Academic literature on the topic 'Effectiveness Face Masks Control'
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Journal articles on the topic "Effectiveness Face Masks Control"
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Rohde, Daniela, Susan Ahern, Barbara Clyne, et al. "Effectiveness of face masks worn in community settings at reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A rapid review." HRB Open Research 3 (October 15, 2020): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/hrbopenres.13161.1.
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Background: The use of face masks is part of a suite of infection prevention and control measures intended to limit the transmission of respiratory viral diseases. The use of face masks by the general public has been subject to ongoing debate, with limited direct evidence on the effectiveness of face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this review was to synthesise direct evidence on the effectiveness of wearing face masks at reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community settings. Methods: A rapid review was conducted. PubMed, Embase, NHS Evidence and Europe PMC were searched systematically from 1 January to 27 August 2020. Clinical trials, cohort, case control, and cross-sectional studies were included if they reported on the effectiveness of face masks in community settings at reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Studies were critically appraised and synthesised narratively. Results: Seven observational studies were identified, including one study set in households and six in community settings, that reported on the effectiveness of wearing face masks compared with not wearing face masks at reducing the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Results suggested that face masks reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, all studies were at high risk of bias and the quality of the evidence was low. Conclusions: This is to date the most comprehensive review of direct evidence on the effectiveness of wearing face masks in the community during the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited, low certainty direct evidence that wearing face masks reduces the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in community settings. Further high quality studies are required to confirm these findings.
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Lolo, Komlan. "ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BARRIER MASKS MADE OF FABRIC." International Journal of Advanced Research 11, no. 03 (2023): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/16451.
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Masks for general public use served to stem the cruel shortage during the Corona Virus 2019 (Covid19) pandemic. Their fabric making took off sporadically with the designers/seamstresses with the presentation of the models. Manufacturing methods and performance efficiency testing become worrisome for these manufactured face masks. The control is based on the pattern and the constituents of each mask.Visual inspections, filtration and breathability control are recognized in manufactured masks. Washing gives the possibility of reuse extending the life of the mask. The purpose of this article is to present the effectiveness of fabric face masks.
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OLUWAFEMI, Muyiwa Seun, Ese Freeman OGHAGHARE, Ese Freeman OGHAGHARE, and Bassey UDOFIA. "Covid-19: The Burden of a Pandemic and Effectiveness of Face Masks in Curtailing Its Spread." Journal of Medical and Biological Science Research 7, no. 1 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.36630/jmbsr_21001.
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The outbreak of Covid-19 presents an unprecedented threat to public health with a devastating effect on the world economy and health system. In March 2020, the government of the United States responded by adopting the use of face masks as one of the measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus in public places. The increase in the spread of coronavirus necessitated the need for researchers to evaluate the effectiveness of face masks as a measure to control the spread of coronavirus. It became of more concern when alternatives to face masks were observed in public places. This article reviewed factors that affect the effectiveness of face masks and the choice of an effective face mask as reported by several studies. The use of appropriate face masks and other measures to prevent the spread of coronavirus should be encouraged at all levels. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, FACE-MASKS.
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Rossettie, Stephen, Cody Perry, Mohammed Pourghaed, and Mimi Zumwalt. "Effectiveness of manufactured surgical masks, respirators, and home-made masks in prevention of respiratory infection due to airborne microorganisms." Southwest Respiratory and Critical Care Chronicles 8, no. 34 (2020): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.12746/swrccc.v8i34.675.
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According to a Centers for Disease Control (CDC) estimate, the health sector would require about 1.5 billion face masks plus 90 million respirators, and the public would need around 1.1 billion masks for a six-week influenza pandemic.1 As the current COVID-19 pandemic unfolds, concerns have been raised over depletion of medical supplies, including face masks. This has led to recommendations for healthcare personnel (HCP) to apply extended use and limited re-use strategies with face masks.2 In addition, the general population’s response is mounting with persons making their own face masks for self-protection. This article aims to provide more detailed scientific information regarding the effectiveness and reusability of medical/surgical masks, respirators, and homemade masks.
 Data have been collected from various journals and different studies listed in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. The CDC and the World Health Organization’s (WHO) guidelines were also used extensively, as well as broader web searches of the English literature for up to date information.
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Anand, Akshay, and Kourosh Shoele. "Identifying the effectiveness of face mask in a large population with a network-based fluid model." PLOS One 20, no. 6 (2025): e0324229. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0324229.
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Face masks are important in respiratory disease control, yet their effectiveness varies widely depending on the mask material and its fit on the wearer’s face. In this study, a new semi-analytical flow network model based on the Kármán-Pohlhausen technique is introduced and utilized to efficiently assess mask performance across diverse facial features that represent the observed variations inside a large population. The reduced-order model enables the evaluation of the role of different facial geometrical features with significantly lower computational costs compared to traditional computational fluid dynamics simulations. This research reveals that the area around the nose, particularly without a nose clip, is most susceptible to peripheral leakage and high-velocity jets due to larger gaps. It is argued that subtle variations in facial features, especially the zygomatic arch, significantly influence leakage patterns, emphasizing the importance of customized mask designs. The study also elucidates the complex role of nose clips in improving sealing efficacy for tightly fitted masks and redirecting leaked flow in typical imperfect facemasks. This dual function of nose clips significantly influences overall mask performance, though the exact impact varies depending on individual facial features and mask fit. The reduced-order fluid model presented here has the potential to quantify the effectiveness of face masks for a large population and influence the design of future face masks, with a focus on minimizing or redirecting leakage jets to mitigate the dispersion of respiratory aerosols thus enhancing public health strategies for respiratory disease control.
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Dvoynikova, Anastasia, Maxim Markitantov, Elena Ryumina, Dmitry Ryumin, and Alexey Karpov. "Analytical Review of Audiovisual Systems for Determining Personal Protective Equipment on a Person's Face." Informatics and Automation 20, no. 5 (2021): 1116–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15622/20.5.5.
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Since 2019 all countries of the world have faced the rapid spread of the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus infection, the fight against which continues to the present day by the world community. Despite the obvious effectiveness of personal respiratory protection equipment against coronavirus infection, many people neglect the use of protective face masks in public places. Therefore, to control and timely identify violators of public health regulations, it is necessary to apply modern information technologies that will detect protective masks on people's faces using video and audio information. The article presents an analytical review of existing and developing intelligent information technologies for bimodal analysis of the voice and facial characteristics of a masked person. There are many studies on the topic of detecting masks from video images, and a significant number of cases containing images of faces both in and without masks obtained by various methods can also be found in the public access. Research and development aimed at detecting personal respiratory protection equipment by the acoustic characteristics of human speech is still quite small, since this direction began to develop only during the pandemic caused by the COVID-19 coronavirus infection. Existing systems allow to prevent the spread of coronavirus infection by recognizing the presence/absence of masks on the face, and these systems also help in remote diagnosis of COVID-19 by detecting the first symptoms of a viral infection by acoustic characteristics. However, to date, there is a number of unresolved problems in the field of automatic diagnosis of COVID-19 and the presence/absence of masks on people's faces. First of all, this is the low accuracy of detecting masks and coronavirus infection, which does not allow for performing automatic diagnosis without the presence of experts (medical personnel). Many systems are not able to operate in real time, which makes it impossible to control and monitor the wearing of protective masks in public places. Also, most of the existing systems cannot be built into a smartphone, so that users be able to diagnose the presence of coronavirus infection anywhere. Another major problem is the collection of data from patients infected with COVID-19, as many people do not agree to distribute confidential information.
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Hussain, Shabbir, Muhammad Faizan, Mohsin Javed, et al. "Effectiveness of Face Masks and Respiratory Aid Devices for Prophylaxis against COVID-19." Lahore Garrison University Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 01 (2022): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54692/lgujls.2022.0601197.
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The COVID-19 epidemic was spread rapidly around the world in 2019, and has greatly affected peoples general interaction, their work habits, dailylives and businesses. A personnel protection against the spread of COVID-19 is not only beneficial but is critically important especially for those working in medical fields. Current studies were performed to review the use and benefits of face mask and respiratory aid devices in order to control the spread of COVID-19. The respiratory aids devices (RADs) may be recommended as anti-COVID-19 masks rather than surgical masks. However, RADs having P and R series filters do not prevent the infiltration of coronavirus due to its smaller size as compared to the filtration capacity of filters. The N99 and N100 filters cause a difficulty inbreathing; it is difficult to wear such sort of respirators for a longer time. N95 respirators are recommended by medical professionals as they provide lesser(almost half) respiratory resistance. However, wearing of face masks is also involved some risks and side effects which may include physiological and disturbing effects, difficulty in breathing, affecting the volume and quality of sound, decrease of innate immunity, cardiopulmonary overload and increase in contamination chances due to development of humid habitat inside the mask.
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Carvalho, Helena, Daniel Contaifer Jr, Renata N. Aranha, and Juliana A. De Matos. "Keep your droplets to yourself: Universal use of face masks along with social distancing." Brazilian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences 19, no. 2 (2021): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/bjhbs.2020.59715.
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Introduction: As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses aroundthe world, the universal use of face masks imposes itself as ameasure to mitigate the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and iscurrently recommended by the World Health Organization.However, its effectiveness as a method of preventing COVID-19 is still controversial. Objective: To review the literatureon the universal use of facial masks, including fabric ones, andtheir recommendations for use. Methods: Narrative reviewof published studies on the topic. Results: Face masks act predominantlyas a source control mechanism, as they capturethe droplets expelled by the user when speaking, coughingor sneezing, protecting other people and the environmentfrom contamination by potentially infecting droplets. Evidenceof the effectiveness of its universal use as a method ofmitigating epidemics of viral respiratory infections is derivedfrom experimental studies and mathematical models. Properuse of facial masks is essential to ensure their effectivenessand prevent damage, and includes covering the nose, mouthand chin, washing the fabric masks with soap and water afteruse and hand hygiene several times a day, especially whenhandling the mask. Conclusions: The universal use of facialmasks in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is justified,especially considering the occurrence of virus transmissionin the pre-symptomatic period, and should be adopted inconjunction with other measures such as adequate socialdistance and hygiene from the hands, following the motto“I protect you and you protect me”.
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Aiello, Allison E., Genevra F. Murray, Vanessa Perez, et al. "Mask use, hand hygiene, and seasonal influenza-like illness among young adults: A randomized intervention trial." Journal of Infectious Diseases 201, no. 4 (2010): 491–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/650396.
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Abstract Background . During the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic, antiviral prescribing was limited, vaccines were not available early, and the effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) was uncertain. Our study examined whether use of face masks and hand hygiene reduced the incidence of influenza-like illness (ILI). Methods . A randomized intervention trial involving 1437 young adults living in university residence halls during the 2006–2007 influenza season was designed. Residence halls were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups—face mask use, face masks with hand hygiene, or control— for 6 weeks. Generalized models estimated rate ratios for clinically diagnosed or survey-reported ILI weekly and cumulatively. Results . We observed significant reductions in ILI during weeks 4–6 in the mask and hand hygiene group, compared with the control group, ranging from 35% (confidence interval [CI], 9%–53%) to 51% (CI, 13%–73%), after adjusting for vaccination and other covariates. Face mask use alone showed a similar reduction in ILI compared with the control group, but adjusted estimates were not statistically significant. Neither face mask use and hand hygiene nor face mask use alone was associated with a significant reduction in the rate of ILI cumulatively. Conclusions . These findings suggest that face masks and hand hygiene may reduce respiratory illnesses in shared living settings and mitigate the impact of the influenza A(H1N1) pandemic. Trial Registration . ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00490633.
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Kumari, Muskan, and Lonka Nithin. "Real-Time Face Mask Detection." INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 09, no. 03 (2025): 1–9. https://doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem43172.
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Real-time face mask detection leverages computer vision and deep learning to identify individuals wearing masks in videos or live camera feeds. It involves two key steps: face detec- tion to locate human faces and mask detection using trained deep learning models to analyze the facial region for mask presence. This technology offers benefits like public health monitoring and security access control, but requires considerations for accuracy and real-time processing efficiency. Ongoing research focuses on improving these aspects for wider deployment.The widespread adoption of face masks as a preventive measure against infectious diseases has necessitated the development of efficient face mask detection systems. In this paper, we propose a real-time face mask detection system utilizing deep learning techniques. The system employs a convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture, specifically designed to accurately detect the presence or absence of face masks in live video streams. Initially, the proposed system preprocesses the input video frames to extract facial regions using a pre-trained face detection model. These facial regions are then fed into the CNN for classification into two categories: with mask and without mask. The CNN model is trained on a diverse dataset of annotated facial images with and without masks, ensuring robustness and generalization. To enhance real-time performance, we optimize the model architecture for efficient inference on resource-constrained devices, such as embedded systems and mobile devices. We leverage techniques such as model pruning, quantization, and parallelization to achieve low- latency inference without compromising accuracy. Experimental evaluations conducted on various real-world scenarios demon- strate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed system. The system achieves high accuracy in detecting face masks in real- time while maintaining low computational overhead. Moreover, extensive testing under different lighting conditions, angles, and occlusions validates its robustness and practical viability. Overall, the proposed real-time face mask detection system presents a scalable and deployable solution for ensuring compliance with face mask mandates in public spaces, contributing to public health efforts to mitigate the spread of infectious diseases
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effectiveness Face Masks Control"
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Makeleni, Nontsokolo Sylvia. "The effectiveness of surgical face masks in the operating room : a systematic review / Nontsokolo Sylvia Makeleni." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/9781.
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Surgical face masks have been designed to protect health care professionals from the splashes of the patients’ blood or body fluids and also to minimise the transmission of oro- and nasopharyngeal bacteria from the surgical team to the patient’s wounds, thereby decreasing the likelihood of postoperative surgical site infections during a surgical procedure. However, there are several ways in which surgical face masks could potentially contribute to contamination of the wound during a surgical procedure in the operating room.
The objectives of this study were to explore and describe the effectiveness of surgical face masks as a protective barrier during a surgical procedure in the operating room in the public hospitals in the North West Province, South Africa and to formulate recommendations regarding surgical face masks worn by health care professionals during a surgical procedure in the operating rooms.
A systematic review was conducted, followed by a quantitative, explorative, descriptive and contextual approach. The motivation for a systematic review was to search evidence on surgical face mask efficiency. A search strategy was conducted in February and March 2012 and the total initial search was 9,933 research articles. Screening of articles on effectiveness of surgical face masks during a surgical procedure was done. After six months the search was updated and the final sample of six relevant articles (n=6) was obtained. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were critically appraised based on the scores using standardised critical appraisal tools. The findings of this research project were synthesised and evaluated in order to come to conclusions. Conclusions were integrated and synthesised as the basis of developing a clear overview of the best quality empirical evidence about effectiveness of surgical face masks during a surgical procedure in the operating room.
Recommendations were formulated for the nursing practice, education and research focussing on wearing a surgical face mask during a surgical procedure in the operating room.
Reviewer’s conclusion: From the limited results it is unclear whether wearing surgical face masks during a surgical procedure in the operating room serve as a protective device for both surgical team and the patient. There is a need for further research.<br>Thesis (MCur)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2013.
Books on the topic "Effectiveness Face Masks Control"
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Taylor, Steven. The New Psychology of Pandemics. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1093/9780197811009.001.0001.
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Abstract Pandemics are global outbreaks of novel or re-emerging infectious diseases. Pandemics will likely become more prevalent in the coming years due to climate change, the growing global population, and other reasons. Pandemics reveal aspects of humanity rarely seen in calmer times. Psychology plays an essential role in pandemics, in which people’s beliefs, emotions, and behaviors influence disease transmission, infection-related mental health problems, and societal disruption. Uncertainty is an inherent aspect of pandemics. When faced with novel pathogens, people cope with these invisible, uncertain threats in various ways, including coping strategies that provide only an illusion of control, making people calmer but not safer. Other psychological phenomena observed during pandemics include fear extremes (e.g. excessive fear vs. undue disregard for the threat), fleeing, panic buying, xenophobia, rumors and conspiracy theories, protests about wearing protective face masks, anti-vaccination attitudes, lockdown protests, increases in mood and anxiety disorders, and other problems. Efforts to manage one problem (e.g. lockdown to stem the spread of infection) may worsen others (e.g. mental health problems). The present volume offers an in-depth analysis of these and other issues concerning the psychology of pandemics. The book explores promising new directions for maintaining and improving mental health and enhancing adherence to pandemic mitigation measures. This book is intended for those working in psychology, healthcare, public health, and related fields—clinicians, researchers, policymakers, and students—as well as the general reader. To prepare for future global outbreaks of infectious diseases, we all would benefit from a better understanding of the psychology of pandemics.
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Guthrie, Graeme. The Firm Divided. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190641184.001.0001.
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This book investigates the conflict between the managers and shareholders of large corporations. Shareholders want managers to act in ways that make their shares as valuable as possible, but managers ultimately want to maximize their own wellbeing. The outcome of manager-shareholder conflict is largely determined by a firm’s board of directors, which engages in a sequence of bargaining games with the firm’s managers. The book presents a conceptual framework for understanding board-manager interactions that is underpinned by decades of academic research into corporate governance. It shows how boards monitor managers, and the problems they face when doing so. It shows how boards provide incentives for managers to work in shareholders’ best interests, using a combination of ownership stakes and performance-based pay. And it also shows how boards delegate monitoring to outside parties, including by determining the effectiveness of the market for corporate control. In every case, tools that can benefit shareholders when used by strong boards can actually harm shareholders when used by weak boards. The book shows all of this by blending the stories of particular firms and individuals with the insights of academic research, helping the non-specialist reader understand how the seemingly disparate events it describes can be understood through the lens of manager-shareholder conflict.
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Kleiman, Mark A. R., Jonathan P. Caulkins, and Angela Hawken. Drugs and Drug Policy. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wentk/9780199764518.001.0001.
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While there have always been norms and customs around the use of drugs, explicit public policies--regulations, taxes, and prohibitions--designed to control drug abuse are a more recent phenomenon. Those policies sometimes have terrible side-effects: most prominently the development of criminal enterprises dealing in forbidden (or untaxed) drugs and the use of the profits of drug-dealing to finance insurgency and terrorism. Neither a drug-free world nor a world of free drugs seems to be on offer, leaving citizens and officials to face the age-old problem: What are we going to do about drugs? In Drugs and Drug Policy, three noted authorities survey the subject with exceptional clarity, in this addition to the acclaimed series, What Everyone Needs to Know. They begin by, defining "drugs, " examining how they work in the brain, discussing the nature of addiction, and exploring the damage they do to users. The book moves on to policy, answering questions about legalization, the role of criminal prohibitions, and the relative legal tolerance for alcohol and tobacco. The authors then dissect the illicit trade, from street dealers to the flow of money to the effect of catching kingpins, and show the precise nature of the relationship between drugs and crime. They examine treatment, both its effectiveness and the role of public policy, and discuss the beneficial effects of some abusable substances. Finally they move outward to look at the role of drugs in our foreign policy, their relationship to terrorism, and the ugly politics that surround the issue. Crisp, clear, and comprehensive, this is a handy and up-to-date overview of one of the most pressing topics in today's world.
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Padilla, Arthur. Portraits in Leadership. Praeger, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216192589.
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Leading complex organizations is never easy or simple. In this book, Padilla uses the university as the organizational vehicle through which to examine the phenomenon of leadership and followership in complex entities. The unique characteristics of universities as organizations are discussed and the leadership experiences of six well-known university presidents are analyzed within an orignal framework of leadership. Just as John Kennedy's Profiles in Courage considered the notion of political courage within the institutional setting of Congress, this book explores leadership within the context of the modern American university. The roles of persuasion and communication are highlighted as the author weaves the principal patterns from each of the six case studies to the situational conditions that faced these extraordinary individuals. Padilla offers valuable suggestions on how to improve selection of leaders and increase organizational effectiveness. The author's plan follows three circles that overlap to form its basic framework: 1. The university as a complex organization; 2. Leadership - its patterns, theories, and commonalities; and 3. Case studies of exemplary leaders, which highlight their early experiences and actions. The overlap of the three circles defines the conclusions and synthesis. Each leader's story covers four areas: Childhood background; formal schooling/education; senior leadership roles and major defining events, successes, and failures; and forecasts for higher education and its leadership. The book includes an assortment of public and private universities, which provides a diversity of leaders who face significant differences in terms of control, financing, and oversight. This diversity allows for more useful comparisons and contrasts. The author explains the enormous role that persuasion (rather than domination or power) plays in successful leadership. It is clear that persuasion is effective in many settings, and not just in the university environment, but it is particularly effective in the university environment because stakeholders are so varied, and there are so many of them.
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Konstantinou, Thaleia, Nataša Ćuković Ignjatović, and Martina Zbašnik-Senegačnik. ENERGY: resources and building performance. TU Delft Bouwkunde, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47982/bookrxiv.25.
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The use of energy in buildings is a complex problem, but it can be reduced and alleviated by making appropriate decisions. Therefore, architects face a major and responsible task of designing the built environment in such a way that its energy dependence will be reduced to a minimum, while at the same time being able to provide comfortable living conditions. Today, architects have many tools at their disposal, facilitating the design process and simultaneously ensuring proper assessment in the early stages of building design. The purpose of this book is to present ongoing research from the universities involved in the project Creating the Network of Knowledge Labs for Sustainable and Resilient Environments (KLABS). This book attempts to highlight the problem of energy use in buildings and propose certain solutions. It consists of nine chapters, organised in three parts. The gathering of chapters into parts serves to identify the different themes that the designer needs to consider, namely energy resources, energy use and comfort, and energy efficiency. Part 1, entitled “Sustainable and Resilient Energy Resources,” sets off by informing the reader about the basic principles of energy sources, production, and use. The chapters give an overview of all forms of energies and energy cycle from resources to end users and evaluate the resilience of renewable energy systems. This information is essential to realise that the building, as an energy consumer, is part of a greater system and the decisions can be made at different levels. Part 2, entitled “Energy and Comfort in the Built Environment”, explain the relationship between energy use and thermal comfort in buildings and how it is predicted. Buildings consume energy to meet the users’ needs and to provide comfort. The appropriate selection of materials has a direct impact on the thermal properties of a building. Moreover, comfort is affected by parameters such as temperature, humidity, air movement, air quality, lighting, and noise. Understanding and calculating those conditions are valuable skills for the designers. After the basics of energy use in buildings have been explained, Part 3, entitled “Energy Saving Strategies” aims to provide information and tools that enable an energy- and environmentally-conscious design. This part is the most extensive as it aims to cover different design aspects. Firstly, passive and active measures that the building design needs to include are explained. Those measures are seen from the perspective of heat flow and generation. The Passive House concept, which is explained in the second chapter of Part 3, is a design approach that successfully incorporates such measures, resulting in low energy use by the building. Other considerations that the following chapters cover are solar control, embodied energy and CO2 emissions, and finally economic evaluation. The energy saving strategies explained in this book, despite not being exhaustive, provide basic knowledge that the designer can use and build upon during the design of new buildings and existing building upgrades. In the context of sustainability and resilience of the built environment, the reduction of energy demand is crucial. This book aims to provide a basic understanding of the energy flows in buildings and the subsequent impact for the building’s operation and its occupants. Most importantly, it covers the principles that need to be taken into account in energy efficient building design and demonstrates their effectiveness. Designers are shaping the built environment and it is their task to make energy-conscious and informed decisions that result in comfortable and resilient buildings.
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Stankovic, Dusan. Youth, Guns and Safety: Analysis of the Response to the Multiple Murders of 3 and 4 May. Belgrade Centre for Security Policy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55042/dtsn3219.
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After the multiple murders that took place on 3 and 4 May 2023, the Government of Serbia adopted a series of measures to improve gun control and increase safety in schools and among youth. The aim of this study is to evaluate the implementation and effectiveness of these measures. The research was based on different sources of data: the state authorities’ official reports, expert literature, media reports, interviews conducted with police officers, the Armed Violence Monitoring Platform (AVMP) database, and a survey of the citizens’ satisfaction with measures, their perception of security and trust in institutions. Most of the measures that have been adopted are related to firearms, while a smaller part refers to the safety of young people and education. Also, measures related to firearms have been implemented more than others, and some are still in effect (gun control, moratorium on the issuance of gun permits). The public call for handing over arms produced results in terms of a large number of collected weapons (significantly larger than before), but there is a question of why previous such actions were not accompanied by appropriate media campaigns, which would have produced similar results. Another question is why there are no current campaigns that would educate citizens about the dangers of firearms, their misuse and the way they are to be kept and handled, as these things are very important for the prevention of armed violence. Also, the collection of firearms showed problems regarding their transport, accommodation and disposal after handing over. Measures for the safety of young people were mostly of declarative (tougher penal policy) and formal nature (establishment of councils and working groups). The only measure that was immediately implemented and visible to citizens was the placement of police officers in schools. It is possible that some students, school staff or parents did feel safer because of this, but there is no evidence that the presence of police managed to reduce violence. This measure, as well as the measures related to gun control, significantly increased the scope of work of the general jurisdiction police, creating a situation in which other forms of crime may flourish. Most of the measures were not implemented even though more than six months have passed since their adoption. Some of them, like tougher penalties for firearms-related offences or lowering the threshold for criminal liability, require legislative changes. In addition, the research and experience of other countries do not support the idea that tougher penal policies would decrease criminality. The conclusions show that the measures were motivated by political interests to satisfy the public and that they were not adopted by professionals from the fields of public security, justice or education, which is why some have turned out to be impossible to implement (restricting access to the Dark Net, reducing the threshold for criminal responsibility, gun control in the short term) or are unsustainable for the system (police presence in schools, testing students for the presence of psychoactive substances). Analysis of data from the regional Armed Violence Monitoring Platform, which records media-covered incidents involving firearms, indicates that the number of such incidents did not change much after 3 and 4 May. Also, other data sources show that levels of violence and incidents involving firearms are not decreasing and that implemented measures have not changed anything in this sense. The results of the public opinion survey show that the number of citizens who are not satisfied with the measures is slightly higher than the number of those who are. Satisfaction with safety measures in schools (47% of the respondents) is a bit higher than satisfaction with measures related to gun control (54% of the respondents). Six months after the adoption of these measures, the satisfaction of citizens is visibly decreasing - 44% of them are satisfied with the measures, while 56% are not. Comparing the results of public opinion polls in 2023 with those from 2022, it is evident that citizens’ trust in institutions has dropped significantly: 63% trust the police (76% in 2022), 49% trust the courts (57%), and 50% trust the prosecutor’s office (56%). Also, the perception of citizens’ safety considering the environment has decreased at all levels: in their homes, neighbourhoods and in Serbia in general. Finally, the survey also showed that more citizens now feel threatened by phenomena such as murder (56%) and illegal possession of firearms (61%) than was the case in 2022 (murder 49%, illegal possession of firearms 54%). It should be noted here that we are talking about two different public opinion surveys here, and their comparison should be viewed with some reservation. Although both were conducted using a national, representative sample, the 2023 survey was conducted online and was not conducted on a random sample, while the 2022 survey was conducted face-to-face on a random sample.
Book chapters on the topic "Effectiveness Face Masks Control"
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Zabin, Ananya, Suha Reddy Mokalla, and Thirimachos Bourlai. "On the Effectiveness of Visible and MWIR-Based Periocular Human Authentication When Wearing Face Masks." In Lecture Notes in Social Networks. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07869-9_11.
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Hughes, David A. "Trauma-based Mind Control." In “Covid-19,” Psychological Operations, and the War for Technocracy. Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-41850-1_3.
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AbstractIncreasing evidence has come to light of trauma-based mind control exercises performed on children in ritual abuse settings. Those exercises involve torture, near death experiences, and making victims feel responsible for the death of others. The traumatised child is made to feel completely powerless and dependent on the abuser for their survival. Highly disturbingly, similar techniques—involving psychological torture, intentional traumatization, and false rescue—were carried out against the public during “Covid-19.” Psychological torture techniques include the inculcation of chronic stress and the mandatory wearing of face masks (originally deployed against inmates at Guantánamo Bay). The public was traumatised by fear of death from the “virus” and was made to feel responsible for the deaths of others. A trauma bonding was instigated, intended to last decades and to bind an infantilised population in loyalty and obedience to its “omnipotent” masters. Predatory transnational power came to the false rescue in exchange for the surrendering of liberties.
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Shukla, Dimple Muskan, Kushal Sharma, and Sandeep Gupta. "Detecting Face Masks Using Deep Learning to Control Public Hygiene, Safety and COVID-19 Spreading." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1186-5_18.
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Levchenko, Iaroslava, Vasil Babailov, Iryna Kyrchata, and Igor Britchenko. "Increasing the efficiency of management of the industry through eliminating its non-existing part – the illusory practice of management in conditions of complete determination and complete undetermination." In STRATEGIC-ORIENTED MANAGEMENT OF THE TRANSPORT INDUSTRY: LOGISTICS APPROACHES, INNOVATIVE SOLUTIONS AND MANAGEMENT MODELS. TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.15587/978-617-8360-14-6.ch1.
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In recent years, significant progress has been made in risk management. Moreover, along with risk management, new concepts have been introduced: risk management, risk economics, risk engineering, risk administration and risk production; a new, basic, general and professional criterion for dividing risks (into economic, engineering, administrative and production) has been established; the interpretation of the elements of risk content has been clarified: certainty and uncertainty, in particular, their minimum and maximum values. However, most scientists consider the idea of the existence of such two forms of them – complete certainty and complete uncertainty – to be erroneous. Eliminating illusory management practices is necessary to increase the effectiveness of organizational decisions. In conditions of complete certainty, managers may mistakenly believe that all processes are predictable, which leads to excessive bureaucratization. In conditions of complete uncertainty, the illusion of control contributes to making impulsive decisions without relying on analytics and scenarios of events. The elimination of such illusions allows to form adaptive strategies and respond more effectively to changes in the external environment. Therefore, this section has proven the absence of complete certainty and complete uncertainty both outside and inside the risk. For the first time, the widespread idea of the existence of complete certainty and complete uncertainty has been refuted. The results obtained will deepen our understanding of the essence and content of risk, risk management and risk governance in general, and will increase the efficiency of managing enterprises and organizations in the face of risks by eliminating unnecessary activity in the face of non-existent so-called "complete certainty" and "complete uncertainty". Such results will allow to concentrate attention and resources on the real subject of risk management – only on risk.
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de Koker, Louis. "The FATF’s Combating of Financing of Proliferation Standards: Private Sector Implementation Challenges." In Financial Crime and the Law. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-59543-1_6.
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AbstractThe financial integrity standards of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) create a framework that enlists financial institutions and designated businesses and professions. The effectiveness of the standards is highly dependent on the effectiveness of the measures employed by these regulated institutions. This chapter considers the challenges faced by regulated institutions to comply with the 2020 amendments to the FATF’s standards aimed at combating the financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The FATF first adopted proliferation financing (PF) measures in 2012. These support the targeted financial sanctions (TFS) measures of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), i.e. the UNSC’s sanctions against named individuals and entities linked to proliferation programs of Iran and the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. The discussion reflects initial perspectives gained in interviews with 46 experts globally. The challenges identified in this study can be clustered in four broad groups: navigating different definitions of PF; assessing and mitigating PF risk with limited information about PF threats and with a limited geopolitical and geo-economic capacity to identify and mitigate threats; monitoring trade-related transactions effectively to prevent PF-TFS while having limited or no information about the goods involved; and efficiently and effectively combating PF-TFS without being allowed to simplify compliance measures where risks are lower. An overarching challenge is, however, a surprising lack of considered policy about the purpose and strategic objectives of the new measures to be implemented.Given the identified challenges the chapter proposes the following as elements of a national PF-TFS strategy: adopting a meaningful definition of PF that fits with the country’s general proliferation policy; implementing a phased approach that first focuses on a select group of higher risk institutions with capacity; embracing a collaborative approach bringing that select group together with the range of government authorities that address aspects of PF-TFS to explore best practice approaches to supporting effective and efficient compliance; making appropriate use of the FATF’s low risk exemption to exclude low risk institutions from PF-TFS risk management obligations; facilitating PF-TFS compliance by supporting sectoral risk assessments and the development of appropriate compliance technologies; tailoring compliance expectations given the limited information that institutions may have; and monitoring implementation for intended and unintended consequences and reporting on impact and progress.Though ambitious, FATF standards are minimum standards. Countries and regulated institutions may therefore elect to go beyond the standards and adopt policies, regulations and compliance practices that serve broader non-proliferation and disarmament objectives. Given the current increase in WMD risks globally that approach deserves serious consideration. Increased compliance with global non-proliferation obligations is required and the FATF’s financial surveillance framework can provided a helpful additional layer of controls.
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Nurhidayah, Laely, Rini Astuti, Herman Hidayat, and Robert Siburian. "Community-Based Fire Management and Peatland Restoration in Indonesia." In Environment & Policy. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_8.
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AbstractIndonesia suffers from recurrent land and forest fires due to anthropogenic disturbances, such as land clearing and peatland drainage for agricultural activities and expansion of large-scale plantation. The Indonesian government launched a restoration program in 2016 to restore degraded peatlands and prevent fires. Community Fire Brigades or Masyarakat Peduli Api (MPA) is the forefront actor in community-based fire management and plays a significant role in fire prevention and peatland restoration at the local level in Indonesia. This paper examines community’s perspectives and opinions on the role and challenges of community-based fire management and peatland restoration. The paper draws from case studies of six villages situated at two fire-prone provinces in Riau and Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. We employ the cohesive fire management strategy model as a lens to understand the challenges and effectiveness of a community-based fire management strategy in Indonesia. The cohesive fire management strategy focuses on three key areas: creating a resilient landscape, developing fire adaptive communities, and implementing a fire management strategy. We found that MPAs face diverse challenges that reduce their capacity to prevent and control forest and land fires. One of the most common challenges faced by the MPAs is the lack of financial support for routine operation and maintenance of peatland rewetting infrastructures. Meanwhile, at the broader community level, the absence of affordable no-burning technology for land clearing and the lack of reward and punishment system have hampered efforts to reduce fire incidents. We suggest that the Indonesian government prioritizes funding support for MPAs to ensure the effective operationalization of community-based fire management in fire-prone provinces. We also suggest the need for the private sector and NGOs to step in to address the gap in support for community-based fire management and peatland restoration.
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Sas, Nataliia, Anna Fastivets, Alla Kapiton, Iryna Babenko, Lidiia Cherednyk, and Svitlana Lysenko. "Conscious management of transformations: a concept of innovative management of educational institutions." In TRANSFORMATION OF EDUCATION: MODERN CHALLENGES. TECHNOLOGY CENTER PC, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15587/978-617-8360-06-1.ch5.
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Justifying the relevance of the topic, the authors emphasise that education aimed at fulfilling the strategic objectives of economic development is determined, on the one hand, by the achievements of the basic sciences, and, on the other hand, by the development of production. The objective need to apply innovations in the management of educational institutions is determined by the Strategy for Sustainable Development of Ukraine until 2030, the transition of the EU countries (and in the future, Ukraine) to Industry 5.0, and the prospect of rebuilding the state in the face of a shortage of personnel. The author's concept is based on the following philosophical and methodological justifications of the regularity of innovative management of educational institutions: the need to change the theory and practice of managing an educational institution in a changing, increasingly integrated world, intensified global problems and crises; the principle of advanced development and the principle of innovation as principles of organisation and development of educational systems; the essence of mastering the technologies of future creation, advanced, innovative management, as well as the The study used a multidisciplinary approach; integrated various scientific areas; the results of theoretical research and practical activities. The authors distinguish between the concepts of innovation management in educational institutions (management of innovations in the educational process) and innovation management (management innovations). Innovation management is based on the theoretical provisions of general (system) management, management of organisations, is subject to the laws of innovation activity, at the same time it has its own specifics in the content, organisational and implementation aspects, due to sectoral characteristics (management of educational institutions). The concept of innovative management of educational institutions reveals the following: concept, subjects, objects, purpose, tasks, principles, process and tools of innovative management of educational institutions. The objects of innovative management of an educational institution are classified according to the following criteria: by type of resources (material, intangible, financial, technical, time-space, labour); by element of the management system (purpose, functions, methods, procedures, technologies, organisational structures); by management function (analysis, forecasting, design, planning, organisation, motivation, stimulation, control); by management tools (management decision, management technology, organisational structure). Along with local, modular and systemic changes, the authors distinguish permanent changes as a conscious management of transformations that become possible due to the search, development, implementation of innovative changes in management of an educational institution and monitoring of their effectiveness. On the basis of generalisation of the main stages of search and development of innovative changes; stages of the process of development and adoption of managerial decision on innovation; institutional cycle of management activity; project technology, an algorithm for permanent implementation of innovative changes in the management of an educational institution is developed. Innovative management as a type of activity is represented by a set of the following management tools: innovative management decisions, innovative management technologies, application of innovative structures and infrastructure, development of individual and group receptivity to the new; formation of an innovative environment of an educational institution.
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Roy, Rupayan. "A Comprehensive Review on Nonwoven Materials for the Healthcare Sector." In Social Innovations in Education, Environment, and Healthcare. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-2569-8.ch017.
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This chapter covers nonwoven materials in healthcare, including applications, qualities, benefits, difficulties, recent advances, and future possibilities. Nonwovens' barrier efficiency, breathability, and comfort make them essential in surgical gowns, face masks, sterile packaging, wound dressings, and hygiene items. The review highlights nonwoven materials' cost-effectiveness, disposability, and infection control while addressing environmental impact and regulatory compliance. Nanotechnology integration and smart nonwovens demonstrate these materials' dynamic progress. Sustainability, technology, and developing trends promise biodegradable alternatives and tailored healthcare solutions in the future. Increased patient safety, operational efficiency, and sustainability are healthcare industry implications. Future research should focus on eco-friendly alternatives, sophisticated filtration technologies, and regulatory compliance to maintain nonwoven materials' excellence in healthcare applications.
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Dhabliya, Dharmesh, Vivek Veeraiah, Sukhvinder Singh Dari, et al. "An In-Depth Exploration of Nonwoven Materials in the Healthcare and Medical Sector." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1214-8.ch015.
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This chapter provides an overview of nonwoven materials in the healthcare industry, discussing their various uses, characteristics, advantages, challenges, recent developments, and potential future prospects. The essential nature of nonwovens lies in their barrier efficiency, breathability, and comfort, making them indispensable for surgical gowns, face masks, sterile packaging, wound dressings, and hygiene products. The chapter emphasizes the cost-effectiveness, disposability, and infection control offered by nonwoven materials, while also discussing their environmental impact and compliance with regulations. The dynamic advancement of these materials is demonstrated through the integration of nanotechnology and the development of smart nonwovens. Looking ahead, the availability of biodegradable alternatives and customized healthcare solutions is expected, driven by sustainability, technology, and emerging trends. The implications for the healthcare sector include enhanced patient safety, improved operational efficiency, and increased sustainability.
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Pramanik, Sabyasachi. "An In-Depth Analysis of Nonwoven Materials in the Medical Sector." In Reshaping Healthcare with Cutting-Edge Biomedical Advancements. IGI Global, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-4439-2.ch002.
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This chapter provides an overview of nonwoven materials in the healthcare industry, discussing their many uses, characteristics, advantages, challenges, recent developments, and potential future prospects. The essentiality of nonwovens lies in their barrier efficiency, breathability, and comfort, which make them indispensable in surgical gowns, face masks, sterile packing, wound dressings, and hygiene products. The study emphasizes the cost-effectiveness, disposability, and infection control of nonwoven materials, while also discussing their environmental impact and compliance with regulations. The dynamic advancement of these materials is shown by the integration of nanotechnology and the development of smart nonwovens. In the future, biodegradable alternatives and customized healthcare solutions are expected to be available due to sustainability, technology, and emerging trends. The healthcare sector consequences include enhanced patient safety, improved operational efficiency, and increased sustainability. Future research should prioritize investigating environmentally sustainable alternatives, advanced filtering technologies, and adherence to regulations to maintain the superior performance of nonwoven materials in healthcare applications.
Conference papers on the topic "Effectiveness Face Masks Control"
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Joosten, M. W., E. Buck, J. Kolts, D. Erickson, and M. Mai. "Monitoring and Control of Corrosion in Offshore, Wet Gas-Condensate Pipelines." In CORROSION 1992. NACE International, 1992. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1992-92009.
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Abstract Corrosion monitoring of offshore, long-distance, wet gas pipelines containing carbon dioxide is one of the more challenging problems facing the industry. New pipelines face the problem of reliably measuring meaningful data, while older pipelines are under the most scrutiny to justify continued use of these capital intensive investments. The more limited the corrosion monitoring information, the more difficult corrosion control becomes. Typically, corrosion control and monitoring for offshore pipelines consists of injecting corrosion inhibitor, collecting iron count data, and monitoring corrosion coupons placed at each end of the pipeline. This is no longer a viable approach to life prediction for long-distance pipelines. Corrosion control and monitoring can be significantly enhanced by modelling of the multiphase fluid behavior to determine the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitor distribution. This paper discusses corrosion monitoring techniques and corrosion control for multiphase fluid pipelines.
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King, Frank, Alexander Steinwandel, and Walter Fichter. "Application Issues for In-Flight Tracking Control Using Trailing Edge Flaps." In Vertical Flight Society 72nd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0072-2016-11423.
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Two aspects of practical relevance concerning the application of an in-flight tracking control system are examined in the present paper. The particular control system considered in this examination feeds back 1/rev and 2/rev accelerations to steady trailing edge flap deflections using a control law based on the HHC algorithm. Integrator drift due to numerical errors in the presence of non-effective transfer paths in the transfer matrix model are discussed. To avoid the integrator drift, a transformation of the controller state based on the characteristics of the transfer matrix model for in-flight tracking is proposed. The effectiveness of this structural avoidance of integrator drift is demonstrated by simulation as well as closed loop flight test data. Furthermore a new method for limiting control commands of the in-flight tracking system, based on the characteristics of the transfer matrix model, is presented. The presented strategy is able to guarantee quasi-optimal vibration reduction in the face of active control command limitations.
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Dong, Wenxuan. "Leveraging Geospatial Corrosion Data to Facilitate Smart Decision-Making in Municipal Water and Wastewater Infrastructure Management." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20370.
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Abstract Municipal water and wastewater infrastructure face persistent corrosion challenges, leading to pipeline failures and asset degradation. This paper introduces a comprehensive approach for smart decision-making, integrating geospatially-referenced corrosion data, including soil resistivity, stray current, and pipe break history. The experimental work involves data collection and analysis from various municipalities, resulting in a visual representation of corrosion risk. Case studies demonstrate the approach's effectiveness in optimizing resource allocation and corrosion control strategies. Expected conclusions highlight improved infrastructure performance, cost-efficiency, and sustainability.
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Peng, Xinggan, Huiping Zhuang, Guang-Bin Huang, Haizhou Li, and Zhiping Lin. "Robust Real-time Face Tracking for People Wearing Face Masks." In 2020 16th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icarcv50220.2020.9305356.
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Peng, Xinggan, Huiping Zhuang, Guang-Bin Huang, Haizhou Li, and Zhiping Lin. "Robust Real-time Face Tracking for People Wearing Face Masks." In 2020 16th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icarcv50220.2020.9305356.
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J, Kusuma, and Peeta Basu Pati. "Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of ML and DL techniques for classifying Face Masks." In 2023 14th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt56998.2023.10307975.
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Zhang, Kun, Xiang Jia, Yinghui Wang, Hongwei Zhang, and Jingying Cui. "Detection System of Wearing Face Masks Normatively Based on Deep Learning." In 2021 International Conference on Control Science and Electric Power Systems (CSEPS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cseps53726.2021.00014.
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Corti, Enrico. "Vehicle Simulation on the Test Bench." In ASME 2004 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2004-0834.
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International emission tests (EPA, SFTP, MVEG-B, J-10.15, etc.) are carried out with vehicles running on the rolls dynamometer. Results, in terms of total emissions, are influenced by vehicles parameters such as mass, gear ratios, front surface, drag coefficient, etc. It would be useful, in the automobiles design phase, to have information about the impact of these parameters on total emissions. The obvious solution would be to build up a complete vehicle model to simulate performance and emission levels. Engine pollutants production modeling is the weak point, since it is difficult to obtain reliable results. Anyway it is possible to avoid pollutants production simulation, testing the actual engine under the same operating condition it would face inside the car’s hood. This paper describes a methodology whose aim is to test the engine on a standard test bench, simulating on-board operating conditions. An equivalence condition has to be satisfied in order to guarantee the methodology effectiveness: engine speed and Manifold Absolute Pressure (MAP) must always match for the two types of test performed on the same driving cycle. Engine speed and torque can be controlled through the bench actuators, their values depending on the simulated vehicle motion: once the car dynamics are simulated by means of a model, engine speed and torque corresponding to the given driving cycle can in fact be evaluated. The model is solved in real time, its output being the brake load torque value satisfying the equivalence condition. The brake controller, used as a slave, regulates the engine operating conditions consequently. The global model incorporates tires, aerodynamic forces, clutch, gearbox and driveline behaviors simulation: its response has been first validated comparing its outputs with data measured on board, and then it has been used to control an eddy current brake, for vehicle test simulation on the test bench. Two different control philosophies can be used: either a human driver or an automatic controller can ride the simulated car. The influence of vehicle parameters and gearshift mode on fuel consumption and pollutant emissions can be investigated.
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Rostum, Hussam M., and József Vásárhelyi. "Comparing the Effectiveness and Performance of Image Processing Algorithms in Face Recognition." In 2024 25th International Carpathian Control Conference (ICCC). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccc62069.2024.10569864.
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Carrera, Hugo Esteban Andrade, Soraya Lucia Sinche Maita, and Pablo Wilian Hidalgo Lascano. "Real- Time Access Control System Based on Temperature Detection and the Correct Use of Face Masks." In 2022 IEEE Sixth Ecuador Technical Chapters Meeting (ETCM). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/etcm56276.2022.9935717.
Full textReports on the topic "Effectiveness Face Masks Control"
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Crespo, Noe, Joelle Fornasier, Christian Ramers, and John Elder. Effectiveness of Face Masks and Masking Policies in Preventing COVID-19 Transmission in Real-World Settings: A Systematic Literature Review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2024.6.0011.
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Blackman, Allen, and Bridget Hoffmann. Diminishing Returns: Nudging Covid-19 Prevention Among Colombian Young Adults. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003223.
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Until a vaccine is widely available, face masks and other nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) will continue to be the frontline defense against Covid-19 in developing countries. But their effectiveness depends critically on compliance by young adults, who are most likely both to become infected and to infect others. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in Bogotá, Colombia, to assess the effectiveness of informational nudges on university students concern about Covid-19, recent compliance with NPI recommendations, and intended future compliance. Although nudges boosted concern, they had limited effects on either recent or intended future compliance. We attribute these null results to high baseline levels of information about and compliance with NPIs an informational diminishing returns scenario that is likely to be increasingly common globally. Nudges were more effective at boosting recent compliance among participants who were politically left-wing, were relatively poor, and lived with more people.
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Blackman, Allen, and Bridget Hoffmann. Breathe Easy, There's an App for That: Using Information and Communication Technology to Avoid Air Pollution in Bogotá. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003725.
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Ambient air pollution is a leading cause of death in developing countries. In theory, using smartphone apps, text messages, and other personal information and communication technologies to disseminate real-time information about such pollution can boost avoidance behavior like wearing face masks and closing windows. Yet evidence on their effectiveness is limited. We conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the impact of training university students in Bogotá, Colombia to use a newly available municipal government smartphone app that displays real-time information on air quality. The training increased participants acquisition of information about air quality, their knowledge about avoidance behavior, and their actual avoidance behavior. It also enhanced their concern about other environmental issues. These effects were moderated by participants characteristics. For example, the training was generally less effective among job holders.
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Bando, Rosangela. The Role of Agents and the Nature of Limitations in the Performance of Development Projects. Inter-American Development Bank, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005545.
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Development practitioners aspire to improve lives, but achieving results is challenging. What prevents operations from achieving their objectives? Answering this question is critical to promote success. This Discussion Paper proposes to analyze operations first to identify if they faced limitations to effectiveness, then to identify which key stakeholders faced those limitations, and finally, whether such limitations were exogenous. Such an approach may strengthen accountability and learning. An analysis of 62 project completion reports evaluated in 2022 by the Inter-American Development Bank shows that success was contingent upon critical agents performance and the influence of exogenous factors. Four in 10 operations that failed had agents other than the executing agency face challenges. The same share of operations had agents face limitations derived from the project environment or third-party inputs beyond their control. Despite limitations, the proposed framework may provide insights for future work that promotes effectiveness.
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Brockmann, Kolja, Mark Bromley, and Lauriane Héau. Adapting the Missile Technology Control Regime for Current and Future Challenges. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/qdbn4348.
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The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is a cornerstone of the non-proliferation architecture for missiles and other uncrewed aerial vehicles. However, geopolitical and technical developments and operational challenges threaten the regime’s effectiveness and create a need for reform in several areas. The MTCR partners should develop a clear strategy for determining if and how to expand MTCR membership. To increase the number of adherents, partners should pursue reinforced outreach and expand and promote the benefits offered. By improving the transparency of its procedures and deliberations, the regime can make them more understandable for non-partners. The partners can also improve the MTCR’s legitimacy by emphasizing that it provides public goods and helps states to meet their international obligations. The regime can also address the challenges of emerging technologies by focusing on technical deliberations and sharing information and good practices. Through all this, the MTCR must ensure its continued functioning in the face of geopolitical tensions and armed conflict between partners. This SIPRI Policy Brief summarizes the findings and presents the policy recommendations from a longer report, see Brockmann, K., Bromley, M. and Héau, L., The Missile Technology Control Regime at a Crossroads: Adapting the Regime for Current and Future Challenges, SIPRI Report (SIPRI, Stockholm, 2022).
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Teo, Chua Tee, and Khiok Seng Quek. Pedagogical change for training teachers: Adapted flipped classroom approach. National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 2020. https://doi.org/10.32658/10497/23256.
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This pilot quasi-experimental project examines the effectiveness of an adapted flipped classroom approach for the teaching of 2 teacher education courses over a semester of 13 weeks. Both the experimental and control groups would be matched at programme level. The control group would be two comparable classes not using the flipped classroom approach but using the didactic or traditional approach of teaching. The flipped classroom approach is also known as the Thayer Method or the inverted classroom or reverse teaching. It involves interactive student-centred engagement pedagogy with individualised online learning before the course. In the adapted flipped classroom, additional guiding questions and power-point slides would be deployed. Students learn content online through e-worksheets and guided discovery before face-to-face classroom time. Students worked through activities, watched videos, navigate websites, read up on articles and answered questions posed to them in the lesson worksheets. In class, students would share their prior learning with each other and they would be encouraged to ask questions of each other and with the tutor. Concepts, theories, controversies and ambiguities will be discussed with the aid of power-point slides. The students in the control group would receive lectures through power-point slides during class time, and learning activities would be conducted. Students in the control group would have no pre-lesson learning activities. The effectiveness of the flipped classroom lessons will be assessed through newly developed surveys, focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews of participants in the experimental and control groups. Results will be analysed using paired sample t tests, ANCOVA and thematic analyses. Findings will enable the lecturers to review and re-design the flipped classroom lessons and thus make evidence based pedagogical changes for the following semester.
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Kumar, Aishani, Thendral Yalini, and Sunil Kumar C. Unlocking Cellular Control: The Promise of PROTACs in Disease Intervention. Science Reviews - Biology, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.57098/scirevs.biology.3.2.1.
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The discovery of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) is among the most exciting and promising avenues in cancer therapy. These fascinating compounds signify a paradigm shift from traditional approaches to medication development, offering a new idea that leverages the complexities of biological mechanisms to accomplish highly focused degradation of particular proteins implicated in pathological processes. This novel strategy has the potential to address a number of drawbacks with conventional therapy techniques, such as the development of drug resistance and unexpected adverse effects resulting from interactions that are not intended. The fundamental attraction of PROTACs is their distinct mode of action, which is based on controlling the cell's own machinery for protein degradation. This orchestrated degradation translates to a substantial reduction in the levels of disease-driving proteins, often leading to the disruption of critical pathways involved in cancer growth and progression. The in-depth principles underlying PROTAC technology are thoroughly explored in this review study, which also provides insight into the complex chemical mechanisms that enable these chimeric molecules to specifically degrade certain proteins while leaving others intact. Showcasing the potential of PROTACs as a revolutionary force in targeted cancer therapy, and focusing on its application in prostate and breast cancer especially, the article draws from a comprehensive compilation of preclinical and clinical studies, advancements, and breakthroughs in the field. The methods used to create and refine PROTACs for various cancer types will be examined throughout the review, along with the subtleties of the ligand and linker choices that are crucial to their effectiveness and selectivity. The difficulties and possibilities of transferring this ground-breaking technology from the lab to clinical practice will also be thoroughly examined, with an emphasis on issues like bioavailability, administration strategies, and potential resistance mechanisms. Through the integration of perspectives from various studies, the objective is to present a thorough but succinct review of the state of ongoing PROTAC research, emphasizing both, noteworthy advancements and the important issues that still need to be resolved. In the end, our investigation into PROTACs aims to shed light on how they can change the face of cancer therapy by providing a preview of a day when targeted protein degradation of disease-causing proteins would lead the way in novel therapeutic approaches.
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Brockmann, Kolja, Mark Bromley, and Lauriane Héau. The Missile Technology Control Regime at a Crossroads: Adapting the Regime for Current and Future Challenges. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ycva4831.
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The Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR) is a cornerstone of the non-proliferation architecture for missiles and other uncrewed aerial vehicles. However, geopolitical and technical developments and operational challenges threaten the regime’s effectiveness and create a need for reform in several areas. The MTCR partners should develop a clear strategy for determining if and how to expand MTCR membership. To increase the number of adherents, partners should pursue reinforced outreach and expand and promote the benefits offered. By improving the transparency of its procedures and deliberations, the regime can make them more understandable for non-partners. The partners can also improve the MTCR’s legitimacy by emphasizing that it provides public goods and helps states to meet their international obligations. The regime can also address the challenges of emerging technologies by focusing on technical deliberations and sharing information and good practices. Through all this, the MTCR must ensure its continued functioning in the face of geopolitical tensions and armed conflict between partners. This SIPRI Report is the final output of the SIPRI research project ‘Quo Vadis MTCR: The Missile Technology Control Regime at a Crossroads’, co-funded by the Swiss Federal Department for Foreign for Foreign Affairs and the German Federal Foreign Office. It provides a comprehensive analysis of current challenges to the MTCR and provides extensive policy recommendations to the MTCR partners. A concise summary of the report’s findings and its policy recommendations is also available as a SIPRI Policy Brief, see Brockmann, K., Bromley, M. and Héau, L., Adapting the Missile Technology Control Regime for Current and Future Challenges, SIPRI Policy Brief (SIPRI, Stockholm, 2022).
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Noone, Emily, and Lydia Harriss. Hypersonic missiles. Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58248/pn696.
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This POSTnote looks at hypersonic missile technologies, efforts to develop them, potential applications, and the possible challenges they may present for missile defence and global stability. Key Points: • Hypersonic missiles combine speeds of over five times the speed of sound with significant manoeuvrability during flight. • Their manoeuvrability enables them to change trajectory during flight, making their flight-path and target difficult to predict. • They fly at lower altitudes than ballistic missiles, which means that they may be harder to track at long distances with some surface-based sensors, such as certain radar. • There are two main types of hypersonic missile: hypersonic glide vehicles (HGVs) and hypersonic cruise missiles (HCMs). • HGVs are mounted onto rocket boosters for launch and may be accelerated to speeds of Mach 20 or more. The glider then separates from the booster and flies unpowered in the Earth’s upper atmosphere at altitudes of 30-80 km, before diving towards the target. • HCMs typically have a ramjet or scramjet engine that enables them to reach hypersonic speeds at altitudes of 20-40 km. • China and Russia have reportedly deployed hypersonic missiles that could deliver conventional or nuclear weapons. The US is testing multiple hypersonic technologies. • The AUKUS agreement between the UK, US and Australia includes developing hyper-sonic and counter-hypersonic technologies. • Developing hypersonic missiles requires significant research and development challenges to be overcome, contributing to their high development and manufacturing costs. • The speed, manoeuvrability and altitude of hypersonic missiles may challenge existing missile defences, although their uses and effectiveness are still being assessed. • Defence analysts disagree about the potential implications of hypersonic missiles for global peace and stability. Some suggest they could increase the risk of conflict escalation, while others say that they will not alter the strategic balance between nuclear powers. • Arms control, export controls and other measures may help limit potential harm to peace and stability, but these approaches face challenges.
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Hajarizadeh, Behzad, Jennifer MacLachlan, Benjamin Cowie, and Gregory J. Dore. Population-level interventions to improve the health outcomes of people living with hepatitis B: an Evidence Check brokered by the Sax Institute for the NSW Ministry of Health, 2022. The Sax Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/pxwj3682.
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Background An estimated 292 million people are living with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection globally, including 223,000 people in Australia. HBV diagnosis and linkage of people living with HBV to clinical care is suboptimal in Australia, with 27% of people living with HBV undiagnosed and 77% not receiving regular HBV clinical care. This systematic review aimed to characterize population-level interventions implemented to enhance all components of HBV care cascade and analyse the effectiveness of interventions. Review questions Question 1: What population-level interventions, programs or policy approaches have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B; and that may not yet be fully rolled out or evaluated in Australia demonstrate early effectiveness, or promise, in reducing the incidence of hepatitis B? Question 2: What population-level interventions and/or programs are effective at reducing disease burden for people in the community with hepatitis B? Methods Four bibliographic databases and 21 grey literature sources were searched. Studies were eligible for inclusion if the study population included people with or at risk of chronic HBV, and the study conducted a population-level interventions to decrease HBV incidence or disease burden or to enhance any components of HBV care cascade (i.e., diagnosis, linkage to care, treatment initiation, adherence to clinical care), or HBV vaccination coverage. Studies published in the past 10 years (since January 2012), with or without comparison groups were eligible for inclusion. Studies conducting an HBV screening intervention were eligible if they reported proportion of people participating in screening, proportion of newly diagnosed HBV (participant was unaware of their HBV status), proportion of people received HBV vaccination following screening, or proportion of participants diagnosed with chronic HBV infection who were linked to HBV clinical care. Studies were excluded if study population was less than 20 participants, intervention included a pharmaceutical intervention or a hospital-based intervention, or study was implemented in limited clinical services. The records were initially screened by title and abstract. The full texts of potentially eligible records were reviewed, and eligible studies were selected for inclusion. For each study included in analysis, the study outcome and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated. For studies including a comparison group, odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95%CIs were calculated. Random effect meta-analysis models were used to calculate the pooled study outcome estimates. Stratified analyses were conducted by study setting, study population, and intervention-specific characteristics. Key findings A total of 61 studies were included in the analysis. A large majority of studies (study n=48, 79%) included single-arm studies with no concurrent control, with seven (12%) randomised controlled trials, and six (10%) non-randomised controlled studies. A total of 109 interventions were evaluated in 61 included studies. On-site or outreach HBV screening and linkage to HBV clinical care coordination were the most frequent interventions, conducted in 27 and 26 studies, respectively. Question 1 We found no studies reporting HBV incidence as the study outcome. One study conducted in remote area demonstrated that an intervention including education of pregnant women and training village health volunteers enhanced coverage of HBV birth dose vaccination (93% post-intervention, vs. 81% pre-intervention), but no data of HBV incidence among infants were reported. Question 2 Study outcomes most relevant to the HBV burden for people in the community with HBV included, HBV diagnosis, linkage to HBV care, and HBV vaccination coverage. Among randomised controlled trials aimed at enhancing HBV screening, a meta-analysis was conducted including three studies which implemented an intervention including community face-to-face education focused on HBV and/or liver cancer among migrants from high HBV prevalence areas. This analysis demonstrated a significantly higher HBV testing uptake in intervention groups with the likelihood of HBV testing 3.6 times higher among those participating in education programs compared to the control groups (OR: 3.62, 95% CI 2.72, 4.88). In another analysis, including 25 studies evaluating an intervention to enhance HBV screening, a pooled estimate of 66% of participants received HBV testing following the study intervention (95%CI: 58-75%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 17-98%; I-square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV screening strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing participants with on-site HBV testing, the proportion receiving HBV testing (80%, 95%CI: 72-87%) was significantly higher compared to the studies referring participants to an external site for HBV testing (54%, 95%CI: 37-71%). In the studies implementing an intervention to enhance linkage of people diagnosed with HBV infection to clinical care, the interventions included different components and varied across studies. The most common component was post-test counselling followed by assistance with scheduling clinical appointments, conducted in 52% and 38% of the studies, respectively. In meta-analysis, a pooled estimate of 73% of people with HBV infection were linked to HBV clinical care (95%CI: 64-81%), with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 28-100%; I-square: 99.2%). A stratified analysis by study population demonstrated that in the studies among general population in high prevalence countries, 94% of people (95%CI: 88-100%) who received the study intervention were linked to care, significantly higher than 72% (95%CI: 61-83%) in studies among migrants from high prevalence area living in a country with low prevalence. In 19 studies, HBV vaccination uptake was assessed after an intervention, among which one study assessed birth dose vaccination among infants, one study assessed vaccination in elementary school children and 17 studies assessed vaccination in adults. Among studies assessing adult vaccination, a pooled estimate of 38% (95%CI: 21-56%) of people initiated vaccination, with high heterogeneity across studies (range: 0.5-93%; I square: 99.9%). A stratified analysis by HBV vaccination strategy demonstrated that in the studies providing on-site vaccination, the uptake was 78% (95%CI: 62-94%), significantly higher compared to 27% (95%CI: 13-42%) in studies referring participants to an external site for vaccination. Conclusion This systematic review identified a wide variety of interventions, mostly multi-component interventions, to enhance HBV screening, linkage to HBV clinical care, and HBV vaccination coverage. High heterogeneity was observed in effectiveness of interventions in all three domains of screening, linkage to care, and vaccination. Strategies identified to boost the effectiveness of interventions included providing on-site HBV testing and vaccination (versus referral for testing and vaccination) and including community education focussed on HBV or liver cancer in an HBV screening program. Further studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of more novel interventions (e.g., point of care testing) and interventions specifically including Indigenous populations, people who inject drugs, men who have sex with men, and people incarcerated.