Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effective references'

Ces dernières décennies, la relation entre Spinoza et Marx a été abordée par des auteurs comme Louis Althusser, Antonio Negri et Maximilien Rubel. Néanmoins, bien que l'on puisse établir un lien entre les deux au niveau des affinités théoriques, il manque une analyse du rapport entre ces affinités et les références effectives que Marx fait à Spinoza. Nous ne savons pas davantage. jusqu'à maintenant, comment ces références s'articulent avec les objectifs du militantisme philosophique et politique que Marx s'est fixé tout au long de sa vie. La présente étude cherche donc à parcourir les premières œuvres de Marx de manière à y étudier la présence de Spinoza, et à démontrer simultanément à quels buts cette présence était subordonnée. Parallèlement, et de façon tout aussi importante, il s'agit de montrer que, bien que ces usages font apparaître la façon dont Marx s'est éloigné de Spinoza, ils n'en révèlent pas moins que, dans cet éloignement, Marx finit par retrouver, non pas tant Spinoza, mais le spinozisme<br>Ln recent decades, the relationship between Spinoza and Marx was discussed by authors such as Louis Althusser, Antonio Negri and Maximilien Rubel. However, although we can establish a link between the two in terms of theoretical affinities, it lacks an analysis of the relationship between these affinities and actual references From Marx to Spinoza. Until now, we do not know more about the specific way these references can articulate with the objectives inherent to Marx 's philosophical and political activism throughout his life. This study therefore seeks to browse the first writings from Marx in order to study the presence of Spinoza, and simultaneously demonstrate to which purposes this presence attended. At the same time, and just as importantly, we seek to show that, although these references explain how Marx moved away From Spinoza, they nevertheless reveal that in this distance, Marx finally find, not so much Spinoza, but Spinozism

This thesis deals with a specific type of crime, which is, today called a millennium crime. This crime is identity theft. It is not a new crime, but technological development makes it a difficult crime to combat, as nowadays it can be committed by both traditional, so-called non-sophisticated methods, and by more sophisticated, technological means, since the advent of the internet. Identity theft is a crime committed against a person’s means of identification or their financial information. The criminal, legally or illegally obtains another person’s means of identification for the purpose of either himself (or others) using it to commit other illegal activities. Iraq, currently, has no dedicated law to deal with identity theft. Therefore, the Iraq courts will find it difficult when they seek to apply existing legal texts, to deal with it effectively. Through an examination of Iraqi criminal laws, this thesis will assess whether existing Iraq criminal law is adequate to combat identity theft, and it will assess whether Iraq courts can effectively judge an accused who obtains another person’s means of identification, and then uses to commit other crimes. It seems that, first sight that identity theft shares common elements with theft offence in Iraq law, and thus, the Iraqi courts may use the current theft offence laws to fight identity theft, but this study will show that this has limitations and drawbacks. Comparative analysis with the relevant UK and US laws used to combat identity theft will form part of this analysis, in an effort to assess the effectiveness of this approach, and illustrate its weaknesses. While this thesis preparation was being undertaken, the Iraqi Government proposed a project called the Information Crimes Project 2011. This project inter alia proposed to govern identity theft with new model laws. This thesis demonstrates that this project will not succeed in realising this objective, and the thesis shows, in conclusion, existing laws, as well as proposed laws, are inadequate to govern identity theft in Iraq, and their inadequacy requires either a judicial or legislative solution. The thesis demonstrates the limitations of judicial solution because the application of the principle of legality, and concludes that the most effectively way for Iraq to combat identity theft would be to enact a new, dedicated law to fight identity theft. To assist the Iraqi legislature to enact an appropriate piece of legislation, this thesis analyses relevant UK and US laws, and assesses elements of those laws, and their utility for the Iraqi legislature, should it seek to borrow or adopt provisions from them for a new Iraqi identity theft law. One of the key findings of this thesis is that the actual identity theft must be criminalised, and this is something that is not a feature in laws of other jurisdictions, although there are several elements of other jurisdictions’ laws which, if suitable adapted, could be useful incorporated into an Iraqi identity theft law. This thesis concludes by proposing recommendation that will be guide the Iraqi legislature if it intends to enact a dedicated identity theft law at some point in the near future.

This study sets out to analyse the teaching skills of an effective Australian teacher of French in a primary school in Canberra. Chapter One provides an overview of the primary education in Singapore with particular emphasis on the language policies. The purpose and scope of the study and the approach used in carrying out the study are also described in this chapter. Chapters Two to Six present descriptive features of the teacher's teaching approach. Clarity in her goals and instructions to her Year 3 and Year 5 classes were analysed through extracts of the classroom discourse. The way the teacher provided encouragement and feedback on errors to her Year 3 class were also described. The variation in the pace of her speech in relation to the activities and the adjustments made when she posed questions according to the language proficiency of the pupils, also form part of the data analysed. In Chapter Eight, conclusions were made of the possibility of transferring the teaching approaches to the teaching of English as a second language in primary schools in Singapore by comparing the French program described in Chapter Seven with the primary education system in Singapore. The study concludes with an overview of the areas that need further research and study.

Forum Theatre technique established by Augusto Boal, a well-known Brazilian dramatist, is a kind of social therapy where people are not just watching the play but are also encouraged to participate in the play and give ideas and solutions to the problems. This study focuses on the Forum Theater as a medium or tool for the Malay adolescents to discuss their social problems creatively and critically. The study discusses the historical background of Theatre of the Oppressed (TO), as well as its components such as Image Theatre, Forum Theatre, Invisible Theatre, the Rainbow of Desire and Legislative Theatre. Forum Theatre has been successfully performed in European countries under the guise of 'Power Play', 'Therapy Play', 'Theatre of Revolution' and 'Theatre for Social Change'. Theatre of the Oppressed, especially the Forum Theatre, is generally unknown in Malaysian society and the approach needs to be introduced and explained in some detail. By having a comprehensive description of the Theatre of the Oppressed, the Malaysian reader will be able to understand the technique and approach in a deeper sense. As the research is about the implementation of Forum approach with adolescents, studies also concentrated on several theories of adolescent ii behavior and development from several perspectives and fields. The world of adolescents is confusing and complex and differs between countries. This study allows a better understanding on the complexity of Malay adolescence. The study focuses in general on the dilemma of the Malay traditional system of culture and norms that has been developed for centuries which has affected the adolescents' way of life. The study criticizes some of the customs (adat) that have caused Malays, and especially adQlescents, to be incompetent and silent. Several opinions from various sources were quoted to support the ideas. The application of the original Forum approach in Malaysia is complicated because there is lack of written references available in the country. To implement the approach in Malaysia some modification and adjustment were made by adapting several other therapeutic approaches such as Psychodrama and Playback Theatre. To verify the effectiveness of the adapted approach, workshops with the troubled adolescents in the two rehabilitation centres known as Tunas Bakti Schools (STB) were conducted. The data gathered in the workshops were analyzed to determine the reception of the approach by the society and especially by the adolescents. Results from these two workshops were studied and analyzed and a new adapted approach appropriate for the Malaysian context has been constructed. The outcome will provide a model for Malaysians interested in applying the technique in future.

This dissertation is a self-reflexive study into effective translation strategies. The study focuses primarily on the translation strategies by Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), namely direct and oblique strategies of translation. The strategies are used in the translation of Jeanne Goosen‘s novel Louoond (1987). The novel was chosen on account of the writer‘s unique writing style and the challenges it poses for the prospective translator. One of the key objectives of this study was to comprehensively illustrate Vinay and Darbelnet‘s strategies of translation when translating the novel. The theoretical framework of this study is an analysis of Vinay and Darbelnet‘s translation strategies. The study also aims to give insight into what is meant by translation, translation theory, literary theory and literary translation. The translation of the novel is the final product, but in order to illustrate each procedure of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) examples were taken from this final product. The chapters that follow illustrate the strategies of Vinay and Darbelnet (1995) as used in the translation of an Afrikaans text (SL) into English (TL). Conclusions can then be drawn as to whether full equivalence was obtained and whether the translation is deemed successful.

This study examined the existing levels of effectiveness and efficiency in local government with the application of performance management systems in the provision of municipal services. The provision of district-wide water services in Cacadu District Municipality in the Province of the Eastern Cape, South Africa is used for particular reference. Local government reforms after 1994 led to the creation of the district municipality (which groups together a number of local municipalities) to drive district-wide services provision, the introduction of systematic services provision standards and performance management as part of management reforms in municipalities. The problem for the research deals with how the Cacadu District Council and the councils of the local municipalities within the district are collaborating in using performance management systems, what effects this could have on programmes and services provision and how communication of performance information would improve service provision. Conceptual and practical difficulties encountered in effective and efficient utilisation and some obstacles that contribute to impeding progress in the use of performance management systems in municipalities were analysed. The qualitative research included a review of documents from the public administration and management literature; discourse analysis of interviews with municipal councilors and appointed officials, community members and provincial managers. The document review included a review of municipal documents that incorporated performance management or described development and use of performance management systems. It also included the legal frameworks and statutory requirements for municipal government and administration. All the responding municipal councils within the Cacadu District Municipality reported using performance management over the past five years yet little empirical evidence explains usage for district-wide programmes and services provision. Research shows that a comprehensive performance management approach to programmes and services has a more effective and efficient impact on service improvement than utilisation of personnnel appraisal (Ammons and Rivenbark, 2005). Despite the expected benefits, personnel performance appraisal is often flawed and the need exists in the district municipal model to develop and utilise performance management systems that validly assess the work performance of personnel (Hindo, 2010). Performance management system utilisation in decision making management is more related to the long-term benefits of effectiveness and efficiency than personnel appraisal for performance rewards and reporting. To overcome and address a situation of managing performance without a performance management system the study proposes a programme performance measurement and management system which incorporates information on management inputs, programme-specific data and citizens' feedback for outcomes and impact of the service. The suggested design for district-wide and specific municipal services provision elicit and provide relevant and appropriate performance information for management, decision-making and accountability to community. The effectiveness of the proposed system is to provide information for decision-making, long-term planning, strategic management and accountability reporting. The proposal is built on the exisiting method and thus efficient in the utilisation of resources. This has implications both for the theory of Public Administration and Management and the practical application of performamce management in public institutions. The study explicity provides a Public Administration perspective on management in a multi-municipal district context with different authorities. The study contributes to the theory of administrative policy and management context of the municipality with special attention to functions for which different authorities are responsible and the role of a performance system for better insught into managing overlapping authority, gaps and duplications. A central purpose of public management research is to theorise and influence practice. The practical utilisation of the proposed method is intended to assist managers and politicians with better understanding of a sustainable performance management system.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2007.<br>Title from electronic title page (viewed Mar. 27, 2008). "... in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Information and Library Science." Discipline: Information and Library Science; Department/School: Information and Library Science, School of.

This research explores concepts of effective industrial partnering within the context of complex and dynamic defence projects. The particular areas of importance within partnering are how knowledge is shared and how decisions are made in ways which make industrial partnering effective. This empirical study of partnering and non partnering projects investigates the motivations for strategic partnering among organisations whose cultures may radically differ. The methodological approach was to apply a mix of positivist and interpretive paradigms to one partnering and one non-partnering case study. Specific theories covering partnering, knowledge sharing and decision making guided the investigation. The substantive aim of the research was to identify to what extent partnering is mutually beneficial between MoD and Industry; this included an examination of how the Defence Industrial Strategy is shaping partnering behaviours between organisations. The findings show that, contrary to expectations, trust within partnering, while implicitly viewed as one of the critical success factors, is in fact often limited. The transferral of knowledge from one organisation to the other is, in principle, not limited: the necessary absorptive capacity is present, as is the ability to fully exploit potential for innovation. In practice, however, knowledge transfer is partial and uneven. The findings show that partnering can fail to conform to a formal model, but still be effective, even if supposedly definitive key elements of traditional partnering are absent. The conclusion is that short- term partnering relationships are generally asymmetric, the dominance of one partner over the other making them unlikely to work effectively. However, with stable relationships between partners and mutual trust, there is evidence that effective long term industrial partnering can be achieved less formally.

Earth was one of earliest materials used for construction of human shelters. In its raw state, it does not meet the basic physical properties required of a material for use in construction, i. e. compressive strength and durability (water resistance). The raw material can be stabilised to improve these properties through chemical, physical and mechanical methods. Chemical and physical methods involve mixing and compacting the earth with various materials to increase its compressive strength and reduce its propensity to shrink and swell. Mechanical methods of stabilisation involve only compaction of the raw material to produce blocks. Stabilised blocks have adequate compressive strength and durability for use in lowincome housing. They are also easy to handle, can be moulded to a variety of shapes and are suitable for use as structural blocks. The latest developments in the design of moulding machines means that stabilised blocks can be produced on-site at approximately half the cost of the next cheapest construction material (hollow concrete block). The most important consideration in the stabilisation process is the choice of material for mixing. The choice is based on three criteria: (i) composition of the earth, (ii) local availability of the stabilising material and (iii) cost of the stabilising material. For example, in terms of composition, earth with a high clay content, such as the samples used in this study from Sindh Province, Pakistan, was found unsuitable for construction purposes. This is because the clay minerals cause excessive shrinkage and expansion of the material. However, work conducted in this study found that the effects of clay can be mitigated by correcting particle size distribution and stabilisation. Specimens of stabilised material were produced to measure the affects of mixing various additives, including cement, lime, linseed oil, and calcium chloride, with earth. The key findings from research carried out on these specimens are: (a) Cement can not be used without correction of particle size distribution. (b) Previous research work has found lime to be the most effective stabiliser in terms of improving compressive strength. However, it was found that, in the case of the high clay content earth used in this study, cement provided better results. (c) In earth stabilised through correction of particle size distribution, linseed oil provided the most improvement to water resistance. (d) Calcium Chloride is not suitable for use as a stabiliser with earth containing a high proportion of clay minerals. This is because it reacts with the clay minerals to produce water. -(e) A comparative study of the cost and engineering benefits of various stabilised specimens showed that cement provides the greatest improvement to durability, but at the highest cost. Lime was found to be the best stabilising material for high clay content earth in terms of overall cost and engineering benefit. It provides adequate improvement to durability at low cost. Linseed oil was the cheapest stabilising material but, although greatly improving water resistance, it provided little improvement to compressive strength.

This study explored the effective application of corporate governance in Milk SA NPC. The study is made up of five chapters, starting with an introductory chapter one. The introductory chapter provides general overview and background on corporate governance in the South African context. It also sets out the research problem as well as the research questions of the study. Chapter two introduces the principles and practices of corporate governance recommended by the King IV report on Corporate Governance in South Africa for the non-profit organisations. Chapter three explores Milk SA’s mechanism of ensuring compliance and effective application of corporate governance and also address the research questions of the study. Chapter four compares the corporate governance principles and codes applicable to South African and Australian non-profits companies. Finally chapter five finalises the study findings and concludes the study with recommendations.<br>Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>Mercantile Law<br>LLM<br>Unrestricted

Abstract Fluoroscopically guided procedures are currently an area of special concern in relation to radiation protection, as they may produce a high radiation dose to patients and increase the risk of skin injury. ERCP is a gastrointestinal procedure used as a gold standard in the treatment of pancreatobiliary disorders. It is performed under endoscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. Recently, both the number and the complexity with associated increased technical difficulty of therapeutic ERCP procedures have significantly increased. The present study aimed to assess the medical use of radiation in ERCP, with special emphasis on optimisation of radiation protection of patients. For this purpose, the level of patient radiation exposure during ERCP was evaluated by registering the radiation dose indices in Finnish hospitals. The entrance surface dose was measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters and the effective dose was estimated using conversion coefficients. For dose optimisation and for quality assurance, the local diagnostic reference levels (DRL) for ERCP were established and reviewed after five years. A single centre prospective analysis was conducted to identify patient-, procedure- and operator-related factors affecting dose area product (DAP) and fluoroscopy time (FT). The results showed a large variation of dose indices in overall, as among participating hospitals due to differences in patient characteristics, operator, equipment and procedural complexity. The risk of radiation-induced skin injury and the lifetime cancer risk seems to be reasonably low, indicating ERCP to be a low-dose study. Local DRL is an effective tool in the optimisation process, as a certain degree of dose reduction was achieved during the years. Multiple factors were found to affect DAP and FT in ERCP. The awareness of these factors may help to predict possible prolonged procedures that cause a higher radiation dose to the patient and thus facilitate the use of appropriate precautions<br>Tiivistelmä Säteilysuojelun näkökulmasta läpivalaisuohjauksessa tehtävät toimenpiteet ovat erityisen huolen aiheena, koska ne voivat aiheuttaa potilaille suuria säteilyannoksia ja siten lisätä ihovaurion riskiä. ERCP on ruoansulatuskanavan endoskopiatoimenpide, jota käytetään haima- ja sappitiesairauksien hoidossa kultaisena standardina. ERCP suoritetaan duodenoskoopilla läpivalaisukontrollissa. Viime vuosina ERCP toimenpiteiden määrät ja toimenpiteiden monimutkaisuus ovat kasvaneet merkittävästi lisääntyneen teknisen haastavuuden vuoksi. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida säteilyn lääketieteellistä käyttöä ERCP:ssa, kiinnittäen eritystä huomiota potilaan säteilysuojelun optimointiin. Potilaan säteilyaltistuksen tasoa ERCP:ssa arvioitiin keräämällä potilasannoksia suomalaisista sairaaloista, pinta-annokset mitattiin termoloistedosimetreilla ja efektiivinen annos laskettiin muuntokertoimilla. Säteilyaltistuksen optimointi- ja laadunvalvonnan työkaluksi ERCP:lle asetettiin paikalliset vertailutasot ja ne tarkistettiin 5 vuoden kuluttua. Potilaaseen, toimenpiteeseen ja toimenpiteen suorittajaan liittyvät tekijät, jotka vaikuttavat annoksen ja pinta-alan tuloon (DAP) sekä läpivalaisuaikaan, selvitettiin retrospektiivisesti yhdessä sairaalassa. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että potilaan säteilyannoksissa oli suurta vaihtelua niin yleisesti, kuin osallistuvien sairaaloiden välillä. Vaihtelu johtui potilaan ominaisuuksista, erilaisista läpivalaisulaitteista, toimenpiteen suorittajista ja ERCP toimenpiteiden vaikeusasteesta. Säteilyn aiheuttaman ihovaurion riski ja elinikäinen syöpäriski näyttäisi tulosten perusteella olevan kohtuullisen alhainen, mikä osoittaa, että ERCP on matala-annostutkimus. Paikallinen vertailutaso osoittautui tehokkaaksi optimointityökaluksi, sillä annostason lasku ERCP:ssa saavutettiin vuosien kuluessa. Useiden tekijöiden todettiin vaikuttavan DAP:n ja läpivalaisuaikaan ERCP:ssa. Näiden tekijöiden tiedostaminen voi auttaa tunnistamaan etukäteen ne haastavat ERCP toimenpiteet, jotka voivat aiheuttaa suuria säteilyannoksia potilaille, ja siten mahdollistaa niihin varautumisen

The British Methodist Church defines oversight as the means by which churches remain true to their calling. Its presbyters are charged with upholding Constitution, Practice, and Discipline or ‘CPD’. This research employs a combination of Practical Theology methods to examine the challenge of applying CPD to fresh expressions (forms of Church established for the benefit of those who are not yet members of a local church). It offers three original insights in regard to the tension between mission-praxis and ecclesiological discipline. First, it provides empirical evidence to support the anecdotal observation that not all fresh expressions are authentic in that they lack ecclesial intent. A combination of factors inhibited this. New churches can be formed when twelve Methodist members unite. Current legislation allows members of the Church to belong to only one society, meaning that leaders face the conflict of leaving their parent church if they are to form a new church. Second, membership mediated an unequal power balance between fresh expressions and their parent churches, undermining progress towards achieving a ‘mixed economy’. This situation was confounded by the fact that newcomers to fresh expressions viewed Methodist membership as an institutional construct and requirement, rather than an opportunity for spiritual renewal. Third, the Methodist Church policy that encourages presbyters to apply CPD with a ‘light-touch’ in respect of how its disciplines are applied to new work, risks inconsistency. This thesis invites the Church to find a way of identifying which of its fresh expressions have genuine ecclesial intent, reflect on how membership is impacting their ecclesial formation, and widen its existing legislation so that a Methodist member may belong to two local societies at the same time. This, combined with additional District oversight, would remove some significant barriers to ecclesial formation.

The study aims to investigate whether the difference in the language of teaching in teacher education and the language of teaching in the lower primary phase is a barrier for effective teaching and learning in the targeted institutions. Furthermore, would additional focus on mother tongue education in teacher education benefit educational achievement in the Kavango educational region specifically and in Namibia as a whole?

The objective of the study was to investigate challenges affecting the effective implementation of the Public Finance Management Act, 1999 (Act No. 1 of 1999 as amended by Act No. 29 of 1999) in the Eastern Cape Province with specific reference to the Provincial Department of Public Works. The research study has been conducted in such a manner that the reason to send a team of experts by the DPSA on approval by the President to come to the Eastern Cape and assist the ailing administrations of four departments is determined. The four departments that had a problem were: 1. Department of Roads and Public Works 2. Department of Health 3. Department of Education and 4. Department of Social Development The roads function of the Department of Roads and Public Works was later transferred to the Department of Transport and the Department of Roads and Public Works changed the name to Department of Public Works in September 2004. The team that was sent to the Eastern Cape together with the Director-General of the Province and the Superintendent-General of the Provincial Treasury formed up the IMT. The objective was to introduce turnaround strategies that would enable the four departments to effectively and efficiently implement the PFMA to the best interest of the South African Government. The PFMA is part of the broader strategy on improving public financial management in the public sector in the Republic of South Africa. It prescribes measures to ensure responsibility, accountability and transparency in national and provincial departments. Qualified Auditor-General’s reports for the previous financial years compelled the President in 2002 to establish Interim Management Team (IMT) in the Eastern Cape, comprising of experts from national government, to assist the ailing administration in four provincial departments, including the Department of Roads and Public Works. Questionnaires to employees, Auditor-General, Provincial Director-General, Superintendent-General of Provincial Treasury and as well as to the Accounting Officer of the Department of Public Works, were designed and issued out for completion. Interviews were also conducted to some of the employees. The assumption is that the majority of employees do not understand policies and procedures of the department and they displayed this by remaining neutral in questions asked and disagreed with some of the statements. During the interview process, the majority emphasised their protest against over usage of consultants by the department. Preference given to candidates from outside the department when senior posts are advertised instead of looking for excellently performing candidates from the internal ranks of serving employees, has been outlined as one of the elements contributing to low moral and low productivity in the workplace. Over usage of consultants and a big number of employees who disagreed with statements and remained neutral signify incapacity of the management to perfectly implement the PFMA for sound public financial management in the department. It has been established that regular risk assessments are not conducted, poor organisational structure with many posts that are not filled, no Anti-Corruption Unit to implement Public Service Anti-Corruption Strategy and, no clear managerial lines of accountability due to poor planning, ineffective internal controls and procedures, all render the department incapable of becoming one of the best provincial departments that get unqualified audit report from the Auditor-General. The findings provide clear indication that drastic transformation of the department into an institution that can perfectly implement the PFMA is necessary. The implication is that mismanagement of financial resources and fraud and corruption defeat service delivery objectives. Strategic objectives of the department are not achieved. The Eastern Cape Provincial Departments are obliged to align their strategic plans to the Provincial Growth and Development Plan (2004 – 2014). Therefore the implication is that, poor performance by the Department of Public Works impacts negatively to this provincial objective. Lack of effective control systems has negative implications on the administration of the department and renders it vulnerable to fraud and corruption.

碩士<br>國立暨南國際大學<br>電機工程學系<br>98<br>Abstract Some studies have examined aspects of 3D image visualization, such as 3D displays, 3D content, and 3D space, that support realistic experiences. The implementation of 3D technology has also been realized in real life, for example, in 3D TV systems, virtual conferences, health systems, and gaming. Many digital pictures with high image quality are already publicly available. However, the comparison of the data of 3D image to 2D image is very huge and it need larger transmission bandwidth. To reduce the transmission data, Joint Video Team (JVT) developed a multi-view video coding (MVC) which uses the hierarchical B picture (HBP) structure that coding mode based on MPEG-4 AVC/H.264 codec. The HBP structure uses inter-view prediction to reduce residual of temporal prediction. However, the exhaustive search for prediction coding by all reference frames will cause the encoder to take a large computational time and picture buffer size. To achieve low computational complexity, reduce picture buffer size and keep good quality of the reconstructed frame, this thesis proposes an effective reference frame selection algorithm for motion estimation in prediction coding. The effective reference frame selection is proposed to main view(view0、view2、view4、view6) and auxiliary view(view1、view3、view5、view7) motion estimation. For the temporal reference frame selection in main-view motion estimation, this proposed algorithm uses the relationship between the prediction direction and the motion information to select the temporal prediction reference frame of the background, foreground and foreground overlap the background. For the spatial reference frame selection in auxiliary view motion estimation, this proposed algorithm uses the motion vector complexity of the neighboring coded block to select the prediction reference frame in inter-view or intra-views domain. If the reference frame is select in intra-view domain, this proposed algorithm uses the previous frame (List 0) to do motion estimation. If the reference frame is select in inter-view domain, this proposed algorithm uses the prediction direction selection for the difference range of frame. This thesis proposed an effective reference frame selection algorithm not only achieve low computational complexity but also reduce picture buffer size. The experimental results show that the encoding time for the main-view and auxiliary-view is saved up to 40%, and 54%, respectively, and the picture buffer reduce to 47% .

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>資訊工程研究所<br>98<br>Due to the technology fast growing, the hardware capability and software development convenience also become increasingly. Watching and sharing multimedia files on computer is common idea before, now the embedded system is more powerful so these files can be played on it. The Internet is very popular, means that the more information can be retrieved and shared to the Internet. User expects more good experience, and more value service. Most of the embedded systems carry video hardware decoding SoC. It makes sure that the best enjoyment experience with the media playing. The frame reference is very important for the decoder. Correct frame reference setting implies the hardware decode SoC can decode correctly. On the other hand, user can get movie information and subtitles with multimedia metadata aware application through the Internet. In this thesis, there are two different platform and media player respectively. One will implement frame reference processing on Linux platform. The other one will add multimedia metadata aware value service on Android platform.

The practice in the department of nuclear medicine requires the involvement of radiation protection with care of patients and occupational safety of radiation workers. Nuclear medicine involves the handling of radioactive substances that may cause external or internal irradiation of workers. The amount of the dose depends on the type of radionuclide, the amount of energy, the work performed by the worker within the department. Patients or staff may be exposed to the external or internal irradiation. The topic of this thesis is the analysis of the current state of radiation protection in the department of nuclear medicine according to the new legislation. The part of the work is the evaluation of monitoring of workers and patients. The research results of the average annual effective dose of total body irradiation at radiation workers ranged from 1.35 to 1.73 mSv, monthly ranged from 0.1? 0.65 mSv. The average annual equivalent dose of Hp (0,07) ranged from 1.15 to 117.68 mSw. The lowest monthly Hp (0.07) was 0.07 mSw and the highest one was 19.92 mSw. At SSK-treated patients the doses applied were 4% lower than diagnostic reference level and the dose at DSSL-treated patients was 22% less than DRU. In conclusion, it was found that the values from personal dosimeters were below the limit and in the case of finger dosimeters in two cases the values were above the examination level. The values of other workers were below the monitoring level during the monitored period. The applied doses of radiopharmaceuticals were less in the observed group of patients than the established diagnostic reference level. On the basis of the presented results it can be stated that radiation protection is in the Department of Nuclear Medicine of Znojmo Hospital f.o, secured in accordance with the applicable legislation.

This study reports on the practice of inclusive education in three rural disadvantaged communities within the Eastern Cape. The research focused on the development of inclusive educational practices such as teaching, assessment and support in inclusive education. Recognizing the changing needs in the teaching profession and consequently the changing needs of both in service and pre-service educators, this project was conceived as providing an insight into the response of educators to the challenges of inclusive education and the meanings that these experiences have for educators who have had practical exposure to inclusive education. The need to acknowledge barriers which have implications for planning, expectations and effectiveness of implementing inclusive education in this specific context is acknowledged. In South Africa direct support service delivery is only to a few advantaged schools and communities. Learners who are economically and environmentally disadvantaged are excluded even though they have an equal right to effective support.<br>Educational Studies<br>M. A.(Educational Management)

This study was devoted to researching the effectiveness of e-learning, in terms of the reported experiences of the Language Services section employees in Parliament RSA. At present, the internet is seen as a successful and influential educational tool in both academic and corporate institutions. Academically, it has been adopted for e-learning methods of teaching and learning. It is perceived as a cost-effective method of providing lifelong education. It is important to know about the pros and cons of e-learning in adult education and compare them with the experiences of the people who are and have been engaged in adult education. To create an adult education skills development framework that can be used successfully in e-learning, it is important to get information about and from the people concerned regarding their learning experiences. To understand more about the influence of e-learning, this study administered a questionnaire to the employees of the Language Services Section of Parliament who participated in the pilot learning programmes offered by Parliament. The questionnaire was designed to gather structured responses from the participants in the inquiry. The results were studied and applied to draw recommendations for what can be improved in the programme to promote and endorse continuing learning experiences as is the aim of the in-house programme offered by Parliament. The study also has relevance in terms of a discussion of issues that arise in the literature on adult education, which were located as part of the study.<br>Educational Studies<br>M. Ed. (Adult Education)

A Tomografia Computorizada (TC) é uma modalidade de imagem com crescente utilização em diagnóstico, tendo sofrido desenvolvimentos tecnológicos importantes nas últimas duas décadas. Na última década, em Portugal, verificou-se um crescimento anual do número de equipamentos de TC instalados e do número de exames realizados. Apesar do aumento da utilização, a TC constitui a fonte de radiodiagnóstico que mais contribui para a dose efectiva da população e para o aumento dos riscos, estocásticos, da exposição às radiações médicas, em especial em pacientes pediátricos, pois são considerados dez vezes mais radiossensíveis do que os adultos. A optimização dos protocolos utilizados e a definição de Níveis de Referência de Dose locais devem ser aplicadas localmente segundo os princípios da protecção radiológica e de acordo com o quadro legal nacional em vigor. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objectivos a caracterização das práticas locais na realização de exames de TC em pacientes adultos e pediátricos e a análise do nível de adequação às recomendações da Comissão Europeia. Foram analisados os descritores de dose –Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol), Dose Length Product (DLP) e dose efectiva – para os exames de TC crânio-encefálica, TC dos seios perinasais, TC dos ouvidos, TC do tórax, TC do abdómen, TC abdominal e pélvica e TC do tórax, abdómen e pélvis. Concluiu-se existir uma inadequação dos protocolos standard, relativamente às recomendações europeias, nos exames de TC crânio-encefálica, TC dos seios perinasais, TC dos ouvidos. Nos casos pediátricos concluiu-se a imperatividade de criação de protocolos pediátricos específicos, uma vez que se observaram valores de DLP muito superiores aos recomendados pela Comissão Europeia para a população adulta. Estas observações, em particular nos casos pediátricos, alertam para a necessidade de optimização de procedimentos e criação de protocolos específicos para a população pediátrica. Espera-se que os resultados e conclusões deste trabalho contribuam para a melhoria das práticas locais, inseridas na problemática da protecção radiológica, e na definição de Níveis de Referência de Dose locais, optimizados.<br>Computed Tomography (CT) is an imaging modality with increasing diagnostic use, having undergone major technological developments in the last two decades. In the last decade, in Portugal, there was an annual increase in the number of CT scanners installed and in the number of exams performed. Despite the increased use, the CT represents the main source of medical radiation on effective dose to the population and is the main contributer to the increased risk of exposure to medical radiation, particularly in pediatric patients, because they are considered ten times more radiosensitive than adults. The optimization of the protocols used and the definition of local Reference Dose Levels should be applied locally according to the principles of radiological protection and in agreement with the national legal framework. In this way, this work focused on the characterization of local practices of CT examinations in adults and pediatric patients and analyzed the level of compliance with the recommendations of the European Commission. Dose descriptors – Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDIvol), Dose Length Product (DLP) and effective dose – were analyzed for brain CT, sinuses CT, petrous bone CT, chest CT, abdominal CT, abdominal and pelvic CT and chest, abdominal and pelvic CT. We concluded that there is some inadequacy of standard protocols, regarding European recommendations, on brain CT, sinuses CT and petrous bone CT. In pediatric cases it was concluded the urgency of creating specific pediatric protocols, because DLP values registered were much higher than those recommended by the European Commission for the adult population. These remarks, particularly in pediatric cases, highlight the need to optimize procedures, and to build of specific protocols for the pediatric population. It is hoped that the results and conclusions of this study contribute to the improvement of local practices, embedded in the issue of radiation protection, and conduct to the definition of local optimized Reference Dose Levels.

The major focus and question emanating from the research is: to what extent do the operational action plans, policies, functions, procedures and activities as well as their implementation within the Directorate: Student Admissions and Registrations correlate with the strategic objectives of the University of South Africa (Unisa)? In alignment with the above, the major challenge of the study was to identify adequate and appropriate approaches to ensure appropriate correlation levels between strategic objectives and their successful implementation relevant to the Directorate: Student Admissions and Registrations. The challenge of every Departmental Head is to turn theory into practice; to make something happen and to translate strategic plans into real business results. This will be accomplished only when there is synergy or connectivity between strategic and operational planning towards effective implementation. Various literature reviews and research topics on strategic management focus either on strategic planning or strategic implementation as separate identities. Few publications address the challenge of connecting the pursuit of strategic objectives with operational plans. Even fewer literature reviews indicate the relationship or correlation levels between strategic objectives and operational plans of an organisation; the desirable or appropriate level thereof, to ensure the effective pursuit of strategic objectives. The outcomes of this study could contribute to the identification of an appropriate approach and measurement criteria to ensure connectivity/alignment between specific strategic objectives and operational plans relevant to the Directorate: Student Admissions and Registrations. By doing this, the strategic objectives are effectively and efficiently promoted to those responsible for carrying out the execution plan. The researcher has adopted a comprehensively-integrated-aligned-strategic-processmanagement- approach as part of the standardised operational plans of the Directorate: Student Admissions and Registrations so as to ensure more effective and efficient (appropriate) correlation levels in respect of specific strategic objectives relevant to the Directorate: Student Admissions and Registrations due to a lack of correlation in some instances. The above approach represents a total view of an organisation‟s strategic management and control systems and consists of the strategic planning, operational plans and resultsmanagement plans. The mentioned approach will also consist of a measurement criterion which identifies critical enablers, dependencies and drivers to ensure vertical and horizontal alignment in respect of original planning (the what and why) with the implementation plans (when, how and by whom).The integrated-aligned-strategic-management-process-approach enforces the timely availability of major enablers, dependencies and drivers necessary to support the execution of activities, related to specific strategic objectives. It also identifies the possible lack thereof prior to the implementation of strategic plans. Specific alternatives or workarounds can be identified to ensure continuity in respect of the implementation processes related to specific strategic objectives. In this way, the above approach will enhance the effective and efficient management and coordination of an organisation to drive intended strategic outcomes within a specific process, taking into account project management-driven principles within a specific sequence of activities (grouping together what belongs together). The latter will involve all roleplayers in the work situation accountable for the implementation process (creating ownership). By doing this, duplication and overlapping of activities will be eliminated and connectivity/alignment between specific strategic objectives and their implementation will be enforced. The focus falls on the entire key/core process and cycle, producing outcomes of success in respect of the implementation of objectives (the right people will be doing the right things at the right time).The integrated-aligned-strategic-management-process-approach enforces the timely availability of major enablers, dependencies and drivers necessary to support the execution of activities, related to specific strategic objectives. It also identifies the possible lack thereof prior to the implementation of strategic plans. Specific alternatives or workarounds can be identified to ensure continuity in respect of the implementation processes related to specific strategic objectives. In this way, the above approach will enhance the effective and efficient management and coordination of an organisation to drive intended strategic outcomes within a specific process, taking into account project management-driven principles within a specific sequence of activities (grouping together what belongs together). The latter will involve all roleplayers in the work situation accountable for the implementation process (creating ownership). By doing this, duplication and overlapping of activities will be eliminated and connectivity/alignment between specific strategic objectives and their implementation will be enforced. The focus falls on the entire key/core process and cycle, producing outcomes of success in respect of the implementation of objectives (the right people will be doing the right things at the right time). The integrated-aligned-strategic-management-process-approach enforces the timely availability of major enablers, dependencies and drivers necessary to support the execution of activities, related to specific strategic objectives. It also identifies the possible lack thereof prior to the implementation of strategic plans. Specific alternatives or workarounds can be identified to ensure continuity in respect of the implementation processes related to specific strategic objectives. In this way, the above approach will enhance the effective and efficient management and coordination of an organisation to drive intended strategic outcomes within a specific process, taking into account project management-driven principles within a specific sequence of activities (grouping together what belongs together). The latter will involve all roleplayers in the work situation accountable for the implementation process (creating ownership). By doing this, duplication and overlapping of activities will be eliminated and connectivity/alignment between specific strategic objectives and their implementation will be enforced. The focus falls on the entire key/core process and cycle, producing outcomes of success in respect of the implementation of objectives (the right people will be doing the right things at the right time). The integrated-aligned-strategic-management-process-approach enforces the timely availability of major enablers, dependencies and drivers necessary to support the execution of activities, related to specific strategic objectives. It also identifies the possible lack thereof prior to the implementation of strategic plans. Specific alternatives or workarounds can be identified to ensure continuity in respect of the implementation processes related to specific strategic objectives. In this way, the above approach will enhance the effective and efficient management and coordination of an organisation to drive intended strategic outcomes within a specific process, taking into account project management-driven principles within a specific sequence of activities (grouping together what belongs together). The latter will involve all roleplayers in the work situation accountable for the implementation process (creating ownership). By doing this, duplication and overlapping of activities will be eliminated and connectivity/alignment between specific strategic objectives and their implementation will be enforced. The focus falls on the entire key/core process and cycle, producing outcomes of success in respect of the implementation of objectives (the right people will be doing the right things at the right time).<br>Public Administration & Management<br>M.A. (Public Administration)

This study deals with the problem relating to the prevalence of a lack of trust amongst members of today's society generally, and in particular between college lecturers and student teachers. The aim of the dissertation is to investigate the role of the lecturer in cultivating a relationship of trust with the student teacher, especially during teaching practice. The study reveals that the trust relationship manifests itself in various moments. Some characteristics of an effective supervising lecturer are also reflected upon. The major research consists of an empirical investigation into which characteristics of an effective supervising lecturer contribute most towards cultivating a relationship of trust with student teachers during teaching practice. A survey of colleges of education and schools in the former Transkei region participating in the empirical investigation is also conducted. The findings of the research indicate that the following categories need to be enhanced 'through training : personal, professional and guidance.<br>Education<br>M. Ed. (Philosophy of Education)