Journal articles: 'Effects of a ketone caffeine supplement'

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Da Costa, D., V. Bangalee, K. Subban, and R. Naidoo. "Ketone body supplement label claims: what supplement has been supplemented?" South African Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2019/v31i1a6369.

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Background: There is a keen interest in performance-enhancing supplementation and the associated benefits, despite reports of incorrect label claims made by manufacturers and the questionable efficacy of the supplements. The use of ketone body supplements as a source of fuel during exercise and sporting performance, in particular, is of interest to sportspeople. By increasing blood ketone body levels, with an accompanying decrease in blood glucose, may indicate a state of nutritional ketosis, whereby the body no longer relies on glucose metabolism but rather the metabolism of ketone bodies. This could be beneficial for long, slow steady-state endurance exercise. Discussion: There are numerous ketone body supplements on the market manufactured in South Africa and internationally. However, unlike medicines, the sports supplementation industry is poorly regulated. Furthermore, ketone body supplementation with regard to its effects on improving exercise and athletic performance is still unconvincing. Conclusion: Within the ever-changing sports supplementation industry, ketone body supplements are being used despite controversies regarding the accuracy and scientific merit of label claims. The ingredients and their quantities, as well as the performance benefits, need to be objectively validated.

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Whalley, Peter J., Chey G. Dearing, and Carl D. Paton. "The Effects of Different Forms of Caffeine Supplement on 5-km Running Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 390–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0287.

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Purpose: Caffeine is frequently used by athletes as an ergogenic aid. Various alternate forms of caffeine administration are available, which may produce different effects. This investigation compares the effects of different forms of caffeine supplementation on 5-km running performance, and the relationship between athlete ability and degree of enhancement attained. Methods: Fourteen amateur runners completed a series of self-paced outdoor time trials following unknown ingestion of a placebo (P) or one of 3 alternate forms of caffeine supplement. Trials were randomized in a crossover design with caffeine (approximately 3–4.5 mg·kg−1) administered 15 minutes before each trial via chewing gum (CG), dissolvable mouth strips (CS), or tablet (CT). Results: Compared with P, all caffeine supplements led to worthwhile enhancements in running performance with a mean (±95% confidence limit) overall effect across all supplements of 1.4% ± 0.9%. Individual caffeine treatment effects (CG = 0.9% ± 1.4%, CS = 1.2% ± 1.0%, and CT = 2.0% ± 1.1%) were not significantly different (P > .05) from each other; however, CT trials produced the largest gain and was significantly different (P = .02) compared with P. There was no significant difference in heart rate or rate of perceived exertion across the performance trials. The magnitude of caffeine enhancement was also strongly correlated (r = .87) with no-treatment performance time. Conclusions: The findings showed that irrespective of delivery form, moderate dose of caffeine supplementation produces worthwhile gains in 5-km running performance compared with a P. Furthermore, the magnitude of caffeine enhancement is highly individualized, but it appears related to athlete performance ability.

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Kwon, Sangoh, Minseok Yoon, Jaekwang Lee, Kwang-Deog Moon, Dohyeon Kim, Seon-Bong Kim, and Suengmok Cho. "A Standardized Phlorotannin Supplement Attenuates Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disruption in Mice." Nutrients 11, no. 3 (March 6, 2019): 556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11030556.

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In our previous studies, a standardized phlorotannin (brown seaweed polyphenol) supplement (PS) exhibited sleep-promoting effects via type A γ-aminobutyric acid-benzodiazepine receptors in mice. In addition, in human clinical trials, it decreased wake after sleep onset in adults with sleep disturbance. In this follow-up study, we investigated whether PS attenuates caffeine-induced sleep disruption in mice. The effects of PS were evaluated in a caffeine model by analyzing sleep architecture based on electroencephalogram and electromyogram findings, and were compared with the effects of a well-known sedative-hypnotic drug zolpidem (ZPD). As expected, oral administration of caffeine (25 mg/kg) significantly increased sleep latency and decreased the amount of non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREMS). In the caffeine + PS and caffeine + ZPD groups, PS (500 mg/kg) attenuated caffeine-induced sleep disruption, and its effects were comparable with those of ZPD (10 mg/kg). In particular, PS inhibited the arousal effects of caffeine without change in delta activity during NREMS, whereas ZPD produced a decrease in the delta activity. Considering global trends in coffee and energy drink consumption, our finding suggest that PS may be useful to relieve transitory insomnia symptoms caused by caffeine consumption, unlike the prescription drug ZPD.

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Bredsdorff, Lea, Eva Bay Wedebye, Nikolai Georgiev Nikolov, Torben Hallas-Møller, and Kirsten Pilegaard. "Potential adverse effects of raspberry ketone sold as food supplement." Toxicology Letters 229 (September 2014): S171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.586.

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Lutsch, Daniel J., Clayton L. Camic, Andrew R. Jagim, Riley R. Stefan, Brandon J. Cox, Rachel N. Tauber, and Shaine E. Henert. "Effects of a Multi-Ingredient Preworkout Supplement Versus Caffeine on Energy Expenditure and Feelings of Fatigue during Low-Intensity Treadmill Exercise in College-Aged Males." Sports 8, no. 10 (September 25, 2020): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports8100132.

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The primary purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of a multi-ingredient (i.e., caffeine, green tea extract, Yohimbe extract, capsicum annum, coleus extract, L-carnitine, beta-alanine, tyrosine) preworkout supplement versus a dose of caffeine (6 mg·kg−1) on energy expenditure during low-intensity exercise. The effects of these treatments on substrate utilization, gas exchange, and psychological factors were also investigated. Twelve males (mean ± SD: age = 22.8 ± 2.4 years) completed three bouts of 60 min of treadmill exercise on separate days after consuming a preworkout supplement, 6 mg·kg−1 of caffeine, or placebo in a randomized fashion. The preworkout and caffeine supplements resulted in significantly greater energy expenditure (p < 0.001, p = 0.006, respectively), V˙O2 (p < 0.001, p = 0.007, respectively), V˙CO2 (p = 0.006, p = 0.049, respectively), and V˙E (p < 0.001, p = 0.007, respectively) compared to placebo (collapsed across condition). There were no differences among conditions, however, for rates of fat or carbohydrate oxidation or respiratory exchange ratio. In addition, the preworkout supplement increased feelings of alertness (p = 0.015) and focus (p = 0.005) 30-min postingestion and decreased feelings of fatigue (p = 0.014) during exercise compared to placebo. Thus, the preworkout supplement increased energy expenditure and measures of gas exchange to the same extent as 6 mg·kg−1 of caffeine with concomitant increased feelings of alertness and focus and decreased feelings of fatigue.

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Prins, Philip J., Andrew P. Koutnik, Dominic P. D’Agostino, Christopher Q. Rogers, Jacob F. Seibert, Jillian A. Breckenridge, Daniel S. Jackson, Edward J. Ryan, Jeffrey D. Buxton, and Dana L. Ault. "Effects of an Exogenous Ketone Supplement on Five‐Kilometer Running Performance." Journal of Human Kinetics 72, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2019-0114.

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AbstractNumerous oral ketone supplements are marketed with the claim that they will rapidly induce ketosis and improve exercise performance. The purpose of this study was to assess exercise performance time and related physiological, metabolic and perceptual responses of recreational endurance runners after ingestion of a commercially available oral ketone supplement. Recreational endurance runners (n = 10; age: 20.8 ± 1.0 years; body mass: 68.9 ± 5.6 kg; height: 175.6 ± 4.9 cm) participated in a double-blind, crossover, repeated-measures study where they were randomized to 300 mg.kg-1 body weight of an oral β-hydroxybutyrate-salt + Medium Chain Triglyceride (βHB-salt+MCT) ketone supplement or a flavor matched placebo (PLA) 60 min prior to performing a 5-km running time trial (5KTT) on a treadmill. Time, HR, RPE, affect, RER, VO2, VCO2, and VE were measured during the 5-km run. The Session RPE and affect (Feeling Scale) were obtained post-5KTT. Plasma glucose, lactate and ketones were measured at baseline, 60-min post-supplement, and immediately post-5KTT. Plasma R-βHB (endogenous isomer) was elevated from baseline and throughout the entire protocol under the βHB-salt+MCT condition (p < 0.05). No significant difference (58.3 ± 100.40 s; 95% CI: -130.12 – 13.52; p = 0.100) was observed between the βHB-salt+MCT supplement (1430.0 ± 187.7 s) and the PLA (1488.3 ± 243.8 s) in time to complete the 5KTT. No other differences (p > 0.05) were noted in any of the other physiological, metabolic or perceptual measures.

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Baumeister, Anna, Joachim Gardemann, Manfred Fobker, Verena Spiegler, and Tobias Fischer. "Short-Term Influence of Caffeine and Medium-Chain Triglycerides on Ketogenesis: A Controlled Double-Blind Intervention Study." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2021 (June 15, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/1861567.

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Background. Ketone bodies are a highly relevant topic in nutrition and medicine. The influence of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) on ketogenesis is well known and has been successfully used in ketogenic diets for many years. Nevertheless, the effects of MCTs and coconut oil on the production of ketone bodies have only partially been investigated. Furthermore, the increased mobilisation of free fatty acids and release of catabolic hormones by caffeine suggest an influence of caffeine on ketogenesis. Methods. In a controlled, double-blind intervention study, seven young healthy subjects received 10 mL of tricaprylin (C8), tricaprin (C10), C8/C10 (50% C8, 50% C10), or coconut oil with or without 150 mg of caffeine, in 250 mL of decaffeinated coffee, over ten interventions. At baseline and after every 40 minutes, for 4 h, ßHB and glucose in capillary blood as well as caffeine in saliva were measured. Furthermore, questionnaires were used to survey sensory properties, side effects, and awareness of hunger and satiety. Results. The interventions with caffeine caused an increase in ßHB levels—in particular, the interventions with C8 highly impacted ketogenesis. The effect decreased with increased chain lengths. All interventions showed a continuous increase in hunger and diminishing satiety. Mild side effects (total = 12) occurred during the interventions. Conclusions. The present study demonstrated an influence of caffeine and MCT on ketogenesis. The addition of caffeine showed an additive effect on the ketogenic potential of MCT and coconut oil. C8 showed the highest ketogenicity.

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Fischer, Tobias, Ulrike Och, Ira Klawon, Tim Och, Marianne Grüneberg, Manfred Fobker, Ursula Bordewick-Dell, and Thorsten Marquardt. "Effect of a Sodium and Calcium DL-β-Hydroxybutyrate Salt in Healthy Adults." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2018 (2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9812806.

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Background. Ketone body therapy and supplementation are of high interest for several medical and nutritional fields. The intake of ketone bodies is often discussed in relation to rare metabolic diseases, such as multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MADD), that have no alternatives for treatment. Case reports showed positive results of therapy using ketone bodies. The number of ketone body salts offered on the wellness market is increasing steadily. More information on the kinetics of intake, safety, and tolerance of these products is needed. Methods. In a one-dose kinetic study, six healthy subjects received an intervention (0.5 g/kg bw) using a commercially available ketone body supplement. The supplement contained a mixture of sodium and calcium D-/L-β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) as well as food additives. The blood samples drawn in the study were tested for concentrations of D-βHB, glucose, and electrolytes, and blood gas analyses were done. Data on sensory evaluation and observed side effects of the supplement were collected. The product also went through chemical food analysis. Results. The supplement led to a significant increase of D-βHB concentration in blood 2.5 and 3 h after oral intake (p=0.033; p=0.043). The first significant effect was measured after 2 h with a mean value of 0.598 ± 0.300 mmol/L at the peak, which was recorded at 2.5 h. Changes in serum electrolytes and BGA were largely unremarkable. Taking the supplement was not without side effects. One subject dropped out due to gastrointestinal symptoms and two others reported similar but milder problems. Conclusions. Intake of a combination of calcium and sodium D-/L-βHB salt shows a slow resorption with a moderate increase of D-βHB in serum levels. An influence of βHB salts on acid-base balance could not be excluded by this one-dose study. Excessive regular consumption without medical observation is not free of adverse effects. The tested product can therefore not be recommended unconditionally.

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Ratamess, Nicholas A., Jay R. Hoffman, Ryan Ross, Miles Shanklin, Avery D. Faigenbaum, and Jie Kang. "Effects of an Amino Acid/Creatine Energy Supplement on the Acute Hormonal Response to Resistance Exercise." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 17, no. 6 (December 2007): 608–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.17.6.608.

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The authors aimed to examine the acute hormonal and performance responses to resistance exercise with and without prior consumption of an amino acid/creatine/energy supplement. Eight men performed a resistance-exercise protocol at baseline (BL), 20 min after consuming a supplement (S) consisting of essential amino acids, creatine, taurine, caffeine, and glucuronolactone or a maltodextrin placebo (P). Venous blood samples were obtained before and immediately after (IP), 15 min (15P), and 30 min (30P) after each protocol. Area under the curve of resistance-exercise volume revealed that BL was significantly less than S (10%) and P (8.6%). For fatigue rate, only S (18.4% ± 12.0%) was significantly lower than BL (32.9% ± 8.4%). Total testosterone (TT) and growth hormone (GH) were significantly elevated at IP and 15P in all conditions. The GH response was significantly lower, however, in S and P than in BL. The TT and GH responses did not differ between S and P. These results indicated that a supplement consisting of amino acids, creatine, taurine, caffeine, and glucuronolactone can modestly improve high-intensity endurance; however, the anabolic-hormonal response was not augmented.

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McBride, Brian F., Angeliki K. Karapanos, Agnes Krudysz, Jeffrey Kluger, Craig I. Coleman, and C. Michael White. "Electrocardiographic and Hemodynamic Effects of a Multicomponent Dietary Supplement Containing Ephedra and Caffeine." JAMA 291, no. 2 (January 14, 2004): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.291.2.216.

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Vandenberghe, Camille, Valérie St-Pierre, Alexandre Courchesne-Loyer, Marie Hennebelle, Christian-Alexandre Castellano, and Stephen C. Cunnane. "Caffeine intake increases plasma ketones: an acute metabolic study in humans." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 95, no. 4 (April 2017): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0338.

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Brain glucose uptake declines during aging and is significantly impaired in Alzheimer’s disease. Ketones are the main alternative brain fuel to glucose so they represent a potential approach to compensate for the brain glucose reduction. Caffeine is of interest as a potential ketogenic agent owing to its actions on lipolysis and lipid oxidation but whether it is ketogenic in humans is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the acute ketogenic effect of 2 doses of caffeine (2.5; 5.0 mg/kg) in 10 healthy adults. Caffeine given at breakfast significantly stimulated ketone production in a dose-dependent manner (+88%; +116%) and also raised plasma free fatty acids. Whether caffeine has long-term ketogenic effects or could enhance the ketogenic effect of medium chain triglycerides remains to be determined.

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Driscoll, Philip G., Fred Joseph, and Tetsuo Nakamoto. "Prenatal effects of maternal caffeine intake and dietary high protein on mandibular development in fetal rats." British Journal of Nutrition 63, no. 2 (March 1990): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19900115.

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The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of caffeine on the mandibles of newborn rats whose dams were given a normal diet (200 g protein/kg diet) compared with those given a high-protein diet (400 g protein/kg diet) during gestation. A total of twenty pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups of five each. Starting on day 7 of gestation, groups 1 and 2 were fed on control and high-protein diets respectively, and groups 3 and 4 were pair-fed with groups 1 and 2 respectively, but with caffeine added to their diets. The caffeine supplement was 20 mg/kg body-weight. At birth, pups were killed and various measurements of their mandibles were made. The mandibular weights, calcium contents, and alkaline (EC 3.1.3.1) and acid (EC 3.1.3.2) phosphatase activities of the group given the caffeine-supplemented control diet were significantly lower than those of the corresponding unsupplemented group. Alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, collagen synthesis and hydroxyproline contents of the caffeine-supplemented high-protein group were greater than those of the corresponding unsupplemented group, whereas Ca and protein contents of the caffeine-supplemented high-protein group were lower than those of the corresponding unsupplemented group. There were no significant differences in plasma caffeine levels for either dams or pups between the caffeine-supplemented control and high-protein groups. The effects of caffeine on the development of fetal mandibles are apparently modified by different levels of maternal dietary protein.

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Domínguez, Raúl, Pablo Veiga-Herreros, Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver, Juan José Montoya, Juan José Ramos-Álvarez, Francisco Miguel-Tobal, Ángel Lago-Rodríguez, and Pablo Jodra. "Acute Effects of Caffeine Intake on Psychological Responses and High-Intensity Exercise Performance." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 584. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020584.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of caffeine supplementation on: (i) psychological responses of subjective vitality and mood; (ii) performance through a Wingate test; and (iii) rate of perceived exertion (RPE) reported after a Wingate test. Methods: Fifteen male participants (22.60 ± 2.16 years) ingested 6 mg·kg-1 of caffeine or placebo (sucrose) supplementation in two experimental sessions. After 60 min from supplement intake, participants fulfilled two questionnaires, which measured subjective vitality and mood state, respectively. Subsequently, participants’ performance was assessed through a Wingate test, which was followed by measurements of RPE at general, muscular, or cardiovascular level. Results: Caffeine supplementation increased some components of mood, as assessed by profile of mood states (POMS) (tension and vigor dimensions) and subjective vitality profiles, which were followed by a greater maximum power, average power, and lower time needed to reach maximum power during the Wingate test. Moreover, lower RPE, both at muscular and general levels were reported by participants after the Wingate test. Conclusions: These results suggest that caffeine supplementation exerts positive effects both in psychological and physical domains in trained subjects.

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Handzlik, Michal K., and Michael Gleeson. "Likely Additive Ergogenic Effects of Combined Preexercise Dietary Nitrate and Caffeine Ingestion in Trained Cyclists." ISRN Nutrition 2013 (December 14, 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2013/396581.

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Aims. To evaluate the possible additive effects of beetroot juice plus caffeine on exercise performance. Methods. In a randomized, double-blinded study design, fourteen healthy well-trained men aged 22±3 years performed four trials on different occasions following preexercise ingestion of placebo (PLA), PLA plus 5 mg/kg caffeine (PLA+C), beetroot juice providing 8 mmol of nitrate (BR), and beetroot juice plus caffeine (BR+C). Participants cycled at 60% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) for 30 min followed by a time to exhaustion (TTE) trial at 80% V˙O2max. Saliva was collected before supplement ingestion, before exercise, and after the TTE trial for salivary nitrate, nitrite, and cortisol analysis. Results. In beetroot trials, saliva nitrate and nitrite increased >10-fold before exercise compared with preingestion (P≤0.002). TTE in BR+C was 46% higher than in PLA (P=0.096) and 18% and 27% nonsignificant TTE improvements were observed on BR+C compared with BR and PLA+C alone, respectively. Lower ratings of perceived exertion during TTE were found during 80% V˙O2max on BR+C compared with PLA and PLA+C (P<0.05 for both). Conclusions. Acute preexercise beetroot juice coingestion with caffeine likely has additive effects on exercise performance compared with either beetroot or caffeine alone.

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Evans, Jessica, and Jose Antonio. "The effects of a multi-ingredient, caffeine-containing supplement (iFocus®) on simple reaction time." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 11, Suppl 1 (2014): P12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-s1-p12.

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Beck, Travis W., Terry J. Housh, Richard J. Schmidt, Glen O. Johnson, Dona J. Housh, Jared W. Coburn, and Moh H. Malek. "The Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Containing Supplement on Strength, Muscular Endurance, and Anaerobic Capabilities." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20, no. 3 (2006): 506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/18285.1.

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BECK, TRAVIS W., TERRY J. HOUSH, RICHARD J. SCHMIDT, GLEN O. JOHNSON, DONA J. HOUSH, JARED W. COBURN, and MOH H. MALEK. "THE ACUTE EFFECTS OF A CAFFEINE-CONTAINING SUPPLEMENT ON STRENGTH,MUSCULAR ENDURANCE, AND ANAEROBIC CAPABILITIES." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 20, no. 3 (August 2006): 506–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200608000-00008.

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McNaughton, L. R., R. J. Lovell, J. Siegler, A. W. Midgley, L. Moore, and D. J. Bentley. "The Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Time Trial Cycling Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 3, no. 2 (June 2008): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.3.2.157.

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Purpose:The purpose of this work was to determine the effects of caffeine on high intensity time trial (TT) cycling performance in well-trained subjects.Subjects:Six male cyclists with the following physical characteristics (mean ± SD) age 30.7 ± 12, height 179.3 ± 7.5 cm, mass 70.0 ± 7.5 kg, VO2max 65.0 ± 6.3 mL·kg−1·min−1 undertook three 1-h TT performances, control (C), placebo (P) and caffeine (CAF), on a Velotron cycle ergometer conducted in a double-blind, random fashion. Subjects rested for 60 min and were then given CAF or P in a dose of 6 mg·kg−1 body mass and then commenced exercise after another 60 min of rest. Before ingestion, 60 min postingestion, and at the end of the TT, finger-prick blood samples were analyzed for lactate.Results:The cyclists rode significantly further in the CAF trial (28.0 ± 1.3 km) than they did in the C (26.3 ± 1.5 km, P < .01) or P (26.4 ± 1.5 km, P < .02) trials. No differences were seen in heart rate data throughout the TT (P > .05). Blood lactate levels were significantly higher at the end of the trials than either at rest or postingestion (P < .0001), but there were no differences between the three trial groups.Conclusion:On the basis of the data, we concluded that performance was improved with the use of a caffeine supplement.

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Schepici, Giovanni, Serena Silvestro, Placido Bramanti, and Emanuela Mazzon. "Caffeine: An Overview of Its Beneficial Effects in Experimental Models and Clinical Trials of Parkinson’s Disease." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 13 (July 4, 2020): 4766. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21134766.

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Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a neurological disease characterized by the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway with consequent loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and dopamine depletion. The cytoplasmic inclusions of α-synuclein (α-Syn), known as Lewy bodies, are the cytologic hallmark of PD. The presence of α-Syn aggregates causes mitochondrial degeneration, responsible for the increase in oxidative stress and consequent neurodegeneration. PD is a progressive disease that shows a complicated pathogenesis. The current therapies are used to alleviate the symptoms of the disease without changing its clinical course. Recently, phytocompounds with neuroprotective effects and antioxidant properties such as caffeine have aroused the interest of researchers. The purpose of this review is to summarize the preclinical studies present in the literature and clinical trials recorded in ClinicalTrial.gov, aimed at illustrating the effects of caffeine used as a nutraceutical compound combined with the current PD therapies. Therefore, the preventive effects of caffeine in the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons encourage the use of this alkaloid as a supplement to reduce the progress of the PD.

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Castillo, Daniel, Raúl Domínguez, Alejandro Rodríguez-Fernández, and Javier Raya-González. "Effects of Caffeine Supplementation on Power Performance in a Flywheel Device: A Randomised, Double-Blind Cross-Over Study." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020255.

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Despite the demonstrated evidence of the importance of eccentric contractions in sports performance, no research has evaluated the ergogenic effects of caffeine on this type of contraction means during flywheel exercises. Therefore, the aims of the present study were to compare the power outcomes, using different inertial loads, between caffeine and placebo conditions. Twenty-four young, healthy, and active men (age: 22.5 ± 4.8 years) took part in the study. A crossed, randomised double-blind design was used to analyse the effects of caffeine on lower limb power outcomes during a flywheel half-squat exercise. Participants completed four sets of eight all-out repetitions with a fixed three-minutes rest interval, and each set was performed using different inertial loads (i.e., 0.025, 0.050, 0.075 and 0.100 kg·m−2). Both the mean power (MP) and peak power (PP) in concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) movement phases at each inertial load were recorded after participants were administered either a caffeine supplement (6 mg·kg−1) or placebo (sucrose). Participants receiving a caffeine supplementation demonstrated improvements versus the placebo in total MP (MPtotal), as well as MP in CON phase (MPcon) and in ECC phase (MPecc) at each inertial load (22.68 to 26.53%; p < 0.01, effect size (ES) = 0.89–1.40). In addition, greater improvements with caffeine ingestion were obtained with respect to the placebo condition (18.79 to 24.98%; p < 0.01, ES = 1.03–1.40) in total PP (PPtotal), as well as PP in CON phase (PPcon) and in ECC phase (PPecc) at each inertial load. Thus, the supplementation of 6 mg·kg−1 caffeine may be considered to maximise on-field physical performance in those sports characterised by high demands of resistance.

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Glaister, Mark, Colin Towey, Owen Jeffries, Daniel Muniz-Pumares, Paul Foley, and Gillian McInnes. "Caffeine and Sprint Cycling Performance: Effects of Torque Factor and Sprint Duration." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0458.

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Purpose:To investigate the influence of torque factor and sprint duration on the effects of caffeine on sprint cycling performance.Methods:Using a counterbalanced, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled design, 13 men completed 9 trials. In trial 1, participants completed a series of 6-s sprints at increasing torque factors to determine the torque factor, for each individual, that elicited the highest (Toptimal) peak power output (PPO). The remaining trials involved all combinations of torque factor (0.8 N·m−1·kg−1vsToptimal), sprint duration (10 s vs 30 s), and supplementation (caffeine [5 mg·kg−1] vs placebo).Results:There was a significant effect of torque factor on PPO, with higher values atToptimal(mean difference 168 W; 95% likely range 142–195 W). There was also a significant effect of sprint duration on PPO, with higher values in 10-s sprints (mean difference 52 W; 95% likely range 18–86 W). However, there was no effect of supplementation on PPO (P = .056). Nevertheless, there was a significant torque factor × sprint duration × supplement interaction (P = .036), with post hoc tests revealing that caffeine produced a higher PPO (mean difference 76 W; 95% likely range 19–133 W) when the sprint duration was 10 s and the torque factor wasToptimal.Conclusion:The results of this study show that when torque factor and sprint duration are optimized, to allow participants to express their highest PPO, there is a clear effect of caffeine on sprinting performance.

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Kackley, Madison L., Jay A. Short, Parker N. Hyde, Richard A. LaFountain, Alex Buga, Vincent J. Miller, Ryan M. Dickerson, et al. "A Pre-Workout Supplement of Ketone Salts, Caffeine, and Amino Acids Improves High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Keto-Naïve and Keto-Adapted Individuals." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 39, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2020.1752846.

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Holland-Winkler, Angelia, Andrew Moore, and Jenna Ansley. "Exogenous Beta-Hydroxybutyrate Ketone Salts Elevate Circulating Acetoacetate Levels." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab041_017.

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Abstract Objectives Ketones are compounds that provide both fuel and protection against various diseases; they are produced naturally by the liver or exogenously to be ingested. Beta-hydroxybutyrate is the most stable ketone and therefore, often used in ketone supplements. Beta-hydroxybutyrate interconverts with acetoacetate, the least stable ketone. Acetoacetate may offer greater neuroprotection than beta-hydroxybutyrate. Therefore, it is important to find methods to increase acetoacetate levels. The purpose of this study was to determine if exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate salts significantly elevate blood acetoacetate levels 30-minutes after consumption. Methods Sixteen young adults participated in this randomized, triple-blinded, cross-over, placebo-controlled study and met for three laboratory visits: 1) familiarization visit, and 2–3) data collection visits separated by at least one week for washout. During visits two and three, blood samples were collected at baseline and again 30-minutes after consuming either the racemic ketone-salt supplement or placebo. Acetoacetate was stabilized in the blood samples and analyzed via mass spectrophotometry. A two-way repeated-measures ANOVA was conducted to determine the effects of drink and time on blood acetoacetate levels. Results There was a significant (p = .008) interaction between drink and time. Bonferroni-adjusted simple main effects tests demonstrated that between baseline and 30-minutes post drink, blood acetoacetate was not different (p = .50) for the placebo but was significantly increased (p = .001) for the ketone salt supplement. The gain score analysis from a paired samples t-test demonstrated that the increase in acetoacetate after ingestion of ketone salts was significantly (p = .01) and substantially (d = .842) larger than the increase following ingestion of the placebo drink. Conclusions Blood acetoacetate levels can be significantly elevated by exogenous ketone salts, demonstrating a quick interconversion of exogenous beta-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate. More studies are needed to determine if this acute increase in acetoacetate is great enough to confer protective benefits demonstrated in previous studies. Funding Sources Augusta University and Keto-Mojo, inc.

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Estevan Navarro, Pedro, Isabel Sospedra, Alejandro Perales, Cristina González-Díaz, Rubén Jiménez-Alfageme, Sonia Medina, Angel Gil-Izquierdo, and José Miguel Martínez-Sanz. "Caffeine Health Claims on Sports Supplement Labeling. Analytical Assessment According to EFSA Scientific Opinion and International Evidence and Criteria." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072095.

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Caffeine is a food supplement widely consumed by athletes, but it has not been established. So far, the veracity of their labeling in terms of the dosage and cause/effect relationship aimed at the consumer. The aim is to analyze the health claims and the dosage presented on the labeling of caffeine supplements and to evaluate if they follow the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and international criteria. A descriptive cross-sectional study of a sample of caffeine supplements was carried out. The search was done through the Amazon and Google Shopping web portals. In order to assess the adequacy of the health claims, the guidelines of reference established by European Food Safety Authority were compared to the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, International Olympic Committee, and Australian Institute of Sport guidelines; in addition, recent systematic reviews were addressed. A review of labels of 42 caffeine supplements showed that, in less than 3% of the products were the health claims supported by the recommendations and by the labeled quantity of caffeine. The claims that fully complied the recommendations were, “improves or increases endurance performance”, “improves strength performance”, or “improves short-term performance”. In most cases, the recommended dosage was 200 mg/day for these products, which is the minimum for the caffeine effects to be declared. The rest of the health claims were not adequate or need to be modified. Most of the health claims identified indicated an unproven cause and effect, which constitutes consumer fraud, and so must be modified or eliminated.

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Walter, Ashley A., Trent J. Herda, Eric D. Ryan, Pablo B. Costa, Katherine M. Hoge, Travis W. Beck, Jeffrey R. Stout, and Joel T. Cramer. "Acute Effects Of A Caffeine-containing Thermogenic Supplement On Endurance Performance And Muscular Strength In Men." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41 (May 2009): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000355067.07205.a9.

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Güner, Adem, and Hasan Türkez. "Examination of some toxicological parameters of dimethylamylamine when consumed alone or with caffeine." Archives of Biological Sciences 72, no. 3 (2020): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs200609035g.

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Dimethylamylamine (DMAA) is a bodybuilding supplement with fat-burner or performance-enhancing properties. DMAA is often combined with caffeine to enhance its effectiveness and this can have serious adverse effects on health. In this study, we examined for the first time the cytotoxic, oxidative and genotoxic effects of DMAA in the presence or absence of caffeine in lymphocytes cultured from human blood, and its vascular irritant effects in a hen's chorioallantoic membrane egg test. Cytotoxic effects were observed by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase release (LDH), which serves as a measure of cell membrane damage, changes in the mitotic index (MI) and proliferative rate index (PRI) assays. Oxidative changes were evaluated by the total antioxidant activity and the total oxidative status assay. Genotoxic damage was analyzed by chromosomal aberration and micronucleus assays. DMAA and its combination with caffeine (cDMAA) had no genotoxic effects. DMAA (1000 mg/L) and cDMAA (500 and 1000 mg/L) decreased cell viability while significantly increasing LDH activity, MI and the oxidative level. DMAA and cDMAA caused weak and moderate vascular irritant effects, respectively. In conclusion, DMAA exhibits cytotoxic effects via membrane dysfunction and mitotic disturbance following increased oxidative stress in a dose- and caffeine-dependent manner.

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Nieman, David C., Andy Simonson, Camila A. Sakaguchi, Wei Sha, Tondra Blevins, Jaina Hattabaugh, and Martin Kohlmeier. "Acute Ingestion of a Mixed Flavonoid and Caffeine Supplement Increases Energy Expenditure and Fat Oxidation in Adult Women: A Randomized, Crossover Clinical Trial." Nutrients 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 2665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11112665.

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This randomized, double-blinded, crossover study measured the acute effect of ingesting a mixed flavonoid-caffeine (MFC) supplement compared to placebo (PL) on energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation (FATox) in a metabolic chamber with premenopausal women (n = 19, mean ± SD, age 30.7 ± 8.0 year, BMI 25.7 ± 3.4 kg/m2). The MFC supplement (658 mg flavonoids, split dose 8:30, 13:00) contained quercetin, green tea catechins, and anthocyanins from bilberry extract, and 214 mg caffeine. Participants were measured twice in a metabolic chamber for a day, four weeks apart, with outcomes including 22 h EE (8:30–6:30), substrate utilization from the respiratory quotient (RQ), plasma caffeine levels (16:00), and genotyping for the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs762551. Areas under the curve (AUC) for metabolic data from the MFC and PL trials were calculated using the trapezoid rule, with a mixed linear model (GLM) used to evaluate the overall treatment effect. The 22 h oxygen consumption and EE were significantly higher with MFC than PL (1582 ± 143, 1535 ± 154 kcal/day, respectively, p = 0.003, trial difference of 46.4 ± 57.8 kcal/day). FATox trended higher for MFC when evaluated using GLM (99.2 ± 14.0, 92.4 ± 14.4 g/22 h, p = 0.054). Plasma caffeine levels were significantly higher in the MFC versus PL trial (5031 ± 289, 276 ± 323 ng/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). Trial differences for 22 h EE and plasma caffeine were unrelated after controlling for age and body mass (r = −0.249, p = 0.139), and not different for participants with the homozygous allele 1, A/A, compared to C/A and C/C (p = 0.50 and 0.56, respectively). In conclusion, EE was higher for MFC compared to PL, and similar to effects estimated from previous trials using caffeine alone. A small effect of the MFC on FATox was measured, in contrast to inconsistent findings previously reported for this caffeine dose. The trial variance for 22 h EE was not significantly related to the variance in plasma caffeine levels or CYP1A2*1F allele carriers and non-carriers.

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Gonçalves, Lívia de Souza, Vitor de Salles Painelli, Guilherme Yamaguchi, Luana Farias de Oliveira, Bryan Saunders, Rafael Pires da Silva, Erika Maciel, Guilherme Giannini Artioli, Hamilton Roschel, and Bruno Gualano. "Dispelling the myth that habitual caffeine consumption influences the performance response to acute caffeine supplementation." Journal of Applied Physiology 123, no. 1 (July 1, 2017): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2017.

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This study investigates the influence of habitual caffeine intake on aerobic exercise-performance responses to acute caffeine supplementation. A double-blind, crossover, counterbalanced study was performed. Forty male endurance-trained cyclists were allocated into tertiles, according to their daily caffeine intake: low (58 ± 29 mg/d), moderate (143 ± 25 mg/d), and high (351 ± 139 mg/d) consumers. Participants completed three trials in which they performed simulated cycling time trials (TTs) in the fastest time possible following ingestion of the following: caffeine (CAF: 6 mg/kg body mass), placebo (PLA), and no supplement (CON). A mixed-model analysis revealed that TT performance was significantly improved in CAF compared with PLA and CON (29.92 ± 2.18 vs. 30.81 ± 2.67 and 31.14 ± 2.71 min, respectively; P = 0.0002). Analysis of covariance revealed no influence of habitual caffeine intake as a covariate on exercise performance ( P = 0.47). TT performance was not significantly different among tertiles ( P = 0.75). No correlation was observed between habitual caffeine intake and absolute changes (CAF − CON) in TT performance with caffeine ( P = 0.524). Individual analysis showed that eight, seven, and five individuals improved above the variation of the test in CAF in the low, moderate, and high tertiles, respectively. A Fisher’s exact test did not show any significant differences in the number of individuals who improved in CAF among the tertiles ( P > 0.05). Blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion were not different between trials and tertiles ( P > 0.05). Performance effects of acute caffeine supplementation during an ~30-min cycling TT performance were not influenced by the level of habitual caffeine consumption. NEW & NOTEWORTHY There has been a long-standing paradigm that habitual caffeine intake may influence the ergogenicity of caffeine supplementation. Low, moderate, and high caffeine consumers showed similar absolute and relative improvements in cycling time-trial performance following acute supplementation of 6 mg/kg body mass caffeine. Performance effects of acute caffeine were not influenced by the level of habitual caffeine consumption, suggesting that high habitual caffeine intake does not negate the benefits of acute caffeine supplementation.

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Beck, Travis W., Terry J. Housh, Moh H. Malek, Michelle Mielke, and Russell Hendrix. "The Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Containing Supplement on Bench Press Strength and Time to Running Exhaustion." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22, no. 5 (September 2008): 1654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e318181ff2c.

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Rao, Shailaja, Mallesh Kurakula, Nagarjuna Mamidipalli, Papireddy Tiyyagura, Bhaumik Patel, and Ravi Manne. "Pharmacological Exploration of Phenolic Compound: Raspberry Ketone—Update 2020." Plants 10, no. 7 (June 29, 2021): 1323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071323.

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Raspberry ketone (RK) is an aromatic phenolic compound naturally occurring in red raspberries, kiwifruit, peaches, and apples and reported for its potential therapeutic and nutraceutical properties. Studies in cells and rodents have suggested an important role for RK in hepatic/cardio/gastric protection and as an anti-hyperlipidemic, anti-obesity, depigmentation, and sexual maturation agent. Raspberry ketone-mediated activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) stands out as one of its main modes of action. Although rodent studies have demonstrated the efficacious effects of RK, its mechanism remains largely unknown. In spite of a lack of reliable human research, RK is marketed as a health supplement, at very high doses. In this review, we provide a compilation of scientific research that has been conducted so far, assessing the therapeutic properties of RK in several disease conditions as well as inspiring future research before RK can be considered safe and efficacious with limited side effects as an alternative to modern medicines in the treatment of major lifestyle-based diseases.

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Kim, Duhyeon, Jinsoo Kim, Seonghui Kim, Minseok Yoon, Minyoung Um, Dongmin Kim, Sangoh Kwon, and Suengmok Cho. "Arousal-Inducing Effect of Garcinia cambogia Peel Extract in Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep Test and Electroencephalographic Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2845. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082845.

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Caffeine, a natural stimulant, is known to be effective for weight loss. On this basis, we screened the arousal-inducing effect of five dietary supplements with a weight loss effect (Garcinia cambogia, Coleus forskohlii, Camellia sinensis L., Irvingia gabonensis, and Malus pumila M.), of which the G. cambogia peel extract (GC) showed a significant arousal-inducing effect in the pentobarbital-induced sleep test in mice. This characteristic of GC was further evaluated by analysis of electroencephalogram and electromyogram in C57L/6N mice, and it was compared to that of the positive control, caffeine. Administration of GC (1500 mg/kg) significantly increased wakefulness and decreased non-rapid eye movement sleep, similar to that of caffeine (25 mg/kg), with GC and caffeine showing a significant increase in wakefulness at 2 and 6 h, respectively. Compared to that of caffeine, the shorter duration of efficacy of GC could be advantageous because of the lower possibility of sleep disturbance. Furthermore, the arousal-inducing effects of GC (1500 mg/kg) and caffeine (25 mg/kg) persisted throughout the chronic (3 weeks) administration study. This study, for the first time, revealed the arousal-inducing effect of GC. Our findings suggest that GC might be a promising natural stimulant with no side effects. In addition, it is preferential to take GC as a dietary supplement for weight loss during the daytime to avoid sleep disturbances owing to its arousal-inducing effect.

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Farney, Tyler M., Cameron G. McCarthy, Robert E. Canale, Rick J. Allman, and Richard J. Bloomer. "Hemodynamic and Hematologic Profile of Healthy Adults Ingesting Dietary Supplements Containing 1,3-Dimethylamylamine and Caffeine." Nutrition and Metabolic Insights 5 (December 6, 2011): NMI.S8568. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/nmi.s8568.

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Background 1,3-dimethylamylamine (a constituent of geranium), alone and in combination with caffeine, is widely used within dietary supplements. We have recently determined the hemodynamic effects of 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine alone and in combination, using a single ingestion study. However, no study has determined the hemodynamic effects of these ingredients following chronic use. Moreover, no study has determined the effects of these ingredients on bloodborne variables related to health and safety. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to assess the hemodynamic and hematologic profile of two different dietary supplements containing 1,3-dimethylamylamine and caffeine (in addition to other ingredients), before and after two weeks of daily intake. Methods 7 men (24.9 ± 4.2 yrs) ingested the dietary supplement Jack3d™, while 4 men and 2 women (22.5 ± 1.8 yrs) ingested the dietary supplement OxyELITE Pro™ once per day for two weeks. On days 1 and 15, resting heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure were measured and rate pressure product (RPP) was calculated. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for complete blood counts, comprehensive metabolic panel, and lipid panel. These tests were done prior to ingestion of supplement. On days 1 and 15 following blood collection, subjects ingested the assigned supplement (2 servings) and HR, SBP, DBP, and RPP were recorded at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes post-ingestion. Results After 14 days of treatment, resting HR, SBP, DBP, and RPP were not increased ( P > 0.05). No significant changes were noted in any measured bloodborne variable, with the exception of an increase in fasting blood glucose with ingestion of Jack3d™ ( P = 0.02). In response to acute intake of the supplements, HR, DBP, and RPP were not increased statistically ( P > 0.05). SBP was increased with OxyELITE Pro™ ( P = 0.03), but not with Jack3d™ ( P = 0.09). Compared to pre-ingestion and in general, both supplements resulted in an increase in SBP, DBP, and RPP from 5%-15%, with a peak occurring at the 60 or 90 minute post-ingestion time. Conclusion Acute ingestion of OxyELITE Pro™, but not Jack3d™, results in an increase in SBP. Chronic intake of two servings per day of OxyELITE Pro™ or Jack3d™ over a 14 day period does not result in an elevation in resting HR, SBP, DBP, or RPP. No significant changes are noted in any measured bloodborne variable following 14 days of ingestion, with the exception of blood glucose with Jack3d™. Longer term intervention studies inclusive of larger sample sizes are needed to extend these findings.

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Felippe, Leandro C., João P. Lopes-Silva, Rômulo Bertuzzi, Cian McGinley, and Adriano E. Lima-Silva. "Separate and Combined Effects of Caffeine and Sodium-Bicarbonate Intake on Judo Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 2 (March 2016): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0020.

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The combined supplementation of caffeine (CAF) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) may have a potential ergogenic effect during intermittent-exercise tasks such as judo; however, its effect in this sport has not been tested.Purpose:To investigate the isolated and combined effects of CAF and NaHCO3 on judo performance.Methods:Ten judokas performed 4 supplementation protocols—NaHCO3, CAF, NaHCO3 + CAF, and placebo (PLA) (cellulose)—followed by 3 Special Judo Fitness Tests (SJFTs) interspaced with 5 min rest.Results:In the first SJFT, the combined supplement (NaHCO3 + CAF) resulted in a higher number of throws than with PLA (24.4 ± 0.9 and 23.2 ± 1.5 throws, respectively, P = .02). There was no significant difference between conditions for the 2nd SJFT (P = .11). In the 3rd SJFT, NaHCO3 and NaHCO3 + CAF resulted in more throws than with PLA (23.7 ± 1.6, 24.4 ± 1.0, and 22.0 ± 1.6 throws, P = .001 and P = .03, respectively). When the total throws performed in the 3 SJFTs were summed, they were higher than PLA only for NaHCO3 + CAF (68.8 ± 4.4 and 72.7 ± 3.1 throws, respectively, P = .003). Postexercise plasma lactate after each SJFT was higher in all experimental conditions than with PLA (P = .001). There was no significant difference in rating of perceived exertion across the conditions (P = .18).Conclusion:The results of the current study show that the combined supplementation of NaHCO3 + CAF increases judo performance compared with PLA.

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Bassey, Rosemary Basiono, Oshiozokhai Eboetse Yama, Adewale Abraham Osinubi, Carmel Cressie Noronha, and Abayomi Okanlawon. "Effects of Tahitian Noni dietary supplement on caffeine-induced testicular histo-pathological alterations in adult Sprague-Dawley rats." Middle East Fertility Society Journal 16, no. 1 (March 2011): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mefs.2010.11.003.

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Kristiansen, Martin, Ryna Levy-Milne, Susan Barr, and Anne Flint. "Dietary Supplement Use by Varsity Athletes at a Canadian University." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 15, no. 2 (April 2005): 195–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.15.2.195.

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The purpose of this study was to assess reasons for and prevalence of supplement use among varsity athletes and nonvarsity athlete students (controls) at a Canadian university. A questionnaire, distributed to 247 varsity athletes and 204 controls, included variables regarding sports participation, supplements used, reasons for usage, perceived effects, and areas of interest about supplements. Response rates were 85.5% among varsity athletes and 44.6% among controls. Supplements were used by 98.6% of varsity athletes and 94.3% of controls. Varsity men most often reported using sports drinks, and used these (and carbohydrate gels, protein powder, and creatine) more than varsity women. Caffeine products were most often reported by other groups. Health professionals and the Internet were the most reported information sources, while friends most often recommended supplements. Many subjects indicated knowing little about supplements and wanting to learn more. Results indicate a need for nutrition education among both varsity athletes and university students.

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Karabağ, S., and Z. Taş. "The examination of the effect of caffeine supplementation in professional soccer players." Physical education of students 23, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2019.0304.

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Purpose: In this study, the effects of caffeine supplementation in professional soccer players on the Hoff and sprint tests were examined. Material: 11 professional soccer players participated in this study in line with this purpose (Xage=20.636). The Hoff and sprint tests were applied 3 times at 1 week intervals. In each of these practices, caffeine added water was performed on the participants in the first week, and placebo was performed in the second week. In the third week, the participants were tested without any additional supplement. This practice lasted 3 weeks. Caffeine supplementation was given to each participant with the amount of 6 mg / kg in 200 ml water 1 hour before the tests, and placebo supplementation in 200 ml water was given 1 hour before the tests. The soccer players did the hoff test and sprint test respectively after 20 minutes of warming period. Results: Following Wilcoxon signed-ranks analysis, it was found that caffeine supplementation and placebo applications significantly increased the hoff test averages (p <0.05), while sprint test averages were reduced significantly in statistical terms (p <0.05). Conclusions: As a conclusion, we can state that caffeine application significantly increased the hoff test averages in comparison to placebo (p <0.05), and that it caused sprint test averages to decrease significantly in statistical terms (p <0.05).

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Hahn, Chelsea J., Andrew R. Jagim, Clayton L. Camic, and Matthew J. Andre. "Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Containing Supplement on Anaerobic Power and Subjective Measurements of Fatigue in Recreationally Active Men." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 32, no. 4 (April 2018): 1029–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002442.

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Calvert, Richard, Sanah Vohra, Martine Ferguson, and Paddy Wiesenfeld. "A beating heart cell model to predict cardiotoxicity: Effects of the dietary supplement ingredients higenamine, phenylethylamine, ephedrine and caffeine." Food and Chemical Toxicology 78 (April 2015): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.022.

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Zarghami Khameneh, Ali, Afshar Jafari, Saeed Nikookheslat, and Pouran Karimi. "Effect of Chronic Caffeine Administration on Expression Ratio of Bax and Bcl-2 Proteins in Myocardial Tissue of Male Wistar Rats With Type 2 Diabetes." Complementary Medicine Journal 10, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 206–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32598/cmja.10.3.460.6.

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Objective: Some previous studies have shown the protective effect of caffeine on apoptosis through the regulation of pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chronic caffeine administration on the expression ratio of B-cell lymphoma protein 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-Associated X-protein (Bax) proteins in the cardiac tissue of rats with Type 2 Diabetes. Methods: In this experimental study, samples were 24 male white wistar rats (aged 2-3 months with a weight of 250-300 g) randomly divided into three groups: Healthy control (n=8), untreated diabetic (n=8), and diabetic with caffeine supplement (n=8; 70 mg/kg-1 for 8 weeks, 5 days a week). The expression of proteins associated with apoptotic signaling pathway (Bax and Bcl-2) in the cardiac muscle (left ventricular) was measured by Western blot method. One-Way Variance (ANOVA), t-test, and Tukey’s post hoc test were used for data analysis. Results: Induction of type two diabetes significantly increased the expression of Bax protein (1.81±0.2) and decreased the expression of Bcl-2 protein (0.36±0.05) compared to control group (P=0.001). However, caffeine administration increased the expression of Bax protein (131%) compared to diabetic control group (P=0.001). Therefore, caffeine administration after diabetes induction elevated the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (P=0.001). Conclusion: Eight weeks of caffeine administration have an exacerbating effect on the apoptotic cell death caused by type 2 diabetes by increasing pro-apoptotic proteins and reducing anti-apoptotic proteins.

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Jagim, Andrew R., Clayton L. Camic, and Patrick S. Harty. "Common Habits, Adverse Events, and Opinions Regarding Pre-Workout Supplement Use Among Regular Consumers." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040855.

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The purpose of the present study was to examine characteristics of multi-ingredient pre-workout supplement (MIPS) users, their common patterns/habits of MIPS ingestion, and their associated feelings about the effectiveness and safety of this class of supplements. An online electronic survey was distributed through social media to assess self-reported supplementation practices and preferences among adult males and females who reported regular MIPS use. A total of 1045 individuals responded, with 872 of these individuals (males: n = 636, 72.9%; females: n = 233, 26.7%; mean ± SD; age = 27.7 ± 7.9 years; training age = 8.2 ± 7.3 years) completing the survey. The majority of respondents reported the length of current or past MIPS consumption as greater than one year (n = 630, 72.2%), with ingestion frequencies primarily of four (n = 210, 24.1%) or five (n = 212, 24.3%) days per week of training. In addition, the three most popular goals for ingesting MIPS were increased energy and focus (n = 776, 89.0%), muscular endurance (n = 325, 37.3%), and blood flow or “pump” (n = 322, 37.0%). Although most users reported ingesting one serving size with each use, 14% reported ingesting two or more, and 18% indicated they ingest MIPS more than once per day. Importantly, over half (54%) of the respondents reported experiencing side-effects following MIPS use, including skin reactions, heart abnormalities, and nausea. Females were more likely than males to experience these side effects, despite being less likely to consume two or more serving sizes per dose. Our findings also indicated that MIPS users should consume no more than the recommended serving size of a given supplement, as the potentially significant variability in the caffeine content of MIPS products is compounded as more doses are consumed. Furthermore, MIPS users should minimize the ingestion of other supplements which contain high levels of niacin and caffeine, as the concurrent consumption of such products may put users above the tolerable upper limits for these substances.

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Lane, Michael Timothy, Mark Travis Byrd, Zachary Bell, and Tyler Hurley. "Effects of Supplementation of a Pre-workout on Power Maintenance in Lower Body and Upper Body Tasks in Women." Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk4020018.

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Currently there is a lack of research into how women respond to pre-workout supplementation. The effects of supplements on exercise performance in women, specifically to power, must be performed. This study investigated the effects of supplementation on power production and maintenance during a high-intensity cycle ergometry sprint performance, vertical jump performance, and bench press performance in women. It also investigated the effects of supplementation on power production and the maintenance of upper and lower body tasks in women. A total of 23 females (22.9 ± 3.6 years, 175.6 ± 6.5 cm, 86.9 ± 15.1 kg, 19.1 ± 8.4 body fat percentage (BF%) (mean ± std. dev.)) were familiarized with the testing protocol and maximal bench press performances were attained (49.5 ± 15.4kg). Utilizing a double-blind crossover design, subjects completed three trials of: Five countermovement vertical jumps, a high-intensity cycle sprint protocol, which consisted of 10 maximal, five second cycle ergometer sprints. Subjects performed a velocity bench press test, utilizing 80% of their predetermined one repetition maximum (1RM) for 10 sets of three repetitions for maximal speed. For 20 min prior to each trial, the subjects ingested, in a randomized order, a pre-workout supplement (Supp), placebo+150 mg caffeine (Caff), or a placebo (PL). Peak power (PP), mean power (MP), and minimum power (MNP) were recorded for each sprint. Maximal velocity from each set was also recorded. Bike sprint and bench press data were normalized to the placebo trial for analysis. Blood lactate (bLa−) was measured immediately prior to each testing session, within 2 min of the completion of the last cycle sprint and following the bench press test. Bike sprint and bench press testing showed no significant differences through the testing sessions, but did significantly decline over test battery (p < 0.05). Vertical jump performance and lactate levels were not significantly different. Supplementation with a pre-workout supplement or placebo with caffeine 20 min prior to participation showed no positive benefits to performance in female participants.

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Hendrix, C. Russell, Terry J. Housh, Michelle Mielke, Jorge M. Zuniga, Clayton L. Camic, Glen O. Johnson, Richard J. Schmidt, and Dona J. Housh. "Acute Effects of a Caffeine-Containing Supplement on Bench Press and Leg Extension Strength and Time to Exhaustion During Cycle Ergometry." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, no. 3 (March 2010): 859–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181ae7976.

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Martínez-Rodríguez, Alejandro, Bernardo J. Cuestas-Calero, María Hernández-García, María Martíez-Olcina, Manuel Vicente-Martínez, and Jacobo Á. Rubio-Arias. "Effect of Supplements on Endurance Exercise in the Older Population: Systematic Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 5224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145224.

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Background: Ageing is associated with changes of physical and physiological parameters, but there is evidence that regular physical activity could minimize these effects. Additionally, the older population presents a great risk of suboptimal nutrition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to review the evidence of nutritional strategies and endurance exercises in the older population. Methods: A systematic review was performed based on the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) statement. The search was carried out in three different databases: PubMed, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus. Results: Eight studies were included in the present review. The use of caffeine and beta-alanine supplementation with proteins have been found to be beneficial in both sexes. In older women, a balanced diet, an increase in protein, supplementation with beta hydroxy methyl butyrate, and supplementation with sodium bicarbonate have been favorable. However, no benefit has been seen in older men with sodium bicarbonate or ubiquinone supplementation. Nevertheless, the use of supplements should be prescribed according to individual characteristics and physical activity. Conclusions: Caffeine and high protein supplement with beta-alanine may provide positive effects in the older population. In addition, in older women, bicarbonate supplementation and beta-hydroxyethyl butyrate (HMB), lysine, and arginine supplementation have shown positive effects on exercise performance.

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Pariz, Juliana R., Caroline Ranéa, Rosa A. C. Monteiro, Donald P. Evenson, Joël R. Drevet, and Jorge Hallak. "Melatonin and Caffeine Supplementation Used, Respectively, as Protective and Stimulating Agents in the Cryopreservation of Human Sperm Improves Survival, Viability, and Motility after Thawing compared to Traditional TEST-Yolk Buffer." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2019 (October 23, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6472945.

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Cryopreservation processes can damage spermatozoa and impair structural and functional cell characteristics. Plasma, nuclear membranes, and cellular organelles can suffer from the freeze and thaw process. This study evaluates the protective and stimulant effect of melatonin and caffeine supplementation on the functional characteristics of human spermatozoa before and after freezing. Thirty seminal samples from normozoospermic men aged 19–45 years old collected between October 2012 and May 2017 were included. Semen samples were supplemented with either 2 mM melatonin (MEL) prior to cryopreservation, 2 mM caffeine (CAF) in postthaw, or CAF and MEL (CM) in precryopreservation and postthaw, respectively. Kinetics and seminal parameters, mitochondrial activity, DNA fragmentation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were analyzed before and after cryopreservation. A significant reduction in sperm concentration, total and progressive motility, sperm kinetics, and mitochondrial activity, as well as a significant increase in DNA fragmentation and ROS production in postthaw samples compared to fresh samples, was identified. After administration of a caffeine and/or melatonin supplement, there was a significant increase in progressive motility in the CAF (p=0.005) and CM (p=0.048) groups, as well as mitochondrial activity in the CM group (p<0.05). Cryopreservation has negative effects on overall sperm quality and increases ROS production. A combination of caffeine and melatonin in prefreeze and postthaw sperm samples has proven to be a very effective and simple way to improve semen quality. This will be particularly useful for initial low-quality semen samples, those which suffer the most from the freezing/thawing process.

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Bloomer, RJ, JM Schriefer, and TA Gunnels. "Clinical safety assessment of oral higenamine supplementation in healthy, young men." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 10 (January 14, 2015): 935–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327114565490.

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Objective: Higenamine, an herbal agent also known as norcoclaurine, is thought to stimulate β-androgenic receptors and possess lipolytic activity. It is currently making its way into the dietary supplement market. To our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to determine the safety profile of oral higenamine when used alone and in conjunction with other commonly used lipolytic agents. Methods: Forty-eight men were assigned to ingest either a placebo, higenamine, caffeine, or higenamine + caffeine + yohimbe bark extract daily for a period of 8 weeks. Before and after 4 and 8 weeks of supplementation, the following variables were measured: resting respiratory rate, heart rate, blood pressure, urinalysis, complete blood count, metabolic panel, liver enzyme activity, and lipid panel. Results: No interaction effects were noted for any variable ( p > 0.05), with no changes of statistical significance occurring across time for any of the four conditions ( p > 0.05). Conclusion: This is the first study to determine the safety profile of oral higenamine intake in human subjects. Our data indicate that 8 weeks of daily higenamine supplementation, either alone or in conjunction with caffeine and yohimbe bark extract, does not result in a statistically significant change in any of the measured outcome variables. Additional studies, inclusive of a larger sample size, are needed to extend these initial findings.

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Manore, Melinda M. "Dietary Supplements for Improving Body Composition and Reducing Body Weight: Where Is the Evidence?" International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 22, no. 2 (April 2012): 139–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.22.2.139.

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Weight-loss supplements typically fall into 1 of 4 categories depending on their hypothesized mechanism of action: products that block the absorption of fat or carbohydrate, stimulants that increase thermogenesis, products that change metabolism and improve body composition, and products that suppress appetite or give a sense of fullness. Each category is reviewed, and an overview of the current science related to their effectiveness is presented. While some weight-loss supplements produce modest effects (<2 kg weight loss), many have either no or few randomized clinical trials examining their effectiveness. A number of factors confound research results associated with the efficacy of weight-loss supplements, such as small sample sizes, short intervention periods, little or no follow-up, and whether the supplement is given in combination with an energy-restricted diet or increased exercise expenditure. There is no strong research evidence indicating that a specific supplement will produce significant weight loss (>2 kg), especially in the long term. Some foods or supplements such as green tea, fiber, and calcium supplements or dairy products may complement a healthy lifestyle to produce small weight losses or prevent weight gain over time. Weight-loss supplements containing metabolic stimulants (e.g., caffeine, ephedra, synephrine) are most likely to produce adverse side effects and should be avoided.

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Pfeil, Richard M., and Ralph O. Mumma. "Air Sampling of Volatiles from Agaricus bisporus in a Mushroom Facility and from Mushroom Compost." HortScience 27, no. 5 (May 1992): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.5.416.

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Air sampling using Tenax, a selective solid absorbent, was performed from spawning to pinning over the duration of four mushroom crops of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach (Fungi; Agricaceae). The contents of the air sampling tubes were thermally desorbed directly to a gas chromatograph-mass selective detector. In two crops 3-octanone and 1-octen3-ol were detected 12 to 13 days after spawning. These two compounds were also detected after compost was added at casing (CAC) and the ketone was present in large quantities. Air sampling of a 10-g sample of spawned compost vs. unspawned compost confirmed that these two compounds were of fungal origin. Bags of spawned compost were used to determine the effects of a CAC layer, a soybean supplement, and Spawn Mate on the volatiles released by the spawned compost. The CAC layer and the soybean supplement selectively absorbed 1-octen-3-ol and, to a lesser extent, 3-octanone. The addition of Spawn Mate to the compost at spawning did not alter the quantity or ratio of 3-octanone to 1-octen-3-ol released by the spawned compost.

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Pomeroy, Diane E., Katie L. Tooley, Bianka Probert, Alexandra Wilson, and Eva Kemps. "A Systematic Review of the Effect of Dietary Supplements on Cognitive Performance in Healthy Young Adults and Military Personnel." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 20, 2020): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020545.

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Intake of dietary supplements has increased, despite evidence that some of these have adverse side effects and uncertainty about their effectiveness. This systematic review examined the evidence for the cognitive benefits of a wide range of dietary supplements in healthy young adult samples; the aim was to identify if any might be useful for optimising cognitive performance during deployment in military personnel. Searches were conducted in 9 databases and 13 grey literature repositories for relevant studies published between January 2000 and June 2017. Eligible studies recruited healthy young adults (18–35 years), administered a legal dietary supplement, included a comparison control group, and assessed cognitive outcome(s). Thirty-seven of 394 identified studies met inclusion criteria and were included for synthesis. Most research was deemed of low quality (72.97%; SIGN50 guidelines), highlighting the need for sound empirical research in this area. Nonetheless, we suggest that tyrosine or caffeine could be used in healthy young adults in a military context to enhance cognitive performance when personnel are sleep-deprived. Caffeine also has the potential benefit of improving vigilance and attention during sustained operations offering little opportunity for sleep. Inconsistent findings and methodological limitations preclude firm recommendations about the use of other specific dietary supplements.

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Wu, Chih-Chung, Yu-Wen Huang, Chih-Yao Hou, Ya-Ting Chen, Cheng-Di Dong, Chiu-Wen Chen, Reeta-Rani Singhania, Jie-Yin Leang, and Shu-Ling Hsieh. "The Anti-Obesity Effects of Lemon Fermented Products in 3T3-L1 Preadipocytes and in a Rat Model with High-Calorie Diet-Induced Obesity." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 16, 2021): 2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082809.

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Lemon (Citrus limon) has antioxidant, immunoregulatory, and blood lipid-lowering properties. This study aimed to determine the effect of the lemon fermented product (LFP) which is lemon fermented with Lactobacillus OPC1 to prevent obesity. The inhibition of lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes is examined using a Wistar rat model fed a high-fat diet to verify the anti-obesity efficacy and mechanism of LFP. Here, it was observed that LFP reduced cell proliferation and inhibited the lipid accumulation (8.3%) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Additionally, LFP reduced body weight (9.7%) and fat tissue weight (25.7%) of rats; reduced serum TG (17.0%), FFA (17.9%), glucose (29.3%) and ketone body (6.8%); and increased serum HDL-C (17.6%) and lipase activity (17.8%). LFP regulated the mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism (PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c, HSL, ATGL, FAS, and AMPK). Therefore, LFP reduces body weight and lipid accumulation by regulating the mRNA expression of genes related to lipid metabolism. Overall, our results implicate LFP as a potential dietary supplement for the prevention of obesity.

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Lin, Alexander, Ching-Ting Shih, Chin-Lin Huang, Chien-Chen Wu, Ching-Ting Lin, and Ying-Chieh Tsai. "Hypnotic Effects of Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM on Pentobarbital-Induced Sleep in Mice." Nutrients 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 2409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11102409.

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The bidirectional communication between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system appears to be functionally linked to the intestinal microbiome, namely the microbiome–gut–brain axis (MGBA). Probiotics with health benefits on psychiatric or neurological illnesses are generally called psychobiotics, and some of them may also be able to improve sleep by targeting the MGBA. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a psychobiotic strain, Lactobacillus fermentum PS150TM (PS150TM), on sleep improvement by using a pentobarbital-induced sleep mouse model. Compared with the vehicle control group, the oral administration of PS150TM, but not the other L. fermentum strains, significantly decreased the sleep latency and increased the sleep duration of mice, suggesting strain-specific sleep-improving effects of PS150TM. Moreover, the ingestion of diphenhydramine, an antihistamine used to treat insomnia, as a drug control group, only increased the sleep duration of mice. We also found that the sleep-improving effects of PS150TM are time- and dose-dependent. Furthermore, the oral administration of PS150TM could attenuate a caffeine-induced sleep disturbance in mice, and PS150TM appeared to increase the expression of the gene encoding the adenosine 1 receptor in the hypothalamus of mice, as assessed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, our results present a potential application of PS150TM as a dietary supplement for sleep improvement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Effects of a ketone caffeine supplement'

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