograms of individual films show similar characteristics in the thermal relaxation processes where homo- and hetero- charge effects are still observed. From the TSDC results, especially for the film in the middle of a triple layer sandwich, it shows clearly dipolar polarization and charge injection related peaks. These findings agree with the results of surface charge studies of the individual films.

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Ahamefule Amaghionyeodiwe, Lloyd. "The Effect of User Charges on the Pattern of Health Care Demand in Nigeria." American Journal of Biomedical Science & Research 10, no. 2 (2020): 181–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34297/ajbsr.2020.10.001494.

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THANG, Dam, Vladimir BELIN, and Tran DOANH. "STUDIES OF THE SHAPED CHARGES EFFECT WITH A HEMISPHERICAL ECCENTRIC SHAPE RECESS FOR THE ROCKS DESTRUCTION." Sustainable Development of Mountain Territories 13, no. 2 (2021): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21177/1998-4502-2021-13-2-281-291.

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The method of outdoor installation of explosive charges is usually used in the destruction of rocks in conditions in which the method of drilling and blasting using borehole or borehole charges is difficult to apply due to objective conditions. The productivity of rock destruction by the outdoor installation of a concentrated charge is very low. This is due to the fact that such an explosion is characterized by a large loss of energy in the environment. The destruction of rocks by an explosion using shaped charges (CW) to destroy the rock is one solution to increase the useful energy of the destruction of the rock compared to charges placed outside. To achieve the optimal effect of destruction of the rock by cumulative charges, it is necessary to, so that for each type of rock, a specific type of shaped charges can be determined with the appropriate performance and efficiency of the use of explosives. The stronger the rock, the more efficient the short-circuit should be, and vice versa. Thus, for effective rock crushing, it is necessary to develop and produce a number of different types of shaped charges. The use of shaped explosive charges allows you to increase the utilization rate of the useful energy of the explosion and increase the destruction zone of the rock. At a fixed mass of the explosive, the destructive effect of the explosive charge placed on the surface of the rock, it depends on the shape of the charge and the geometric parameters of the charge. Shaped charges with an eccentric hemispherical shape have a coefficient of use of the useful energy of the explosion for the destruction of rock, more than 2.4 times compared to conventional concentrated charges of the same mass.

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Erfanian, Elham, and Alan R. Collins. "Charges for Water and Access: What Explains the Differences Among West Virginian Municipalities?" Water Economics and Policy 04, no. 04 (2018): 1850017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x18500170.

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Examining both spatial and non-spatial econometric analyses with a dataset of 125 municipal water utilities, we investigate utility cost and community factors that explain variation in residential user charges and monthly access charges for water. The results of water charges model are consistent with the theory of water cost determination as water source, debt, and economies of size plus scale influence residential consumer charges for water. Both models (water charges and minimum monthly access) displayed positive spillover effects, although the only variable in either model with a significant indirect effect is water charges on minimum monthly access charges. Based upon model results, ground water use by utilities lowers water charges and is estimated to save residential customers in West Virginia over $3.6 million annually. West Virginia households typically pay far below the OECD standard of 3 to 5% of household income for municipal water, which may explain why socioeconomic factors do not influence minimum monthly charges for access.

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Viscencio-Brambilla, Hector, and Stephen Fuller. "Effects of Port User Fees on Export Grain Flow Patterns." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 18, no. 2 (1986): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200006087.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to evaluate the effect of the proposed deep draft port user fee on export grain flow patterns and provide insight into potential marketing system adjustment costs which may result from diverted flows. A multiperiod, network flow model is used to conduct the analysis. Analyses show grain flow patterns to be affected most by a port specific fee which is based on weight. The annual variation in flows generated by imposition of port user charges is generally less than the historical year-to-year variation and, in most cases, the altered port area flows can be accommodated by existing infrastructure.

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Liang, Zhen Guang, Yu Ze Jiang, and Zong Jie Liu. "Effect of Transmission Tower on Electric Field under Overhead Lines." Applied Mechanics and Materials 668-669 (October 2014): 767–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.668-669.767.

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This paper discusses effect of transmission tower on electric field under overhead lines. Charge simulation method is used. Transmission tower is taken into account by using a simplified frame. Segments of tower frame are represented by finite straight line charges. Overhead lines with conductor sag determined by catenary equation are also represented by finite straight line charges. Calculation results show that transmission tower has shielding effect on closed region and distortion effect nearby tower leg.

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Nespolo, Massimo, and Benoît Guillot. "CHARDI2015: charge distribution analysis of non-molecular structures." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 1 (2016): 317–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576715024814.

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The charge distribution method describes non-molecular crystal structures in a Madelung-type approach in which the formal oxidation number (`charge') of each atom is distributed among its neighbours. The sum of the distributed charges gives back the input charge when a structure is correctly refined and well balanced, so that the method can be used for structure validation and for the analysis of over- and underbonding effects. A new version of the software used to compute the charge distribution is presented, now with a CIF parser and graphical user interface.

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Almarsdóttir, Anna Birna, Janine Marie Morgall, and Almar Grímsson. "Cost Containment of Pharmaceutical Use in Iceland: The Impact of Liberalisation and User Charges." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 5, no. 2 (2000): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135581960000500209.

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Objectives: Iceland was the first Nordic country to liberalise its drug distribution system, in March 1996. Subsequent regulation in January 1997 increased patients' share of drug costs. The objectives of this study were to test the assumptions that liberalising community pharmacy ownership would lower reimbursement costs for the state's Social Security Institute and that increasing patient charges would reduce use and, therefore, lower the cost to the Institute. Methods: Based on the assumptions, we built and tested two models using interrupted time series designs that contrast the monthly reimbursement costs before and after the legislation and regulation took effect. A control variable (the number of office visits to general practitioners) was tested to assess other events in the health care arena. Monthly data on these variables were provided by the Icelandic State Social Security Institute for January 1993 to August 1998 for reimbursement costs and to December 1998 for office visits to general practitioners. Results: Reimbursement costs have risen steadily throughout the period under study. The interrupted time series analysis did not show a substantial effect from the legislative change in March 1996 or from the regulatory intervention in January 1997. Conclusions: The main argument used for liberalising community pharmacy ownership in Iceland was built on false assumptions regarding the effect on drug reimbursement costs to the state. It will be necessary to find more promising interventions to halt the rapidly increasing cost of drugs.

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Yusof, Mohd Hazwan, Sulaiman Mohd Muslim, Muhammad Fadhli Suhaimi, Hassan Ibrahim, Azizuddin Abdul Aziz, and Mohamad Firdaus Basrawi. "The Effect of Refrigerant Charge on the Performance of a Split-Unit Type Air Conditioner Using R22 Refrigerant." MATEC Web of Conferences 225 (2018): 02011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822502011.

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Numerous air conditioners are running without a proper refrigerant charge due to leakage and improper charging during installation. Therefore, there is a need to understand the performance of the air conditioner if it is not properly charged for the means of optimal operation and cost saving. This study is focusing on the usage of a used small capacity split-unit type air conditioner using R-22 refrigerant. The objective is to study the condenser performance over a variation of refrigerant charges. From the results, it is clear that the optimum refrigerant charge is 100%. The highest cooling capacity and COP were 3,330 J/s and 3.05 respectively.

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van Hijum, Y. J. "Financing public water management: dealing with economic costs of water use." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 11 (1998): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0424.

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Today, many scientists and policy makers underline the importance of internalizing all social and economic costs in charges and prices for water use. Ideally, all service and environmental costs should be recovered in conformity with “polluter pays” and “user pays” principles, using the water system (or river basin) approach to detect these costs. Attempts in The Netherlands to implement these principles however, show that it is not always easy to deduct just charges and prices from hydrological cause-effect relations. Such charges and prices do not always provide adequate signals to users and polluters. The institutional framework and the social, economic and political context determine where and how these financing principles can be implemented. The focus should therefore shift from “blind” charges on pollution and abstraction to (self-)imposed efforts made to measure.

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Zaki, S., Emad Uddin, B. Rashid, A. Mubashar, and Samiur R. Shah. "Effect of liner material and explosive type on penetration effectiveness of shaped charge." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 7 (2018): 1375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717753233.

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Shaped charges are used in many civilian and military applications. This study focuses on the effects of liner material and the type of explosive on the development of shaped charge jet. This was carried out by experimentation and numerical finite element-based modelling. Shaped charges were tested on a steel plate during the experimentation and the experimental data were used to validate the developed numerical model of the shaped charge. A hydrocode-based finite element model was able to predict the perforation and jet formation for the shaped charge, as well as the characteristics of the holes formed in the target plate. Several variations of the numerical model with the change of liner material and the filled explosive showed that the higher explosive resulted in higher velocity jet. The jet formation and velocity of jet were compared to determine the better performing combination of the material and explosive for the given shaped charge geometry. The underlying mechanisms were discussed in detail and compared with the previous studies.

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Stump, Brian W., and Robert E. Reinke. "Experimental confirmation of superposition from small-scale explosions." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 78, no. 3 (1988): 1059–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/bssa0780031059.

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Abstract An in situ experimental program in alluvium is implemented and analyzed to test linear superposition. After separating stochastic and deterministic propagation path effects, direct superposition is experimentally validated at 20 m for two 5-lb charges spaced as close as 2 m in alluvium. The charges are separated by the scaled range of 147 m/kt1/3 and observed at the scaled range of 1470 m/kt1/3. Finite-spatial source effects are observed and simulated in the plane passing through two charges separated by 2 to 10 m. The deterministic single-burst waveforms are used to model the multiple-burst data. The effects observed and simulated include direct superposition below the corner frequency, shift to lower corner frequency with increasing charge separation, and spectral scalloping. For charges closely spaced (up to 4 m, observed at 20 and 24 m), the primary effect on the waveform is replicated by a constant delay time between two identical waveforms. For charges spaced by 10 m (observed at 20 and 30 m), the effects of propagation path differences must be included. These effects result in smoothed spectra.

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Hug, Klaus, Rüdiger Mock-Hecker, and Julian Würtenberger. "Transport Demand Management by Electronic Fee Collection in a Zone-Based Pricing Scheme: The Stuttgart MobilPASS Field Trial." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1576, no. 1 (1997): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1576-09.

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All attempts to reduce traffic and to change the modal split in favor of public transportation have failed to slow the increase of private transportation in urban areas in recent years. Therefore, urban traffic has become a major problem in many countries. One promising approach to the control of traffic demand in an efficient way is to introduce variable demand-based pricing schemes in urban areas. However, there have been few systematic field trials on the effect of road user charges on travel behavior. The MobilPASS field trial in Stuttgart, Germany, has now investigated the effect of variable road pricing charges on road users’ behavior at a level of detail that is unique. Special attention was paid to the interaction between the charging schemes and reductions in the number of trips, changes of mode of transport, route changes, and time shifts. The empirical results presented indicate that time- and route-dependent road charges have the desired results.

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Gao, Yong Hong, Tian Sheng Liu, Min Rong Huang, and Xiao Hui Gu. "The Porosity of Liner Effect on the Shaped Charge Jet Penetration." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2785.

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Shocking temperature rise of the shaped charge with porous liner before collapse was calculated based on the Herrman equation of state. Shaped charges with 36mm charge diameter were used to fire at the 603 armor steel target, the penetration-standoff curves(P-S) of the shaped charge liner with 88.6% and 90.3%T.D were measured and compared. It is shown that proper porosity is helpful to lengthen the jet break up time and penetration depth，which is of significance for the application of porous liner.

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López, O., M. Cócera, R. Pons, et al. "Use of Synchrotron Radiation SAXS to Study the First Steps of the Interaction between Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Charged Liposomes." Spectroscopy 16, no. 3-4 (2002): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/714548.

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The technique of time resolved small angle X–ray scattering (SAXS) using a synchrotron radiation source was used to study the structural transformations as well as the kinetic associated with the first steps of the solubilization of liposomes induced by the anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Neutral and electrically charged (anionic and cationic) liposomes were used to investigate the effect of the electrostatic charges on these initial steps. The mechanism that induces the solubilization process consisted in an adsorption of surfactant on the bilayers and a desorption of mixed micelles from the liposomes surface to the aqueous medium. Regardless of the type of charge of the liposome the time needed for the desorption of the first mixed micelles was shorter than that for the complete adsorption of the surfactant on the liposomes surface. The present work demonstrates that the adsorption of the SDS molecules on liposomes was slower when the charges of surfactant and lipids were the same. As for the release of mixed micelles from the surface of these liposomes, this process was slower when the charges of surfactant and lipids were opposite.

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Deleurence, Rémi, Caroline Parneix, and Cécile Monteux. "Mixtures of latex particles and the surfactant of opposite charge used as interface stabilizers – influence of particle contact angle, zeta potential, flocculation and shear energy." Soft Matter 10, no. 36 (2014): 7088–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4sm00237g.

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Using mixtures of latex and surfactant of opposite charges we decouple the effect of the charge and contact angle of the particles on the interface stabilization. We find that the key-parameters are the flocculation state of the particles and the shear energy used to produce the foams.

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Abbaszadegan, Abbas, Yasamin Ghahramani, Ahmad Gholami, et al. "The Effect of Charge at the Surface of Silver Nanoparticles on Antimicrobial Activity against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria: A Preliminary Study." Journal of Nanomaterials 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/720654.

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The bactericidal efficiency of various positively and negatively charged silver nanoparticles has been extensively evaluated in literature, but there is no report on efficacy of neutrally charged silver nanoparticles. The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of electrical charge at the surface of silver nanoparticles on antibacterial activity against a panel of microorganisms. Three different silver nanoparticles were synthesized by different methods, providing three different electrical surface charges (positive, neutral, and negative). The antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles was tested against gram-positive (i.e.,Staphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus mutans, andStreptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative (i.e.,Escherichia coliandProteus vulgaris) bacteria. Well diffusion and micro-dilution tests were used to evaluate the bactericidal activity of the nanoparticles. According to the obtained results, the positively-charged silver nanoparticles showed the highest bactericidal activity against all microorganisms tested. The negatively charged silver nanoparticles had the least and the neutral nanoparticles had intermediate antibacterial activity. The most resistant bacteria wereProteus vulgaris. We found that the surface charge of the silver nanoparticles was a significant factor affecting bactericidal activity on these surfaces. Although the positively charged nanoparticles showed the highest level of effectiveness against the organisms tested, the neutrally charged particles were also potent against most bacterial species.

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Balasubramanian, Deepak, Shankar Prinja, and Arun Kumar Aggarwal. "Effect of User Charges on Secondary Level Surgical Care Utilization and Out-of-Pocket Expenditures in Haryana State, India." PLOS ONE 10, no. 5 (2015): e0125202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0125202.

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Lundberg, Lena, Magnus Johannesson, Dag G. L. Isacson, and Lars Borgquist. "Effects of user charges on the use of prescription medicines in different socio-economic groups." Health Policy 44, no. 2 (1998): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-8510(98)00009-8.

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Wang, Yi Yu, Xiao Lei Wang, Cheng Zhan Li, et al. "An Investigation of Capacitance-Voltage Hysteresis in Al₂O₃/SiC MIS Capacitors." Materials Science Forum 821-823 (June 2015): 516–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.821-823.516.

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Charge trapping behavior in Al2O3/SiC MOS structures was investigated by C-V hysteresis measurements in combination with XPS analysis. According to the quadratic fit of C-V hysteresis vs. tox curves, the density of the injected charges in the bulk Al2O3 films are the same under different maximum electric field, while the density of sheet charges increase with the increase of maximum electric field. Thus, a simple sheet charge model has been used to evaluate the actual effect of the electron injection phenomenon. The charge trapping levels can be as high as 1013 cm-2, indicating the importance of C-V hysteresis in Al2O3/SiC structures. All the trapping charges are found to be located at a distance ranging from 3 to 4 nm from the interface. Furthermore, no detectable interface oxide between Al2O3 and SiC has been found through our XPS measurements. We conclude that the origin of charge trapping sites in Al2O3/SiC structures is the native defects in ALD Al2O3 layer and predominantly the border traps in the Al2O3 near the oxide/semiconductor interface.

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Morell Dameto, Nicolás, José Pablo Chaves-Ávila, and Tomás Gómez San Román. "Revisiting Electricity Network Tariffs in a Context of Decarbonization, Digitalization, and Decentralization." Energies 13, no. 12 (2020): 3111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123111.

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The electricity system is evolving due to three driven forces: decarbonization, digitalization, and decentralization (3 Ds). Should these three forces occur, electricity network tariffs must be revisited. In most countries, actual network charges incentivize inefficient network usage when volumetric or low granular (temporal and locational) charges are applied. This paper analyses the effect of 3 Ds on tariff design principles and proposes an efficient methodology for network tariff design that promotes efficient usage of the network as well as an equitable share of the costs for network users. The proposed network tariff consists of two components: a peak-coincident and a fixed charge. The peak-coincident forward-looking charge considers the cost of future network reinforcements required, calculated element-by-element, and assigned to customers during the peak utilization hours of each network element. Fixed charges allocate the residual part of the total network costs following equity principles. A simplified network model is used to compare the charges faced by consumers through three tariff structures: (1) a volumetric tariff, (2) a simplified version of the Spanish tariff, and (3) the proposed efficient tariff. This case study highlights the economic benefits of applying a highly granular and peak-coincident tariff structure.

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Shen, Chuanyang, Gang Zhao, and Chunsheng Zhao. "Effects of multi-charge on aerosol hygroscopicity measurement by a HTDMA." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 14, no. 2 (2021): 1293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-14-1293-2021.

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Abstract. The humidified tandem differential mobility analyzer (HTDMA) is widely used to measure the hygroscopic properties of submicron particles. The size-resolved aerosol hygroscopicity κ measured by a HTDMA will be influenced by the contribution of multiply charged aerosols, but this effect on field measurements has seldom been discussed for previous field measurements. Our calculations demonstrate that the number ratio of multiply charged particles is quite considerable for some specific sizes between 100 and 300 nm, especially during a pollution episode. The presence of multiple charges will lead to a compression effect on the aerosol hygroscopicity in HTDMA measurements. Therefore, we propose a new algorithm that performs multi-charge correction of the size-resolved hygroscopicity κ, taking both the compression effect and the multi-charge number contribution into consideration. Application of the algorithm to field measurements showed that the relatively high hygroscopicity in the accumulation size range leads to the overestimation of the hygroscopicity of particles smaller than 200 nm. The low hygroscopicity of coarse-mode particles leads to the underestimation of the hygroscopicity of accumulation particles between 200 and 500 nm in size. The difference between the corrected and measured κ values can be as large as 0.05, highlighting that special attention must be paid to the multi-charge effect when a HTDMA is used for aerosol hygroscopicity measurements.

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Jia, Jingchun, Jie Zhang, Fangfang Wang, et al. "Synergetic effect enhanced photoelectrocatalysis." Chemical Communications 51, no. 100 (2015): 17700–17703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc07425h.

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Hachicha, O., N. Ghorbel, A. Kallel, and Z. Fakhfakh. "Temperature effect on dielectric behavior of an industrial porcelain-type ceramic." Canadian Journal of Physics 87, no. 9 (2009): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p09-053.

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For a better understanding of the physical mechanisms involved in insulators submitted to electron irradiation inside a scanning electron microscope, it is important to investigate charge trapping and detrapping. The commonly used technique to deduce the trapping ability and the motion process of electric charges is based on two complementary experimental methods: the scanning electron microscope mirror effect (SEMME) and the induced current measurement (ICM). In this paper, our study is devoted to the influence of temperature on the behavior of porcelain materials during electron injection time. To evaluate the geometry of the trapped charge distribution, a detailed analysis using the mirror image formation and its evolution is developed.

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Seppälä, Anniina, Eini Puhakka, and Markus Olin. "Effect of layer charge on the crystalline swelling of Na+, K+ and Ca2+ montmorillonites: DFT and molecular dynamics studies." Clay Minerals 51, no. 2 (2016): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2016.051.2.07.

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AbstractThe swelling and cation exchange properties of montmorillonite are fundamental in a wide range of applications ranging from nanocomposites to catalytic cracking of hydrocarbons. The swelling results from several factors and, though widely studied, information on the effects of a single factor at a time is lacking. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to obtain atomic-level information on the swelling of montmorillonite. Molecular dynamics (MD) was used to investigate the swelling properties of montmorillonites with different layer charges and interlayer cationic compositions. Molecular dynamics calculations, with CLAYFF force field, consider three layer charges (−1.0, −0.66 and −0.5 e per unit cell) arising from octahedral substitutions and interlayer counterions of Na, K and Ca. The swelling curves obtained showed that smaller layer charge results in greater swelling but the type of the interlayer cation also has an effect. The DFT calculations were also seen to predict larger d values than MD. The formation of 1, 2 and 3 water molecular layers in the interlayer spaces was observed. Finally, the data from MD calculations were used to predict the selfdiffusion coefficients of interlayer water and cations in different montmorillonites and in general the coefficient increased with increasing water content and with decreasing layer charge.

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Xiao, Peng, Xiao Bin Wang, Zhao Bing Yan, and Jie Yang. "Mechanism and Effect of Charges Accumulation on Differential Capacitance Detector Diodes in MEMS Accelerometer." Advanced Materials Research 411 (November 2011): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.411.432.

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Detector diodes have been successfully used in differential capacitive MEMS accelerometer for capacitance-to-voltage conversion. During capacitances’ charging and discharging, charge accumulation makes test results disagree with the calculated values based on its differential equations simply and finally has a great influence on circuit’s optimization. A model of charges accumulation process is built to describe the real conversion relationship between the value of capacitance variations and the output voltage. Experiments show that the model not only meets the test result well but also provides a foundation for circuit’s optimization.

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GHOSH, ANGSULA, and PUSPITAPALLAB CHAUDHURI. "EFFECT OF APERIODICITY ON THE CHARGE TRANSFER THROUGH DNA MOLECULES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 29 (2010): 5683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210055986.

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The effect of aperiodicity on the charge transfer process through DNA molecules is investigated using a tight-binding model. Single-stranded aperiodic Fibonacci polyGC and polyAT sequences along with aperiodic Rudin–Shapiro poly(GCAT) sequences are used in the study. Based on the tight-binding model, molecular orbital calculations of the DNA chains are performed and ionization potentials compared, as this might be relevant to understanding the charge transfer process. Charges migrate through the sequences in a multistep hopping process. Results for current conduction through aperiodic sequences are compared with those for the corresponding periodic sequences. We find that dinucleotide aperiodic Fibonacci sequences decrease the current while tetranucleotide aperiodic Rudin–Shapiro sequences increase the current when compared with the corresponding periodic sequences. The conductance in all cases decays exponentially as the sequence length increases.

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Taylor, Thomas J. "Reflective Roofing Use on Commercial Buildings in the United States: An Energy Type and Cost Analysis." Buildings 9, no. 10 (2019): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings9100212.

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Reflective roof membranes have been shown to lower air conditioning costs by reducing the influx of thermal energy through a roof assembly and into the building. However, there have been studies suggesting that reflective roofs in cold climates give rise to increased winter heating costs, due to the lack of absorption of solar thermal energy. Such studies could be used to justify continued use of dark, absorptive roof membranes even in areas that are striving to reduce urban heat island effects and/or lower contributions to global warming. In a prior modeling study, by this author and others, based on gas heat, it was found that reflective roofing provides net annual energy savings so long as air conditioning was used. Studies by others have suggested that when electric heat is used, the winter heating cost savings associated with non-reflective roofing outweigh summer air conditioning cost savings with reflective roofing. However, these studies did not take into account electric demand charges. Therefore, this present study modeled the energy efficiency of commercial buildings in order to compare the effect of gas versus electric heat with varying levels of demand charge included, on the net energy efficiency. Four different levels of demand charges were compared, along with three levels of solar reflectance for thirteen cities located throughout the US. In every studied case, when gas heat was assumed, net annual energy savings were predicted for reflective membranes. For electric heat, net energy savings were achieved in most cases even when demand charges were zero. In three northernmost cities, this was the case provided that demand charges exceeded a relatively small minimum. This finding suggests that reflective roofing provides for net energy efficiency improvements in most US cities and all cities when demand charges exceed USD 6.25 Therefore, efforts by cities to encourage reflective roofing as part of urban heat island effect mitigation programs should not be reduced.

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Bognanni, Noemi, Francesco Bellia, Maurizio Viale, Nadia Bertola, and Graziella Vecchio. "Exploring Charged Polymeric Cyclodextrins for Biomedical Applications." Molecules 26, no. 6 (2021): 1724. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061724.

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Over the years, cyclodextrin uses have been widely reviewed and their proprieties provide a very attractive approach in different biomedical applications. Cyclodextrins, due to their characteristics, are used to transport drugs and have also been studied as molecular chaperones with potential application in protein misfolding diseases. In this study, we designed cyclodextrin polymers containing different contents of β- or γ-cyclodextrin, and a different number of guanidinium positive charges. This allowed exploration of the influence of the charge in delivering a drug and the effect in the protein anti-aggregant ability. The polymers inhibit Amiloid β peptide aggregation; such an ability is modulated by both the type of CyD cavity and the number of charges. We also explored the effect of the new polymers as drug carriers. We tested the Doxorubicin toxicity in different cell lines, A2780, A549, MDA-MB-231 in the presence of the polymers. Data show that the polymers based on γ-cyclodextrin modified the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin in the A2780 cell line.

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Lagarde, Mylene, Helene Barroy, and Natasha Palmer. "Assessing the Effects of Removing User Fees in Zambia and Niger." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 17, no. 1 (2012): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/jhsrp.2011.010166.

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Objectives This study aims to overcome some of the limitations of previous studies investigating the effects of fee removal, by looking at heterogeneity of effects within countries and over time, as well as the existence of spillover effects on groups not targeted by the policy change. Methods Using routine district health services data before and after recent abolitions of user charges in Zambia and Niger, we examine the effects of the policy change on the use of health services by different groups and over time, using an interrupted timeseries design. Results Removing user fees for primary health care services in rural districts in Zambia and for children over five years old in Niger increased use of services by the targeted groups. The impact of the policy change differed widely across districts, ranging from 112% and 1194% in Niger to 239% and 1108% in Zambia. Eighteen months after the policy change, some of these effects had been eroded. There was evidence that abolishing user fees can both have positive and negative spillover effects. Conclusion These results highlight the importance of paying attention to implementation challenges and monitoring the effects of policy reforms which are often more mixed and complicated that they appear. The comparison of these reforms in two countries also sheds light on the potentially different ways in which free care can be used as a tool to improve access.

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Bates, M., and D. A. Pemberton. "The Effect of Methadone Prescribing in a Clinic Setting on the Criminal Activity of Drug Users." Scottish Medical Journal 41, no. 6 (1996): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003693309604100606.

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The objective was to examine the impact of clinic attendance and methadone prescribing on drug user criminality. Fifty-four consecutive attenders at a Drug Problem Clinic were interviewed by questionnaire. An objective assessment of the criminality on 49(91%) of the above was made by examining their conviction details, before and after clinic attendance. Seventy-seven per cent strongly agreed that fewer criminal charges had been preferred since attendance at the clinic had begun and drugs prescribed. No statistically significant difference was found in the conviction numbers for the group as a whole: mean 3.9 (before) to 3.2 (after): p=0.24, or for the females in particular: mean 2.8 (before) to 5.9 (after): p=0.97. There was, however, a significant drop in the number of convictions amongst the males: mean 4.3 (before) to 2.5 (after): p=0 02. This study confirms an association between methadone maintenance therapy in a clinic setting and a reduction in criminality amongst males.

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Sun, D. D., X. E. Guo, M. Likhitpanichkul, W. M. Lai, and V. C. Mow. "The Influence of the Fixed Negative Charges on Mechanical and Electrical Behaviors of Articular Cartilage Under Unconfined Compression." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 1 (2004): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1644562.

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Unconfined compression test has been frequently used to study the mechanical behaviors of articular cartilage, both theoretically and experimentally. It has also been used in explant and gel-cell-complex studies in tissue engineering. In biphasic and poroelastic theories, the effect of charges fixed on the proteoglycan macromolecules in articular cartilage is embodied in the apparent compressive Young’s modulus and the apparent Poisson’s ratio of the tissue, and the fluid pressure is considered to be the portion above the osmotic pressure. In order to understand how proteoglycan fixed charges might affect the mechanical behaviors of articular cartilage, and in order to predict the osmotic pressure and electric fields inside the tissue in this experimental configuration, it is necessary to use a model that explicitly takes into account the charged nature of the tissue and the flow of ions within its porous interstices. In this paper, we used a finite element model based on the triphasic theory to study how fixed charges in the porous-permeable soft tissue can modulate its mechanical and electrochemical responses under a step displacement in unconfined compression. The results from finite element calculations showed that: 1) A charged tissue always supports a larger load than an uncharged tissue of the same intrinsic elastic moduli. 2) The apparent Young’s modulus (the ratio of the equilibrium axial stress to the axial strain) is always greater than the intrinsic Young’s modulus of an uncharged tissue. 3) The apparent Poisson’s ratio (the negative ratio of the lateral strain to the axial strain) is always larger than the intrinsic Poisson’s ratio of an uncharged tissue. 4) Load support derives from three sources: intrinsic matrix stiffness, hydraulic pressure and osmotic pressure. Under the unconfined compression, the Donnan osmotic pressure can constitute between 13%–22% of the total load support at equilibrium. 5) During the stress-relaxation process following the initial instant of loading, the diffusion potential (due to the gradient of the fixed charge density and the associated gradient of ion concentrations) and the streaming potential (due to fluid convection) compete against each other. Within the physiological range of material parameters, the polarity of the electric potential depends on both the mechanical properties and the fixed charge density (FCD) of the tissue. For softer tissues, the diffusion effects dominate the electromechanical response, while for stiffer tissues, the streaming potential dominates this response. 6) Fixed charges do not affect the instantaneous strain field relative to the initial equilibrium state. However, there is a sudden increase in the fluid pressure above the initial equilibrium osmotic pressure. These new findings are relevant and necessary for the understanding of cartilage mechanics, cartilage biosynthesis, electromechanical signal transduction by chondrocytes, and tissue engineering.

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Attard, Maria, and Stephen Ison. "The effects of road user charges in the context of weak parking policies: The case of Malta." Case Studies on Transport Policy 3, no. 1 (2015): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cstp.2014.07.001.

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Podolak, Marian, Dariusz Man, Stanislaw Waga, and Stanislaw Przestalski. "Bimodal Effect of Amphiphilic Biocide Concentrations on Fluidity of Lipid Membranes." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 11-12 (1996): 853–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-11-1214.

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Abstract Using the spin label method (ESR) it has been shown that biologically active, amphiphilic compounds (quaternary ammonium salts -AS) containing polar heads with single and double positive charge caused, at low concentrations, decrease fluidity of liposome membranes formed with egg yolk lecithin (EYL). At higher concentrations an increase in fluidity was observed. With compounds having a single positive charge minimum fluidity of membrane structure occurs in the range of 1 to 3%, with compounds containing double positive charge -in the range of 4 -6 % . That effect does not depend on polar head size and length of alkyl chains of the AS used. Analysis of the electrostatic interaction between positive charges and dipole system suggest that at low ion concentrations the binding energy of the system increases, while it decreases at high concentrations. For the model presented, maximum of binding energy of the system occurs at 3% of positive monovalent ions and at 6% of positive divalent ions admixed.

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Dinh, Hien Sy, and Trung Hoang Huynh. "SIMULATING CURRENT - VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS OF MOLECULAR TRANSISTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR." Science and Technology Development Journal 12, no. 13 (2009): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i13.2389.

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Molecular Field Effect Transistor (MFET) is a promising alternative candidate of traditional MOSFET in future due to its small size, low power consumption and high speed. In this work, we introduce a model of three-terminal MFET. The structure of the MFET is in shape like traditional MOSFET, but its conductive channel is replaced by a benzene-1,4-dithiolate molecule. We use non-equilibrium Green's function method to compute transport function of charges and ultimately, the current-voltage (1-V) characteristics. The program is written by using graphic user guide (GUI) in Matlab. We have found significant difference of I-V characteristics between MOSFET and MFET. In addition, impacts of types of material, temperature, and bias on I-V characteristics of the MFET have been considered. Using GUI in Matlab, obtained results of simulations are intuitively displayed.

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Noda, Hideo, and Yuichi Osano. "Investment Policies to Extend the Life of Expressways in Japan." Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2017 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4296250.

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This study examines the macroeconomic effects of investment policies aimed at extending the life of expressways in Japan based on a stochastic Ramsey model. The results of numerical analysis suggest that the benefits of life-extension investment in expressways can be increased by raising the level of maintenance intensity of expressways. The benefits of life-extension investment in expressways can be decomposed into the stock effect and the smoothing effect. Decomposition of life-extension benefits shows that the contribution of the stock effect is more than 90 percent, while that of the smoothing effect is less than 10 percent. The implementation of life-extension investment policies regarding expressways offers advantages in terms of reducing economic fluctuations and user charges. In addition, if relative risk aversion is high, efficiency is low and intergenerational equity is high. Furthermore, a higher level of technology leads to greater efficiency and intergenerational equity.

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Heald, D., and D. A. Scott. "Managerial Perceptions of the Incentives Inherent in National Health Service Capital Charging." Health Services Management Research 10, no. 3 (1997): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095148489701000306.

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Capital charging was introduced into the National Health Service (NHS) in 1991 in order to stop capital being treated as a ‘free’ good and to encourage managers to use their assets more efficiently. This article seeks to examine the extent to which managerial thinking has been influenced. It uses as evidence interviews with NHS managers conducted in Scotland in 1994. The following uses of capital charges data are explored: capital programme; disposal programme; maintenance programme; contract pricing; and budgetary devolution. New capital programmes required more justification and capital charges were seen as relevant to estate rationalization. Less effect was found with regard to the maintenance programme, though this may have been due to a downgrading of the estates function in most Trusts. Although the capital charge costs included in contract prices affect the competitive position of providers, there was criticism of the lack of development of the purchasing function. Budgetary devolution was proceeding relatively slowly but, among those Trusts which had devolved capital charges, evidence was found that some clinicians were becoming aware of the full costs of equipment use. This article concludes, with cautious optimism, that capital charges are beginning to influence decisions and that, despite some incentives being dysfunctional, they will lead to a better managed NHS.

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Pasquale, L., A. Winiski, C. Oliva, G. Vaio, and S. McLaughlin. "An experimental test of new theoretical models for the electrokinetic properties of biological membranes. The effect of UO2++ and tetracaine on the electrophoretic mobility of bilayer membranes and human erythrocytes." Journal of General Physiology 88, no. 6 (1986): 697–718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.88.6.697.

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For a large smooth particle with charges at the surface, the electrophoretic mobility is proportional to the zeta potential, which is related to the charge density by the Gouy-Chapman theory of the diffuse double layer. This classical model adequately describes the dependence of the electrophoretic mobility of phospholipid vesicles on charge density and salt concentration, but it is not applicable to most biological cells, for which new theoretical models have been developed. We tested these new models experimentally by measuring the effect of UO2++ on the electrophoretic mobility of model membranes and human erythrocytes in 0.15 M NaCl at pH 5. We used UO2++ for these studies because it should adsorb specifically to the bilayer surface of the erythrocyte and should not change the density of fixed charges in the glycocalyx. Our experiments demonstrate that it forms high-affinity complexes with the phosphate groups of several phospholipids in a bilayer but does not bind significantly to sialic acid residues. As observed previously, UO2++ adsorbs strongly to egg phosphatidylcholine (PC) vesicles: 0.1 mM UO2++ changes the zeta potential of PC vesicles from 0 to +40 mV. It also has a large effect on the electrophoretic mobility of vesicles formed from mixtures of PC and the negative phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS): 0.1 mM UO2++ changes the zeta potential of PC/PS vesicles (10 mol % PS) from -13 to +37 mV. In contrast, UO2++ has only a small effect on the electrophoretic mobility of either vesicles formed from mixtures of PC and the negative ganglioside GM1 or erythrocytes: 0.1 mM UO2++ changes the apparent zeta potential of PC/GM1 vesicles (17 mol % GM1) from -11 to +5 mV and the apparent zeta potential of erythrocytes from -12 to -4 mV. The new theoretical models suggest why UO2++ has a small effect on PC/GM1 vesicles and erythrocytes. First, large groups (e.g., sugar moieties) protruding from the surface of the PC/GM1 vesicles and erythrocytes exert hydrodynamic drag. Second, charges at the surface of a particle (e.g., adsorbed UO2++) exert a smaller effect on the mobility than charges located some distance from the surface (e.g., sialic acid residues).

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Barekat, Masoud, Reza Shoja Razavi, and Saeed Bastani. "Effect of Carbon Black Pigment on the Surface Resistivity of the Black Silicone Thermal Control Coating." Advanced Materials Research 472-475 (February 2012): 110–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.472-475.110.

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Black thermal control coatings based on carbon black are used widely in space technology. The thermal control coatings are exposed to electrostatic charges that develop on the external surface of the spacecraft. The charges would otherwise accumulate to cause arcing and possible damage. The carbon black pigment provides sufficient electrical conductivity to dissipate electrostatic charges. In this study, The influence of the type and percent of carbon black on the surface resistivity of the coating produced by polydimethylsiloxane and carbon black was studied. Results indicated that the weight fraction of the pigment in coatings fabricated by carbon black with a sponge-like structure are lower compared to coatings fabricated by carbon black with a nonporous structure also, the surface resistance decreased with increasing pigment contents.

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Csicsely-Tarpay, Marianna, Raimo Tapio, and Antti Talvitie. "Using a Pavement Management System for Allocating Resources: Case Study of Hungary." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1518, no. 1 (1996): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196151800114.

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An integrated network- and project-level pavement management system is described, and its use for allocating resources to various road maintenance actions and distributing these resources to a country's different regions and subnetworks is reported. Particularly interesting is the nature of the budget constraint, which is discussed from three vantage points: disutility of additional road user charges, performance of the road administration, and uncertainty in user benefits. The case study is set in Hungary, where significant efforts have been made to apply state-of-the-art techniques in road management. Contributions are made in three areas: a systematic, top-down managerial analysis of several budget levels and their effect on users and road condition; illustration of practical considerations in resource allocation by road managers; and the use of budget constraints to help achieve multiple highway management objectives, including productivity improvements in the road administration.

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Lefebvre, Olivier. "The governance of Internet and game theory." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.28 (2018): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.28.12906.

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The professional milieu of telecommunications is livened up by controversies lasting decades. The controversy about access charges (or termination rates, the price paid by an operator to another when the subscriber’s call ends on its network) is ending, while the controversy about Net neutrality is starting. The article focuses on a “fragment”: the regulator’s action. Game theory is useful to answer two questions: (1) why does the regulator decide the decrease and cancellation of access charges (justification)? (2) How does he do it (tactical feasibility)? When the access charges decrease and are cancelled the retail prices decrease and the consumers’ surplus increases. And concerning the tactical feasibility, the regulator can let untouched the profits when he decides some decrease of the access charges (direct effect), then the retail prices decrease when there is a new Nash equilibrium (strategic effect). The operators cannot protest, neither during the first stage (the profits are untouched) neither during the second stage (it would be to admit that access charges are useful to have higher profits thanks to high retail prices, which is detrimental to consumers).One brings some explanation of the move towards access charges lowered or cancelled. Examples are: (1) the peering in the governance of Internet and (2) what is called the Eurotariff (for instance, roaming charges for users of mobile phones in Europe have been cancelled).

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Kim, Koomin. "Regional Influence or Institutional Constraints? Impact of Interstate Competition and Fiscal Rules on User Charge Reliance across U.S States." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 17, no. 1 (2019): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/17.1.35-52(2019).

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Few studies have been conducted to analyze influential factors of state user charge reliance. This study empirically examines the impact of interstate competition and fiscal rules on state user charge reliance between 1991 and 2014 by applying panel data analysis. Also, this study aims to investigate mechanisms of state user charge reliance and various variables related to user charge reliance, which enhances and broadens understanding of factors that affect state user charge reliance. According to this analysis, overall state user charge reliance is mainly explained by interstate competition, fiscal rules, state tax effort, ideological standpoint and income level. Practically, states need to attend to their taxable resources and consider the actual effect of TELs and balanced budget rules in limiting the growth of government. Future research is recommended to examine mechanisms of state specific user charge sources and expand the variables related to user charge reliance.

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Aleksandrov, P. A., E. K. Baranova, V. V. Budaragin, and V. L. Litvinov. "Size Effect in Silicon Irradiated with Self Ions." Nano- i Mikrosistemnaya Tehnika 23, no. 3 (2021): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17587/nmst.23.148-152.

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The influence of the thickness of a silicon sample irradiated by silicon ions on the spatial distribution of primary structural defects, phonons, and induced charges is considered. The calculations were performed using the SRIM2013program. The results can be used to analyze the interaction of other types of radiation with silicon wafers, in particular with neutrons.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Effect of user charges on'

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