Academic literature on the topic 'Effective references'
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Journal articles on the topic "Effective references"
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Kojima, Takako, and Edward Barroga. "Effective Methods in Writing Results, Discussions, Acknowledgements, References, Tables, and Figures." Japanese Journal of Gastroenterological Surgery 47, no. 9 (2014): 558–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5833/jjgs.2014.sc005.
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Gebhardt, Andreas, Matthias Beier, Erik Schmidt, Thomas Rendel, Ute Gawronski, and Eyk Gebhardt. "Effective Optical System Assembly Using Ultra-Precise Manufactured References." International Journal of Automation Technology 14, no. 4 (2020): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/ijat.2020.p0644.
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The present work demonstrates that exactly manufactured references for joining, mounting, and metrology purposes are crucial in the effective assembly of high-quality optical systems. Based on the alignment turning of spherical and aspherical lenses, the proposed approach can be transferred to non-rotational symmetric elements such as prisms, active components (e.g., laser diodes), and freeform mirrors. The complexity of the optical component decides whether on-machine metrology or specific measurement setups need to be used to determine the position and orientation of the references with respect to the optical function. The resulting correction data are considered during the machining process. The subsequent correction cycle realizes mounting and metrology references down to sub-micron precision using diamond-machining techniques. This approach facilitates the assembly of demanding optical systems and even freeform arrangements in a predictable and passive manner. Different machining setups as well as the corresponding metrology approaches are demonstrated, and results are presented for representative components. The effectiveness of the approach is discussed using rotationally symmetrical lens systems and a snap-together freeform mirror system.
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Cals, Jochen W. L., and Daniel Kotz. "Effective writing and publishing scientific papers, part VIII: references." Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 66, no. 11 (2013): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2013.06.015.
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Kingdon, D. G., D. Turkington, J. Collis, and M. Judd. "Befriending: cost-effective community care." Psychiatric Bulletin 13, no. 7 (1989): 350–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.13.7.350.
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In a survey of district plans for Mental Health services (Kingdon, 1988) befriending schemes, where volunteers are recruited to visit isolated and lonely users of psychiatric services, were planned or in existence in 14 of the 127 districts who responded. However, lists of the components of a comprehensive community service (MIND, 1983) and Hirsch (1988) surprisingly do not include references to such schemes, although Griffiths (1988) alludes to them in his recent report. There are moreover no reports in the psychiatric literature of such enterprises. The scheme established by MIND in Bassetlaw (population (103,000) is therefore described.
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Oh, Hyu Kjin, and Usik Lee. "Effective Structural Parameters of Armchair Carbon Nanotubes." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 2199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.2199.
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Due to exceptionally high strength and stiffness, carbon nanotubes have been attracted as promising materials for the applications to many nanoscale devices such as the ultrahigh frequency actuators and sensors. In this study, a dynamic continuum modeling method is used to evaluate the effective structural parameters of the armchair single-walled carbon nanotubes. The effective structural parameters obtained by the present dynamic continuum modeling method are shown to be in very good agreement with the results computed by using the Young’s muduli reported in the existing references.
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Terpstra, David E., and Elizabeth J. Rozell. "Why Some Potentially Effective Staffing Practices are Seldom Used." Public Personnel Management 26, no. 4 (1997): 483–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009102609702600405.
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The purpose of this study was to identify the reasons why some organizations do not employ certain HRM practices that could increase levels of employee performance and organizational profitability. The focus was on the staffing area (recruitment and selection) of HRM.1 Specifically, this study looked at five staffing practices that the academic research literature has found can significantly increase employee performance levels. Descriptions of these practices, and references supporting their impact on employee performance, are provided in Exhibit 1.
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Char, Dorothy C. P., and Isola Ajiferuke. "The Usefulness of Related Functions in Web of Science and Scopus." Evidence Based Library and Information Practice 6, no. 1 (2011): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18438/b8v03n.
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Abstract
 
 Objective: This study evaluates the effectiveness of the related search functions in Web of Science and Scopus. Web of Science has one related search function (searching by references) whereas Scopus has three related search functions (searching by references, authors, or keywords).
 
 Methods: Thirty queries were searched in both Web of Science and Scopus. For each query, the most relevant document was retrieved and its first thirty related documents were assessed for relevancy to the original query. Results for both databases were compared using the median values of precision. For Scopus the three different methods of relevance were compared using median precision values.
 
 Results: The median precision value for the related documents retrieved from Web of Science was 0.63, while the median for those retrieved from Scopus using the related by references function was 0.62. A Wilcoxon test showed no significant difference in the two medians. In the comparison of the three related functions in Scopus, the median precision values were 0.62, 0.42, and 0.43 for the related search functions by references, authors, and keywords respectively. A Friedman's test showed that the median precision value for relatedness by references was significantly higher than the median vales for the other two related functions. In Scopus, the effectiveness of the related search function using all keywords was not as effective when compared to the effectiveness using select keywords. The median precision value with select keywords was 0.17.
 
 Conclusions: The related search functions by references for both Web of Science and Scopus were moderately effective in retrieving additional relevant documents on a given topic, and there was no significant difference in their performance. When comparing the three methods available in Scopus, the related search function by references was found to be more effective than the system's related functions by authors and keywords.
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Johnsen, Susan K., and Gail R. Ryser. "An Overview of Effective Practices with Gifted Students in General-Education Settings." Journal for the Education of the Gifted 19, no. 4 (1996): 379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016235329601900402.
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Approximately 675 citations in journals dedicated to gifted studies and 83 abstracts indexed by ERIC, PsycLIT, and Dissertation Abstracts International from 1989 to the present were reviewed. To qualify for this review, the reference needed to meet the following criteria: (a) sample included a clearly identified group of gifted students, (b) validity issues were considered, (c) qualitative or quantitative methods were clearly identified, (d) outcomes were related to learner or classroom changes, and (e) the practice could be or was implemented in a general-education classroom. The references were then categorized according to effective research methods, validity issues, and classroom instructional practices that might be modified or changed. These categories were used to assist researchers in planning and initiating future efficacy studies for serving gifted students in the general-education classroom. Only 39, or 5%, of the identified references were databased. The majority of the literature focused on specific instructional strategies and program models that are effective with gifted students. A need continues to exist for databased articles that examine effective practices with gifted students in the general-education classroom.
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FERRER-GALLEGO, P. PABLO. "Effective typification of Ophrys apifera (Orchidaceae; Orchidoideae)." Phytotaxa 521, no. 1 (2021): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.521.1.6.
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Ophrys apifera Hudson was previously considered to have been lectotypified by Künkele and Baumann in 1998 with an illustration published by Matthias Lobel in 1581. However, Hudson did not include any references to Lobel in the protologue. Therefore, the typification by Künkele and Baumann is here briefly discussed and superseded because is being contrary to Art. 9.3 of the International code of nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Shenzhen Code). The name is lectotypified here with an illustration published by Bauhin and Cherler in 1651. Unfortunately, this illustration does not show several diagnostic characters to distinguish O. apifera from other related species. Therefore, for a precise circumscription of the name, an epitype is proposed of a complete specimen preserved at K.
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Carr, Sandra E., Katrine Nehyba, and Bríd Phillips. "Effective remote teaching: Transitioning small group teaching online." Asia Pacific Scholar 6, no. 3 (2021): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29060/taps.2021-6-3/cs2361.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Effective references"
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Bianchi, Barata Ribeiro Bernardo. "Le fil rouge de la transformation : Marx et Spinoza." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010507/document.
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Ces dernières décennies, la relation entre Spinoza et Marx a été abordée par des auteurs comme Louis Althusser, Antonio Negri et Maximilien Rubel. Néanmoins, bien que l'on puisse établir un lien entre les deux au niveau des affinités théoriques, il manque une analyse du rapport entre ces affinités et les références effectives que Marx fait à Spinoza. Nous ne savons pas davantage. jusqu'à maintenant, comment ces références s'articulent avec les objectifs du militantisme philosophique et politique que Marx s'est fixé tout au long de sa vie. La présente étude cherche donc à parcourir les premières œuvres de Marx de manière à y étudier la présence de Spinoza, et à démontrer simultanément à quels buts cette présence était subordonnée. Parallèlement, et de façon tout aussi importante, il s'agit de montrer que, bien que ces usages font apparaître la façon dont Marx s'est éloigné de Spinoza, ils n'en révèlent pas moins que, dans cet éloignement, Marx finit par retrouver, non pas tant Spinoza, mais le spinozisme<br>Ln recent decades, the relationship between Spinoza and Marx was discussed by authors such as Louis Althusser, Antonio Negri and Maximilien Rubel. However, although we can establish a link between the two in terms of theoretical affinities, it lacks an analysis of the relationship between these affinities and actual references From Marx to Spinoza. Until now, we do not know more about the specific way these references can articulate with the objectives inherent to Marx 's philosophical and political activism throughout his life. This study therefore seeks to browse the first writings from Marx in order to study the presence of Spinoza, and simultaneously demonstrate to which purposes this presence attended. At the same time, and just as importantly, we seek to show that, although these references explain how Marx moved away From Spinoza, they nevertheless reveal that in this distance, Marx finally find, not so much Spinoza, but Spinozism
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Jassim, Hamdi Taih. "The efficacy of Iraq law to deal with identity theft and proposals for a more legally effective solution, with comparative references to US and UK laws." Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-efficacy-of-iraq-law-to-deal-wqith-identity-theft-and-proposals-for-a-more-legally-effective-solution-with-comparative-references-to-us-and-uk-laws(a1d2279c-11f6-4081-96de-7c19c9db9c3c).html.
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This thesis deals with a specific type of crime, which is, today called a millennium crime. This crime is identity theft. It is not a new crime, but technological development makes it a difficult crime to combat, as nowadays it can be committed by both traditional, so-called non-sophisticated methods, and by more sophisticated, technological means, since the advent of the internet. Identity theft is a crime committed against a person’s means of identification or their financial information. The criminal, legally or illegally obtains another person’s means of identification for the purpose of either himself (or others) using it to commit other illegal activities. Iraq, currently, has no dedicated law to deal with identity theft. Therefore, the Iraq courts will find it difficult when they seek to apply existing legal texts, to deal with it effectively. Through an examination of Iraqi criminal laws, this thesis will assess whether existing Iraq criminal law is adequate to combat identity theft, and it will assess whether Iraq courts can effectively judge an accused who obtains another person’s means of identification, and then uses to commit other crimes. It seems that, first sight that identity theft shares common elements with theft offence in Iraq law, and thus, the Iraqi courts may use the current theft offence laws to fight identity theft, but this study will show that this has limitations and drawbacks. Comparative analysis with the relevant UK and US laws used to combat identity theft will form part of this analysis, in an effort to assess the effectiveness of this approach, and illustrate its weaknesses. While this thesis preparation was being undertaken, the Iraqi Government proposed a project called the Information Crimes Project 2011. This project inter alia proposed to govern identity theft with new model laws. This thesis demonstrates that this project will not succeed in realising this objective, and the thesis shows, in conclusion, existing laws, as well as proposed laws, are inadequate to govern identity theft in Iraq, and their inadequacy requires either a judicial or legislative solution. The thesis demonstrates the limitations of judicial solution because the application of the principle of legality, and concludes that the most effectively way for Iraq to combat identity theft would be to enact a new, dedicated law to fight identity theft. To assist the Iraqi legislature to enact an appropriate piece of legislation, this thesis analyses relevant UK and US laws, and assesses elements of those laws, and their utility for the Iraqi legislature, should it seek to borrow or adopt provisions from them for a new Iraqi identity theft law. One of the key findings of this thesis is that the actual identity theft must be criminalised, and this is something that is not a feature in laws of other jurisdictions, although there are several elements of other jurisdictions’ laws which, if suitable adapted, could be useful incorporated into an Iraqi identity theft law. This thesis concludes by proposing recommendation that will be guide the Iraqi legislature if it intends to enact a dedicated identity theft law at some point in the near future.
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Seng, Gee Chiau, and n/a. "An analysis of effective teaching skills : with particular reference to a Singapore context." University of Canberra. Education, 1988. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20060711.160850.
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This study sets out to analyse the teaching skills of an
effective Australian teacher of French in a primary school
in Canberra.
Chapter One provides an overview of the primary education
in Singapore with particular emphasis on the language
policies. The purpose and scope of the study and the
approach used in carrying out the study are also described
in this chapter.
Chapters Two to Six present descriptive features of the
teacher's teaching approach. Clarity in her goals and
instructions to her Year 3 and Year 5 classes were analysed
through extracts of the classroom discourse. The way the
teacher provided encouragement and feedback on errors to her
Year 3 class were also described.
The variation in the pace of her speech in relation to the
activities and the adjustments made when she posed questions
according to the language proficiency of the pupils, also
form part of the data analysed.
In Chapter Eight, conclusions were made of the possibility
of transferring the teaching approaches to the teaching of
English as a second language in primary schools in Singapore
by comparing the French program described in Chapter Seven
with the primary education system in Singapore.
The study concludes with an overview of the areas that
need further research and study.
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Spencer, Ken. "Educational technology : towards an understanding of effective technologies, with particular reference to literacy." Thesis, University of Hull, 2000. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:11078.
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Forum Theatre technique established by Augusto Boal, a well-known Brazilian dramatist, is a kind of social therapy where people are not just watching the play but are also encouraged to participate in the play and give ideas and solutions to the problems. This study focuses on the Forum Theater as a medium or tool for the Malay adolescents to discuss their social problems creatively and critically. The study discusses the historical background of Theatre of the Oppressed (TO), as well as its components such as Image Theatre, Forum Theatre, Invisible Theatre, the Rainbow of Desire and Legislative Theatre. Forum Theatre has been successfully performed in European countries under the guise of 'Power Play', 'Therapy Play', 'Theatre of Revolution' and 'Theatre for Social Change'. Theatre of the Oppressed, especially the Forum Theatre, is generally unknown in Malaysian society and the approach needs to be introduced and explained in some detail. By having a comprehensive description of the Theatre of the Oppressed, the Malaysian reader will be able to understand the technique and approach in a deeper sense. As the research is about the implementation of Forum approach with adolescents, studies also concentrated on several theories of adolescent ii behavior and development from several perspectives and fields. The world of adolescents is confusing and complex and differs between countries. This study allows a better understanding on the complexity of Malay adolescence. The study focuses in general on the dilemma of the Malay traditional system of culture and norms that has been developed for centuries which has affected the adolescents' way of life. The study criticizes some of the customs (adat) that have caused Malays, and especially adQlescents, to be incompetent and silent. Several opinions from various sources were quoted to support the ideas. The application of the original Forum approach in Malaysia is complicated because there is lack of written references available in the country. To implement the approach in Malaysia some modification and adjustment were made by adapting several other therapeutic approaches such as Psychodrama and Playback Theatre. To verify the effectiveness of the adapted approach, workshops with the troubled adolescents in the two rehabilitation centres known as Tunas Bakti Schools (STB) were conducted. The data gathered in the workshops were analyzed to determine the reception of the approach by the society and especially by the adolescents. Results from these two workshops were studied and analyzed and a new adapted approach appropriate for the Malaysian context has been constructed. The outcome will provide a model for Malaysians interested in applying the technique in future.
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Minnaar, Rae-Ann. "A self-reflexive investigation into effective translation strategies with reference to Jeanne Goosen's Louoond." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1008401.
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This dissertation is a self-reflexive study into effective translation strategies. The study focuses primarily on the translation strategies by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), namely direct and oblique strategies of translation. The strategies are used in the translation of Jeanne Goosen‘s novel Louoond (1987). The novel was chosen on account of the writer‘s unique writing style and the challenges it poses for the prospective translator. One of the key objectives of this study was to comprehensively illustrate Vinay and Darbelnet‘s strategies of translation when translating the novel. The theoretical framework of this study is an analysis of Vinay and Darbelnet‘s translation strategies. The study also aims to give insight into what is meant by translation, translation theory, literary theory and literary translation. The translation of the novel is the final product, but in order to illustrate each procedure of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) examples were taken from this final product. The chapters that follow illustrate the strategies of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) as used in the translation of an Afrikaans text (SL) into English (TL). Conclusions can then be drawn as to whether full equivalence was obtained and whether the translation is deemed successful.
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Ngilande, Thabani H. "The Significance of merger regulation in ensuring effective and effecient economy in South Africa : with particular reference to horizontal mergers." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/36812.
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Kuri, Bless. "Sustainable generation mix as a reference in effective design of electricity market structures and rules." Thesis, University of Bath, 2006. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440360.
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Asmah-Andoh, Kwame. "Effective and efficient performance management in local government, with reference to the Cacadu District Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1633.
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This study examined the existing levels of effectiveness and efficiency in local government with the application of performance management systems in the provision of municipal services. The provision of district-wide water services in Cacadu District Municipality in the Province of the Eastern Cape, South Africa is used for particular reference. Local government reforms after 1994 led to the creation of the district municipality (which groups together a number of local municipalities) to drive district-wide services provision, the introduction of systematic services provision standards and performance management as part of management reforms in municipalities. The problem for the research deals with how the Cacadu District Council and the councils of the local municipalities within the district are collaborating in using performance management systems, what effects this could have on programmes and services provision and how communication of performance information would improve service provision. Conceptual and practical difficulties encountered in effective and efficient utilisation and some obstacles that contribute to impeding progress in the use of performance management systems in municipalities were analysed. The qualitative research included a review of documents from the public administration and management literature; discourse analysis of interviews with municipal councilors and appointed officials, community members and provincial managers. The document review included a review of municipal documents that incorporated performance management or described development and use of performance management systems. It also included the legal frameworks and statutory requirements for municipal government and administration. All the responding municipal councils within the Cacadu District Municipality reported using performance management over the past five years yet little empirical evidence explains usage for district-wide programmes and services provision. Research shows that a comprehensive performance management approach to programmes and services has a more effective and efficient impact on service improvement than utilisation of personnnel appraisal (Ammons and Rivenbark, 2005). Despite the expected benefits, personnel performance appraisal is often flawed and the need exists in the district municipal model to develop and utilise performance management systems that validly assess the work performance of personnel (Hindo, 2010). Performance management system utilisation in decision making management is more related to the long-term benefits of effectiveness and efficiency than personnel appraisal for performance rewards and reporting. To overcome and address a situation of managing performance without a performance management system the study proposes a programme performance measurement and management system which incorporates information on management inputs, programme-specific data and citizens' feedback for outcomes and impact of the service. The suggested design for district-wide and specific municipal services provision elicit and provide relevant and appropriate performance information for management, decision-making and accountability to community. The effectiveness of the proposed system is to provide information for decision-making, long-term planning, strategic management and accountability reporting. The proposal is built on the exisiting method and thus efficient in the utilisation of resources. This has implications both for the theory of Public Administration and Management and the practical application of performamce management in public institutions. The study explicity provides a Public Administration perspective on management in a multi-municipal district context with different authorities. The study contributes to the theory of administrative policy and management context of the municipality with special attention to functions for which different authorities are responsible and the role of a performance system for better insught into managing overlapping authority, gaps and duplications. A central purpose of public management research is to theorise and influence practice. The practical utilisation of the proposed method is intended to assist managers and politicians with better understanding of a sustainable performance management system.
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Luo, Lili Pomerantz Jeffrey. "Towards sustaining professional development identification of essential competencies and effective training techniques for chat reference services /." Chapel Hill, N.C. : University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007. http://dc.lib.unc.edu/u?/etd,1138.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Information and Library Science." Discipline: Information and Library Science; Department/School: Information and Library Science, School of.
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Tapping, Elise Norma. "Knowledge sharing & decision making for effective industrial partnering : with specific reference to the UK defence sector." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.557151.
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This research explores concepts of effective industrial partnering within the context of complex and dynamic defence projects. The particular areas of importance within partnering are how knowledge is shared and how decisions are made in ways which make industrial partnering effective. This empirical study of partnering and non partnering projects investigates the motivations for strategic partnering among organisations whose cultures may radically differ. The methodological approach was to apply a mix of positivist and interpretive paradigms to one partnering and one non-partnering case study. Specific theories covering partnering, knowledge sharing and decision making guided the investigation. The substantive aim of the research was to identify to what extent partnering is mutually beneficial between MoD and Industry; this included an examination of how the Defence Industrial Strategy is shaping partnering behaviours between organisations. The findings show that, contrary to expectations, trust within partnering, while implicitly viewed as one of the critical success factors, is in fact often limited. The transferral of knowledge from one organisation to the other is, in principle, not limited: the necessary absorptive capacity is present, as is the ability to fully exploit potential for innovation. In practice, however, knowledge transfer is partial and uneven. The findings show that partnering can fail to conform to a formal model, but still be effective, even if supposedly definitive key elements of traditional partnering are absent. The conclusion is that short- term partnering relationships are generally asymmetric, the dominance of one partner over the other making them unlikely to work effectively. However, with stable relationships between partners and mutual trust, there is evidence that effective long term industrial partnering can be achieved less formally.
Books on the topic "Effective references"
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K, Erhardt Myra, and Charrow Robert, eds. Clear and effective legal writing. 4th ed. Aspen Publishers, 2007.
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K, Erhardt Myra, and Charrow Robert, eds. Clear and effective legal writing. 2nd ed. Little, Brown, 1995.
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K, Erhardt Myra, and Charrow Robert, eds. Clear and effective legal writing. 3rd ed. Aspen Law & Business, 2001.
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Jordan, Mary. Fundholders' handbook: A reference for effective administrative practice. Butterworth-Heinemann, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Effective references"
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Yang, Otto O. "Bibliography and References Cited." In Guide to Effective Grant Writing. Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1581-7_13.
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Borky, John M., and Thomas H. Bradley. "Using Reference Architectures and Frameworks." In Effective Model-Based Systems Engineering. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95669-5_12.
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Satpathy, Rudra Bhanu, and G. P. Ramesh. "Advance Approach for Effective EEG Artefacts Removal." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32644-9_28.
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Lobianco, Antonello. "Effectively Write Efficient Code." In Julia Quick Syntax Reference. Apress, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-5190-4_8.
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Solís-Quinteros, María Marcela, and Luis Alfredo Ávila-López. "Effective Design of Service Supply Chains in México." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-26488-8_11.
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Hinote, David, Carlos Ramirez, and Ping Chen. "Effective Co-reference Resolution in Clinical Text." In Advanced Research in Applied Artificial Intelligence. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31087-4_32.
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Saravanan, D., Dennis Joseph, and S. Vaithyasubramanian. "Effective Utilization of Image Information Using Data Mining Technique." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32644-9_22.
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Lazris, Andy, and Erik Rifkin. "Other Viral Pandemics with Reference to COVID-19." In Utilizing Effective Risk Communication in COVID-19. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74521-9_17.
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Büyüközkan, Gülçin, and Fethullah Gocer. "An Intuitionistic Fuzzy MCDM Approach for Effective Hazardous Waste Management." In Intelligent Systems Reference Library. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42993-9_2.
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Lu, Wen-Yang, Yu-Bin Yang, Xiao-Jiao Mao, and Qi-Hai Zhu. "Effective Citation Recommendation by Unbiased Reference Priority Recognition." In Web Technologies and Applications. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25255-1_44.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Effective references"
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Cuzzocrea, Alfredo, Enzo Mumolo, Marwan Hassani, and Giorgio Mario Grasso. "Towards Effective Generation of Synthetic Memory References Via Markovian Models." In 2018 IEEE 42nd Annual Computer Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/compsac.2018.10229.
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Pan, Deng, Xin Li, and Dongxiao Zhu. "Explaining Deep Neural Network Models with Adversarial Gradient Integration." In Thirtieth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-21}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2021/396.
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Deep neural networks (DNNs) have became one of the most high performing tools in a broad range of machine learning areas. However, the multilayer non-linearity of the network architectures prevent us from gaining a better understanding of the models’ predictions. Gradient based attribution methods (e.g., Integrated Gradient (IG)) that decipher input features’ contribution to the prediction task have been shown to be highly effective yet requiring a reference input as the anchor for explaining model’s output. The performance of DNN model interpretation can be quite inconsistent with regard to the choice of references. Here we propose an Adversarial Gradient Integration (AGI) method that integrates the gradients from adversarial examples to the target example along the curve of steepest ascent to calculate the resulting contributions from all input features. Our method doesn’t rely on the choice of references, hence can avoid the ambiguity and inconsistency sourced from the reference selection. We demonstrate the performance of our AGI method and compare with competing methods in explaining image classification results. Code is available from https://github.com/pd90506/AGI.
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Mattson, Christopher A., and Amy E. Wood. "Eight Principles Derived From the Engineering Literature for Effective Design for the Developing World." In ASME 2013 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2013-13108.
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This paper reviews the findings of several engineering researchers and practitioners on the topic of design for the developing world. We arrange these findings into eight guiding principles aimed at helping those who are searching for effective and sustainable approaches for design for the developing world. The findings reviewed come from the mechanical engineering discipline, as well as from other engineering disciplines. For each principle, we provide references to various studies as a means of supporting the principle. We also provide a detailed example of each principle. Finally, based on our own experience and based on the many papers reviewed, we provide a succinct list of suggestions for using each principle. Ultimately, we believe that the stated principles help overcome the challenges of design for the developing world, which are often dominated by designer unfamiliarity with poverty and foreign culture, as well as by the constraint of extreme affordability.
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Karpanan, Kumarswamy, Allison Weber Kirk, and Gerald Hershman. "Weld Rod Fatigue Analysis Using Effective Notch Stress Method." In ASME 2018 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2018-84122.
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Welds are one of the commonly used joint types and are employed extensively in subsea oil and gas production equipment. Commonly used weld joints in subsea components are fillet, butt, full-penetration, plug, and girth. Fatigue is one of the critical failure modes for welded joints. Welded joints are complex to analyze for fatigue loading due to the microstructure change during the welding process. The welding process also induces residual stress in the heat affected zone (HAZ) surrounding the weld. This, in turn, can adversely affects the fatigue life of the joint. The S-N fatigue approach is commonly used for weld fatigue analysis due to the simplicity of this method. Industry standards such as DNV, IIW, BS-7608, and ASME BPVC Sec VIII Div. -2 or -3 are typical references for this type of analysis. For subsea specific applications, DNV-RP-C203 and BS-7608 are generally used because these two standards provide S-N curves for welds in “air” as well as in “seawater with cathodic protection”. These two codes also provide S-N curves for various weld geometries ranging from simple fillet welds to complex tubular joints. Some of the weld fatigue analysis techniques used in the subsea industry are the: nominal stress approach, structural hot spot stress approach, effective notch stress approach (ENS), structural stress method (ASME VIII-2, -3) and the Fracture mechanics based fatigue crack propagation (FCG) approach. This paper presents the fatigue analysis of fillet welds in bore inserts using the ENS method. In the ENS method, a 1mm radius notch is modelled at the weld root or toe, see Figure 1, which yields a finite weld root stress. The stress analysis is carried out using FEA and the stresses on the notch along with the appropriate fatigue curve are used to estimate the weld root fatigue life.
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Buryachenko, Valeriy A. "General Integral Equations and Bounds of the Effective Moduli of Random Structure Composites." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70777.
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One considers a linear elastic random structure composite material (CM) with a homogeneous matrix. The idea of the effective field hypothesis (EFH, H1) dates back to Faraday, Poisson, Mossotti, Clausius, and Maxwell (1830–1870, see for references and details [1], [2]) who pioneered the introduction of the effective field concept as a local homogeneous field acting on the inclusions and differing from the applied macroscopic one. It is proved that a concept of the EFH (even if this term is not mentioned) is a (first) background of all four groups of analytical methods in physics and mechanics of heterogeneous media (model methods, perturbation methods, self-consistent methods, and variational ones, see for refs. [1]). New GIEs essentially define the new (second) background (which does not use the EFH) of multiscale analysis offering the opportunities for a fundamental jump in multiscale research of random heterogeneous media with drastically improved accuracy of local field estimations (with possible change of sign of predicted local fields). Estimates of the Hashin-Shtrikman (H-S) type are developed by extremizing of the classical variational functional involving either a classical GIE [1] or a new one. In the classical approach by Willis (1977), the H-S functional is extremized in the class of trial functions with a piece-wise constant polarisation tensors while in the current work we consider more general class of trial functions with a piece-wise constant effective fields. One demonstrates a better quality of proposed bounds, that is assessed from the difference between the upper and lower bounds for the concrete numerical examples.
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Steurer, Anika, Rico Poser, Jens von Wolfersdorf, and Stefan Retzko. "Application of the Transient Heat Transfer Measurement Technique Using TLC in a Network Configuration With Intersecting Circular Passages." In ASME Turbo Expo 2018: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2018-76551.
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The present study deals with the application of the transient thermochromic liquid crystal (TLC) technique in a flow network of intersecting circular passages as a potential internal turbine component cooling geometry. The investigated network consists of six circular passages with a diameter d = 20mm that intersect coplanar at an angle θ = 40°, the innermost in three, the outermost in one intersection level. Two additional non-intersecting passages serve as references. Such a flow network entails specific characteristics associated with the transient TLC method that have to be accounted for in the evaluation process: the strongly curved surfaces, the mixing and mass flow redistribution at each intersection point, and the resulting gradients between the wall and passage centerline temperatures. All this impedes the choice of a representative fluid reference temperature, which results in deviations using established evaluation methods. An alternative evaluation approach is introduced, which is supported by computational results obtained from steady-state three-dimensional RANS simulations using the SST turbulence model. The presented analysis uncouples local heat transfer coefficients from actually measured local temperatures but uses the time information of the thermocouples instead that represents the fluid temperature step change and evolution along the passages. This experimental time information is transferred to the steady-state numerical bulk temperatures, which are finally used as local references to evaluate the transient TLC experiments. As effective local mass flow rates in the passage sections are considered, the approach eventually allows for a conclusion whether heat transfer is locally enhanced due to higher mass flow rates or the intersection effects.
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Faisal, S. "Success Story from Drilling Program Evaluation of Development Wells in 2018 & 2019, and How to Promote An Effective Drilling Program for 2020 and Beyond for Indonesia." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-e-45.
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There are 32 oil companies in Indonesia that will perform development drilling in 2020 with total number of development drilling plans are 395 comparison, there were 289 development wells in 2018 and 322 development wells in 2019 respectively were drilled and contributed to national oil and gas production. All development drilling activities are reported to Satuan Kerja Khusus Pelaksana Kegiatan Usaha Hulu Minyak dan Gas Bumi (SKK Migas) by the Production Sharing Contract (PSC) contractors in the form of spreadsheets. SKK Migas will then evaluate the development drilling performance to be used as references and for consideration in the drilling program approvals for the following year in the Work Program & Budget event. The evaluation includes important drilling parameters. During the last 3 years, SKK Migas has managed to collect data and actual report programs from all PSC’s. Based on that data, an evaluate was exercised and will be used as reference for the next development drilling program for the same PSC or other PSCs which has the similar subsurface challenges or operates in the same areas. This will therefore make a good engineering future plan and will achieve the efficiency of the drilling cost, and can be challenged to be more efficient and effective. For the future, these drilling parameter data will become as benchmark such as a cost/ft or cost/day per PSC per well which is already drilled in Indonesia. There will be more data for PSC’s when making a Plan of Development (POD) proposal from some areas which will be developed into a prospective targets for producing oil and gas, and will also enable SKK Migas to get effective calculations for the related economic issues. This paper will illustrate how SKK Migas manages development drilling program activities in Indonesia using spreadsheets. This paper also illustrates how historical data of actual performance is compared, evaluated and analyzed for future reference.
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Biondi, B. "Cost Effective Permanent Well Plug & Abandon on Cluster-X With Complex Well Conditions." In Digital Technical Conference. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa20-se-108.
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Regulation PTK-040 SKK MIGAS explained that the oil company must permanently close the wells post-production operations. Cluster-X has complex well conditions, so the observation needs to be cost-effective. The observation on this case refers to SNI 13-6910-2002 explaining the permanent abandonment of wells in the isolation of open-hole zones, perforation zones, blockage of casing stub (junk) as Primary well-barrier and the annular space blockage as a Secondary well-barrier. The next stage is the surface plug as an environmental isolation plug. API BUL E3-FIRST EDITION & NORSOK STANDARD D-010 are also needed for permanent abandonment on surface capping and slotted-liners in multiple reservoirs. Additional references such as API-Spec-10A are needed. The final stage is the testing of cement plugs, hole cleaning process, and budgeting. This paper discusses various conditions of wells on Cluster-X such as abnormally high pressure, cement plug with open-hole slotted-liners in multiple reservoirs, and junk left in-hole. The first step was to run with a balance plug method on ± 10,500-10,971 ft MD as Primary well-barrier. The next step was to run a cement squeeze method with bridge plug on ±7200-7500 ft MD as Secondary well-barrier. On the step of environmental isolation plug a cement plug retainer was run as a weight test with 15,000 pounds the same on previous steps. Type G class cement was selected to cement plug and ran off section milling tools above of the overpressure zone. The wells closure method compares between rigless method coiled tubing unit and portable rig (conventional) which can optimize plug & abandonment operating time and operational cost.
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Graff, Rebecca Eve, Paula R. Dempsey, and Adele Dobry. "Benchmarking Reference Data Collection: The Results of a National Survey on Reference Transaction Instruments with Recommendations for Effective Practice." In Library Assessment Conference—Building Effective, Sustainable, Practical Assessment. Association of Research Libraries, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.29242/lac.2018.77.
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Chen, Zhiyi, Baoyang Jiang, and Jun Ni. "High Precision Tracking of Roll-to-Roll Manufacturing Processes." In ASME 2020 15th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2020-8392.
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Abstract Methods for controlling tension and velocity in Roll-to-Roll (R2R) processes have been widely studied in literature. Such methods are very effective under normal operating conditions, but the performance will degrade when control efforts saturate the physical capability of systems. This paper presents a constrained linear-quadratic model predictive control (LQ-MPC) scheme for the purpose of reference tracking. Firstly, a discrete-time linearized model for a R2R process is derived based on the governing equations from prior studies. The model is augmented by integrating an incremental behavior into it. Then a model predictive controller is specifically designed to reach zero-offset tracking of tension and velocity references, while the encountered process constraints are enforced at the same time. The constrained control problem is reduced into a quadratic programming problem and solved by using gradient projection method. It is proved that the proposed controller can guarantee local closed-loop stability where process constraints are inactive. Simulation of a five-roller R2R system is conducted to compare the performance of a proposed controller and a typical decentralized PI controller. Results show that the proposed controller achieves better performance in terms of quick response to changing of set points and capability of decoupling the subsystems. It also demonstrates good robustness when reasonable parametric uncertainties are introduced in the system.
Reports on the topic "Effective references"
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Selin Norén, Isabella, Willem van Geel, and Janjo de Haan. Cover crop reference values : Effective organic matter and nitrogen uptake. Stichting Wageningen Research, Wageningen Plant Research (WPR), Business unit Field Crops, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/544859.
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Berkowitz, Jacob. Quantifying functional increases across a large-scale wetland restoration chronosequence. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41500.
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Over 300,000 ha of forested wetlands have undergone restoration within the Mississippi Alluvial Valley region. Restored forest successional stage varies, providing opportunities to document wetland functional increases across a large-scale restoration chronosequence using the Hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach. Results from >600 restored study sites spanning a 25-year chronosequence indicate that: 1) wetland functional assessment variables increased toward reference conditions; 2) restored wetlands generally follow expected recovery trajectories; and 3) wetland functions display significant improvements across the restoration chronosequence. A functional lag between restored areas and mature reference wetlands persists in most instances. However, a subset of restored sites have attained mature reference wetland conditions in areas approaching or exceeding tree diameter and canopy closure thresholds. Study results highlight the importance of site selection and the benefits of evaluating a suite of wetland functions in order to identify appropriate restoration success milestones and design monitoring programs. For example, wetland functions associated with detention of precipitation (a largely physical process) rapidly increased under post restoration conditions, while improvements in wetland habitat functions (associated with forest establishment and maturation) required additional time. As the wetland science community transitions towards larger scale restoration efforts, effectively quantifying restoration functional improvements will become increasingly important.
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Grunwaldt, Alfred, Marie-Lena Glass, and Nancy McCarthy. Identification of Climate Resilience Opportunities and Metrics in Financing Operations: A Technical Reference Document for IDB Project Teams. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003432.
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As development financiers strive to implement climate adaptation measures that are effective and consistent with countries climate-resilient development pathways in line with the Paris Agreement, there is an urgent and increasing need to reduce vulnerability to climate variability and climate change, ensure that development operations are climate-resilient, particularly promote development operations that build climate resilience, and to monitor and evaluate the success of these measures. Given this need, the objective of this document is to provide a general conceptual framework to guide IDB project teams from different sectors in how to identify climate resilience opportunities and define indicators at the project level that will facilitate the monitoring and assessment of climate resilience results. With the conceptual framework presented in this document, the IDB aims to (1) lay the conceptual foundations to seize climate resilience opportunities in development projects by presenting definitions and examples for climate resilience elements and capacities as a basis for a conceptual climate resilience metrics framework and (2) guide sectorial specialists in identifying output and outcome indicators to monitor climate resilience results at the project level and to later evaluate the effectiveness of implemented adaptation and climate resilience activities.
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Lumpkin, Shamsie, Isaac Parrish, Austin Terrell, and Dwayne Accardo. Pain Control: Opioid vs. Nonopioid Analgesia During the Immediate Postoperative Period. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2021.0008.
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Background Opioid analgesia has become the mainstay for acute pain management in the postoperative setting. However, the use of opioid medications comes with significant risks and side effects. Due to increasing numbers of prescriptions to those with chronic pain, opioid medications have become more expensive while becoming less effective due to the buildup of patient tolerance. The idea of opioid-free analgesic techniques has rarely been breached in many hospitals. Emerging research has shown that opioid-sparing approaches have resulted in lower reported pain scores across the board, as well as significant cost reductions to hospitals and insurance agencies. In addition to providing adequate pain relief, the predicted cost burden of an opioid-free or opioid-sparing approach is significantly less than traditional methods. Methods The following groups were considered in our inclusion criteria: those who speak the English language, all races and ethnicities, male or female, home medications, those who are at least 18 years of age and able to provide written informed consent, those undergoing inpatient or same-day surgical procedures. In addition, our scoping review includes the following exclusion criteria: those who are non-English speaking, those who are less than 18 years of age, those who are not undergoing surgical procedures while admitted, those who are unable to provide numeric pain score due to clinical status, those who are unable to provide written informed consent, and those who decline participation in the study. Data was extracted by one reviewer and verified by the remaining two group members. Extraction was divided as equally as possible among the 11 listed references. Discrepancies in data extraction were discussed between the article reviewer, project editor, and group leader. Results We identified nine primary sources addressing the use of ketamine as an alternative to opioid analgesia and post-operative pain control. Our findings indicate a positive correlation between perioperative ketamine administration and postoperative pain control. While this information provides insight on opioid-free analgesia, it also revealed the limited amount of research conducted in this area of practice. The strategies for several of the clinical trials limited ketamine administration to a small niche of patients. The included studies provided evidence for lower pain scores, reductions in opioid consumption, and better patient outcomes. Implications for Nursing Practice Based on the results of the studies’ randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses, the effects of ketamine are shown as an adequate analgesic alternative to opioids postoperatively. The cited resources showed that ketamine can be used as a sole agent, or combined effectively with reduced doses of opioids for multimodal therapy. There were noted limitations in some of the research articles. Not all of the cited studies were able to include definitive evidence of proper blinding techniques or randomization methods. Small sample sizes and the inclusion of specific patient populations identified within several of the studies can skew data in one direction or another; therefore, significant clinical results cannot be generalized to patient populations across the board.
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Chou, Roger, Jesse Wagner, Azrah Y. Ahmed, et al. Treatments for Acute Pain: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer240.
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Objectives. To evaluate the effectiveness and comparative effectiveness of opioid, nonopioid pharmacologic, and nonpharmacologic therapy in patients with specific types of acute pain, including effects on pain, function, quality of life, adverse events, and long-term use of opioids. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, Embase®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to August 2020, reference lists, and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of outpatient therapies for eight acute pain conditions: low back pain, neck pain, other musculoskeletal pain, neuropathic pain, postoperative pain following discharge, dental pain (surgical or nonsurgical), pain due to kidney stones, and pain due to sickle cell disease. Meta-analyses were conducted on pharmacologic therapy for dental pain and kidney stone pain, and likelihood of repeat or rescue medication use and adverse events. The magnitude of effects was classified as small, moderate, or large using previously defined criteria, and strength of evidence was assessed. Results. One hundred eighty-three RCTs on the comparative effectiveness of therapies for acute pain were included. Opioid therapy was probably less effective than nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for surgical dental pain and kidney stones, and might be similarly effective as NSAIDs for low back pain. Opioids and NSAIDs were more effective than acetaminophen for surgical dental pain, but opioids were less effective than acetaminophen for kidney stone pain. For postoperative pain, opioids were associated with increased likelihood of repeat or rescue analgesic use, but effects on pain intensity were inconsistent. Being prescribed an opioid for acute low back pain or postoperative pain was associated with increased likelihood of use of opioids at long-term followup versus not being prescribed, based on observational studies. Heat therapy was probably effective for acute low back pain, spinal manipulation might be effective for acute back pain with radiculopathy, acupressure might be effective for acute musculoskeletal pain, an opioid might be effective for acute neuropathic pain, massage might be effective for some types of postoperative pain, and a cervical collar or exercise might be effective for acute neck pain with radiculopathy. Most studies had methodological limitations. Effect sizes were primarily small to moderate for pain, the most commonly evaluated outcome. Opioids were associated with increased risk of short-term adverse events versus NSAIDs or acetaminophen, including any adverse event, nausea, dizziness, and somnolence. Serious adverse events were uncommon for all interventions, but studies were not designed to assess risk of overdose, opioid use disorder, or long-term harms. Evidence on how benefits or harms varied in subgroups was lacking. Conclusions. Opioid therapy was associated with decreased or similar effectiveness as an NSAID for some acute pain conditions, but with increased risk of short-term adverse events. Evidence on nonpharmacological therapies was limited, but heat therapy, spinal manipulation, massage, acupuncture, acupressure, a cervical collar, and exercise were effective for specific acute pain conditions. Research is needed to determine the comparative effectiveness of therapies for sickle cell pain, acute neuropathic pain, neck pain, and management of postoperative pain following discharge; effects of therapies for acute pain on non-pain outcomes; effects of therapies on long-term outcomes, including long-term opioid use; and how benefits and harms of therapies vary in subgroups.
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Montgomery, Doug, Mark Carson, Timothy Winters, Michayla Newcombe, and Timothy Carlin. NIST IPv6 Profile. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.500-267ar1.
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This profile establishes a basic taxonomy of IPv6 capabilities, defined in terms of IETF specifications, resulting in specific capability labels for common network functions and usage scenarios. The profile maps each such labeled capability to one or more specific technical specifications, or parts of specifications. Each labeled capability adopts by reference the normative requirements of the cited specifications. In rare cases the profile may augment or modify the normative requirements of a base specification. The defined capability labels effectively form a vocabulary for expressing IPv6 requirements for, and documenting the IPv6 capabilities of, specific products. It is expected that, when combined with specific acquisition and product testing programs, this profile can facilitate the efficient adoption of IPv6 technologies in many industry sectors.
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Montgomery, Doug, Mark Carson, Timothy Winters, Michayla Newcombe, and Timothy Carlin. USGv6 Profile. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.500-267br1.
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This profile establishes a basic taxonomy of IPv6 capabilities, defined in terms of IETF specifications, resulting in specific capability labels for common network functions and usage scenarios. The profile maps each such labeled capability to one or more specific technical specifications, or parts of specifications. Each labeled capability adopts by reference the normative requirements of the cited specifications. In rare cases the profile may augment or modify the normative requirements of a base specification. The defined capability labels effectively form a vocabulary for expressing IPv6 requirements for, and documenting the IPv6 capabilities of, specific products. It is expected that this profile, when combined with the USGv6 Test Program, can facilitate the efficient adoption of IPv6 technologies in Federal information systems.
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Chou, Roger, Rongwei Fu, Tracy Dana, Miranda Pappas, Erica Hart, and Kimberly M. Mauer. Interventional Treatments for Acute and Chronic Pain: Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer247.
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Objective. To evaluate the benefits and harms of selected interventional procedures for acute and chronic pain that are not currently covered by the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) but are relevant for and have potential utility for use in the Medicare population, or that are covered by CMS but for which there is important uncertainty or controversy regarding use. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, PsycINFO®, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to April 12, 2021, reference lists, and submissions in response to a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for 10 interventional procedures and conditions that evaluated pain, function, health status, quality of life, medication use, and harms. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted for vertebral compression fracture; otherwise, outcomes were synthesized qualitatively. Effects were classified as small, moderate, or large using previously defined criteria. Results. Thirty-seven randomized trials (in 48 publications) were included. Vertebroplasty (13 trials) is probably more effective at reducing pain and improving function in older (>65 years of age) patients, but benefits are small (less than 1 point on a 10-point pain scale). Benefits appear smaller (but still present) in sham-controlled (5 trials) compared with usual care controlled trials (8 trials) and larger in trials of patients with more acute symptoms; however, testing for subgroup effects was limited by imprecision. Vertebroplasty is probably not associated with increased risk of incident vertebral fracture (10 trials). Kyphoplasty (2 trials) is probably more effective than usual care for pain and function in older patients with vertebral compression fracture at up to 1 month (moderate to large benefits) and may be more effective at >1 month to ≥1 year (small to moderate benefits) but has not been compared against sham therapy. Evidence on kyphoplasty and risk of incident fracture was conflicting. In younger (below age for Medicare eligibility) populations, cooled radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac pain (2 trials) is probably more effective for pain and function versus sham at 1 and 3 months (moderate to large benefits). Cooled radiofrequency for presumed facet joint pain may be similarly effective versus conventional radiofrequency, and piriformis injection with corticosteroid for piriformis syndrome may be more effective than sham injection for pain. For the other interventional procedures and conditions addressed, evidence was too limited to determine benefits and harms. Conclusions. Vertebroplasty is probably effective at reducing pain and improving function in older patients with vertebral compression fractures; benefits are small but similar to other therapies recommended for pain. Evidence was too limited to separate effects of control type and symptom acuity on effectiveness of vertebroplasty. Kyphoplasty has not been compared against sham but is probably more effective than usual care for vertebral compression fractures in older patients. In younger populations, cooled radiofrequency denervation is probably more effective than sham for sacroiliac pain. Research is needed to determine the benefits and harms of the other interventional procedures and conditions addressed in this review.
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Burns, Danny, Marina Apgar, and Anna Raw. Designing a Participatory Programme at Scale: Phases 1 and 2 of the CLARISSA Programme on Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.004.
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CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia) is a large-scale Participatory Action Research programme which aims to identify, evidence, and promote effective multi-stakeholder action to tackle the drivers of the worst forms of child labour in selected supply chains in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Myanmar. CLARISSA places a particular focus on participants’ own ‘agency’. In other words, participants’ ability to understand the situation they face, and to develop and take actions in response to them. Most of CLARISSA’s participants are children. This document shares the design and overarching methodology of the CLARISSA programme, which was co-developed with all consortium partners during and since the co-generation phase of the programme (September 2018–June 2020). The immediate audience is the CLARISSA programme implementation teams, plus the Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO). This design document is also a useful reference point for other programmes trying to build large-scale participatory processes. It provides a clear overview of the CLARISSA programmatic approach, the design, and how it is being operationalised in context.
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Idris, Iffat. Promotion of Freedom of Religion or Belief. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.036.
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Freedom of religion or belief (FoRB) is a fundamental human right. However, the general global trend in recent years is towards increased FoRB violations by both government and non-government actors. Notable exceptions are Sudan and Uzbekistan, which have shown significant improvement in promoting FoRB, while smaller-scale positive developments have been seen in a number of other countries. The international community is increasingly focusing on FoRB. External actors can help promote FoRB through monitoring and reporting, applying external pressure on governments (and to a lesser extent non-government entities), and through constructive engagement with both government and non-government actors. The literature gives recommendations for how each of these approaches can be effectively applied. This review is largely based on grey (and some academic) literature as well as recent media reports. The evidence base was limited by the fact that so few countries have shown FoRB improvements, but there was wider literature on the role that external actors can play. The available literature was often gender blind (typically only referring to women and girls in relation to FoRB violations) and made negligible reference to persons with disabilities.