Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets de l'exploitation forestière sur'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Effets de l'exploitation forestière sur.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Parizeau, Lucie. "Impacts à moyen terme de l'éclaircie précommerciale sur le lièvre et les passereaux nicheurs dans la sapinière à bouleau blanc de l'Est." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28718/28718.pdf.
Full textThis research aims to assess the medium-term effect of the conventional precommercial thinning (PCT) and two mitigation measures on the snowshoe hare, and in complement, on nesting passerines in the balsam fir-white birch of Est. Mitigation measures that are tested are the precommercial thinning with protection of wildlife values and precommercial thinning with protection of refuge strips. Our results demonstrate that 8-9 years after PCT treatment into the study area of Lake Onatchiway, important structural differences remain between sapling stands, with and without precommercial thinning. However, it seems that, after a while, these differences in stand structure influence much less the populations of hare and nesting passerines. The key variables of habitat for the hare, i.e. the softwood cover and food availability in winter, are very similar between different treatments. Moreover, the habitats became sufficiently similar not to perceive differences in the number of species and populations of nesting birds.
Allard-Duchene, Anne. "Changements temporels de l'abondance du lièvre d'Amérique et de l'écureuil roux le long de successions forestières après feu et après coupe." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28894/28894.pdf.
Full textLe, Blanc Mélanie-Louise. "Réaction des micromammifères et des oiseaux à différentes intensités de coupe en forêt boréale irrégulière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20907.
Full textMohieddinne, Hamza. "Impact du tassement actuel et ancien par les engins sylvicoles sur les pédosystèmes et la végétation." Thesis, Amiens, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AMIE0020.
Full textForest soil rutting and compaction by heavy machines is one of the most important issues concerning the sustainable management of forest. In this thesis, we examined the soil rutting in a forest massif on Northern France (Compiègne forest) using airborne LIDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), then we evaluated the recovery of soil after compaction at multi-decades’ scale. The Digital Terrain Models (DTM) treated using the Local Relief Modelling tool (LRM) were used to suggest an indicator of rutting density (RD). The physical and biological recovery of soil were evaluated using two chronosequences (Podzol and Luvisol) established adopting a space for time substitution approach and covering a period of 45 years. The parameters used to examine the recovery were: the penetration resistance, the soil respiration, the pH, the hydromorphic features, the rooting, and the microarthropod diversity evaluated by the QBS-ar index. As results, the impacted surface by rutting was 40% on average, where it varies at fine scale within the forest management unit. The occurrence of many herbaceous species varies with respect to the rutting density. The surface respiration and the microarthropod diversity were recovered in 10 years on the horizon of 0-10 cm. The penetration resistance showed a progressive recovery starting from the surface to the deeper layers. The complete recovery, of the first 30 cm, was evaluated to be achieved in 60 years for the Luvisol, and in 80 years for the Podzol
Lapointe, St-Pierre Mathilde. "L'impact des coupes progressives irrégulières sur les populations de salamandre cendrée (Plethodon cinereus) dans les peuplements mixtes." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30744.
Full textEcosystem-based management aims to preserve old-growth forest attributes using techniques mimicking natural disturbances. Irregular shelterwood logging is a new method applied to mixed forests, but its impacts on forest floor organisms are poorly known. The aim of this study was to quantify the effects on the population dynamics and body condition of terrestrial salamanders of three different treatments of irregular shelterwood (strips, uniform and gaps) 5 – 7 years following harvesting compared to old-growth forest controls. A total of 64 sites in the Témiscamingue region were sampled on 10 occasions during the summer of 2015 and 2016. Two sampling methods were tested, namely artificial refuges and sampling quadrats. Analyses showed that salamander abundance and body condition of individuals did not vary according to the three different irregular shelterwood cut patterns or the environmental parameters measured at the sites. However, the body condition of adult salamanders was lower in 2016 than in 2015 and the detection probability of adult salamanders was greater in 2016 than in 2015. For juvenile salamanders, the body condition decreased with increasing Julian day and the body condition was also highest in uniform treatments and lowest in gap treatments. We conclude that environmental conditions 5 to 7 years following treatments in the three patterns of irregular shelterwood harvesting, are similar to controls in terms of their capacity to support terrestrial salamander populations. Key words : eastern red-backed salamander, Plethodon cinereus, population dynamics, partial cutting, woody debris, irregular shelterwood harvesting
Houle, Mélina. "Effets cumulés des activités forestières sur la sélection d'habitat du loup gris (Canis lupus) en forêt boréale aménagée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20318.
Full textMartineau, Julie. "Changements de sélection de l'habitat du campagnol à dos roux à la suite d'une coupe forestière." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25510.
Full textThe goal of this study was to assess short-term changes in habitat selection by red-backed voles (Myodes gapperi) following forest harvesting. The spatial distribution of voles was observed before harvesting, and then a week, a month and 1-2 years after harvest. We also evaluated the ecological processes that can explain observed temporal changes in vole distribution. Although vole abundance remained similar between clearcuts and uncut forests during the first month, different ecological processes appeared to influence vole distribution. A week after harvesting, there was no evidence that habitat selection influenced the distribution of vole populations. A month after harvesting, interference competition exerted a strong influence on habitat selection of red-backed voles, hence on their distribution. Finally, our study supports the hypothesis that source-sink dynamics would be responsible for the strong decline in vole abundance observed in clearcuts 1-2 years after harvesting.
Norvez, Olivier. "Impacts de différents scénarios sylvicoles sur la diversité des coléoptères dans la sapinière à bouleau blanc, 20 ans après perturbations." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28543/28543.pdf.
Full textWe compared three silvicultural scenarios implemented 20 years ago after salvage logging of severely damaged balsam fir/white birch stands by the spruce budworm. The study area was located in the réserve faunique des Laurentides and Parc national de La Jacques-Cartier. Overall, 3124 beetles were captured with impact traps, 168 species being saproxylic (dependent of dead wood or moribund trees) and 98 non-saproxylic. Despite the relatively high amounts of down dead wood (46m³/ha) found in managed stands, saproxylic beetle assemblages differed among salvaged and non salvaged stands, even if beetle abundance and richness were similar. Slight differences were observed between the three silvicultural scenarios but 20 years later, salvage logging still appears as the disturbance element that brought the most important changes into the biotope.
Frouin, Hermann. "Influence des corridors routiers et des coupes sur les déplacements hivernaux de la Martre d’Amérique en forêt boréale aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28785/28785.pdf.
Full textLarge-scale forestry fills boreal landscapes with roads and clearcuts. In Canada alone, 15,000 km of new forestry roads are built annually, adding to habitat fragmentation caused by the logging of 6 100 km2 of forest annually. Furthermore, vegetation near forestry roads often differs from vegetation elsewhere, and may influence animal foraging and other movements. Gaps in the forest cover may therefore affect species distribution patterns, but underlying mechanisms are unknown most of the time. We asked whether and how American marten (Martes americana) respond to forest edges adjoining roads and clearcuts at the Montmorency Research Forest, a 66-km2 area north of Quebec City, Canada. We followed 84.6 km of marten tracks by snowshoe over 3 winters, and recorded their location with high-resolution GPS receivers. The distribution of marten tracks was independent of distance to road or clearcut edges. However, martens tended to move along edges, apparently because of the higher occurrence of prey (squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus and hares Lepus americanus) near clearcut and road edges. High prey abundance near edges was itself associated to vegetation differences close to edges. I conclude that edge effects on vegetation affected prey distribution, which in turn affected marten movements.
Rioux, Jérôme. "Effets de la coupe avec la protection des petites tiges marchandes (CPPTM) et de la coupe avec la protection de la haute régénération et des sols (CPHRS) sur la faune de la pessière noire à mousses de l'Est." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/24072/24072.pdf.
Full textVanlandeghem, Virginie, and Virginie Vanlandeghem. "Modélisation des effets de la configuration spatiale des interventions de coupes sur la mortalité du caribou des bois en forêt boréale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37594.
Full textCe projet vise à évaluer l’effet de la configuration spatiale des coupes forestières et des routes sur la mortalité des adultes du caribou des bois (Ranfiger tarandus), écotype forestier, dans des paysages habités par le loup gris (Canis lupus) et une proie alternative, l’orignal (Alces alces). Nous avons utilisé un modèle centré sur l’individu pour modéliser les déplacements d’agents, représentant des individusfictifs de chaque espèce, dans des environnements virtuels. Les agents se déplaçaient selon des règles de déplacement établies à partir de l’analyse des données de suivis télémétriques de caribous, d’orignaux et de loups. Les environnements virtuels étaient façonnés par différents aménagements forestiers se distinguant par leur niveau de perturbations et par la configuration spatiale des coupes et du réseau routier. Le nombre de caribous morts par la prédation augmentait avec le niveau de perturbations des scénarios d’aménagement forestier. De plus, pour un même niveau de perturbations, la mortalité des caribous différait selon la configuration spatiale des activités forestières. Le risque de prédation des caribous était plus élevé lorsque la configuration des coupes dans le paysage engendrait un dense et vaste réseau routier et une fragmentation importante de l’habitat du caribou. Ainsi, en plus du niveau de perturbations, les plans de gestion de l’habitat de l’écotype forestier du caribou des bois devraient prendre en compte l’effet de la configuration spatiale des coupes et des routes sur la mortalité du caribou afin d’atténuer l’impact dela prédation sur ces populations dû à l’extraction des ressources.
The aim of this project was to assess the impact of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on adult mortality of the boreal ecotype of woodland caribou (Ranfiger tarandus)in landscapes inhabited by the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and an alternative prey, the moose (Alces alces). We used an individual-based model to simulate movements of agents, which are virtual individuals of each species, moving in virtual landscapes. Agents moved according to movement rules determined from field studies conducted on radio-collared caribou, moose and wolves. Virtual landscapes were shaped by various forest managements, differing in disturbance level sand spatial configuration of cuts and roads. The number of caribou killed by wolves increased with increasing disturbance levels. Also, for a given level of disturbance, caribou mortality varied with the spatial distribution of forest activities. Predation risk of caribou was higher in landscapes with extensive road networksand high degree of forest fragmentation. Thus, habitat management plans for boreal caribou should not only focus on assessing habitat disturbance thresholds but also consider the effect of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on caribou mortality in order to reduce the impact of predation due to natural resource extraction on the ecotype’s populations.
The aim of this project was to assess the impact of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on adult mortality of the boreal ecotype of woodland caribou (Ranfiger tarandus)in landscapes inhabited by the gray wolf (Canis lupus) and an alternative prey, the moose (Alces alces). We used an individual-based model to simulate movements of agents, which are virtual individuals of each species, moving in virtual landscapes. Agents moved according to movement rules determined from field studies conducted on radio-collared caribou, moose and wolves. Virtual landscapes were shaped by various forest managements, differing in disturbance level sand spatial configuration of cuts and roads. The number of caribou killed by wolves increased with increasing disturbance levels. Also, for a given level of disturbance, caribou mortality varied with the spatial distribution of forest activities. Predation risk of caribou was higher in landscapes with extensive road networksand high degree of forest fragmentation. Thus, habitat management plans for boreal caribou should not only focus on assessing habitat disturbance thresholds but also consider the effect of the spatial configuration of cuts and roads on caribou mortality in order to reduce the impact of predation due to natural resource extraction on the ecotype’s populations.
Lorente, Miren. "Dynamique spatiale et temporelle des propriétés du sol et de la végétation après perturbation dans la pessière noire à mousses." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27817/27817.pdf.
Full textHodson, James. "Sélection d'habitat du lièvre d'Amérique en forêt boréale irrégulière aménagée." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27957/27957.pdf.
Full textThis thesis explores how different components of natural and human disturbance regimes shape the distribution of a key boreal forest herbivore, the snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus). I investigated both broad-scale changes in hare abundance during forest succession and fine-scale responses to heterogeneity created by canopy gap dynamics in old-growth forests. I then evaluated how hare respond to silvicultural treatments designed to maintain the irregular structure of old-growth stands using patterns of density-dependent habitat selection and browse history reconstruction. Snowshoe hare followed a bimodal abundance distribution with stand age, with a pronounced peak in density between 40-50 years post-disturbance followed by a second more subtle increase phase during late-succession. Within old-growth stands, canopy gaps offered areas of higher food availability, but foraging and movement behaviours indicated that hares perceived a greater risk of predation within openings. The structure of old-growth stands thus appears to impose a trade-off between acquiring food and avoiding predation. The response of snowshoe hare to forest harvesting depended on both disturbance intensity and local population density. Preference for uncut forest stands over harvest treatments with >50% tree retention quickly diminished as local populations increased. In contrast, preference for uncut forests over treatments with <20% tree retention became more pronounced with increasing local population density. Similarly, in the first years following harvesting, browse use patterns of white birch (Betula papyrifera) stems in low intensity treatments (>50% retention) remained similar to those in uncut old-growth forest stands, whereas browse use declined rapidly in intensive harvest treatments (<20% retention) over the same period. These findings suggest that silvicultural treatments that conserve old-growth forest structure can also maintain distributions of hare that are characteristic of late-succession. This thesis helps to further our understanding of the links between snowshoe hare distribution and regional disturbance regimes in managed boreal forests.
Mba, Obame Martin. "Nouveaux enjeux de la forêt dans l’économie gabonaise : Le cas du Sud-est du Gabon : Approche systémique." Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100054.
Full textThe development of forest resources started in Gabon since the post colonial period and was outside the legislative and regulatory framework governing the management of sustainable forest management. The production of logs, sawn timber and other forest products was conducted in the oblivion of policies of sustainable forest management. On the economic and financial exploitation of forest resources contributes to GDP and low supplies of marginal revenue budget. On the social front against by the establishment of direct and indirect jobs because of the forestry sector with the new Forest Code on sustainable forest management sector for the future. To analyze the activities of various actors in the area south-east of Gabon, we relied on the systems approach. Through action research, the rights of local people to be involved in decisions about the type of development that suits them best is not recognized. Faced with this situation as desperate in the South-East and contrary to the Rio Summit (1992) and the Brundtland Report, we propose sustainable forest management and concerted approach with a wealth of tropical forests in Gabon. Several elements will allow us to redefine and strengthen the management policy of sustainable forest management Gabonese namely: planning, decentralization and local development, certification, education, awareness, training and environmental communication. With this new instrument in an open system, the forest sector contribute fairly to the strengthening of the GDP, the fiscal revenue, creating jobs followed by the effects of training and reducing poverty in the village
Légaré, Jean-Philippe. "Traitements sylvicoles alternatifs en forêt boréale irrégulière sur la Côte-Nord : la réponse des communautés de coléoptères." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27280/27280.pdf.
Full textBichet, Orphé. "L'aménagement de l'habitat du caribou forestier permet-il la conservation de la biodiversité?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30642/30642.pdf.
Full textThis study assessed the effect of habitat management for the recovery of boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus) on the diversity of boreal birds. An index of occupancy was estimated for 29 bird species from surveyed data, and then compared among seven simulated landscapes contrasting in cut-block distribution and harvest rotation. Whereas cut-block distribution had little effect on bird assemblages, bird diversity was better maintained under a 100-year harvest rotation than a 60-year rotation. Bird assemblages for both harvest rotations differed significantly from assemblages expected in an uncut landscape, implying that rotations shorter than natural disturbance cycles could affect regional biodiversity. Our method thus allows the assessment of the long-term impact of various management strategies on biodiversity prior their implementation. On this basis, we showed that the current habitat management guidelines for boreal caribou recovery would not be sufficient to conserve bird diversity in the boreal forest.
Hadley, Adam. "Winter habitat use by Boreal Chickadee flocks within a managed forest landscape." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23847/23847.pdf.
Full textResident bird species inhabiting northern latitudes are considered to be the species most exposed to the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation of boreal forests. Despite the fact that their population dynamics appear to be strongly determined by events occurring during the non-breeding season, we have little knowledge of the winter ecology of boreal birds. My objective was to determine how increasing edge densities and reducing the proportion of mature boreal forest will affect a resident bird species. I recorded movements of 85 unmarked and seven colour banded winter flocks of the little-known Boreal Chickadee (Poecile hudsonica), in a 66 km2 boreal forest harvested for timber near Quebec City, Quebec, Canada. From January-March (2004 and 2005), I followed flocks on snowshoes and recorded their paths in real time using a handheld GPS receiver. Using marked individuals, I found winter Boreal Chickadee flocks included an average of 4 individuals, occupied a mean winter home range of 14.7 ha and showed stable membership. Based on 74 km of flock movements, Boreal Chickadees strongly preferred mature forest (>7 m in height), used regenerating forest (4-7 m) to a lesser extent and avoided younger stands (<4 m) and open areas. Chickadee flocks showed no response to forest edges when using mature forest stands. However, inside regenerating forest, flocks were significantly closer to both open edges (41 ± 6 m) and mature forest boundaries (11 ± 2 m) than would be expected from random use of the habitat. Boreal Chickadee flocks did not avoid exposed edges during harsh weather conditions. In fact, on colder days, they were found disproportionately more often along edges between mature and regenerating stands. Increasing edge densities, resulting from clearcutting in boreal forest, does not necessarily reduce the winter suitability of remaining forest patches, even under inclement weather. However, I conclude that forest harvesting will result in a reduction of optimal wintering habitat for this species.
Arnhem, Eric. "Eco-ethological response of great apes and other rainforest mammals to selective logging in Cameroon." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210369.
Full textThis thesis reports results of a longitudinal monitoring of abundances of nine mammal species in a forest concession over a four years period. From 2003 to 2006, four wildlife censuses have been conducted in the active core of FMU 10.030 allocated to the logging company PALLISCO. Our study area covers 176 sq-km and include several logging compartments and unlogged areas.
The diversity of specific responses to the introduction of human activities into the habitat is at the scale of the biological diversity of the habitat itself. A particular attention was paid to two emblematic species of the Cameroonian forests, western lowland gorillas G.g. gorilla and the common chimpanzees Pan troglodytes. During this work, we studied 1) how logging at industrial scale affects the spatial distribution of nine mammal species, including great apes, in timber production forests of South-eastern Cameroon, and 2) the nature of pressures exerted on animal populations within an active forest concession (anthropic, ecological, ethologic, etc).
Our first results indicate that the extraction of valuable timber species generates a spatial reorganization of gorillas and chimpanzees, inducing local modifications of population densities. This spatial reorganization seems to be mainly due to human activities per se rather than to modifications of the habitat structure or changes in the availability of fruits for these species. Compared with other mammals, great apes are at the two extreme opposites of a gradient of sensitivity to the habitat disturbances created by logging. Gorillas, as well as other "generalist" species like duikers, seem to thrive in logged forests, probably attracted in these areas by the secondarisation of the vegetation. Their densities decrease temporarily in logging compartments during logging operations but these species recover quickly, suggesting a repulsive effect of the human presence in the forest rather than a major alteration of the habitat quality for them. Rather "specialist" species seem to react by increasing the size of their foraging area. These are the sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei and bushpigs Potamochoerus porcus, two typical species of swamp forest with Raffia spp. and semi-inundated forests. These particular biotopes in the heart of the production forests seem to be playing the role of refuge zone for these species. Finally, two species were identified as being explicitly vulnerable to logging activities: the chimpanzees and forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Their abundances did not recover to original values during the period of study indicating that they still undergo some kind of ecological and/or anthropic pressures after the end of logging operations that is strongly adverse to them.
In order to contrast the ecological and/or anthropic factors ruling gorillas' and chimpanzees' spatial distribution in the habitat, we have used a spatial modelling technique called “Ecological Niche Factor Analysis - ENFA". ENFA-generated models for these two species mainly retained anthropic variables to explain great apes local repartition in the study area. For gorillas, it was mainly explained by the local pattern of logging compartments and the time that passed since the end of logging operations. Globally, this species avoids the areas of forests showing a high rate of human frequentation and is attracted to old logged areas. As for the chimpanzees, their spatial distribution is influenced mainly by the presence of roads which are largely avoided. The periphery of logged compartment seems to be a zone of convergence for chimpanzee communities that have probably been driven out from logging compartments during operations, but these movements of populations would be limited to short distances. The vulnerability of the chimpanzees is consequently explained by the absence of demographic mechanisms enabling them to avoid the disturbed zones while reducing the territorial conflicts.
The general trend in great ape abundances in an active logging concession confirms that even closely related species can show divergent capacities of survival when confronted to human disturbances. Our work highlights that chimpanzee communities demonstrate some spatial inertia, contrarily to gorillas which easily manage to avoid human activities. This inertia would be probably at the origin of its sensitivity to current forestry practices. Our results confirm White & Tutin (2001)'s socio-ecological explanation for the vulnerability of chimpanzees to logging in forests of Central Africa. Knowing this, it is imperative to set up concrete conservation actions aiming at maintaining the chimpanzee populations of in Cameroonian timber production forests.
Practically, selective logging would easily be compatible with the preservation of the majority of rainforests mammals if concrete measures aiming at decreasing the negative impacts of logging were effectively applied. As a general rule, the proximity between logged areas and some zones that can serve as refuge seems to be a determining factor of the persistence of rainforests mammals in logged forests. A line of thought would be thus to ensure safe shifts of populations towards these zones in order to guarantee the avoidance of disturbances and, later, the recovery of densities in logged forests. In this sense, our main recommendation consists in promoting a delimitation of logging compartments into narrow strips so as to reduce the distance to be walked by an animal to geographically avoid human disturbances. Additionally, it is necessary to set up well-designed biomonitoring programmes to follow up trends in wildlife abundances and promote a flexible management that can be adapted according to the evidence of detrimental events to wildlife.
/
Avec plus de ¾ de la surface forestière du Cameroun allouée à l'exploitation forestière, la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dépendra de la façon dont seront gérés les massifs de forêt de production de ce pays dans les décennies à venir. Les mesures de gestion à appliquer devraient être orientées systématiquement vers une minimisation des impacts négatifs sur l'écosystème dans son ensemble, y compris sur les populations animales résidant dans ces forêts. Ceci nécessite une compréhension détaillée de la réponse de la grande et moyenne faune à l'exploitation forestière sélective telle qu'elle est effectivement pratiquée en Afrique Centrale.
Cette thèse de doctorat rapporte les résultats d'un suivi longitudinal, sur une période de quatre ans, des abondances de neuf espèces de mammifères au sein d'une concession forestière du Sud-est Cameroun. Au total, quatre recensements de la faune ont été réalisés entre 2003 et 2006 dans la partie active de l'UFA 10.030 allouée à la société PALLISCO. La zone étudiée couvre 176 km2 et englobe plusieurs parcelles annuelles d'abattage ainsi que des compartiments non exploités.
La diversité des réponses spécifiques vis-à-vis de l'introduction d'activités humaines dans l'habitat est à l'échelle de la diversité biologique de l'habitat lui-même. Une attention particulière a été portée sur deux espèces emblématiques des forêts camerounaises, les gorilles des plaines occidentales G.g. gorilla et les chimpanzés communs Pan t. troglodytes. Durant ce travail, nous avons étudié 1) comment l'exploitation forestière à l'échelle industrielle affecte la distribution spatiale de neuf espèces de mammifères, dont les grands singes, dans les massifs de forêt de production du Sud-est Cameroun, et 2) de quelle nature sont les pressions exercées sur les populations animales au sein d'une concession forestière active (anthropique, écologique, éthologique, etc.).
Nos premiers résultats indiquent que l'extraction d'essences précieuses dans les forêts camerounaises génère notamment une réorganisation de la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, induisant des modifications locales de densité de population. Cette réorganisation spatiale semble être due aux activités humaines elles-mêmes plutôt qu'aux modifications de la structure de l'habitat ou à une diminution de la disponibilité de certaines ressources alimentaires importantes pour ces espèces. Comparés à d'autres mammifères, les grands singes se placent aux deux extrêmes d'un gradient de sensibilité aux perturbations de l'habitat causés par l'exploitation forestière. Les gorilles, ainsi que d'autres espèces "généralistes" comme les céphalophes, semblent prospérer dans les forêts exploitées, probablement attirés dans ces zones par la secondarisation de la végétation. Leurs densités diminuent ponctuellement dans les parcelles d'abattage pendant les opérations d'extraction, mais retrouvent très vite leur niveau initial. Ceci suggère un effet répulsif de la présence humaine sur ces espèces plutôt qu'une altération majeure de la qualité de l'habitat pour ces dernières. D'autres espèces plus "spécialistes" semblent réagir en augmentant la taille de leurs aires de fourragement. Il s'agit des sitatungas Tragelpahus spekei et des potamochères Potamochoerus porcus, deux espèces appréciant les biotopes humides (marécages à Raphia spp. des zones de forêt inondées, etc.). Ces biotopes particuliers, non-affectés par l'exploitation forestière, au coeur des forêts de production semblent servir de refuge pour ces espèces. Enfin, deux espèces ont été identifiées comme étant explicitement très vulnérables aux activités d'exploitation: les chimpanzés et les éléphants des forêts Loxodonta africana cyclotis. Leurs abondances n'ont pas recouvré les valeurs originelles durant la période d'étude, indiquant que ces espèces subissent encore des pressions écologiques et/ou anthropiques jusqu'à quatre ans après la fin des activités d'exploitation forestière.
Afin de contraster les facteurs écologiques et/ou anthropiques régissant la distribution spatiale des gorilles et des chimpanzés, nous avons fait usage d'une technique de modélisation spatiale appelée "Ecological Niche Factor Analysis – ENFA". Les modèles ENFA pour ces deux espèces ont principalement retenu les variables anthropiques pour expliquer la distribution spatiale des grands singes dans l'aire d'étude. Il a ainsi été démontré que la répartition des gorilles était en grande partie expliquée par l'agencement local des AACs et le temps qui s'est écoulé depuis la fin des opérations d'extraction dans celles-ci. De manière générale, cette espèce évite les zones présentant un haut taux de fréquentation humaine et préfère les forêts exploitées quelques années auparavant. Quant aux chimpanzés, leur distribution spatiale est principalement expliquée par la présence de routes et pistes forestières qui sont amplement évitées. La périphérie des zones exploitées semble être une zone de convergence pour les chimpanzés qui y seraient vraisemblablement refoulés lors des perturbations, mais ces mouvements seraient limités à de courtes distances. La vulnérabilité des chimpanzés s'expliquerait dès lors par l'absence de mécanismes démographiques leur permettant d'éviter les zones affectées tout en réduisant les conflits territoriaux résultant d'une réorganisation spatiale.
La tendance globale des variations d'abondance des grands singes au sein d'une concession forestière en cours d'exploitation confirme que même des espèces très proches phylogénétiquement peuvent faire preuve de capacités différentes de survie face aux perturbations anthropiques. Il ressort de nos observations que les communautés de chimpanzés font preuve d'une certaine inertie spatiale, contrairement aux gorilles qui parviennent à éviter les activités humaines. Cette inertie serait probablement à l'origine de sa vulnérabilité face aux pratiques forestières actuelles. Nos résultats viennent confirmer l'hypothèse socio-écologique émise par White & Tutin (2001). Face à ce malheureux constat, il est impératif de mettre en place des mesures concrètes de gestion visant à maintenir les populations de chimpanzés dans les forêts de production camerounaises.
Pratiquement, l'exploitation sélective serait compatible avec la conservation de la plupart des mammifères si certaines mesures de gestion visant à diminuer les impacts négatifs étaient rapidement mises en application. La proximité entre les zones exploitées et les zones pouvant servir de refuge semble être un facteur déterminant de la survie de nombreuses espèces de mammifères dans les forêts de production du Cameroun. Une ligne de réflexion serait donc d'assurer les mouvements de populations vers ces zones-refuge sans heurts afin de garantir l'émigration des populations animales en dehors des zones affectées et la recolonisation ultérieure des forêts exploitées. En ce sens, notre principale recommandation consiste à promouvoir un découpage en assiettes de coupe en bandes relativement étroites (<2,5 km) de façon à réduire la distance à parcourir pour éviter géographiquement les perturbations anthropiques. De même, il serait nécessaire de mettre en place des programmes de suivi régulier des abondances faunistiques afin de permettre une gestion adaptative qui s'ajusterait au vu d'événements critiques pour la faune.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Broquet, Thomas. "Structure génétique, connectivité du paysage et dispersion de la martre américaine (martes americana) en forêt boréale exploitée." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10155.
Full textLemaître, Jérôme. "Déterminants de la répartition des oiseaux et des micromammifères en forêt boréale naturelle et aménagée." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/21236.
Full textSahim, Fatima. "Effets d'une bordure forestière sur la pente de la courbe espèces-aire : importance des variables environnementales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24992/24992.pdf.
Full textGaret, Jérome. "Influence des caractéristiques de la sénescence sur la possibilité forestière." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25643/25643.pdf.
Full textRamboarison, Rivo. "La déforestation en pays Sakalava (ouest malgache)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1GE08.
Full textSakalava shows a duality where unity goes together with diversity. In regard to forests, deforestation varies with ethnic groups and production targets. People of sakalava protect well - managed forests. Migrants need more space to keep their cattle ; these migrants manage their firms with the aim to make money. Deforestation is the expression of conflicts between man and nature. It is a very complex phenomenon with intermingled interactions. A good knowledge of the functionning of the whole system is required in order to study deforestation. Deforestation is the result of complex socio-economical and political facts. Thourgh forest clearings for farming, deforestation give an answer to the question of subsistence means which garanties a minimum food security. With woody resources haversting, deforestation may yield a good income at minimum risk and investment. In total, deforestation is a reflection gone area the economy. As long as poverty will not be overcomed, deforestation will sill be practised
Khlifa, Rim. "Effets de la diversité des arbres sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème dans deux plantations de forêts tempérées." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27346.
Full textIn the last two decades, the vast majority of scientists have agreed that anthropogenic actions are responsible for an important and rapid loss of biodiversity at a global scale, through the elimination of genes, species and biological traits. This fact led to remarkable progress towards understanding how the loss of biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems. Although the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is now well documented, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still poorly understood, especially with regards to belowground processes in treed ecosystems. The objective of this Ph.D. project was to improve our understanding of the link between aboveground biodiversity and belowground functioning in two artificial ecosystems (tree plantations). For this purpose, we examined the implication of different actors and parameters of the belowground compartment that are likely to influence the C - and N - cycles, in relation to aboveground biodiversity (through the functional trait-based approach). On the one hand we studied the productivity of fine roots, their chemistry, the functioning and composition of soil microbial communities in relation to diversity measures (specific richness and functional diversity) in a young plantation (4 years). On the other hand, we studied the decomposition of fine roots in relation to over- and understory vegetation following the application of silvicultural treatments in an older plantation (27 years). In all cases, we studied the relationship between these parameters and processes, as well as soil C and N (total and in fractions). Deciduous and conifer species differed in fine root productivity and in microbial community catabolic activity. Conifers were more productive than deciduous (fine roots), and soil microbial communities associated with deciduous trees used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with conifers. Moreover, although tree specific richness influenced the functioning of microbes, it had no effect on their composition or the productivity of the fine roots, while tree identities (and their functional traits) influenced all these parameters and processes. The mean value of traits had a greater influence on fine root productivity, basal respiration and microbial biomass than the variance of these traits. The functional diversity (considered as a gradient) had no effect on any of the parameters and processes studied. Finally, our study revealed that the understory vegetation (cover of functional type and some species), more than overstory vegetation, soil properties or fine root chemistry influences the fine root decomposition. In general, this thesis has uncovered and highlighted unknown aspects of the relationship between BEF, in particular with regard to the link between aboveground diversity and belowground functioning. Our results precisely identified tree species, understory vegetation and functional traits and the processes on which they intervene. This could help to refine predictive models of C and N cycles or provide advice to forest managers.
Roussel, Jean-Romain. "Quantification théorique des effets du paramétrage du système d'acquisition sur les variables descriptives du nuage de points LiDAR." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29758.
Full textThe mapping of the forest resource is currently achieved through inventories made across large territories using methods of automatic or semi-automatic measurements at broad scales. Notably, the development of airborne LiDAR (light detection and ranging) has opened the way for new perspectives in this context. Despite its proven suitability as a tool for inventories and mapping, the study of the scientific literature on airborne LiDAR shows that methods for processing the acquired information remain limited, and are usually valid only for a given region of interest and for a given acquisition device. Indeed, modifying the acquisition device generates variation in the structure of the point cloud that often restrict the range of application of resource evaluation models. With the aim of moving towards models for resourcemapping that are less dependent on the characteristics of both the study area and the of acquisition device, it is important to understand the source of such variation and how to correct it. We investigated, how variations in the settings of the data acquisition systems may generate some variation in the structure of the obtained point clouds. These questions were treated using simple theoretical and mathematical models and we showed, to a certain extent, that it is possible to correct the LiDAR data, and thus to normalise measurements to simulate homogeneous acquisitions with a “standard” and unique acquisition device. The challenge pursued in this thesis is to propose and initiate, for the future, data processing methods relying on better established standards in order to build more accurate and more versatile tools for the large-scalemapping of forest resources.
Vennetier, Michel. "Un nouveau modèle bioclimatique pour la forêt méditerranéenne. Application à l'étude de l'impact du changement climatique sur la végétation et à l'évaluation de la productivité forestière." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30077.
Full textThis thesis consists of four articles linked by a connecting thread: the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the dynamics of the Mediterranean vegetation. The first part presents the design and the calibration of a new bioclimatic model dedicated to the assessment of the water-balance in Mediterranean forest. In the second part, mis model is used to assess the impact of the climate change on the composition of the forest flora. The third part thoroughly studies Pinus halepensis Mill. Autecology in its whole French distribution area, as this species serves as reference to link the bioclimatic model, climate change and forest height growth and productivity. The fourth part deals with the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the radial growth of Pinus halepensis, by means of an experimental device in field conditions
Jacques, Marie-Hélène. "Réponse de deux herbacées de sous-bois, le « Maianthemum canadense » et « l'Eurybia macrophylla », au réchauffement expérimental en forêt boréale méridionale." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29825/29825.pdf.
Full textThe understory herbaceous species are little studied in the context of climate change. The B4WARMED experiment, a forest warming facility of the University of Minnesota, provided the opportunity to study the response of Maianthemum canadense and Eurybia macrophylla in interaction with other components of their ecosystem. Effects on their growth, reproduction, phenology, photosynthesis and respiration rates were evaluated, along with the effects on the availability of light, water and nutrients. Overall, these two species were modestly affected by the experimental global warming treatments. However, their emergence in early spring promoted their reproductive output while reduced water content of the soil seemed to have negative effects in the longer term. The future of these species under a warming scenario depends, among other things, on the response of the upper strata in terms of phenology and on the changes in precipitation patterns.
Moore, Jean-David. "Effets du chaulage sur la nutrition, la vigueur et la croissance de l'érable à sucre à la station forestière de Duchesnay." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ47523.pdf.
Full textMorneau, François. "Effets d'un gradient d'engorgement sur la structure et la dynamique d'une forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française)." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002810.
Full textVan, Couwenberghe Rosalinde. "Effets des facteurs environnementaux sur la distribution et l'abondance des espèces végétales forestières aux échelles locales et régionales." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00604628.
Full textPatoine, Alain. "Effets de la coupe forestière et des feux de forêt sur la structure des communautés zooplanctoniques des lacs du Bouclier boréal canadien." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/NQ61391.pdf.
Full textPernin, Céline. "Epandage de boues d'épuration en milieu sylvo-pastoral : étude des effets in situ et en mésocosmes sur la mésofaune du sol et la décomposition d'une litière de chêne liège (Quercus suber L.)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX30033.
Full textA first study, carried out in situ (Var, France), which compares a control to a fertilized (2,74 t DM ha-1 yr-1) plot, shows that litterbags colonisation by mesofauna and organic matter decomposition, contained in these bags, follow the same dynamics on these both plots. However, mesofauna is more abundant on the fertilized plot. The chemical composition and decomposition state of litter have a significant effect on the mesofaunic community structure. A second study, performed in laboratory, used mesocosms and a model mesofaunic community. Four treatments using a combination of three doses of copper and two doses of sludge, were tested. The copper, which seems complexed with sludge, has no effect on community and litter parameters. However, the sludge dose influences the evolution of the sludge and litter chemical composition as well as the trophic structure of the community sampled in the mesocosms
Clivot, Hugues. "Acidification et restauration d'écosystèmes forestiers : effets sur les communautés microbiennes et sur des processus fonctionnels associés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0285/document.
Full textMany terrestrial and freshwater forested ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic acidification, which can led to deleterious effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To counteract acidification, liming can be used to improve soil and water physicochemical characteristics in order to restore tree health and headwater stream functioning. In particular, liming has been shown to enhance leaf litter breakdown, which is a key ecosystem process in headwater streams. In this context, the aims of this study were, first to investigate if liming, through its effects on soil chemical characteristics, could induce changes on soil microbial communities, and second to identify what factors could be responsible, at the microbial level, of reduced leaf litter breakdown in acidified headwater streams. Results showed that moderate large-scale liming can induce sustainable changes in soil bacterial communities. Major taxonomic changes revealed notably that the ratio between Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria was higher in limed soils compared to their control counterparts, confirming that this ratio could be a microbial indicator of soil quality improvement. Results obtained in the second part of this work showed that sporulating aquatic hyphomycete diversity on leaves was strongly impaired in acidified streams, whereas fungal diversity investigated by molecular analyses was not depressed. The latter showed a lower proportion of aquatic hyphomycetes and a higher proportion of terrestrial fungi on leaves when exposed in an acidified stream compared to a circumneutral one. Microbial activity analyses bring out that Al may be an important factor that could reduce microbial leaf litter processing, this metal inducing notably a P limitation for microbial decomposers. These effects may in turn have repercussions on higher trophic levels and whole ecosystem functioning
Neble, Sylvie. "Effets de l'épandage de boues de station d'épuration sur l'évolution des caractéristiques chimiques, microbiologiques et enzymatiques d'une litière de chêne-liège (Quercus suber L. ) en milieu sylvo-pastoral." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30012.
Full textApplication of sewage sludge in forest ecosystem is a novel way of valorisation. The effects of this amendment have been studied on the decomposition of an oak cork litter (Quercus suber L). A field experimental design was carried out during fourtheen months using litter-bags method both on control and treated plots (Var, France). The impact of the disturbance has been evaluated by analysing organic matter evolution (elementary analysis, NIRS, Solid State 13C NMR), microbial numbers and enzyme activities involved in carbon and phosphorus cycling. The results showed that the sewage sludge amendment accelerated the mineralization of the organic matter litter : a faster decomposition of cellulosic and hemicellulosic compounds and a most relative enrichment in nitrogen and aromatic compounds. We explain this acceleration by the stimulation of the microbial activities. This stimulation has been shown by a significant increase of real and potential respirations, bacterial and fungal numbers, and enzyme activities (i. E laccases, peroxidases, cellulases and alkalin phosphatases). However, although sewage sludge amendment influences microbial activity, the litter humidity remains the prevailing factor in the annual evolution of this activity
Morrissette, Nathalie. "Les mycorhizes éricoïdes : un potentiel biotechnologique pour favoriser l'établissement de plants de bleuet sur les sites perturbés par l'exploitation des sables bitumineux en forêt boréale canadienne." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28045/28045.pdf.
Full textPiponiot, Camille. "Quel futur pour les forêts de production en Amazonie ? Du bilan Carbone de l'exploitation forestière à la recherche de compromis entre services écosystémiques (bois d'oeuvre, biodiversité et carbone)." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0008/document.
Full textHalf of the world's tropical forets are designated by national forest services as production forests. While here have been numerous studies on the impact if devorestation on carbon emissions and biodiversity loss in the tropics, the long-term impacts of selective logging are still poorly studied; However, the importance of these production forests is increasing. Not only must they meet the growing tropical timber demand, but their role in Carbon storage and the biodiversity conservation is increasingly recognized. The studies developped in this thesis are threefold. First, a carbon balance model of logging is developped, and regional differences in post-logging carbon recovery of timber volume on the Amazon, and thus the unsustainability of current logging practices. These models (carbon and timber) were developped on a Bayesian framework, with support and data from the Tropical managed Forest Observatory (TmFO : www.tmfo.org), a netword of 9 research institutions and more than 200 forest plotswhere post-logging forest dynamics have been monitored for <30 years in the Amazon. Finally, a comparative analysis of prospective scenarios was carried out, where potential tradeoffs between ecosystem services (timber, carbone and biodiversity) were explored using multi-criteria optimization analysis
Collard, Amélie. "Réponses des plantes de sous-bois au retrait expérimental du cerf de Virginie dans les forêts du sud du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26196/26196.pdf.
Full textWe examined the response of understory plants to deer exclusion in maple-dominated forests of southern Québec following nearly 30 years of deer overabundance. Six maple forests were selected for the study and at each site one deer exclosure and one control were established in 1998. One exclosure and one control at each of the same sites were established in 2003 under recent gap openings. We investigated deer impacts on the richness, abundance, and aboveground biomass of different plant groups. None of these variables differed significantly between treatments over the years under both forest cover and gaps, except for tree seedlings and total plant abundance under gaps. Trillium erectum recovered partially as individuals were taller and reproduced more frequently in deer exclosures under forest cover. Overall, our results suggest that plant groups did not recover from deer exclusion, likely because of low light levels that prevail in maple-dominated forests.
Pierre, Amandine. "Ajustements du biais de mesure de précipitation solide et effets sur les bilans hydrologiques en milieu forestier boréal." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40168.
Full textThis work joins two complementary research projects and contributes to improve the knowledge on solid precipitation measurements and hydrological modelling strategy in the boreal forest environment. All the data used in this work comes from the Montmorency Forest, which is the teaching and research forest of Université Laval located in Quebec. The uncertainty related to flows forecast by hydrological models depends on the choice of the model, but are also linked to the quality of incoming meteorological data. This work aims first to quantify uncertainties related to solid precipitation measurements, then to propose an innovative method of adjustment and finally to establish a hydrological modelling strategy for the boreal forest environment. The development of a large meteorological database, including data from two world reference instruments, was done thanks to the Neige site deployed since 2014. Regarding uncertainties related to the solid precipitation undercatch phenomenon, five deterministic approaches from the literature are first evaluated. Results show that the initial bias is 30% on average and there is still an overestimation of the solid precipitation quantity after a deterministic adjustment. A probabilistic approach is developed and results show that the bias is divided by 5 on average. Finally, sensitivity analysis of hydrological models’ parameters, and their performance facing different solid precipitation quantities, is done on a set of 20 conceptual models based on the hydrological database of the catchment area called the HautMontmorency. This study highlights that the snow water equivalent measurement bias of the snowpack could influence the quality of water balances in the catchment under certain conditions. A deep sensitivity analysis of hydrological models showed that an adjustment of the solid precipitation was required prior to their calibration. The originality of this thesis depends on the exceptional studied sites, the quality of technicians work and the collaboration of numerous public and private partners.
Dahome, Di Ruggiero Michelle. "Evolution, exploitation et amenagement des zones humides littorales dans les petites Antilles Françaises." Antilles-Guyane, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGUY0240.
Full textThe humid coastal zones (mangroves swamps, marshy forest, marsh meadow) of Guadeloupe and Martinique. Subjects to anthropic pressures, are they ln danger? The traditionals activities detremine a phytologic spatio-temporal dynamic of environment ensuring a newbalance to the system. With the analysis of aerial photographies, field-cheeking, a bibliographie synthesis permitted a typography based on the nature of the back mangrove swamp and a cartography of the spatial evolution of these zones of 1950 to 2004. Ali the diminishedprocesses are seen near urbaniazed areas. The counting ob of biological and physical indicators of the anthropisation convey thecharacteristics of traditionals uses differently applied in the 2 islands. The estimate of the anthropic pressure show the vulnerability of the forests near urbanized zones or roads and meadows and marshes. Surveys conducted in the field define the population of users and the social determinism of the uses. The study of popular regional events 'crab feast, shooting) gives the resources value of these habitats anexplains the economic of humid littoral of uses. These 2 determinisms pose the problem of the Iimiting utllizations of zhl. If the protectionsystem ot these 2 islands is identical (national or intemationallaws) but the management implemented in each of them is different. In Guadeloupe, it's necessary to propose concerted actions between ail actors of zhl for an better integrated
Bonneil, Philippe. "Diversité et structure des communautés de Lépidoptères nocturnes en chênaie de plaine dans un contexte de conversion vers la futaie régulière." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00123727.
Full textDans ce contexte, nous avons étudié l'impact à court terme de deux types de coupes d'intensités différentes (la coupe d'ensemencement et la coupe d'éclaircie), ainsi que la succession et la reconstitution des communautés de macro-Lépidoptères nocturnes au cours de la première moitié du cycle de futaie régulière, en référence aux anciens taillis-sous-futaie. Une deuxième partie aborde le rôle des caractéristiques dendrométriques, structurales et floristiques du peuplement forestier. Les travaux, menés en forêt domaniale de Montargis (45), ont nécessité une mise au point de la méthode d'échantillonnage pour comparer de manière synchronique 6 stades sylvicoles (incluant celui d'avant conversion) répartis parmi 35 sites. Les analyses ont porté sur la communauté entière, sur des groupes écologiques et biologiques définis a priori (selon l'habitat, le type et le nombre de plantes-hôtes consommées, le stade hivernant et la capacité de dispersion) et sur les espèces suffisamment fréquentes. Les réponses sont perçues à travers les variations de richesse spécifique, d'abondance absolue et de composition en espèces.
La coupe d'ensemencement, de forte intensité et initiatrice du cycle sylvicole, entraîne rapidement une modification profonde des communautés et la chute de la richesse spécifique et de l'abondance totales. La coupe d'éclaircie, de faible intensité, ne modifie pas la richesse et l'abondance totales et très peu la composition spécifique. Au cours du cycle sylvicole, la composition spécifique évolue pour se rapprocher, en jeune futaie vers 110 ans, de la composition d'origine. La richesse et l'abondance totales augmentent dans les stades jeunes pour atteindre un maximum en bas-perchis vers 45 ans puis tendent à diminuer légèrement jusqu'en jeune futaie où leurs valeurs d'origine sont retrouvées. La majorité des espèces est indifférente à la coupe et au cycle mais les autres ont des réponses contrastées. Les réponses des groupes étudiés suivent celle de la communauté entière, y compris pour les espèces supposées favorisées par la coupe (espèces de milieux ouverts, espèces liées aux herbacées). Néanmoins des tendances permettent de classer les espèces en deux groupes. Les espèces les plus défavorisées par la coupe d'ensemencement à court et à long terme sont les forestières, celles liées aux ligneux, les monophages, celles hivernant au stade d'œuf et les Geometridae, moins aptes à la dispersion. Les espèces les moins défavorisées sont les eurytopes, celles liées aux herbacées, les polyphages, celles hivernant au stade de chenille et les Noctuidae, plus aptes à la dispersion. La surprenante similarité des réponses des groupes (sauf pour les espèces lichénophages) à la coupe d'ensemencement peut être expliquée par un renseignement des traits d'espèce peu fiable et, au stade de régénération, par une plus faible détectabilité, des conditions micro-climatiques défavorables, une mauvaise qualité du feuillage, une prédation et un parasitisme élevés. Nous pensons que l'envergure moyenne des individus ne reflète pas la capacité de dispersion mais pourrait être liée au volume de vol disponible.
Dans les peuplements âgés, la richesse des Lépidoptères est liée positivement à la richesse floristique du sous-bois, mais sur l'ensemble des stades sylvicoles la richesse totale augmente avec l'hétérogénéité structurale du peuplement forestier (nombre de strates, recouvrement de la strate arbustive). La composition spécifique est aussi particulièrement liée à la richesse floristique du sous-bois.
Dans les limites de l'étude, la conversion ne semble pas menacer la diversité des Lépidoptères nocturnes. Toutefois, si les tendances observées se confirmaient, la deuxième moitié du cycle de futaie régulière serait défavorable aux espèces forestières et à celles ayant une faible capacité de dispersion.
Duperat, Marine. "Effet de l'hétérogénéité du peuplement sur les charges imposées par le vent." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69589.
Full textOver the past twenty years, forest management has tended to increase the use of partial cutting in naturally regenerated stands, leaving residual trees at increased risk of wind damage during their first years of acclimation. Widespread in Quebec, balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) is a species known to be particularly vulnerable to wind damage. To mitigate losses in naturally regenerated balsam fir stands, it is important to understand how balsam fir trees bend under wind loads, and to find specific silvicultural parameters to be integrated into wind risk management models. This should help managers mitigate risks when choosing silvicultural prescriptions. The main objective of this thesis was to study the wind loads experienced by balsam fir trees under summer and winter conditions and following the removal of nearby competitors. For this purpose, a network of sensors and data loggers was set up in a white birch-balsam fir stand in the Montmorency Forest (Laval University's experimental forest) for continuous data collection over three seasons: summer 2018, winter 2019, and summer 2019 following partial cutting. An aluminium tower equipped with two anemometers placed at the height and mid-height of the canopy and temperature sensors (air and soil) was installed at the edge of the stand to continuously monitor weather events. At the same time, strain gauges attached to balsam fir trunks made it possible to measure wind induced bending moments on a sample of trees. During the winter, continuous monitoring of the amount of snow on tree crowns was carried out using a hunting camera to assess the additional effect of snow on wind load. At the beginning of summer 2019, a localised thinning was carried out to remove all competitors within a radius of 3.5m around 2/3 of the trees studied. The main results of this thesis demonstrate (1) the importance of using competition indices, in particular CBAL, in modelling the risk of wind damages in heterogeneous stands; (2) the global impact of winter on the increase in the turning moments experienced by the trunks, regardless of the thickness of snow on the canopies; and (3) the local, but also global, effect of partial cutting on the increase in the turning moments experienced by all the trees in a stand, with the most suppressed trees being the most at risk.
Blanchard, Fabian. "Effets de l'exploitation par pêche sur la dynamique de diversité des peuplements de poissons démersaux : analyse comparée du rôle des interactions entre espèces dans le golfe de Gascogne et dans le golfe du Lion." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES2027.
Full textStoeckel, Solenn. "Impact de la propagation asexuée et du système d'auto-incompatibilité gamétophytique sur la structuration et l'évolution de la diversité génétique d'une essence forestière entomophile et disséminée, Prunus avium L." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002599.
Full textNaud, Julie. "Espèces herbacées médicinales de sous-bois, cultivées en érablière sous différentes conditions de lumière et de sol, dans le sud du Québec (Canada)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26024/26024.pdf.
Full textCarol, Nathalie. "Le rôle des managers de proximité dans la fabrique du sens stratégique à l’Office National des Forêts : les effets des frontières sur le travail d’influence des pratiques de martelage." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0041.
Full textTo support the growth of a promising sector and improve its financial situation, the National Forestry Office (ONF) adopted a new roadmap for the period 2016-2020, focusing primarily on increasing wood supply. However, this strategic focus, which is based on sustainable production, comes up against a patrimonial vision of forest management inherited from a multi-century-old administration, the Eaux et Forêts (Water and Forests). The weight of tradition may explain an intensity of harvesting that remains below the estimated productivity of ecosystems and the objectives set out in previous roadmaps. This calls for an examination of the ONF's capacity to adapt to meet the demands of a changing environment. In a practical approach to strategy, hammering practices can be a possible entry point for explaining and understanding how the ONF's wood supply strategy is formed and implemented in the field. Hammering consists of marking with hammer hits or traces of paint the trees that will be cut by logging workers. This technical act directly influences the volumes of wood put on the market. Hammering is carried out by relatively autonomous professionals who work under the responsibility of middle managers. Middle managers are considered as key actors of change. Based on the sensemaking theory, I show how middle managers can seek through interactions to influence the meaning behind hammering practices. However, these interactions are conditioned by the symbolic, social, physical and temporal boundaries that structure the practices. These boundaries are not fixed but may potentially evolve in the daily actions and interactions. This movement can be driven by middle managers and understood through the concept of boundary work. The influential work of middle managers consists then in working on the boundaries to influence practices towards increased wood supply. This leads to examine a potential change at the ONF through two questions: what are the effects of boundaries on the work of influencing practices of hammering? How do middle managers work on boundaries to influence practices?To answer these questions, an ethnographic case study was conducted in the Great East region. The data collected over nearly two years show that the boundaries that structure hammering practices strongly constrain the interactions needed to influence practices. These boundary effects have led the middle managers to create “free spaces” that provide more favourable conditions to interact and to influence the practices towards increased wood supply. Three main theoretical contributions arise from this study. First, taking boundaries into account in the influential work of middle managers allows us to shed light on the conditions of sensegiving, which Maitlis and Lawrence (2007) have long been calling for. The results obtained then make it possible to enrich the concept of ecology of spaces. Spaces of freedom are used to inform and influence the "front stage" spaces in which practices are carried out or in which boundaries are defined. Finally, this study invites a discussion on two aspects of the theory of sensemaking, that of resources and that of temporality.The results of this study lead to managerial recommendations aimed at increasing the influence of middle managers and promoting wood supply. These recommendations consist of several measures such as redynamizing work exchanges by opening spaces of discussion and using technical language to influence hammering practices
Amm, Annabelle. "Contribution à l’estimation des potentialités de migration des essences forestières face au changement climatique : Le cas du sapin pectiné (Abies alba Miller) sur le Mont Ventoux." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30006/document.
Full textCurrent climate change (CC), really fast, will impose species to change their history life traits or their distribution range. Trees may not be able to adapt because of their long reproductive cycles hence their potentialities of migration is decisive. Past tree migration rates, during Holocene, were revised in downward these rates (several decameters against several hundred m/year). In this context, and focusing on silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) as “model species”, we studied main factors decisive for migration potentialities. Using regeneration plots, installed on Mont Ventoux north face, silver fir dispersal and seedling recruitment have been studied, including seed sources and main environmental characteristics. Dispersal was also estimated using genetic data. For both cases, dispersal distances are of the order of decameters. This species shows a mixed mating system, and auto-fertilization rate, plus reproduction between half-sibs, induces homozygosity excess, generally observed in regeneration, this excess decreases probably under the purge of inbred individuals. Our results show that seedlings do not have show homozygosity excess, however inbred seedlings die preferentially. Lastly, we constructed a model of forest dynamics that includes processes that determine migration, in order to evaluate the concordance between long life cycle species and CC. Our results show that silver fir does not migrate as fast as climate warming velocity
Barbier, Stéphane. "Influence de la diversité, de la composition et de l'abondance des essences forestières sur la diversité floristique des forêts tempérées." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00238532.
Full textNous avons développé des modèles statistiques pour tester ces indicateurs sur la richesse de groupes écologiques de la flore. Nous les avons comparés avec des modèles basés sur la composition et l'abondance des essences, dans les forêts de plaine du centre de la France (Bassin Parisien). Les caractéristiques stationnelles ont été soit fixées, soit prises en compte dans les modèles. Il apparaît que la richesse en essences n'est pas un bon indicateur de diversité floristique, et que la pureté de l'essence principale a des effets positifs ou nuls sur la richesse floristique ; ces réponses positives s'expliquent probablement par la structure des peuplements étudiés qui sont principalement des chênaies et chênaies charmaies, dans lesquelles la diminution de la pureté de l'essence principale (souvent le chêne) correspond souvent à une augmentation des essences de taillis dans le sous-étage (comme le charme). Ces essences de taillis ont des effets négatifs ou nuls (voire positifs pour les herbacées forestières).
Il existe de meilleurs indicateurs de biodiversité que la pureté et la richesse, en particulier l'identité de l'essence principale et l'abondance des essences classées par groupes. Le premier est un indicateur pratique ; il nous montre par exemple que les peuplements de résineux sont moins riches en espèces sciaphiles ; les peuplements de frênes sont plus riches pour de nombreux groupes d'espèces vasculaires ; les peuplements de chênes pédonculés sont plus riches que ceux de chênes sessiles pour de nombreux groupes d'espèces. L'abondance des groupes d'essences (chênes, pionnières, essences de demi-ombre, autres essences feuillues, résineuses dryades et résineuses post-pionnières) est le meilleur descripteur de la richesse pour plusieurs groupes écologiques. Cependant, c'est un modèle multivarié qui n'est pas facile à utiliser en tant que tel comme indicateur.
Nous avons étudié l'effet essence à l'échelle de l'arbre pour s'affranchir des biais stationnels ; les variations de l'eau du sol entre couples d'essences (pin–chêne ; hêtre–chêne) sont faibles, l'éclairement est parfois différent entre essences (surtout à proximité du tronc), mais il y a peu de différences floristiques entre essences à cette échelle (sauf pour les bryophytes). L'effet de la structure des peuplements semble plus important à considérer que les caractéristiques propres à chaque arbre individuel. La composition en essences est une variable synthétique qui nous renseigne en partie sur de nombreux facteurs de diversité végétale auxquels elle est liée : des caractéristiques stationnelles, sylviculturales, de structure du peuplement et historiques. Ces facteurs sont inhérents à la composition en essences dans les forêts existantes. Si la sylviculture changeait (choix d'essences par station et fréquence et intensité des perturbations), les relations entre composition en essences et diversité floristique changeraient probablement aussi ; nos indicateurs devraient alors être testés de nouveau.
Laverdière, Jean-Philippe. "Contrôle génétique de la résistance à la sécheresse chez l'épinette blanche." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69522.
Full textIn the context of anticipated climate change, increasingly intense and frequent episodes of drought will affect water availability for boreal tree species, prompting tree breeders to consider adaptation to water stress as a priority. We used a 19-year-old comparative test of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) polycross progeny established on two sites affected by drought episodes to compare the genetic control and the potential for improvement of drought response with those of more conventional growth traits. To do this, we used genomic selection (GS) based on genomic profiles and traditional selection based on pedigree information only (PS). The genetic control for drought-response traits was somewhat weaker than for growth traits, but with comparable estimated genetic gains, which makes it possible to consider the use of GS at an early age. The accuracy of predicted breeding values for drought response traits was only slightly lower than that for growth traits. We observed opposite correlations on the two sites studied between water stress resistance traits and tree radial growth, likely because the water stress episodes occurred at different times during the growth season between sites. However, some selection scenarios made it possible to improve all traits while sacrificing very little on height gain, which is the priority trait targeted for this species in Quebec. Our results suggest that integrating drought response into white spruce breeding programs would require only a slight sacrifice in height growth, but that the accuracy of predictions obtained by the genomic or the conventional approach is negatively affected by the lower numbers of trees in site-specific analyses when the water stress episodes are different from site to site.
Grieu, Philippe. "Écophysiologie du douglas : Contribution à l'étude de l'influence des déficits hydriques sur les échanges gazeux, la croissance et l'accumulation de métabolites organiques." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10354.
Full textLescure, Jean-Paul. "La reconstitution du couvert végétal après agriculture sur brulis chez les Wayapi du Haut Oyapock (Guyane française)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066120.
Full text