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Akhtar, Naeem, Muhammad Nadeem Akhtar, Umar Iqbal Siddiqi, Muhammad Riaz, and Weiqing Zhuang. "Unveiling the effects of figurative meanings in manipulated online hotel reviews on consumers' behavioral intentions." Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 32, no. 8 (February 14, 2020): 1799–821. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/apjml-06-2019-0398.
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PurposeThe present study develops a conceptual model that shows how the manipulation attributes of word choice, sentence fluency, convention of meaning, and organization of sentence structure in online hotel reviews are connected to linguistic errors, such as spelling and grammar and argument errors, how such errors intensify the likelihood that messages will be misunderstood, and how these misunderstandings affect customers' responses.Design/methodology/approachA structured questionnaire was employed to collect data from 591 inbound tourists in Beijing, China. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0 and Amos Graphics 23.0. Descriptive analysis was performed to explain the sociodemographic characteristic of respondents. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine hypothesized relationships.FindingsResults demonstrate that manipulation attributes increase linguistic errors, and two linguistic errors have profound positive effects on customers' understanding of meaning, which influence their responses in the form of negative online ratings and low purchase intentions.Originality/valueThe study's findings contribute to the literature on hospitality, linguistics, and consumer behavior, and have managerial implications for online review websites, online travel agents, and hotel management. Research limitations lead to suggestions for future research for hospitality scholars.
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Schwarzbold, Elisandra Aguirre da Cruz, and Ivani Cristina Silva Fernandes. "Expressão de mim para mobilizar o sentimento do outro: considerações sobre o ethos discursivo em composições do letrista Nando Reis / Self-Expression to Mobilize the Feeling of the Other: Remarks on the Discursive Ethos in Nando Reis’ Songwriting." Caligrama: Revista de Estudos Românicos 24, no. 2 (August 12, 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2238-3824.24.2.75-94.
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Resumo: The objective of this article is to outline a discursive ethos profile from the meaning effects instituted by linguistic elements in two songs by the Brazilian singer, violinist and songwriter Nando Reis. For this purpose, two of the singer’s musical career albums were selected, being one from his career in the group Titãs and the other from his solo career. Subsequently, one song was randomly selected from each album and the linguistic mechanisms that possibly enhanced the speaker’s self-image construction were identified and analyzed. Finally, the discursive ethos profile that emerges from linguistic materialities was interpreted. In order to achieve such objective, the theoretical assumptions from the Linguistics of Enunciation were used as basis, mainly from Émile Benveniste’s theory and his definitions of “language”, “enunciation” and “subjectivity”. Moreover, other theoretical branches were adopted for the concept of ethos, from the Discourse Analysis perspective, by Dominique Maingueneau (2005) and debreagem, from Semiotics, by Greimas e Courtés (2008). To support the methodological parameter, Carlo Guinzburg’s (1989) indiciary paradigm was used. Lastly, enunciative matters were reflected upon, from the analysis of meaning production instituted by linguistic elements in the analyzed songs.Palavras-chave: ethos discursivo; enunciação; produção de sentidos.Abstract: The objective of this article is to outline a discursive ethos profile from the meaning effects instituted by linguistic elements in two songs by the Brazilian singer, violinist and songwriter Nando Reis. For this purpose, two of the singer’s musical career albums were selected, being one from his career in the group Titãs and the other from his solo career. Subsequently, one song was randomly selected from each album and the linguistic mechanisms that, possibly, collaborated for the speaker’s self-image construction were identified and analyzed. Finally, the discursive ethos profile that emerges from the linguistic materialities was interpreted. In order to achieve such objective, the theoretical assumptions from the Linguistics of Enunciation were used as basis, mainly from Émile Benveniste’s theory and his definitions for “language”, “enunciation” and “subjectivity”. Moreover, other theoretical branches were adopted for the concept of ethos, from the Discourse Analysis perspective, by Dominique Maingueneau (2005) and debreagem, from Semiotics, by Greimas e Courtés (2008). To support the methodological parameter, Carlo Guinzburg’s (1989) indiciary paradigm was used. Lastly, enunciative matters were reflected upon, from the analysis of meaning production instituted by linguistic elements in the analyzed songs.Keywords: discursive ethos; enunciation; meaning production.
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Carston, Robyn, and Alison Hall. "Contextual effects on explicature." International Review of Pragmatics 9, no. 1 (January 30, 2017): 51–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18773109-00901002.
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Abstract The debate between advocates of free pragmatic enrichment and those who maintain that any pragmatic contribution to explicature is mediated by a covert linguistic indexical took a new turn with the claim that these covert elements may be optional (Martí, 2006). This prompted the conclusion (Recanati, 2010b) that there is no longer any issue of substance between the two positions, as both involve optional elements of utterance meaning, albeit registered at different representational levels (conceptual or linguistic). We maintain, on the contrary, that the issue remains substantive and we make the case that, for a theory of the processes involved in utterance comprehension, the free pragmatic enrichment account is indispensable. We further argue that the criticism of free enrichment that motivates at least some indexicalist accounts rests on a mistaken assumption that it is the semantic component of the grammar (linguistic competence) that is responsible for delivering truth-conditional content (explicature).
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Blommaert, Jan. "Meaning as a nonlinear effect." AILA Review 28 (September 14, 2015): 7–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.28.01blo.
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Saussurean and Chomskyan “conduit” views of meaning in communication, dominant in much of expert and lay linguistic semantics, presuppose a simple, closed and linear system in which outcomes can be predicted and explained in terms of finite sets of rules. Summarizing critical traditions of scholarship, notably those driven by Bateson’s view of systems infused with more recent linguistic-anthropological insights into the ideologically mediated and indexically organized “total linguistic fact”, this paper argues for a view of meaning in terms of complex open systems in which complex units of analysis invite more precise distinctions within “meaning”. Using online viral memes and the metapragmatic qualifier of “cool” as cases in point, we see that the meaning of such memes is better described as a range of “effects”, most of them nonlinear and not predictable on the basis of the features of the sign itself. Such effects suggest a revised and broader notion of nonlinear “perlocution”.
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JARVIS, SCOTT. "Conceptual transfer: Crosslinguistic effects in categorization and construal." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 14, no. 1 (October 7, 2010): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728910000155.
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Research on the relationship between language and cognition in bilinguals has often focused on general effects that are common to bilinguals of all language backgrounds, such as the positive effects of bilingualism in various areas of cognitive development (e.g., Bialystok, 2005; Karmiloff-Smith, 1992). However, there are also language-specific effects in the relationship between language and cognition in bilinguals that emerge in the form of cross-linguistic influence and, in many cases, these cross-linguistic effects do not appear to be confined to purely linguistic (e.g., phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic) phenomena. For example, bilinguals’ choice of words for referring to objects and actions, as well as their choice of syntactic and discursive structures for referring to events and situations, often reflect ways of conveying meaning and intentions that are specific to particular language backgrounds.
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Koussouhon, Léonard A., and Ida Tchibozo-Laine. "Tenor and Interpersonal Meaning in Amma Darko’s Fiction: A Feminist Approach." Studies in English Language Teaching 4, no. 4 (November 29, 2016): 650. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/selt.v4n4p650.
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<p><em>Amma Darko overtly identifies herself as a spokeswoman of/for voiceless and defenseless women in her first three novels, Beyond the Horizon (1995), The Housemaid (1998) and Faceless (2003). By choosing women as protagonists of the aforementioned novels, Darko aims at unveiling and satirizing the detrimental effects of patriarchal societies in Africa and advocating for a society wherein exploitation and domination of men do not exist. In her literary works, Darko uses of linguistic resources. Thus, under the banner of Systemic Functional Linguistics (henceforth, SFL), this work analyzes the tenor of discourse and interpersonal meaning in three extracts drawn from the abovementioned novels. The description and interpretation of the linguistic resources seek to exude how the participants in the selected extracts establish and maintain interpersonal relationships therein. Besides, with the SFL theory, this study aims to unveil the feminist voice and struggle of Darko as encoded in the language of her fiction under scrutiny. </em></p>
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Titone, Debra, and Maya Libben. "Time-dependent effects of decomposability, familiarity and literal plausibility on idiom meaning activation." Mental Lexicon 9, no. 3 (December 31, 2014): 473–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.9.3.05tit.
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We address a core question about idioms relevant to formulaic language generally: are the figurative meanings of idioms directly retrieved or compositionally built? An understanding of this question has been previously obscured by the fact that idioms vary in ways that can affect processing, and also because experimental tasks, which differ across studies, probe different kinds of comprehension processes. We thus investigate how linguistic differences among idioms in semantic decomposability, familiarity, and literal plausibility modulate figurative meaning activation using cross-modal semantic priming, which is ideal for tracking activation of a particular target meaning over time. Across two experiments, we obtained two key findings. First, a comparison of different prime-target delay conditions suggests that figurative meaning activation steadily accrues as the idiom unfolds to 1000 ms later. Second, different linguistic attributes of idioms modulate figurative activation at different time points: increased literal plausibility interferes with idiom priming prior to the offset of the phrase, increased familiarity facilitates idiom priming at phrase offset, and increased semantic decomposability (surprisingly) interferes with idiom priming 1000 ms following phrase offset. These results contradict strong decompositional models of idiom processing and rather suggest that multiple linguistic factors jointly constrain figurative meaning retrieval in a time-dependent fashion.
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Ruiz de Mendoza Ibáñez, Francisco José. "Conceptual complexes in cognitive modeling." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 30, no. 1 (November 23, 2017): 299–324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.30.1.12rui.
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Abstract The present paper goes beyond previous treatments of cognitive models, especially conceptual metaphor and metonymy, by drawing on linguistic evidence. It introduces needed refinements into previous meaning construction accounts by investigating the activity of conceptual complexes, i.e., combinations of cognitive models whose existence can be detected from a careful examination of the meaning effects of some linguistic expressions. This improvement endows the linguist with a more powerful set of analytical tools capable of dealing with a broader range of phenomena than previous theories. The paper first explores metaphoric and metonymic complexes, and their meaning effects. Then, it addresses the metonymic exploitation of frame complexes and image-schematic complexes. The resulting analytical apparatus proves applicable to the study of fictive motion and image-schema transformations, which have so far been addressed in Cognitive Linguistics without making explicit any relation between them or with other phenomena. We give evidence that these two phenomena can be dealt with as specific cases of metonymic domain expansion and domain reduction respectively. This means that fictive motion and image-schema transformations can be fully integrated into an encompassing account of cognitive modeling based on the activity of single or combined cognitive operations on basic or complex cognitive models.
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Hayashi, Takuo. "Cognitive pragmatics as an account of derivational machinery." East Asian Pragmatics 1, no. 2 (November 11, 2016): 231–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/eap.v1i2.31126.
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The aim of this article is to advocate ‘cognitive pragmatics’, an approach which incorporates the insights of cognitive linguistics. It comes under the school of the ‘perspective view’ of pragmatics, which seeks to reveal (for all functional aspects of linguistic phenomena) the reason why the speaker chooses particular expressions (at any linguistic level or unit) to ‘adapt to’ the communicative needs of the situation. The author discusses several of such studies in Japan to demonstrate how the pragmatic choice of various constructions reflects the general cognitive abilities and principles of human beings. The topics of the research discussed in this article concern inferential meaning, information flow, parallel construction, and politeness, which represent four main facets of pragmatics. It contends that cognitive pragmatics provides us with a systematic account of how the selection of particular structures are related to their pragmatic effects.
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van Hell, Janet G. "Bilingual word recognition beyond orthography: On meaning, linguistic context and individual differences." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 5, no. 3 (December 2002): 209–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728902243011.
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Central questions in psycholinguistic studies on bilingualism are how bilinguals access words in their two languages, and how they control their language systems and solve the problem of cross-language competition. In their excellent paper “The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision”, Dijkstra and Van Heuven expound their BIA+ model on bilingual word recognition. BIA+ builds on its predecessor BIA, one of the first connectionist models on bilingual word recognition. BIA+ preserves one of BIA's crucial assumptions, namely that the bilingual lexicon is integrated across languages and is accessed in a language non-selective way, an assumption that is supported in many empirical studies and that is now widely accepted in the bilingual literature. Compared to the original BIA model, the BIA+ architecture is further developed (in fact, much more so than the subtle ‘plus’ denotes). BIA+ now includes orthographic, as well as phonological and semantic representations in the word identification system, and a distinction is made between a word identification system and a task/decision system. This latter extension resembles the language task schemas in Green's (1998) Inhibitory Control model. Dijkstra and Van Heuven also distinguish between effects of linguistic and non-linguistic context on performance: linguistic context effects, that arise from lexical, syntactic and semantic sources, are assumed to affect the activity in the word identification system, whereas non-linguistic effects, that can arise from instruction, task demands or participant expectancies, are assumed to affect the task/decision system.
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GREEN, DAVID W., JENNY CRINION, and CATHY J. PRICE. "Exploring cross-linguistic vocabulary effects on brain structures using voxel-based morphometry." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 10, no. 2 (July 2007): 189–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728907002933.
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Given that there are neural markers for the acquisition of a non-verbal skill, we review evidence of neural markers for the acquisition of vocabulary. Acquiring vocabulary is critical to learning one's native language and to learning other languages. Acquisition requires the ability to link an object concept (meaning) to sound. Is there a region sensitive to vocabulary knowledge? For monolingual English speakers, increased vocabulary knowledge correlates with increased grey matter density in a region of the parietal cortex that is well-located to mediate an association between meaning and sound (the posterior supramarginal gyrus). Further this region also shows sensitivity to acquiring a second language. Relative to monolingual English speakers, Italian–English bilinguals show increased grey matter density in the same region. Differences as well as commonalities might exist in the neural markers for vocabulary where lexical distinctions are also signalled by tone. Relative to monolingual English, Chinese multilingual speakers, like European multilinguals, show increased grey matter density in the parietal region observed previously. However, irrespective of ethnicity, Chinese speakers (both Asian and European) also show highly significant increased grey matter density in two right hemisphere regions (the superior temporal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus). They also show increased grey matter density in two left hemisphere regions (middle temporal and superior temporal gyrus). Such increases may reflect additional resources required to process tonal distinctions for lexical purposes or to store tonal differences in order to distinguish lexical items. We conclude with a discussion of future lines of enquiry.
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Fowler, Carol A. "Meaning in Phonology and Other Departures from Modularity in the Living Language." Psychology of Language and Communication 20, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/plc-2016-0007.
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Abstract I review evidence of three kinds relating to leakages in modularity within language domains and between linguistic and nonlinguistic action. One kind of evidence shows that the form-meaning “rift” in language that enables the important principle of duality of patterning and the particulate principle of self-diversifying systems is bridged in many ways. Segmental language forms have iconic meanings, and form-meaning correlations of other kinds emerge cross linguistically. A second kind of evidence occurs in parallel transmission of linguistic prosodic information with iconic and emotional information conveyed suprasegmentally. The final kind of evidence shows the integrality of linguistic and nonlinguistic action (deictic points, speech-accompanying gestures, head motions, facial expressions, etc) in conveying communicative information in public language use. I suggest that these violations of modularity within language and between linguistic and nonlinguistic action reflect the dynamic effects of sets of competing and cooperating constraints including, among others, parity and learnability of language forms that shape communicative actions in social activity.
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Kaur, Lovleen. "The Identity of Meaning in the Translated Texts." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN LINGUISTICS 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jal.v4i1.2109.
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Translation is basically a process of conveying meaning or meaning of a given-linguistic discourse of a language into other language, more than just transferring words or grammatical structure of the Source Language (SL). The meaning of a word or set of words can be well understood because of its role in the whole linguistic expression in where they occur. For this reason, the meaning of a word is not only determined by the referred object or idea, but it is also governed by the use of the words or phrases in a certain way, context, and effects. The translator struggles to convey the exact meaning as there are no exact matches for words or expressions across languages. Moreover words have symbolic meanings attached to them.
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Mutta, Maarit. "Cross-linguistic influence in an oral translation task by L3 French learners." Language, Interaction and Acquisition 5, no. 2 (December 22, 2014): 279–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lia.5.2.05mut.
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This article addresses multilingual students’ lexical retrieval in L3 French at the university level. The aim was to study how Finnish L3 learners construct the meaning of cognate words that induce a high probability of cross-linguistic or intra-linguistic influence. The task was to orally translate 40 French words into L1 words (Finnish). These words were used to deliberately activate L3, L2 or L1 cognates. The corpus consisted of the productions of 12 first-year students (480 cases). The results show that participants gave the correct answer to a given word in 40% of cases. The results also show that intra-linguistic influence is the most probable source of both negative and positive effects and that cross-linguistic influence from L2 English was more important than that of L1. Nevertheless, well-learned common words seemed to resist this (combined) cross-linguistic influence. On the basis of the task, it can be concluded that cross-linguistic influence can vary considerably and that the source of the influence is not always clear. The analysis also revealed that on an oral translation task, the participants had recourse to different strategies based on form or form and meaning at various levels of success.
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Lorenset, Rossaly Beatriz Chioquetta, and Sandro Braga. "Prison Subjects: appointments and effects of meaning." Signum: Estudos da Linguagem 22, no. 1 (July 4, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/2237-4876.2019v22n1p67.
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This article analyzes different ways of nominating that the Brazilian prison system establishes to mention the subject that lives in a freedom deprived prison system. Furthermore, we are mainly guided by the theoretical basis of the French Discourse Analysis, in an attempt to understand the meaning effects that arise from each lexical choice. The focus is on the Extension Project of the Law Course at the University of the West of Santa Catarina entitled “Law and Jail - Remission by Reading”, established and supported by the Criminal Execution Law (BRAZIL, 2011), Recommendation n. 44 (CNJ, 2013), Guiding Principles of the National Guidelines for Education in Criminal Establishments (BRAZIL, 2010) and the State Prison Education Plan 2016-2026: Education, Prison and Freedom, Possible Dialogues (SANTA CATARINA, 2017). Thus, these normative frameworks for Education in Prisons in Brazil and in Santa Catarina are analyzed discursively, regarding the nomination of the subjects behind bars, seeking to understand the implication of making sense in the discursive processes of the nominations on law textuality choices. Through the linguistic analysis of the corpus materiality, there are signs of how the nominations are marked by power structures, rooted, crystallized and naturalized in society, which are perpetuated for centuries.
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Gurevich, T. M., and A. A. Voytsekhovich. "Happy Numbers in China and Japan." Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 4, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2020-3-15-137-148.
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The paper outlines the functioning of cultural practices concerning numbers in Chinese and Japanese mundanity. The formation and use of such symbolic non-mathematical meaning of numbers is a distinctive aspect of linguistic, cultural and axiological systems in the countries of the Far East. The topic seems to be of particular interest due to high attention drawn by number-containing words and idioms in Chinese and Japanese linguistic studies in combination with cultural studies. Such an analysis seeks to develop the approaches to clarifying nation-specific mental representations and cultural aspects of using numeral vocabulary. Non-mathematical meaning of numeral vocabulary should be considered in a differentiated manner depending on factors that shape particular meanings. Religious and cosmogonic mythology as well as oriental philosophy serves as major origins of number-related meanings. Graphic interpretations also produce new associated meanings. The paper mostly delves into the effects of how the phonetics of number-containing words influences their meaning. Homonymy and homophony that are typical of the Chinese language considerably facilitate the process of mounting additional meanings. The axiological and cultural perspective embraces numbers as classifying factors that can be used to stratify the objects. The study of non-traditional meanings in number vocabulary not only allows to reveal the link between culture and language but highlights how cognitive processes operate in linguistics.
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Yuan, Ting. "A Study of Hedges in Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokespersons’ Speeches at Regular Press Conference." International Journal of Linguistics 9, no. 3 (June 24, 2017): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v9i3.11443.
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As a tool effective in yielding special semantic and pragmatic effects through promoting linguistic fuzziness, hedges are widely applied to various discourses, and thus hold tight a high position in the fuzzy linguistics research. Based on Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson’s speeches at regular press conference, the present study intends to analyze the hedges in qualitative and quantitative methods at both lexical and non-lexical levels, for the purpose of discovering the features of the usage of hedges in Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson’s speeches at regular press conference and figuring out how spokesperson’s speeches achieve his political meaning through hedges and the corresponding reason, hoping to help the public and foreign media comprehend Chinese foreign policy better.
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Bley-Vroman, Robert. "FREQUENCY IN PRODUCTION, COMPREHENSION, AND ACQUISITION." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 24, no. 2 (June 2002): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s027226310200205x.
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Although there are certainly observable frequency effects in language, in most cases, there are alternative approaches to explanation that more directly relate to the essential characteristic of language—that it is a system relating form to meaning. For example, for both word choice in production and ambiguity resolution in comprehension, meaning-based approaches can often provide equally satisfying, or more satisfying, explanations. In the meaning-based approach, the statistical structure of the language can affect the development of linguistic knowledge (for example, by influencing acquisition order or providing evidence for developing grammars); however, linguistic knowledge is not itself knowledge of the statistical structure of language. An example is provided of how frequency may relate to grammaticality judgments of nonnative speakers acquiring multiple wh-questions.
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Meins, Elizabeth. "The effects of security of attachment and material attribution of meaning on children's linguistic acquisitional style." Infant Behavior and Development 21, no. 2 (January 1998): 237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(98)90004-2.
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Koerber, Benjamin. "“Mock Jewish” in Early Twentieth-Century Tunisia: Linguistic Form and Social Meaning." Arabica 68, no. 2-3 (July 26, 2021): 216–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700585-12341598.
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Abstract The article presents a sociolinguistic profile of “Mock Jewish,” or the stylized varieties of Judeo-Arabic deployed for humorous purposes in early twentieth-century Tunisian public culture. We assembled a corpus of texts from both print and audio-visual media, including newspaper columns, television and radio performances, folktales, and plays, in which “Jewish” (yahūdī) or “Israelite” (isrāʾīlī) voices are stylized with exaggerated forms of linguistic difference. The purpose of the analysis is not to evaluate the inauthenticity of Mock Jewish vis-à-vis Judeo-Arabic proper, but to understand how performers deploy these markedly “Jewish” stylistic tactics to create diverse social meanings and assess the effects of these performances on language and society. We argue that Mock Jewish forms part of the broader “ideologies of linguistic differentiation” that construct Jewish speech as separate and distinct from non-Jewish varieties. However, the performances of Mock Jewish are not limited to sectarian polemic, but engage diverse targets, derive from different motivations, and provoke divergent responses from audiences.
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Jubran, Haider Saad Yahya, and Manaar Kamil Sa'eed. "A linguistic Study of Euphemistic Expressions in Shakespearian Tragedies." International Journal of Linguistics 11, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v11i3.14611.
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Nowadays, people use euphemism just to avoid naming abstract things and objects directly, since they do not like just to empress other people. By attempting to avoid hurting the emotion of others, there is an attempt to reduce the depressing effects of the words by using another substitution this indicates that at whatever time people approach a responsive topic; they try to use such expression to reduce the harsh influence on listeners. However, the major aim of this research is to analyze the uses of euphemisms in Shakespearian tragedies such as Othello, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet and Antony and Cleopatra. The research consists of two parts. The theoretical part which provides an introduction about the meaning of euphemism, types, origin, etymology and its functions, while various examples from Shakespeare's tragedies will be discussed in the practical part. It ends with a conclusion which sums up the main findings of the research.
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KALASHNIKOVA, MARINA, KAREN MATTOCK, and PADRAIC MONAGHAN. "The effects of linguistic experience on the flexible use of mutual exclusivity in word learning." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18, no. 4 (November 11, 2014): 626–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000364.
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Mutual Exclusivity (ME) is a prominent constraint in language acquisition, which guides children to establish one-to-one mappings between words and referents. But how does unfolding experience of multiple-to-one word-meaning mappings in bilingual children's environment affect their understanding of when to use ME and when to accept lexical overlap? Three-to-five-year-old monolingual and simultaneous bilingual children completed two pragmatically distinct tasks, where successful word learning relied on either the default use of ME or the ability to accept overlapping labels. All children could flexibly use ME by following the social-pragmatic directions available in each task. However, linguistic experience shaped the development of ME use, whereby older monolinguals showed a greater reliance on the one-to-one mapping assumption, but older bilinguals showed a greater ability to accept lexical overlap. We suggest that flexible use of ME is thus shaped by pragmatic information present in each communicative interaction and children's individual linguistic experience.
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Burmester, Juliane, Katharina Spalek, and Isabell Wartenburger. "Visual attention-capture cue in depicted scenes fails to modulate online sentence processing." Dialogue & Discourse 10, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 79–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5087/dad.2019.204.
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Everyday communication is enriched by the visual environment that listeners concomitantly link to the linguistic input. If and when visual cues are integrated into the mental meaning representation of the communicative setting, is still unclear. In our earlier findings, the integration of linguistic cues (i.e., topic-hood of a discourse referent) reduced discourse updating costs of the mental representation as indicated by reduced sentence-initial processing costs of the non-canonical word order in German. In the present study we tried to replicate our earlier findings by replacing the linguistic cue by a visual attention-capture cue presented below the threshold of perception in order to direct participant’s attention to a depicted referent. While this type of cue has previously been shown to modulate word order preferences in sentence production, we found no effects on sentence comprehension. We discuss possible theory-based reasons for the null effect of the implicit visual cue as well as methodological caveats and issues that should be considered in future research on multimodal meaning integration.
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Vechorynska, Tetiana, and Alina Snisarenko. "Linguistic and cognitive peculiarities of chinese cosmetics advertising." Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu. Serìâ: Fìlologìâ 13, no. 22 (2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2020-13-22-108-113.
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Based on the official data from Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in Beijing the present paper gives a comprehensive and clear idea of the current state of the cosmetics industry in China, thus, rising a question of advertising campaign efficiency focused on promotion of culture-oriented advertising texts. The paper explores linguistic and cognitive peculiarities of Chinese cosmetics advertising in the context of its functional specificity. By referring to such researchers as E. V. Medvedeva, U. V. Rozhdestvensky, and by tracing the etymological meaning of the word «advertising» the authors determine the influence function as the dominant one of the advertising text and conclude that influence function is performed through the following functional speech effects: clarity, emotional empathy effect, trust, dialogue and presence, i.e. all five featured in numerous verbal and non-verbal means of the language. The necessity of applying the linguistic and cognitive approach is thus determined. As part of this study, the linguistic and cognitive approach involves the analysis of lexical-semantic content, stylistic features, and cognitive, that is, national-specific, means of speech of advertising texts (slogans). The paper considers lexico-semantic features which include lexical transformations (loanwords and homonyms), wenyan vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and the use of pronouns to address the potential consumer directly; stylistic features which include various figures of speech: parallelism and antithesis, rhyme and metaphors. The cognitive peculiarities refer to culture-specific national, philosophical and religious concepts, which emphasize the national identity and world view peculiarity of a Chinese customer. The paper presents the results of the investigation, and manifests the apparent relation between the above-mentioned features and the way a Chinese consumer percepts the advertising information. In other words, the paper determines the linguistic and cognitive peculiarities of the influence on a consumer, which is the dominant function of advertising. In conclusion, the authors outline the research prospects. It is supposed that the results of current investigation may contribute to the development of marketing strategies on promoting cosmetic products in China, as well as may be applied to designing specialized stylistics, lexicology, and cognitive linguistics courses. The data of this research may also provide some supplementary information for developing advertising and marketing courses.
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Chernyavskaya, Valeria. "Misplaced in Contexts, Lost in Meaning." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 569–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2020-0026.
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SummaryThis paper focuses on the meaning-making process as embedded in the situation in which it takes place. It puts forward the key question of what kind of knowledge is relevant to understanding. Thus, there are three central notions in the framework discussed: context, contextualization and context change. The paper is formulated against the background of a theory of metapragmatics, and it is in line with interactional sociolinguistics, as well as cultural linguistics. The results and findings will contribute to the on-going methodological discussions on contexts and contextualization and demonstrate that under certain conditions some external factors may prove to be very strong and determinant. Politically loaded perception and construction of meanings may be decisive in foregrounding some meanings. The paper will show that the dominating political viewpoint in a certain period of time and place may act as a driving force which foregrounds certain meanings and manages a certain way of understanding of texts/utterances. Contextualization can go wrong, and misplacing utterances in contexts may lead to social misunderstandings. As a conclusion, it is stressed that further investigation of context change is a valuable heuristic approach in the metapragmatic and discourse sensitive dimension in linguistic analyses. Conclusions about the samples under discussion can also motivate a deeper consideration of social effects of misunderstandings to protect us from conflicts.
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Haenko, Victoria. "Pragmatic essence of linguistic modality in media discourse." English and American Studies 1, no. 16 (September 7, 2019): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/381906.
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The article deals with the problem of correlation between target socio groups in media discourse. It investigates the role modality plays as pragmatic-functional aspect of discourse analysis and studies modality as means of expressing evaluative meaning. The functional aspect of this view reflects the broad objectives of functional linguistics: i.e. relating linguistic structures to social structures. The pragmatic aspect reflects an emphasis that the reader is dependent on a corresponding view of the relationship between the reader, the writer and the text. The studies of modern linguists are broadly concerned with the analysis of ideology in discourse. The article observes the effects language can have on people, whether through journalistic writing, advertising literature, politics, science. The study became an attempt to investigate how and which aspects of language play more significant roles in ideology manipulating hearers / readers. It was seen that modality has not only received little consideration at the practical level, but that it had also been handled through the process of modal categorization; i.e. at the theoretical descriptive level. The theoretical aspect of the article is based on the belief that the speech is aimed at attaining certain goals or targets. The article deals with a problem of correlation and interaction between writer and reader, speaker and hearer, text producers and social actors in the process of interpretation. The article investigates the ways the problem can be settled in view of modality as a parameter of discourse analysis to define goals for the target groups outlined above. The study in the article refers to Halliday’s overarching functions: ideational, interpersonal and textual. The article concludes that the realiser of the interpersonal function of language, modality may be used as a linguistic tool to direct and control the behavior of the people.
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James, Allan. "Prosody and paralanguage in speech and the social media: The vocal and graphic realisation of affective meaning." Linguistica 57, no. 1 (December 30, 2017): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.57.1.137-149.
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The study of prosody and paralanguage is in the first place concerned – unsurprisingly – with the phonetic and linguistic effects of non-segmental vocal variation expressed as values of the feature systems of pitch, volume and duration, but also of rhythm and tempo and further of voice qualities, etc. However, in more recent times the emergence of digitally mediated written communication (in the ‘new’ social media) has led attention to the role of prosody and paralanguage in defining the characteristic informal interpersonal style of this new ‘typed conversation.’ The present article reviews the formal and functional essence of prosody and paralanguage and, drawing on data from recent corpora of text messaging and microblogging, analyses the extents to which prosodic and paralinguistic features may be reflected in such discourse, in particular the ways in which affective meaning is expressed in the graphic modality of this medium.
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MATIĆ, DEJAN, and DANIEL WEDGWOOD. "The meanings of focus: The significance of an interpretation-based category in cross-linguistic analysis." Journal of Linguistics 49, no. 1 (October 31, 2012): 127–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000345.
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Focus is regularly treated as a cross-linguistically stable category that is merely manifested by different structural means in different languages, such that a common focus feature may be realised through, for example, a morpheme in one language and syntactic movement in another. We demonstrate this conception of focus to be unsustainable on both theoretical and empirical grounds, invoking fundamental argumentation regarding the notions of focus and linguistic category, alongside data from a wide range of languages. Attempts to salvage a cross-linguistic notion of focus through parameterisation, the introduction of additional information-structural primitives such as contrast, or reduction to a single common factor are shown to be equally problematic. We identify the causes of repeated misconceptions about the nature of focus in a number of interrelated theoretical and methodological tendencies in linguistic analysis. We propose to see focus as a heuristic tool and to employ it as a means of identifying structural patterns that languages use to generate a certain number of related pragmatic effects, potentially through quite diverse mechanisms.
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Day-O’Connell, Jeremy. "Speech, Song, and the Minor Third." Music Perception 30, no. 5 (December 2012): 441–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2013.30.5.441.
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This paper describes the first laboratory study of an idiosyncratic linguistic form that represents a crucial point of contact between speech and song: what is referred to here as the stylized interjection. The stylized interjection, as described throughout the musicological and linguistic literature, is associated with a particular intonational formula—the calling contour—and intriguingly, with a purportedly cross-cultural musical fingerprint: the interval of the minor third. A reading task was used to systematically compare the stylized interjection to four other linguistic forms, and to compare spoken to called production. Analysis of several acoustic variables (involving pitch, duration, intensity, and timbre) demonstrates many significant effects of sentence-type and production, which together establish the characteristics of the English stylized interjection and suggest its interpretation as sung speech. The unique sound-meaning correspondence of the stylized interjection is thereby elucidated. Implications for music-language studies (especially vis-a-vis the minor third) are also discussed.
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Amenta, Simona, Fritz Günther, and Marco Marelli. "A (distributional) semantic perspective on the processing of morphologically complex words." Semantics and Psychology of Complex Words 15, no. 1 (October 30, 2020): 62–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00014.ame.
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Abstract While morphemes are theoretically defined as linguistic units linking form and meaning, semantic effects in morphological processing are not reported consistently in the literature on derived and compound words. The lack of consistency in this line of research has often been attributed to methodological differences between studies or contextual effects. In this paper, we advance a different proposal where semantic effects emerge quite consistently if semantics is defined in a dynamic and flexible way, relying on distributional semantics approaches. In this light, we revisit morphological processing, taking a markedly cognitive perspective, as allowed by models that focus on morphology as systematic meaning transformation or that focus on the mapping between the orthographic form of words and their meanings.
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Ahmad al-Zahrani, Mashraf Ibn. "ʿudūl in the Qur'an and its Effects on tafsīr." Journal of Qur'anic Studies 17, no. 1 (February 2015): 194–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jqs.2015.0188.
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This study examines aspects of ʿudūl (linguistic and stylistic departure for rhetorical purposes) in the Qur'an alongside its use in tafsīr to help ascertain the deeper meanings of the Qur'an. It highlights the precedence of the mufassirūn in considering this aspect of Qur'anic style, and the ways in which scholars of rhetoric benefitted from their findings. To this end, it first studies the term ʿudūl and its development, and then discusses the relationship between it and related terms, demonstrating how the features of ʿudūl give it a semantic capacity that give it priority over other related aspects of Qur'anic style. The article then discusses the classification of types of ʿudūl in the Qur'an in terms of their application to both individual words and larger structures, and gives practical examples illustrating its effects in elucidating meaning in the Qur'an.
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Cole, Amanda. "Co-variation, style and social meaning: The implicational relationship between (h) and (ing) in Debden, Essex." Language Variation and Change 32, no. 3 (October 2020): 349–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394520000162.
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AbstractThis paper demonstrates that the differing social meanings held by linguistic features can result in an implicational relationship between them. Rates of (h) and (ing) are investigated in the casual speech of sixty-three speakers from a community with Cockney heritage: Debden, Essex. The indexicalities of h-dropping in Debden (signalling Cockney) are superordinate to and incorporate the indexicalities of g-dropping (working-class, “improper”), resulting in an implicational relationship. H-dropping implies g-dropping, but g-dropping can occur independently of h-dropping. This occurs in terms of co-variation at the between-speaker level and clustering effects at the within-speaker level which is measured through a novel approach using the number of phonemes as the denomination of distance. The features’ differing social meaning are also related to rates of change. Young speakers are shifting away from linguistic features which index Cockney heritage (h-dropping; the [-Iŋk] variant of -thing words) in favor of more general, southeastern, working-class norms (g-dropping).
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Rahman, Zakia Fikriyah. "SURAT AL-LAHAB DALAM STUDI ANALISIS STILISTIKA." TSAQOFIYA Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab IAIN Ponorogo 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2020): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21154/tsaqofiya.v2i2.32.
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Alquran as a holy book that full of aesthetic elements, needs to be proven with a linguistic approach. Stylistics, one of the linguistic approaches, is able to explain the relationship of language with its artistic function and meaning, as well as showing the use of language in a text, especially in the phenomenon of deviation and language preferences, in order to obtain special effects and certain meanings. Surah al-Lahab is the material object in this paper and stylistics is the formal object. Surah al-Lahab was chosen in this study because it contains a unique and interesting language style to be discussed and studied from the perspective of stylistics, both in aspects of phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics and imagery. This research is a type of qualitative research. This paper aims to identify and describe aspects in stylistic studies in order to get a perfect understanding of surah al-Lahab. The results of this study are 1) surat al-Lahab has aesthetics of perfect linguistic style, both from sounds, words and sentences, 2) the selection of flosive consonant sounds that are more than the fricative sounds, conforms to the meaning contained in this letter, 3) according to the morphological, syntactic, and semantic aspects, it is found that there are deviations or preferences in the form of words, words or sentences that make surah al-Lahab has its own special meaning, 4) Surat al-Lahab contains the building elements of beauty, namely majâz and jinâs.
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Santarpia, Alfonso, Tania Ricci, Glenn Meuche, Nadia Gamberini, and Mireille Destandau. "The Narrative Effects of Shamanic Mythology in Palliative Care." Journal of Humanistic Psychology 61, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 73–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022167818777055.
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We make meaning of disease, suffering, and death through narrative, by telling a story. In a therapeutic narrative approach, this article explores the influence of shamanic intervention in psycho-oncology. This qualitative study seeks to present the narrative effects of detailed shamanic sessions (the use of the drum and telling and interpreting visions according to the shamanic mythology) in the context of psycho-oncological treatment. In particular, the narrative positions of a patient (Mrs. AA) are described (using a software linguistic analysis, T-LAB) as they occurred before and after shamanistic sessions. The authors suggested that the shamanism sessions enabled Mrs. AA to produce a larger and more singular narrative about her end-of-life experience: from the initial narrative position of feeling “the acute consciousness of finiteness” to an emergent narrative position based on “consciousness of an interdependence/interconnection in all human and spiritual relationships.”
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Lycan, William G. "An Irenic Idea about Metaphor." Philosophy 88, no. 1 (January 2013): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819112000551.
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AbstractDonald Davidson notoriously rejected ‘metaphorical meaning’ and denied the existence of linguistic mechanisms by which metaphorical significance is conveyed. He contended that the meanings metaphorical sentences have are just their literal meanings, though metaphorical utterances may brute-causally have important cognitive effects. Contrastingly, John Searle offers a Gricean account of metaphor as an elaborated kind of implicature, and defends metaphorical meaning as speaker-meaning. Each of those positions is subject to very telling objections from the other's point of view. This paper proposes a synthesis that combines the respective virtues of Davidson's and Searle's accounts and avoids all the objections to each.
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Cho, Anna. "A Wesleyan holiness theology and language world: a demonstration of holiness theology as a religious linguistic characteristic in the light of speech act theory." Theology 122, no. 4 (June 25, 2019): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040571x19843745.
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Holiness as the subject of Wesleyan holiness theology is not only God’s divine language but also an experiential language of humans. Despite this fact, research that considers the religious linguistic features of holiness theology as they relate to its meaning and effects in the real lives of believers seems to have been neglected. Thus, this article proposes to examine the language of holiness in terms of Wesleyan holiness theory by means of speech act theory. First, this approach solves the problem of overcoming the proposition principle of holiness theology. Second, it shows an understanding of the linguistic hermeneutics of the work of the Holy Spirit in believers. And finally, it presents the ways in which the religious divine language of holiness can be described as an ethical language characteristic of human experiential language.
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Akinbode, Oluwole. "A Pragmatic Analysis of Selected Obituaries In Nigerian Newspapers." AGOGO: Journal of Humanities 6 (February 15, 2021): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.46881/ajh.v6i0.233.
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Since the inception of Pragmatics as an independent approach to meaning has independent linguistic study, the approach to meaning has encountered an enormous change. Meaning has been perceived beyond the sentence level. The aim of this paper was to do a pragmatic analysis of selected obituaries in Nigerian newspapers; Nigerian Tribune, The Nation and The Punch. These papers were purposively selected because obituaries were regularly published and publicized through them in a mournful manner and this called for a critical linguistic study by analyzing the mournful use of language with a view to finding out their effects on the decoders. The study of language has been extended significantly beyond mere description of linguistic properties to the various ways which individual communicators convey meanings in different socio-cultural contexts. The theoretical framework for this study is pragmatics. This is because pragmatics has been able to account for social meanings and give new insights to the understanding of literary texts and thus, helping in formulating strategies for the teaching and learning of language. Three Nigerian newspapers namely Nigerian Tribune, The Nation and the Punch were purposively selected for data collection. Relevant texts on obituaries were extracted from them and were critically analyzed for the purpose of this study. It was found out that relatives and friends of the deceased publicized the death of the deceased as memories and sympathy for the departed souls. It is recommended that obituaries should be used for the teaching and learning of English as a Second Language because funerals and obituaries are a significant aspect of African culture.
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Chaves, Monica de Freitas Frias, and Cilene Rodrigues. "The impact of schizotypy on pragmatics." Cadernos de Estudos Lingüísticos 62 (October 2, 2020): e020014. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/cel.v62i0.8658759.
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High levels of linguistic referential failures are associated with liability to develop schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, and it has been shown that these failures can differentiate healthy subjects, high-schizotypal and schizophrenics groups. Nevertheless, few investigations have focused on whether or not schizotypal traits in nonclinical populations can also impact linguistic reference. In Brazilian Portuguese, only one previous study (acceptability judgements task) had been conducted, and its results suggest association between schizotypal traits and a more rigid preference for assignment of specific readings to definite singular DPs. Here, we present another experimental study in Brazilian Portuguese, a comprehension task designed to examine possible effects of schizotypal personality traits on the interpretation of definite singular DPs. The findings, in line with the previous results, support the conclusion that schizotypy does affect the interpretation of definite singular DPs in Brazilian Portuguese. Together, these two experiments suggest that schizotypal personality traits impact the integration of linguistic contextual information into the semantic meaning of definite DPs. This is consistent with the general hypothesis that schizotypy, similarly to schizophrenia, is associated with pragmatic difficulties. Yet, our results emphasize that the impact of schizotypal traits on pragmatics can be observed even in healthy (nonclinical) speakers.
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Chu, Min-Chin, and Shu-Hui Chen. "Comparison of the Effects of Two Phonics Training Programs on L2 Word Reading." Psychological Reports 114, no. 1 (February 2014): 272–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/28.10.pr0.114k17w0.
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Empirical evidence shows that explicit phonics teaching is beneficial for English word reading. However, there has been controversy as to whether phonics teaching should incorporate meaning-involved decodable text instruction to facilitate children's word reading. This study compares the effects of phonics teaching with and without decodable text instruction on immediate and delayed English word reading in 117 Taiwanese children learning English, assigned to a Phonics-only group ( n = 58) and a phonics plus decodable text instruction (Phonics+) group ( n = 59). Results showed that although both groups significantly improved in immediate and delayed post-test word reading, the Phonics+ group performed better in both post-tests, but the difference was significant only in the delayed word reading, suggesting a better long-term retention effect produced by Phonics+ teaching. These indicated that incorporated meaning-involved decodable text reading might offer another better facultative linking route for English word reading even for non-alphabetic child learners of English. The findings were discussed from linguistic, psycholinguistic, and reading perspectives, with implications drawn for second/foreign language teaching and research in reading instruction.
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Johan. "Interpreting the concept of sedimentation in Husserl’s Origin of Geometry." Public Journal of Semiotics 9, no. 1 (October 25, 2020): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.37693/pjos.2019.9.21969.
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In the influential text Origin of Geometry, Edmund Husserl argues that even the invariant meaning found in theoretical disciplines like geometry has a historical becoming: through gradual abstraction and stabilization, ending in a completely rational discipline. This is a process which Husserl proposes is due to language and other symbolic systems. In the absence of a system allowing for stable communication of meaning, geometry or any other tradition would constantly have to begin anew. At the same time Husserl also sees the historical process of meaning stabilization in linguistic form as detrimental. It allows for a reception of an established meaning, which simultaneously entails the forgetfulness of the experiential basis and intuitive knowledge that made ideality possible in the first place. Husserl calls this Janus-faced dialectical process between discovery and forgetfulness sedimentation. This paper analyzes this concept in Origin of Geometry and places it in the context of Husserl’s thought more generally. In contrast to Husserl’s negative view of the effects that sedimentation has for an authentic meaning, I discuss four interpretations of sedimentation that provide more constructive perspectives on the concept. These interpretations also differ considerably from one another, a fact which speaks both to the richness and the tensions in Origin of Geometry.
Author Biography
Johan Blomberg has a PhD in General Linguistics from 2014, for the dissertation Motion in Language and Experience. He has since then worked in the Division for Cognitive Semiotics at Lund University, to which he continues to be affiliated. His main interests include motion semantics and the relations between language and thought, on which he has published extensively in journals like Cognitive Linguistics, Frontiers of Psychology and Language and Communication.
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María Gómez-Jiménez, Eva. "‘oride lesgo eckshun’: Spelling foregrounding in the experimental poetry of E. E. Cummings." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 24, no. 4 (November 2015): 307–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947015586117.
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Unconventional linguistic features in E. E. Cummings’ poetic style have long been a focus of study. Linguists have researched this aspect of this poet’s technique mainly in connection to grammar, lexis and morphology; however, few approaches have looked at graphology in depth and even fewer at spelling. The present paper addresses this by analysing the use of lettering in E. E. Cummings’ experimental poetry. More concretely, two research questions are posed here: Which foregrounding devices are involved in E. E. Cummings’ unconventional use of spelling? And also, which effects are achieved by means of this particular use of lettering? To answer these questions, I first selected a group of 66 experimental poems displaying features of misspelling. After identifying and classifying the devices employed by Cummings for spelling foregrounding, I determined the meaning implications and functions produced through those misspellings. The research on these poems reveals that substitution, transposition, insertion and omission are the four basic patterns that permit such an unconventional use, and that this practice allows Cummings to reproduce linguistic varieties, create plays on words, control the reading process, indicate interruptions and create iconic effects.
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Smolka, Eva, Patrick H. Khader, Richard Wiese, Pienie Zwitserlood, and Frank Rösler. "Electrophysiological Evidence for the Continuous Processing of Linguistic Categories of Regular and Irregular Verb Inflection in German." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 25, no. 8 (August 2013): 1284–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00384.
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A central question concerning word recognition is whether linguistic categories are processed in continuous or categorical ways, in particular, whether regular and irregular inflection is stored and processed by the same or by distinct systems. Here, we contribute to this issue by contrasting regular (regular stem, regular suffix) with semi-irregular (regular stem, irregular suffix) and irregular (irregular stem, irregular suffix) participle formation in a visual priming experiment on German verb inflection. We measured ERPs and RTs and manipulated the inflectional and meaning relatedness between primes and targets. Inflected verb targets (e.g., leite, “head”) were preceded either by themselves, by their participle (geleitet, “headed”), by a semantically related verb in the same inflection as the target (führe, “guide”) or in the participle form (geführt, “guided”), or by an unrelated verb in the same inflection (nenne, “name”). Results showed that behavioral and ERP priming effects were gradually affected by verb regularity. Regular participles produced a widely distributed frontal and parietal effect, irregular participles produced a small left parietal effect, and semi-irregular participles yielded an effect in-between these two in terms of amplitude and topography. The behavioral and ERP effects further showed that the priming because of participles differs from that because of semantic associates for all verb types. These findings argue for a single processing system that generates participle priming effects for regular, semi-irregular, and irregular verb inflection. Together, the findings provide evidence that the linguistic categories of verb inflection are processed continuously. We present a single-system model that can adequately account for such graded effects.
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Zubair, Cala. "Diglossia versus Register: Discursive Classifications of Two Sinhala varieties." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 36, no. 1 (August 24, 2010): 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v36i1.3933.
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In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:The discourse I focus on in this study comes from interviews and ethnographic work with Sri Lankan university youth. While diglossia theory proves insufficient in depicting the way these youth mix ‘formal’ and ‘colloquial’ morphosyntactic features in the same social setting, Agha’s register approach to Sinhala optimally accounts for the specific dialogic effects speakers attach to linguistic features, suggesting such interdiscursive meaning combined with sociohistorical backgrounds of the varieties explains the registers’ composite recognition as divergent.
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Lai, Huei-ling. "Collocation analysis of news discourse and its ideological implications." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 29, no. 4 (August 21, 2019): 545–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.17028.lai.
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Abstract This study investigates the use of an ethnic term in news discourse from linguistic, discursive, and social-cultural aspects. A more rigorous computational procedure than hitherto used is employed to measure the collocational strength of collocates in news corpora. The results indicate diversified distributions of the collocates regarding their frequency, distance, and semantic connections. The findings enhance the meaning specificity of the term by revealing the characterized reference of this ethnic group, the trends in the choice of news topics, and the ideological representation of this ethnic group in a wider social-cultural context. The findings deepen an understanding of news discourse as the representations of the minority ethnicity in the news media are analyzed through three layers – the linguistic, the discursive, and the social-cultural context. A more precise method of analyzing news texts uncovers ideological effects brought about by media, in turn implying different construal of newsworthiness in news discourse.
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Butler, Brian E. "Herman Oliphant, stare decisis and the primacy of pragmatics in legal reasoning (with a brief excursion into neuropragmatics)." Intercultural Pragmatics 16, no. 3 (May 27, 2019): 319–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ip-2019-0016.
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Abstract Capone and Bucca argue that legal interpretation can go significantly wrong when founded upon a false conception of language and linguistic practices. This claim is correct. Specifically, semantic-based theories of linguistic meaning that are based upon the idea that a “core” semantic meaning can be identified outside of context and then needs to be “pragmatically enriched” for specific applications get the project of understanding language use in the legal context profoundly backwards. This paper emphasizes the primacy of an embedded pragmatics over other conceptions of linguistic meaning and practice in law. Herman Oliphant, in “A Return to Stare Decisis” offers an argument that helps strengthen the claim for the “primacy of pragmatics” in law. His work also shows that if the primacy of pragmatics is accepted, not only does this have significant impact upon actual legal practice, but it also highlights worrisome blind spots in currently dominant philosophical theories of law. His argument is that a conception of law that is centered upon such an appeal to principle, stare dictis, leads to a legal practice based upon distorting abstractions and a false conception of language use in law pulled out of its worldly roots. Because of this, he argues that stare dictis is detrimental to a living and empirically effective and informed legal system. Hence the need for a return of stare decisis properly understood. His article gives some grounds for critiquing many dominant philosophical theories of law. Oliphant’s theory is, importantly, compatible with, and supported by, a picture of language use offered by Jaszczolt and recent work in neuropragmatism. This, in turn, can be thought as further verification of Capone and Buccas’ assertion that the adoption of a false theory of language can have far ranging and detrimental effects upon legal practice and legal theory.
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Kesić, Dalibor, and Emir Z. Muhić. "CONNOTATIVE FACETS OF MEANING IN TRANSLATION WITHIN INCONGURENT CONTEXTS." Journal of Teaching English for Specific and Academic Purposes 7, no. 1 (May 20, 2019): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/jtesap1901125k.
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Abstract: Meanings can sometimes have unclear roots and different paths of genesis. They take us into unexplored and uncharted waters of primordial experience. Metaphoric and transferred meanings are just the mere linguistic surface of symbols. Symbols on the other hand owe their prowess to the fact that they link the semantic content with the pre-semantic depths of human experience and two-dimensionality of their structure. Lack of transparency of symbols combined with the strife to translate them exactly seems to pose an unsolvable problem which lies in the fact that all transferred meanings are indeed deeply rooted in the realm of our individual and collective experience. The perplexity of individual versus collective experiencing of particular meanings is further confounded in the cases of meaning transferability and translatability. Key words: translation, metaphor, transferred meaning, effects, principles
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Gibbs Jr, Raymond W. "The dynamic complexities of metaphor interpretation." DELTA: Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada 26, spe (2010): 657–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-44502010000300013.
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Metaphor interpretation takes cognitive effort and produces some complex set of cognitive effects. Although most metaphor scholars assume that there are definitive ways for studying metaphor effort and effects, there are various methodological problems associated with specifying metaphorical meanings and the ways that people generally come to understand these meanings. My claim is that both metaphoric meaning and metaphor interpretation is fundamentally indeterminate. Nonetheless, there are a wide range of factors that shape the effort put into understanding a metaphor and the particular reffects that arise from this experience. These personal, linguistic, and socio-cultural factors are sometimes acknowledged by metaphor scholars, but we need to examine the complex ways these factors interact to systematically characterize people's metaphorical experiences.
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Babarczy, Anna, Andrea Balázs, and Fruzsina Krizsai. "Preschoolers’ Metaphor Comprehension. Methodological Issues in Experimental Pragmatics." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Philologica 11, no. 2 (December 1, 2019): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ausp-2019-0017.
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AbstractThere exists a variety of theoretical frameworks attempting to account for the nature, comprehension, and use of everyday metaphor. Since these frameworks use different operational definitions of metaphor, they tend to view the psycholinguistic process of comprehending metaphorical language and the various factors that may play a role in metaphor processing from different perspectives. The first part of the paper briefly summarizes four of these theoretical approaches to everyday metaphor (Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Similarity Theory, Relevance Theory, and the Optimal Innovation Hypothesis) and discusses some consequences of the diversity of theories that present a puzzle or prove to be undesirable for empirical research. The areas discussed include the various dimensions of metaphor categorization, the role of linguistic context, and the effects of linguistic and non-linguistic cognitive skills of the comprehender. Drawing on the discussion in the first part, the second part of the paper outlines an experiment designed with reference to Giora’s Optimal Innovation Hypothesis in which preschoolers’ metaphor comprehension is explored as a function of the familiarity of the expression’s literal meaning and the perceived creativity of the metaphorical use. This experiment further explores the relationship between children’s metaphor comprehension and other cognitive abilities such as intention attribution. This method allows us to quantify metaphor comprehension and preference in the context of pragmatic development and general cognitive skills.
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de Vega, Manuel, Inmaculada León, Juan A. Hernández, Mitchell Valdés, Iván Padrón, and Evelyn C. Ferstl. "Action Sentences Activate Sensory Motor Regions in the Brain Independently of Their Status of Reality." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 7 (July 2014): 1363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00559.
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Some studies have reported that understanding concrete action-related words and sentences elicits activations of motor areas in the brain. The present fMRI study goes one step further by testing whether this is also the case for comprehension of nonfactual statements. Three linguistic structures were used (factuals, counterfactuals, and negations), referring either to actions or, as a control condition, to visual events. The results showed that action sentences elicited stronger activations than visual sentences in the SMA, extending to the primary motor area, as well as in regions generally associated with the planning and understanding of actions (left superior temporal gyrus, left and right supramarginal gyri). Also, we found stronger activations for action sentences than for visual sentences in the extrastriate body area, a region involved in the visual processing of human body movements. These action-related effects occurred not only in factuals but also in negations and counterfactuals, suggesting that brain regions involved in action understanding and planning are activated by default even when the actions are described as hypothetical or as not happening. Moreover, some of these regions overlapped with those activated during the observation of action videos, indicating that the act of understanding action language and that of observing real actions share neural networks. These results support the claim that embodied representations of linguistic meaning are important even in abstract linguistic contexts.
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Morán Panero, Sonia. "“It’s more fashionable to speak it badly”: indexicality and metasemiotic awareness among users of English from the Spanish-speaking world." Journal of English as a Lingua Franca 8, no. 2 (November 18, 2019): 297–332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jelf-2019-2021.
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Abstract As ELF scholars warn us against treating linguistic productions of “non-native” English speakers as “errors” when they are sociolinguistically driven variation, it is necessary to investigate how speakers in Expanding Circle settings conceptualise, label and experience such uses themselves. This paper reports a qualitative study of the metalinguistic and evaluative practices of university students in Chile, Mexico and Spain. It explores how they ascribe (un)desirable meanings to different ways of speaking English as an additional language (i. e. indexical relations), whether these symbolic associations are seen to influence students’ own linguistic use, and the extent to which such indexical relations are theorised as inherent in language form or as symbolic and negotiable (i. e. metasemiotic awareness). The analysis of more than 53 hours of elicited interview talk reveals a complex web of available social meaning relations and multidirectional accounts of the effects that such meanings have on students’ linguistic and semiotic practices. Although many students display awareness of the contextual variability of social meaning-making processes (Coupland. 2007. Style: Language variation and identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), only a minority were able to directly challenge dominant indexical associations and stereotypical trait attributions. The findings underscore the need for English language teachers to understand their students’ semiotic goals and interpretative repertoires, firstly to avoid discriminating against sociolinguistically motivated variation in students’ English use and secondly, to provide them with additional tools to negotiate their position as speakers of English as an additional language. The paper also reflects on the implications that these findings have for how we explain variation and attitudinal ambivalence in ELF research.