Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets de l'inflation sur l''
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KIM, HAG JEONG. "Les effets de l'inflation sur la distribution des revenus en coree." Paris 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA010014.
Full textHousehold income is classified as the sum of labor income and capital income. Labor income is largely influenced by occupation and education. Capital income is largely affected by inflation. Inflation drops the real interest rate and raises the value of the real asset e. G. Real estate. In korea, capital income affects the distribution more than labor income. This is because the price levels greatly rose during her development period. Futhermore, real estate prices rose more rapidly than the general price level. Inflation in korea allowed the big capital gains to be reaped by homeowners and other real estate investers, raised housing expenses of the non-homeowners, and aggravated the income distribution among classes
Bettaieb, M'hamed. "La causalité entre l'inflation et les rendements boursiers réels au Canada." Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 1998.
Find full textCollin, Eddy. "Effets du désordre sur l'3He à ultra-basses températures." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10003.
Full textLes effets du désordre sont au confluent de nombreuses disciplines physiques. Nous avons étudié certains de leurs aspects sur le système modèle formé par l'3He à ultra-basse température. Notre étude expérimentale s'est faite en premier lieu sur l'aimant bidimensionnel formé par l'3He absorbé sur graphite. Nous avons mis en évidence les propriétés magnétiques de la phase " liquide de spins ", et avons pour la première fois fabriqué des " nanoclusters " ferromagnétiques de taille variable. Enfin, nous avons fixé une nouvelle borne supérieure à la température d'apparition de la superfluidité de l'3He à deux dimensions. En second lieu, nous nous sommes intéressés aux propriétés magnétiques de l'3He confiné dans l'aérogel. Nous avons mis en évidence le comportement des couches absorbées, et étudié la phase liquide de Fermi confinée. Aux plus basses températures, nous avons observé les propriétés remarquables de la phase " intermédiaire ", non-liquide de Fermi et non superfluide, et avons étudié la phase superfluide stabilisée dans l'aérogel. Nous avons pu en définir la nature, et certaines propriétés jusqu'alors controversées. Notre analyse introduit pour la première fois sur ce système la notion de défaut topologique. L'ensemble de ces travaux a nécessité le développement de certaines techniques des ultrabasses températures, comme par exemple la thermométrie par fils vibrants. Nous avons par ailleurs participé à son application bolométrique, proposée pour le projet MacHe3
Bussy, Cyrill. "Effets chimique et radiologique d'une ingestion chronique d'uranium sur le cerveau du rat : effets sur les neurotransmissions dopaminergique, sérotoninergique et cholinergique." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077057.
Full textLamontagne-Drolet, Marianne. "Effets de deux suppléments protéiques sur l'abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/36684.
Full textChez l’abeille domestique, il est impératif d’avoir accès à une diversité florale pour combler les besoins en acides aminés essentiels via le pollen. Ainsi, dans les régions où la diversité florale est limitante, certains apiculteurs ont recours à des suppléments protéiques pour éviter les carences. Cependant, il est important et parfois difficile de quantifier les effets de ces produits sur des colonies commerciales. Les objectifs du projet étaient : 1) comparer la santé des colonies d’abeilles supplémentées à celles non supplémentées; 2) comparer deux types de suppléments commerciaux quant à leur taux de consommation et leurs effets sur la santé des colonies; 3) évaluer l’impact du paysage sur le statut nutritionnel des colonies. Cinquante colonies réparties sur trois sites en Montérégie ont été échantillonnées de mai à septembre 2016. Des trappes à pollen ont permis de placer certaines colonies en conditions simulées de manque de pollen. Les résultats démontrent que fournir des suppléments aux colonies en période de pénurie de pollen permet aux abeilles de maintenir leur production de couvain, ainsi qu’un taux de protéines plus élevé. Cependant, les abeilles supplémentées démontrent une longévité réduite, ce qui suggère que les produits testés ne sont pas optimaux. Le supplément Global PattiesMD, contenant du pollen, a été davantage consommé que le Ultra BeeMD, sans pollen. Il semble également convenir mieux aux colonies, les abeilles y étant exposées présentant un effort de récolte de pollen inférieur (lorsque limitées dans leur accès au pollen), un taux de protéines généralement plus élevé par rapport au témoin et une meilleure longévité. Enfin, les ruches du site présentant la plus grande proportion de terres agricoles dans un rayon de 5 km performaient mieux qu’aux autres sites en fin de saison, ce qui pourrait s’expliquer par la présence de certaines plantes nutritionnellement intéressantes retrouvées en milieu agricole.
The honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) must have access to a diversity of pollen sources to meet their nutritional requirements. In regions where floral resources are scarce, beekeepers sometimes provide protein supplements to their colonies to avoid nutritional deficiencies. However, it is important and sometimes difficult to quantify the effects of these products on commercial colonies. The goals of this study were to 1) compare the health of commercial honeybee colonies supplemented or not with a protein supplement, 2) compare the consumption and impact on honey bee health of two commercial protein supplements and 3) evaluate the impact of surrounding landscape on the nutritional status of colonies. Fifty colonies located in three apiaries in Montérégie, Québec, were monitored from May to September 2016. Pollen traps placed certain colonies in simulated pollen shortage conditions. We found that supplemented colonies limited in pollen collection were able to raise the same amount of brood than the control colonies. Nurse bees in supplemented colonies also had a higher body protein content compared to control bees. However, bees of supplemented colonies displayed shorter lifespan, which casts a doubt on the suitability of these products for honey bee nutrition. The supplement containing pollen, Global Patties, was more consumed than the supplement containing no pollen, Ultra Bee. It also seemed more suitable, colonies consuming it displaying a lower pollen foraging effort (in pollen shortage conditions), nurse bees with a higher protein compared to the control and bees with a longer lifespan. Finally, colonies from the apiary surrounded by the highest proportion of cultivated land in a 5-km radius performed better overall compared to the other apiaries toward the end of the season. This could be explained by the presence of nutritionally interesting plants present in the agricultural landscape at that time of the year
Rigaut, Isabelle. "Effets du froid sur la circulation pulmonaire chez l' insuffisant respiratoire chronique." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11040.
Full textRivaille-Prud'homme, Marie-Pascale. "Effets du NaCl sur le métabolisme lipidique dans les racines de Cochlearia anglica L." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37600806n.
Full textBlot, Isabelle. "Effets du Parlodel L. A. R sur les macroprolactinomes : à propos de sept cas." Bordeaux 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR2M033.
Full textPeyrot, des Gachons Catherine. "Recherches sur le potentiel aromatique des raisins de Vitis vinifera L. Cv. Sauvignon blanc." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR20799.
Full textSaint-Michel, Sarah. "L' impact du genre sur les traits de personnalité des leaders et les effets sur le style de leadership." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010056.
Full textRaine, Melanie. "Etude de l' effet de l'énergie des ions lourds sur la sensibilité des composants électroniques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647328.
Full textCaron, Mathieu. "Effets de sédiments contaminés sur les concentrations de progestérone, testostérone et 17B-oestradiol chez Mya arenaria (L.) et Mytilus edulis (L.)." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2005.
Find full textTitre de lʹécran-titre (visionné le 1er septembre 2006). Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de maîtrise en océanographie. Comprend un résumé. CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 95-105. Paraît aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Biron, François. "Effets des extraits de compost (EC) fortifiés sur la croissance du soya (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27101/27101.pdf.
Full textIn organic agriculture, there are few certified products that can be used to favor plant growth. This study was conducted to determine the soluble compounds from water extract of compost (WEC) that could benefit soybean growth. In the presence or the absence of aeration, six composts were macerated into water up to 14 days. Following the characterization of WEC, four were selected, enriched and applied on foliage of soybean grown in sand and watered with a nutrient solution or water. Over time, most soluble mineral salts went into solution, but N could be lost trough denitrification. To enhance mineral contents and minimize N loss, WEC should be produced within two days. When treated with the nutrient solution, the water extract of vermicompost enhanced soybean development, biomasses, and plant mineral contents. This WEC appears to favor plant growth through the provision of soluble growth substances, other than soluble mineral elements.
Scherer, Amanda Eloina. "La formation d'enseignants et ses effets sur l'enseignement du F. L. E. Dans le contexte brésilien." Besançon, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BESA1022.
Full textIn our research we tried first to set up the problematic of french teachers' training in Brazil so as to show the importance of intergrating a socio-cultural and context in the object tautht, then we show the actual and urgent preoccupations of teacher-trainers in front of teacher training sessions in France. Last we try and see how this type of training session will also contribute to enable participants observe and act on the multiple teaching situations they have to face during their educational carrier. A corpus has been constructed according to didactical-intercultural hypothesis on the basis of a simple of variables corresponging to various social describers : for teachers in Brazil the data collected from the application forms for a grant (1986 to 1990) archived in french centers ; for those in France in january 1990, an inquiry on various themes ; and for the centres a questionary addressed to the persons in charge of the brazilian groups
Nakhili, Nadia. "L'environnement scolaire, quels effets sur les aspirations "individuelles" ? : le cas de l'entrée dans l"enseignement supérieur." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOL028.
Full textThe object of this study is to analyze differences in aspirations and choice of course of study at the outset of higher education. More particularly it aims to determine if the "individual" choices, which have an impact on the construction of educational inequalities, depend on school environment. Since the diversified character of school environment is an established fact in France, the first part of this work, based on a review of the sociology of education literature, draws attention to contextual dimensions as possible factors influencing educational and vocational aspirations. This question, which has remained unexplored at this level of the educational system in France, is dealt with empirically in the second part of the study. Based on a quantitative analyse of the data of a Panel of pupils in secondary education and on an original survey, the study shows that school environment is a significant predictor of the educational aspirations of high-school pupils (probability of applying for course of study of higher education and desired length of studies). School environment significantly explains the choice of courses of study of pupils with comparable school attainment and social background. The origin of this contextual effect is twofold: the social composition of the high school and the local supply of higher education (mainly the local presence of preparatory programmes for the elite sector of grandes écoles (‘higher schools’)). In many cases, the effect of school context is at least as important as the effect of social background. The “individual” preferences, located in unequal contexts, are thus tinged with the organization of the educational system
Zec, Mile. "Effets de l'application foliaire de phosphore, de magnesium et de zinc sur maïs (Zea mays L.)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212034.
Full textArbin, Valérie. "Effets de l' inhibition mixte de l' enzyme de conversion de l' angiotensine I et de l' endopeptidase neutre 24-11 sur la résistance à l' insuline et le dysfonctionnement endothélial dans le diabète expérimental : rôle de la voie bradykinine - monoxyde d' azote." Paris 5, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA05P604.
Full textAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors may improve endothelial dysfunction in insulin-dependant diabetes mellitus [. . . ]
Raine, Mélanie. "Etude de l' effet de l'énergie des ions lourds sur la sensibilité des composants électroniques." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112168/document.
Full textThis thesis studies the sensitivity of advanced electronic devices in radiative environments. The work deals with the detailed modeling of the deposited energy induced by heavy-ion in matter, and the influence of taking it into account in the tools simulating the response of irradiated devices. To do so, a simulation chain was developed, combining different calculation codes at various scales. In a first step, the particle-matter interaction code Geant4 is used to model the heavy ion track. These tracks are then implemented in a TCAD simulator, in order to study the response of elementary transistors to these detailed energy deposits. This step is completed with experimental measurements. Finally, the study is extended to the circuit level, by interfacing the heavy ion tracks with a SEE prediction tool. These different steps evidence the need for taking into account the radial extension of the ion track to all simulation levels, to adequately model the response of advanced devices under heavy ion irradiations
Seddik, Nadia. "Effets d'un acaricide, l'amitraze, sur le psylle du poirier, Psylla pyri (L.) (Homoptera, Psyllidae) essai en vergers et au laboratoire, effets de la température /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376098373.
Full textSeddik, Nadia. "Effets d'un acaricide, l'Amitraze, sur le Psylle du poirier, Psylla pyri (L. ) (Homoptera : Psyllidae) : essais en vergers et au laboratoire, effets de la température." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30243.
Full textKanoun, Myriam. "Impact de l'ozone sur le végétal : modification du métabolisme phénolique et altération de la Rubisco chez Phaseolus vulgaris L." Pau, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PAUU3008.
Full textSanvicente, Patricia. "Incidence de l'adjonction d'imazaquine à des substances de croissance sur la morphogenèse et la nutrition azotée de l'orge d'hiver (Hordeum Vulgare L. ) : conséquences sur la production et la qualité des grains." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL035N.
Full textSeemann, Frauke. "Effets de xénoestrogènes sur le système immunitaire en cours de développement du bar, Dicentrarchus labrax (L. 1758)." Le Havre, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LEHA0015.
Full textThe survival of most vertebrates is highly dependent on their resistance to infections. The immune system comprises competent cells and organs to protect the organism against pathogens and death. This protective system, which is crucial for survival, was shown to be sensitive to environmental pollutants. The aquatic environment represents one of the major sinks for anthropogenic pollution, amongst them the xenoestrogens, which are highly abundant in estuaries and mimic the natural hormone 17β-estradiol. Being part of the European INTERREG IV A programme “Determination of pertinent indicators of environmental monitoring - a strategy for Europe” (DIESE), this thesis aimed at the evaluation of impacts of 17β-estradiol on the development of the immune system in juvenile sea bass. This marine fish species spends its larval and juvenile stages in estuaries and coastal areas and is thus, subject to anthropogenic pollution. The impacts of 17β-estradiol were assessed on the molecular, cellular and organ level, and this was done at different developmental stages, in order to evaluate the integrity of the immune system development. Laboratory exposure experiments were conducted to investigate (I) the estrogen receptor gene expression and the cytokine gene expression, (II) the head kidney leukocyte populations and their phagocytic activity as well as (III) the growth of the thymus and its regionalisation in response to different concentrations and exposure durations. A subsequent depuration period provided information on the potential compensation of induced impacts. The results provided new insights into the development of the sea bass immune defence and revealed sensitive phases during immune system maturation. Exogenous 17β-estradiol interferes with the head kidney and thymus development exactly during these developmentally critical phases. Exposure, beginning at 90 dph results in an enlargement of the thymus and inindirect or delayed modifications in interleukin-1β and estrogen receptor α gene expression in the head kidney. The treatment of 120 dph fish changed the estrogen receptor β2 gene expression and the transforming growth factor β1 gene expression in conjunction with a decreased phagocytic activity in the head kidney. The 120 dph fish were able to compensate the 17β-estradiol induced impacts during the depuration. Thus, the final phase of immune system maturation is a period, characterised by a particular sensitivity to estrogenic pollutants. Exogenous estrogens interfere with the immune system during key stages of the head kidney and the thymus development, thereby modulating innate immune functions of juvenile sea bass. A persistent exposure at low estrogen concentrations may therefore result in more substantial and far reaching perturbations than a short contamination period with high concentrations. Since many of the immunotoxic effects occur at environmentally relevant concentrations, these chemicals may threaten the immunological health of wild fish. Even the more so, as other pollutants that may act on the organism health and immunocompetence are present in the aquatic environment at the same time
TOURNEUX, CHRISTOPHE. "Effets d'un deficit hydrique sur les echanges gazeux chez solanum tuberosum l. Interaction avec les fortes temperatures." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112341.
Full textBoivin, Carl. "L'influence de la régie d'irrigation, du cultivar et du type de paillis sur la disponibilité des nutriments : impacts sur la croissance végétative de six cultivars d'argousiers (Hippophae rhamnoides L.)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24807/24807.pdf.
Full textBachereau, Frédéric. "Effets de l'exclusion sélective du rayonnment solaire (visible et UV) de haute altitude sur la biochimie et la physiologie de divers modèles végétaux : Pisum sativum L. (pois cultivé), Sedum album L. (orpin blanc) et Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (lichen terricole)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10268.
Full textDecourtye, Axel. "Etude de l'impact de produits phytopharmaceutiques sur la survie et l'apprentissage associatif chez l'abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L. )." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112111.
Full textThis work is a contribution to the evaluation of the lethal and sublethal toxicity of pesticides in the honeybee. In particular, we have studied the biological effects on associative learning, which is a critical phase of the foraging behaviour. Imidacloprid was the main neurotoxic insecticide tested. In a first part, acute toxicity tests showed that imidacloprid and its two main metabolites induced a high toxicity. Moreover, oral chronic toxicity of imidacloprid was demonstrated. We present a modelling approach of survival data in caged bees under chronic exposure to pesticides. It is based on a Cox model which takes into accountthe fact that bees are not dying independently one from the other. In a second part, bees surviving sub-chronic treatment with imidacloprid and 5-hydroxy-imidacloprid have reduced learning performances during the olfactory conditioning of the Proboscis Extension Response (PER). Our study revealed that bees have a higher sensitivity to imidacloprid during summer (Lowest Observed Effect Concentration = 12 ppb) than during winter (LOEC = 48 ppb). In order to identify the neurobiological action of imidacloprid, its impact was evaluated on the brain cytochrome oxidase activity, a marker of neuronal metabolism, and on the capacities of storage and retention of the information. In imidacloprid-treated honeybees, a modification of the oxidative metabolism in the mushroom bodies and an impairment of the mid-term memory were found. In a third part, we compared the effects of imidacloprid and deltamethrin on olfactory learning performances in both semi-field and laboratory conditions. Olfactory learnt discrimination task in free-flying foragers and olfactory conditioning of PER in restrained foragers revealed the impact of imidacloprid on learning performances, but not of deltamethrin
Sabbado, da Rosa Laura. "Le pôle de compétitivité Arve Industries : les effets sur la dynamique partenariale des PME locales." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENG018/document.
Full textCompetitiveness clusters have been established since 2006 and represent a political initiative by the French government to aid businesses and regions and thus improve France’s position in the realm of international economic competition. The goal is to reinforce the industrial fabric in certain regions via a substantial injection of public funds invested in projects linked with innovation and internationalization of enterprises. This dissertation studies the impact of the creation of the “Arve Industries” competitiveness cluster and in particular, the degree of implication of local SMEs in this collective, innovating activity. From a theoretical stand point, we call upon approaches addressing territorial economies due to the intrinsically territorial nature of competitiveness clusters, as well as studies focusing on strategic networks. Harnessing these two perspectives, proximity is presented as an important factor at the root of cooperative interactions between the involved actors (businesses, laboratories and universities) in the technological field. From a technological stand point, this work combines a qualitative exploratory approach based on semi-directive interviews with 22 SME owners and 6 organizations that support local industry, and a quantitative approach based on 68 usable questionnaires. The nature of relationships between SMEs in competitiveness clusters are also studied in terms of cooperation, competition and knowledge sharing
Dussaubat-Arriagada, Claudia Marcela. "Effets de Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) sur la santé de l'abeille domestique Apis mellifera L. : changements physiologiques et comportementaux." Phd thesis, Université d'Avignon, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00866903.
Full textGauthier, Mélanie. "Le déséquilibre de liaison chez l'orge (Hordeum vulgare L.) : une fenêtre d'observation sur les effets de la sélection." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27330/27330.pdf.
Full textGaliègue, Hélène. "Modélisation des effets des scintillations ionosphériques sur la propagation des ondes électromagnétiques en bande L aux latitudes polaires." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30107/document.
Full textThe ionospheric plasma is located at the border between neutral atmosphere and outer space and many complex ionization reactions occur inside this turbulent medium. The Earth magnetic field and induced electric fields cause rapid fluctuations of electron density, both spatially and temporarily. When crossing this turbulent layer, RF signals show fast variations of amplitude and phase, especially at high latitudes. This phenomenon is called ionospheric scintillation and it is particularly feared by air navigation using GNSS services, since it degrades the availability and the integrity of signals. This PhD dissertation presents a complete modeling of the effects of ionospheric scintillation, with 3 anisotropy axes. It is based on a numerical approach using the multiple phase screens technique, both in 3D and 2D schemes, and on the analytical resolution of electromagnetic propagation equation, also both in 3D and 2D configurations. The limits of use of a 2D numerical scheme have been outlined by these original formulations of phase and log-amplitude variances and spectra. This complete modeling associated with a sensitivity study on these variances and spectra opens up interesting perspectives on data inversion, in order to better estimate the physical characteristics of the ionospheric medium
Dussaubat-Arriagada, Claudia Marcela. "Effets de Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) sur la santé de l’abeille domestique Apis mellifera L. : changements physiologiques et comportementaux." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0641/document.
Full textNosema ceranae is an emergent parasite of the honey bee Apis mellifera. In some regions it has been found to be the main reason for bee mortality, while in others it is suspected of weakening honey bee colonies by interacting with other environmental stressors. In the context of worldwide colony losses, we focus our research on the study of N. ceranae, with the hypothesis that this parasite is able to induce behavioral changes in bees through physiological modifications, which could alter social organization and cause colony death. Given this hypothesis, the program of study falls into three areas; (i) N. ceranae effects on colony social organization, (ii) molecular mechanisms of N. ceranae infection underlying observed effects, and (iii) differences in virulence of N. ceranae strains which could explain the diversity of parasite effects. We obtained three main results. First, we observed modifications in honey bee social structure after infection. This mechanism under pheromone control, would reduce parasite transmission within the colony and increase the lifespan of healthy bees. These changes may contribute to colony survival as part of a mechanism of social immunity. Second, we found two mechanisms whereby the pathogen affects the physiology of bee midgut epithelium that could lead to host mortality: oxidative stress and the inhibition of cellular renewal. Finally, our results suggest that certain host and environmental conditions increase the probability that N. ceranae will cause bee mortality. In conclusion, N. ceranae has the potential to cause bee death, however at colony level bees might counteract infection through, for example, social immunity mechanisms; although, overall honey bee response to infection would depend on characteristics of the host in combination with environmental conditions. Worldwide colony losses phenomenon have highlighted the fragility of the “honey bee colony – environment” system. The study of each factor involve in this system, including parasites, pesticides, environmental changes and beekeeping practices, is essential to better understand all of the interactions that maintain the ecological balance of honey bee colonies
Picard, Martin. "Etudes structurales et fonctionnelles de l' ATPase-Ca2+ du réticulum sarcoplasmique (SERCA1A) : effets des conditions de cristallisation sur la conformation de l' ATPase-Ca2+." Paris 6, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011390.
Full textRinaldi, Kévin. "Les effets du climat tropical sur la performance aérobie : stratégies de cooling mentholé." Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0326/document.
Full textThe climatic environment is one of the factors that can influence the aerobic performance. There are an ideal temperatures with which athletes realize better performance: between 10 and 12°C in running (Maughan et al. 2010) below 32°C in cycling (Peiffer & Abbiss 2011). Davies et al. (2016) condense in a meta-analysis different studies on time trial (TT) in cycling and note that the performance is impaired in hot weather from middle of the test (P <0.02) and until the end (P = 0.01) compared to a condition control. This result therefore shows that in addition to the environmental temperature, the duration of the effort can also be decisive in the impact of climate on the performance.Rising temperature is not the only environmental factor that can influence the performance. Maughan et al. (2012) highlight that at the highest level of humidity is high at most aerobic performance is deteriorated. In this study, non-athletes acclimatized, perform a 70% VO2max bike test until exhaustion four sessions at 24, 40, 60 and 80% RH (T: 30 ° C). The results show that time exercise decreased significantly with increasing humidity (P <0.05). Through this research work we therefore investigated the question: how to do to limit this impact of climate on performance?To do this, 3 axes are developed through our studies: a. Study the effectiveness of cooling protocols at several points in the performance: before, during and between two consecutive efforts.b. Determine if cold combinations can combine.c. To determine if the use of menthol can allow optimization of the protocols of cooling.The main results of this thesis highlight that the use of cooling is effective but this efficiency depends on the protocol used. We havehighlighted (1) That in pre-cooling it is necessary to start 1 hour before the effort to have an efficiency of the method;(2) Immersion with menthol is more effective only a single immersion between two efforts of 20 'but that used on clothes its effectiveness is not proven; (3) That wearing a cold vest combined with ingestion from a cold drink to warm up is no more effective than an internal cooling only (4) That menthol can influence performance by playing a role on the CNS. The action of menthol will allow the CNS to perceive the environment as being "More favorable" and therefore result in a change in the feedback thermoregulatory, allow higher performance. This without the menthol isplayed a deleterious role to thermoregulation
Maksimovich, Elena. "L' impact des conditions météorologiques sur la variabilité de démarrage de la fonte sur la glace de mer en Arctique centrale." Paris 6, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA066033.
Full textTiming of spring Snow Melt Onset (SMO) on Arctic sea ice strongly affects the heat accumulation in snow and ice during the short melt season. This summertime heat uptake is quasi-linearly and inversely proportional to the remnant ice volume by the end of the melt season. On top of sea ice SMO timing, as well as its interannual and regional variations are controlled by surface heat fluxes. Anomalously early (delayed) SMO is due to large and early (weak and retarded) heat accumulation within the snowpack. Satellite passive microwave (SSM/I) observations show that the \textit{apparent} Melt Onset (MO) varies by 20-30 days interannually and over 25-50 km distance. These apparent MO records appear to be a complex blend of SMO on sea ice and sea ice opening due to divergent ice drift. We extracted SMO out of the apparent MO record using sea ice concentration data. Applying 20-year ERA Interim reanalysis of radiative and turbulent surface heat fluxes we examined how well the heat fluxes reflect the variations in SMO. Anomalies of heat fluxes in the pre-melt period explained a significant portion of the interannual and spatial variations in SMO within the central Arctic. The main term was the downward longwave radiation locally accounting for up to 90\% of the temporal SMO variations. The role of the latent and sensible heat fluxes in earlier/later SMO was not to bring more/less heat to the surface but to reduce/enhance the surface heat loss. Solar radiation alone was not an important factor for SMO timing. Anomalies in surface fluxes were examined also in relation to meteorological conditions. 20-year MO and SMO trends are towards earlier spring melt in the central Arctic Ocean
BENKRIMA, LAILA. "Agents chimiques d'hybridation chez le ble tendre (triticum aestivum. L. ) : relations structure-fonctions, effets cytologiques sur la microsporogenese, influences sur l'androgenese in vitro." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112267.
Full textPlante, Sabrina, and Sabrina Plante. "Effets simples et cumulés des perturbations humaines sur l'utilisation de l'habitat et la survie du caribou migrateur." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38097.
Full textLes perturbations humaines sont en augmentation dans de nombreuses régions du monde et entraînent des conséquences graves sur les écosystèmes. Les régions nordiques et arctiques pourraient être particulièrement touchées par le développement anthropique à cause du fort potentiel en ressources naturelles et la faible résilience de ces écosystèmes. Le caribou migrateur (Rangifer tarandus) est au coeur de ces préoccupations puisqu’il constitue une espèce clé de cet écosystème. La majorité des troupeaux de caribous est toutefois en déclin et la nature généralisée et parfois synchrone de ces déclins suggère que des changements globaux, comme les changements climatiques et le développement anthropique, pourraient être responsables. Dans le nord du Québec et au Labrador, les caribous migrateurs des troupeaux Rivière-aux-Feuilles (TRAF) et Rivière-George (TRG) ne font pas exception à la tendance observée. Ces troupeaux ont subi une importante diminution au cours des dernières décennies. Simultanément à ces déclins, la région a connu une augmentation marquée des activités humaines, particulièrement dans le secteur minier. Toutefois, la contribution des perturbations humaines aux déclins de populations actuellement observés reste inconnue. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, je me suis intéressée à quantifier les effets des perturbations humaines sur l’utilisation de l’espace et la survie des caribous migrateurs du TRAF et TRG. Mes travaux sont divisés en quatre objectifs : 1) Évaluer les effets des perturbations humaines sur le comportement des caribous en évaluant l’impact des infrastructures linéaires sur les déplacements et en estimant les zones d’influence autour des infrastructures; 2) Évaluer la perte cumulée d’habitat associée à l’évitement des perturbations; 3) Évaluer l’effet des perturbations humaines sur la vulnérabilité des caribous à la chasse sportive; 4) Évaluer les effets des perturbations humaines sur le risque de mortalité des caribous et leur importance relative par rapport aux facteurs naturels; Mes travaux ont démontré que les caribous migrateurs répondent aux perturbations humaines à différentes échelles spatiotemporelles. À fine échelle, les caribous accéléraient leurs déplacements lors de la traversée d’une route. Une des routes sur l’aire de répartition du TRAF (route Raglan) semblait jouer un rôle de barrière aux mouvements des caribous. Les caribous évitaient les infrastructures sur des distances pouvant aller jusqu’à 23 km et l’évitement semblait exacerbé durant la période de chasse sportive. À plus large échelle, l’évitement des infrastructures s’est traduit en une perte cumulée d’habitat qui pouvait atteindre jusqu’à 30% des aires saisonnières et jusqu’à 37% des habitats fortement utilisés par les caribous. Mes travaux ont également démontré que la vulnérabilité des caribous à la chasse sportive était principalement affectée par les caractéristiques du paysage qui influencent la visibilité et l’accessibilité des chasseurs aux zones de chasse. Les caribous étaient plus vulnérables sur les lacs gelés, près des infrastructures de chasse, comme les pourvoiries et les routes, et dans les terrains moins accidentés. Ces résultats suggèrent que le développement anthropique pourrait augmenter l’accessibilité des chasseurs sur l’aire de répartition des caribous et donc augmenter leur vulnérabilité à la chasse. Finalement, mes travaux ont permis de démontrer que les perturbations humaines ont des effets négatifs limités sur le risque de mortalité des caribous. Leurs effets étaient typiquement moins forts que les facteurs naturels, tels que les patrons individuels d’utilisation de l’habitat, le risque de prédation et les conditions météorologiques, pour expliquer les variations du risque de mortalité des caribous. Ces résultats suggèrent que les impacts des perturbations humaines sur la survie des caribous sont limités, mais sont néanmoins présents. Le développement humain se poursuit dans les régions nordiques, ce qui pourrait rendre les caribous de plus en plus vulnérables aux impacts négatifs des perturbations humaines. Le niveau actuel de développement anthropique étant actuellement faible dans la région, il est possible de suggérer un changement dans l’élaboration et l’application de mesures de gestion pour les populations de caribou migrateur. Au lieu de tenter de mettre en place des mesures de gestion et de restauration coûteuses, il est encore possible aujourd’hui de restreindre le développement dans les zones critiques pour le caribou. Une approche proactive serait plus efficace afin de limiter les impacts négatifs sur la distribution et l’abondance des caribou. Les changements climatiques constituent une menace grandissante pour les populations de caribous, l’atténuation des impacts anthropiques pourrait donc augmenter la résilience des populations à ces changements globaux.
Human disturbances are increasing worldwide and have led to serious and irreversible consequences on natural ecosystems. Northern and Arctic regions may be particularly affected by anthropogenic development because of the high potential for the extraction of natural resources and the poor resilience of these ecosystems. Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are at the heart of these concerns raised by anthropogenic development in northern regions because they represent a key species of this ecosystem. Most caribou populations, however, are declining and the generalized and sometimes synchronous nature of these declines suggest that global changes, such as climate change and human development, may be responsible. In northern Québec and Labrador, Canada, migratory caribou of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RFH) and Rivière-George herds (RGH) are no exception to the current worldwide trend of decline. These herds have experienced an important decline in the last decades. Simultaneous to these declines, the region has experienced a rapid increase in human development, mainly owing to the mining sector. Yet, the contribution of human disturbance to the herds’ decline remains to be investigated. In this thesis, I assessed the effects of human disturbances on space use and survival of migratory caribou of the RFH and RGH. My work is divided into four objectives: 1) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou behavior, by evaluating the effect of linear features on caribou movements and by estimating the zones of influence of infrastructure; 2) Evaluating the cumulative habitat loss associated with the avoidance of infrastructure; 3) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou vulnerability to sport hunting; 4) Evaluating human disturbance effects on the mortality risk of caribou and their importance relative to that of natural factors. My results revealed that migratory caribou react to human disturbance at various spatiotemporal scales. At a fine scale, caribou increased their movement rate when crossing roads. One of the road in the Rivière-aux-Feuilles range (Raglan road) also appeared to act as a barrier to caribou movement. Caribou also avoided infrastructure over distances reaching as much as 23 km, and avoidance was exacerbated during the sport hunting period. At a larger scale, avoidance of infrastructures resulted in a cumulative habitat loss that could reach as much as 30% of the area of seasonal ranges, and 37% of high-quality habitat available for caribou. My work also revealed that caribou vulnerability to sport hunting was mainly affected by landscape characteristics influencing visibility and accessibility for sport hunters. Caribou were more vulnerable on frozen lakes, near hunting infrastructure such as roads and outfitter camps, and in less rugged terrain. These results suggest that human development could increase hunters’ accessibility to the landscape and thus, increase caribou vulnerability to sport hunting. Lastly, my work also showed that human disturbances have a limited impact on the mortality risk of caribou. These effects were typically less strong than natural factors, such as individual patterns of habitat use, predation risk and weather conditions, on caribou survival. These results suggest that the impacts of human disturbances are limited at the currently low state of development in northern Québec and Labrador, but are nevertheless observable. Anthropogenic development is continuing in northern regions, thus caribou could become increasingly vulnerable to the negative impacts of human disturbance. Because the current level of development in the RFH and RGH ranges is still low, it is appropriate to suggest a shift in the planning and implementation of management actions for population of migratory caribou. Instead of pursuing costly management and restoration activities after disturbance, it would be more effective to limit the area and intensity of development across the critical habitat of caribou. Such proactive approaches would be more efficient and effective at limiting declines in the distribution and abundance of caribou. Climate change is a growing threat for caribou populations; the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts could increase the resilience of these populations to global change.
Human disturbances are increasing worldwide and have led to serious and irreversible consequences on natural ecosystems. Northern and Arctic regions may be particularly affected by anthropogenic development because of the high potential for the extraction of natural resources and the poor resilience of these ecosystems. Migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are at the heart of these concerns raised by anthropogenic development in northern regions because they represent a key species of this ecosystem. Most caribou populations, however, are declining and the generalized and sometimes synchronous nature of these declines suggest that global changes, such as climate change and human development, may be responsible. In northern Québec and Labrador, Canada, migratory caribou of the Rivière-aux-Feuilles (RFH) and Rivière-George herds (RGH) are no exception to the current worldwide trend of decline. These herds have experienced an important decline in the last decades. Simultaneous to these declines, the region has experienced a rapid increase in human development, mainly owing to the mining sector. Yet, the contribution of human disturbance to the herds’ decline remains to be investigated. In this thesis, I assessed the effects of human disturbances on space use and survival of migratory caribou of the RFH and RGH. My work is divided into four objectives: 1) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou behavior, by evaluating the effect of linear features on caribou movements and by estimating the zones of influence of infrastructure; 2) Evaluating the cumulative habitat loss associated with the avoidance of infrastructure; 3) Evaluating human disturbance effects on caribou vulnerability to sport hunting; 4) Evaluating human disturbance effects on the mortality risk of caribou and their importance relative to that of natural factors. My results revealed that migratory caribou react to human disturbance at various spatiotemporal scales. At a fine scale, caribou increased their movement rate when crossing roads. One of the road in the Rivière-aux-Feuilles range (Raglan road) also appeared to act as a barrier to caribou movement. Caribou also avoided infrastructure over distances reaching as much as 23 km, and avoidance was exacerbated during the sport hunting period. At a larger scale, avoidance of infrastructures resulted in a cumulative habitat loss that could reach as much as 30% of the area of seasonal ranges, and 37% of high-quality habitat available for caribou. My work also revealed that caribou vulnerability to sport hunting was mainly affected by landscape characteristics influencing visibility and accessibility for sport hunters. Caribou were more vulnerable on frozen lakes, near hunting infrastructure such as roads and outfitter camps, and in less rugged terrain. These results suggest that human development could increase hunters’ accessibility to the landscape and thus, increase caribou vulnerability to sport hunting. Lastly, my work also showed that human disturbances have a limited impact on the mortality risk of caribou. These effects were typically less strong than natural factors, such as individual patterns of habitat use, predation risk and weather conditions, on caribou survival. These results suggest that the impacts of human disturbances are limited at the currently low state of development in northern Québec and Labrador, but are nevertheless observable. Anthropogenic development is continuing in northern regions, thus caribou could become increasingly vulnerable to the negative impacts of human disturbance. Because the current level of development in the RFH and RGH ranges is still low, it is appropriate to suggest a shift in the planning and implementation of management actions for population of migratory caribou. Instead of pursuing costly management and restoration activities after disturbance, it would be more effective to limit the area and intensity of development across the critical habitat of caribou. Such proactive approaches would be more efficient and effective at limiting declines in the distribution and abundance of caribou. Climate change is a growing threat for caribou populations; the mitigation of anthropogenic impacts could increase the resilience of these populations to global change.
Sehmer, Laurence. "Effets de divers stress environnementaux sur le système de détoxification de deux espèces ligneuses : l'épicéa (Picea abies L.) et le chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L.)." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10397.
Full textRegina, Murillo de Albuquerque. "Réponses des cépages de Vitis vinifera L. Aux variations de l'environnement : effets de la contrainte hydrique sur la photosynthèse, la photorespiration et la teneur en acide abcissique des feuilles." Bordeaux 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BOR20254.
Full textVerne, Jean-François. "L' impact des prélèvements obligatoires sur le marché du travail : recherche d'une structure fiscale optimale pour l'emploi et rôle des composantes culturelles." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX32071.
Full textThe tax contributions describes the whole of fiscal contributions and social contributions. It affects the individual behaviours and therefore the supply and demand labour. According to the microecnomics foundations of macroeconomics, the employers and workers response - after a change in tax and contributions - can lead to substantial growth and employment variations. This thesis analyses the composition of tax revenues and examines the institutional aspects of labour markets of three countries group among OECD. It points out that equity and efficiency of fiscal structures - affecting growth, employment and well being - depends of national culture. The term of "culture" includes economics behaviour, fiscal redistribution and welfare systems, choice politics about the nature of contribution making up fiscal structure and bargaining collective models. . .
Vivin, Philippe. "Effets de l'augmentation atmosphérique en CO2 et de contraintes hydriques sur l'allocation de carbone et d'azote et sur l'ajustement osmotique chez Quercus robur L." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10076.
Full textDruesne-Pecollo, Nathalie Jennie. "Mécanismes d'action du disulfure de dyallyle dans les cellules coliques : effets sur l'acétylation des histones et sur l' expression de gènes : Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077015.
Full textBlenzar, Abdelafi. "Effets d'un régulateur de croissance, le fénoxycarbe, sur le développement des larves du dernier stade de Psylla pyri (L.)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37603071m.
Full textDUARTE, EDUARDO SEPERUELO. "ETUDE DES EFFETS DE L´IRRADIATION PAR DES IONS LOURDS SUR DES GLACES D´INTÉRÊT ASTROPHYSIQUE PAR SPECTROSCOPIE INFRAROUGE." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15132@1.
Full textDans le système solaire et dans les régions denses du milieu interstellaire, des manteaux de glaces constitués de petites molécules sont irradiés par des particules ionisantes : des photons, des électrons et des ions. L’interaction entre les particules énergétiques et les manteaux induit plusieurs processus tels que les réactions chimiques, les changements de phase et la désorption de molécules. Les effets de l’irradiation par des photons et des ions légers sont étudiés depuis 20 ans. Cependant, les expériences réalisées avec des ions lourds et rapides sont rares dans la littérature. Bien que les ions légers soient plus abondants, le grand pouvoir d’arrêt et le haut rendement de pulvérisation des ions lourds peuvent compenser cet écart numérique. Ce travail résulte d’un projet de collaboration entre la PUC-Rio et le CIMAP-GANIL. L’objectif de ce projet est d’étudier l’effet de l’irradiation de glaces astrophysiques avec des ions lourds et rapides. Les expériences ont été réalisées sur les lignes IRRSUD et SME du GANIL avec des ions Ni (46 et 537 MeV). L’analyse des glaces a été faite par spectroscopie infrarouge par transformée de Fourier (FTIR). Quatre cibles ont été irradiées et analysées : H2O, CO, CO2 et H2O :CO :NH3. Les sections efficaces de destruction, de création des molécules produites et les rendements de pulvérisation ont été déterminés pour chaque cible. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les ions lourds sont plus efficaces que les protons pour la pulvérisation des manteaux de glaces alors que les protons sont eux plus efficace pour la synthèse de nouvelles molécules.
No Sistema Solar e em regiões densas do meio interestelar, mantos de gelo constituídos de moléculas pequenas estão expostos à irradiação de partículas ionizantes: fótons, elétrons e íons. A interação entre partículas energéticas e os mantos induzem uma série de processos físicos e químicos no gelo como: reações químicas, mudanças de fase e dessorção de moléculas. Os efeitos da irradiação provocados por fótons e íons leves como prótons e partículas alfas vêm sendo estudados há mais de 10 anos. Porém, experimentos envolvendo a irradiação com íons pesados e rápidos são escarsos na literatura. Apesar dos íons leves serem mais abundantes no espaco, a alta taxa de ionização e o alto rendimento de dessorção induzidos pelos íons pesados podem compensar sua menor abundância. Este trabalho consiste em estudar os efeitos da irradiação de gelos astrofísicos por íons pesados e rápidos, em projeto de colaboração entre as instituições PUC-Rio e CIMAP-GANIL. Os experimentos foram realizados nas linhas de baixa e média energia do acelerador GANIL, utilizando íons de Ni com 46 MeV e 537 MeV de energia cinética. Os gelos foram analisados utilizando a técnica de espectrometria de infravermelho por transformada de Fourier (FTIR). Os quatro gelos irradiados foram: H2O, CO, CO2 e H2O:NH3:CO. As grandezas analisadas foram as seções de choque de destruição destas moléculas, as seções de choque de formação de novas espécies moleculares formadas nos gelos e os rendimentos de dessorção. Os resultados mostram que os íons pesados são mais eficientes do que os prótons na dessorção de moléculas em mantos de gelo no espaço, mesmo considerando as baixas abundâncias deles nos raios cósmicos. Ao contrário, em se tratando de síntese de novas espécies moleculares, os prótons são mais eficientes do que os íons pesados.
Syssoyeva, Irina. "L 'intégration financière et ses effets sur les performances économiques : le cas des nouveaux pays membres de l'Uinion européenne." Nice, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NICE0035.
Full textThe impact of international financial integration on macroeconomic performance continues to be one of the most debated issues among international economists. In theory, financial integration can positively affect macroeconomic performances in different ways. However, in spite of its benefits, financial integration can also be dangerous. In this thesis we investigate the process of the international financial integration and compares it to the more recent example, i. E. Integration of the ten New Member States (NMS-10) of the European Union (EU) into the EU financial system. We expose existing measures of financial integration and quantify the degree of financial integration in the enlarged Europe, by using the Feldstein and Horioka (1980) methodology. Next, we discuss the potential benefits and potential costs of financial integration, which have faced NMS-10 while integrating their financial systems into the European financial system. In theory, the composition of capital inflows can influence the impact of international financial integration on host-country's economy (since not all capital flows are equal), therefore we discuss theoretical effects of different types of foreign capital inflows on the macroeconomic performances and analyses different patterns of foreign capital inflows received by NMS-10 during 1994-2007. Finally, by using different econometric techniques, we examine the effects of financial international integration on macroeconomic performances in the NMS-10, i. E. We verify if the recent integration of these countries into the EU was "a success" by analysing its impact on the macroeconomic performances in these countries
CASELLA, ERIC. "Effets a long-terme de changements climatiques (co2, temperature) sur une graminee prairiale (lolium perenne l. ). Interactions avec l'azote." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996CLF20155.
Full textKairo, Guillaume. "Effets des stresseurs environnementaux sur la reproduction de l’abeille domestique (Apis mellifera L.) : action par une exposition des mâles." Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0678/document.
Full textIn a context of honey bee decline, an impoverishment of queen quality, resulting in abnormal brood production and early queen renewal, has been observed worldwide. Hence, the assumption was made that fertility impairment of drones exposed to environmental stressors could explain the queen failure observed in apiaries. In order to test this assumption, original approaches to rear drones were developed in laboratory and semi-field conditions. These approaches enabled to show that the systemic insecticide Fipronil, the pathogen microsporidia Nosema ceranae and their combination disrupt drone physiology in different ways, including an impairment of the semen quality. In addition, results have highlighted the high sensitivity of the reproductive function of drone to all of these stress factors. The instrumental insemination of young queens with semen of drones exposed to Fipronil has shown a decrease in the reproductive potential of queens that resulted from a lower number and viability of spermatozoa stored in their spermatheca. Consequently, considering that the spermathecal content determines the egg-laying ability and the lifespan of queens, the risk of queen failure and colony dysfunction is higher. Thus, reproductive disorders, linked to a fertility decline of drones continuously exposed to numerous environmental stressors, could explain, at least in part, the phenomenon of honey bee decline. Thereby, an assessment of the reproductive toxicity of pollutants, including pesticides, to which drones are potentially exposed, should be considered in a future regulatory framework. In this way, the innovative methods and approaches developed in the frame of this work could represent pertinent bases to elaborate new toxicological tests that could be used in the registration procedure of pesticides
COUFFIN, ANNE CLAUDE. "Association du poly(l-lysine citramide) avec une antiprotease du vih et evaluation de l'activite antivirale sur cellules infectees." Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20036.
Full textQuereix, Anne. "Analyse et modélisation du fonctionnement stomatique de la vigne Vitis vinifera L. : intégration de l'effet des puits de carbone sur les échanges gazeux de la plante." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR20834.
Full textIn order to understand the control of grape quality, it is necessary to quantify the capture of plant resources and their partitioning between the various organs. This requires, in particular, an integrated description of plant gas exchange in response to both environmental and internal factors. Currently, however, the coupling of these two types of factors remains poorly understood. The objective of this study is to develop a model of gas exchange taking into account the short-term effects of climate as well as the influence of source-sink interactions on the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. We first analysed experimentally the interactions between the carbon supply of sources and the carbon demand of sinks, under a stable environment and also in the vineyard. Then from these data, we developed a dynamic model based on (i) an empirical model of stomatal conductance (Leuning, 1995), modified in the light of published studies, and (ii) a model of carbon partitioning (Minchin et al,1993), to which we added a source-sink feedback mechanism. Simulations show that the model reproduced the global tendencies observed for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in a stable environment. Less satisfactory agreement was obtained in the vineyard under a fluctuating environment. Nevertheless, from a qualitative point of view, the model accounts for the interactions between organs and simulates the observed behaviour following the modification of the source-sink ratio. By integrating the influence of external factors, this study provides a preliminary model for incorporating the sink feedback effect on source activity, which may be integrated into models describing the longer term functioning of whole plants
Hilbert, Ghislaine. "Effets de la nutrition azotée et du stress hydrique sur la maturation et la composition en anthocyanes des baies de Vitis vinifera L. Au vignoble et en conditions contrôlées." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR20995.
Full textWe studied the effect of nitrogen nutrition and water deficit on the ripening of berries and on anthocyanins biosynthesis in the berry skins of Merlot vines (Vitis vinifera L. ) The experiments have been performed either on vines cultivated in vineyard (permanent grass cover allowed simultaneous variation of nitrogen and water supply) or under controlled environmental conditions (grapevine fruiting cuttings and two-year-old potted vines). Better berry ripening was observed under nitrogen or water limited supply. Our work showed interactions between nitrogen nutrition and water supply and the whole mineral nutrition of vines (especially P and K). Under reduced water and nitrogen nutrition, an increase of anthocyanins skin content was observed while a high nitrogen supply seemed to inhibit the anthocyanins synthesis. However, this latter effect was not observed under watering constraint. Our results suggest that water and nitrogen supply have a regulatory effect on the activity of the enzymes involved in the first steps of anthocyanins pathway. Different profiles of the anthocyanins species were obtained depending on the levels of nitrogen nutrition and watering supply. The synthesis of the malvidin derivatives was increased by a reduced water supply and was decreased by a limited nitrogen nutrition. The environmental factors seem to act differently on the esterification steps of anthocyanins biosynthesis. A regulation of the anthocyanins catabolism has to be considered too. In the vineyard, the level of anthocyanins biosynthesis depends essentially on the climatic conditions of the year (vintage), the "Terroir" effect and the cultural practices