Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets de la sécheresse sur'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Effets de la sécheresse sur.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
Tabbal, Diala. "Impact des fissures sur la sécheresse des sols argileux." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10070/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is to study the effect of desiccation cracks on the thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior of clayey soils.The study includes an experimental study to characterize the influence of cracks on the drying process of clay samples and a numerical study in order to present the impact of cracks on the soil-atmosphere interaction.In the first phase of this study, an experimental work performed in the laboratory to characterize the influence of cracks on drying soil was conducted. Drying tests were conducted on samples of intact and cracked soil where the evolution of the water content and cracking due to drying were monitored. In the second phase of this study, the influence of cracks on the thermo-hydro-mechanical behaviour of clayey soil is presented. A two-dimensional numerical model of soil-atmosphere interaction has been developed considering the presence of cracks. The model takes into account the thermo- fluid coupling of an unsaturated clay soil.The model is used to simulate the evolution of evaporation during the drying process. It shows the impact of cracks on the suction development and water content evolution as well as the air entry value. This study also proposes a simple approach to the consideration of cracks in the soil-atmosphere interaction. In the last part of this work, the influence of cracks on the mechanical behaviour of fine soils is presented and discussed
Qadad, Ahmad Al. "Influence de la sécheresse sur les structures : modélisation de l’interaction sol-atmosphère-structure." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10082/document.
Full textThe thesis aims to study the phenomenon of drought using a numerical modelling of interaction soil-atmosphere-structure and analyse the impact of drought on the structures. It has three parts: The first part includes a summary of work done on the drought, especially on transfer of mass and heat in unsaturated soils. The models proposed for coupling soil-atmosphere are presented. We also present the methodology determining the parameters involved in the transfer equations and soil-atmosphere coupling. The second part concerns the modelling of transfer of mass and heat in unsaturated soils by taking into account the soil-exchange atmosphere. We describe also the implementation of this model in finite element code (ESNA-LML) and the validation of this code. The chapter concludes with a study of soil-atmosphere exchange in the vicinity of structure and influence of soil characteristics and climatic conditions on the suction induced in the soil. The third part studies the influence of drought on the soil-structure interaction. The analysis is performed using a decoupled approach. Initially, the suction induced by the drought is determined by solving the transfer of mass and heat in soil taking into account the coupling soil- atmosphere. Then, a program of finite element (ESNA-LML) is used to analyse the mechanical response of soil-structure
Lucero, Daniel William. "Effets de la sécheresse et de l'intéraction entre plantes sur la croissance et l'utilisation de l'eau du trèfle blanc (Trifolium repens) et du Ray-Grass (Lolium perenne) : importance de l'intéraction entre racines." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INPL135N.
Full textKaisermann, Aurore. "Effets du changement du régime hydrique sur l'activité et la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066100.
Full textGonzalez, Dugo Maria-Victoria. "Effet du déficit hydrique sur l'état de nutrition azotée chez les graminées fourragères." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2257.
Full textCrop Nitrogen Nutrition Status (NNS) relates the amount of nitrogen in plants in relation to needs for instantaneous growth. It is known that water deficit diminishes NNS through a series of processes belonging to plant nitrogen metabolism and soil nitrogen cycle. The NNS results from the balance between demand, defined by crop growth and the nitrogen that is available for plant uptake. The effect of water deficit on crop growth is well known. The effect on N uptake is caused by a) the soil water status that determines diffusive and convective flows of nitrogen, which are the responsible of transport of nitrogen to the roots and b) the plant water status that determines the needs of nitrogen for growth. Two experiments were made during summer 2003 and 2004 on tall fescue and Italian ryegrass, species with a contrasted growth system, which also enabled us to study the influence of root distribution in soil on the effect of water deficit on NNS. Measurements of the nitrogen nutrition index enabled us to follow the variations of NNS closely. Immediate responses of NNS to any change in system water status were measured, involving a variation in nitrogen flow to roots, mainly transpiration-dependant convective flow. To analyse a possible direct effect of plant and/or soil water status on N uptake, experiments in a split-root system and controlled environment were made. Results showed that independently of water effects on C fluxes, there was a direct effect, which was variable between grass species, and that might be related to a nitrogen accumulation in roots
Sana, Ullah Muhammad. "Effets des changements climatiques et en particulièrement de la sécheresse sur la décomposition et la stabilisation de la matière organique du sol dans un écosystème prairial." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066240.
Full textLaverdière, Jean-Philippe. "Contrôle génétique de la résistance à la sécheresse chez l'épinette blanche." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69522.
Full textIn the context of anticipated climate change, increasingly intense and frequent episodes of drought will affect water availability for boreal tree species, prompting tree breeders to consider adaptation to water stress as a priority. We used a 19-year-old comparative test of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss) polycross progeny established on two sites affected by drought episodes to compare the genetic control and the potential for improvement of drought response with those of more conventional growth traits. To do this, we used genomic selection (GS) based on genomic profiles and traditional selection based on pedigree information only (PS). The genetic control for drought-response traits was somewhat weaker than for growth traits, but with comparable estimated genetic gains, which makes it possible to consider the use of GS at an early age. The accuracy of predicted breeding values for drought response traits was only slightly lower than that for growth traits. We observed opposite correlations on the two sites studied between water stress resistance traits and tree radial growth, likely because the water stress episodes occurred at different times during the growth season between sites. However, some selection scenarios made it possible to improve all traits while sacrificing very little on height gain, which is the priority trait targeted for this species in Quebec. Our results suggest that integrating drought response into white spruce breeding programs would require only a slight sacrifice in height growth, but that the accuracy of predictions obtained by the genomic or the conventional approach is negatively affected by the lower numbers of trees in site-specific analyses when the water stress episodes are different from site to site.
Nasser, Thierry Tarek. "Evaluation et impact de la sécheresse sur une région agricole : Cas de la plaine irriguée de la Beqaa." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE1169.
Full textThe interior plain of Beqaa is regarded as the bread basket of Lebanon. The drought is one of the major problems, whether of climatic origin or due to poor management of the resource. This work focuses on agricultural drought and the link with meteorological drought in the semi-arid region of the Beqaa plain. In order to follow the evolution of the intensity of agricultural drought, the methods of remote sensing was applied. An indicator of drought, Vegetation Health Index (VHI), was computed from a measurement of vegetation and temperature obtained using the MODIS satellite sensor, allowing us to determine the driest years. This method was applied in order to understand the variation of the drought intensity on the agricultural territory. The intensity of drought varied considerably in time and space. An exceptional year of drought was detected, with a quarter of the agricultural surface, including the agricultural zones privileged in irrigation, affected by a severe drought. Subsequently, there is a link between the calculated drought index (VHI) and the rainfall, but this does not appear directly on its intensity in the agricultural zone. In conclusion, the drought is an ongoing phenomenon in the plain of Beqaa, variable in intensity and which could worsen if combined with climate change
Neves, Machado Maria Héléna. "La mycorhization contrôlée d'Eucalyptus globulus au portugal et l'effet de la secheresse sur la symbiose ectomycorhizienne chez cette essence." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10413.
Full textHassanein, Anber Mahmoud Ahmed. "Etude sur la résistance à la sécheresse chez les pélargoniums et recours aux biotechnologies pour l'amélioration de cette caractéristique." Angers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ANGE0010.
Full textPelargonium drought resistance was studied. P. X peltatum genotypes were the most tolerant whereas the aromatic genotypes and P. X domesticum were the most susceptible. Variability was found in P. X hortorum. The accumulation of sucrose and other sugars of higher molecular weight characterized the tolerant genotypes. Two transformation methods were set up to improve drought tolerance. From leaf discs 100% of P. Graveolens, P. X hortorum and P. Capitatum explants produced respectively 7. 3, 8. 3 and 11,4 rooted plants per explant 8 – within 12 weeks. Efficiency of Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, reached 146% P. X hortorum and 346% for P. Capitatum. Transformation was confirmed by GUS assay, PCR and Southern-blot analysis. From leaf protoplasts, 40% of calli were formed from which 83% gave 2. 6 rooted plants within 21 weeks. These transformation efficiency was 1. 5 % of electroporated protoplasts giving. Finally, a genetic construct harboring 1-SST gene, isolated from onion and coding for fructan biosynthesis was made using the Gateway technology. This plasmid is ready to use for improvement of drought resistance
Galaup, Serge. "Étude des effets combinés de l'ozone et de la contrainte hydrique sur la productivité et le fonctionnement stomatique du haricot (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivé en chambres à ciel ouvert." Paris 12, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA120040.
Full textPortemer, Virginie. "Impacts de la contrainte hydrique sur l'architecture du rosier miniature : étude des gènes impliqués et développement de protocoles de transformation génétique en vue de leur validation." Poitiers, 2009. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2009/Portemer-Virginie/2009-Portemer-Virginie-These.pdf.
Full textEffects of water stress on miniature rose architecture: search for genes involved and development of genetic transformation protocols for their validation To respect architectural quality required for miniature rose design without using growth regulators, the application of water stress was substituted to paclobutrazol. The characterization of water deficit level was done by the measurement of water potential and the relative daily transpiration. The morphologic effects correspond to the reduction of plant height and the increase of branching. The histological studies showed a noticeable increase of the xylem area. These water stress effects on miniature rose architecture were correlated with increase of sucrose and fructose in the xylem sap. Selection for genes involved in water stress response of miniature rose tree was performed with an a priori approach targed to genes involved in transport and metabolism of sugars, genes of branching control, and water deficit markers. Specific probes of twenty genes were cloned either on the basis of existing rose ESTs, or by PCR with degenerated primers completed by RACE-PCR. Genes selected for the modulation of their expression by means of macroarrays analysis were confirmed by Northern blot and/or RT-qPCR. Several genes were involved with water stress as RhPGlcT1-2, RhSuSy et RhMAX1-2-3. The functional validation of selected genes requires the development of protocols for genetic transformation of miniature roses. Two transformation protocols via A. Tumefaciens have been developed. The first protocol, using a non embryogenic suspension cell, aims direct plant regeneration. The second one, based on somatic embryogenesis, reaches a transformation efficiency of 25%
Coulis, Mathieu. "Effets des changements climatiques sur l’activité des organismes du sol et la décomposition des litières en milieu méditerranéen." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20252.
Full textWater availability is a major limiting factor for the functioning of Mediterranean ecosystems. More pronounced drought could severely impact soil fauna activity and diversity that could in turn affect litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. In my PhD thesis I investigated experimentally the interactions between changing water availability and detritivorous macrofauna on decomposition and associated processes in a “garrigue”, a typical Mediterranean woody shrub dominated ecosystem.In the first part of my thesis, I studied the impact of Ommatoiulus sabulosus, an abundant diplopod species in garrigue ecosystems, on shrub litter decomposition. During a one month experiment, I studied the direct (litter consumption) and indirect (microbial activity in feces) effects of this detritivore on litter mass loss and microbial communities under two contrasted moisture levels. In a different experiment, I placed litterbags filled with litter or feces in the field at the soil surface or at 5cm soil depth during one year in order to study the long term impact of Ommatoiulus on decomposition. A key result was that detritivores maintain litter consumption in dry conditions when microbial driven decomposition drastically dropped. However, this detritivore effect do not lead to an overall increased organic matter mineralization irrespective of moisture conditions, at least in the short term. In contrast, under field conditions and over a longer time period, Ommatoiulus increases decomposition of certain species such as Quercus coccifera, since feces from this species decomposes faster than un-ingested litter after one year at the soil surface. This stimulation is likely due to a higher leaching of soluble compound in feces. Moreover, in depth feces decomposition increases relative to that of intact leaf litter, possibly indicating that more favorable soil humidity is more favorable to decomposition. Collectively, my results suggest that detritivores can strongly increase decomposition by transforming leaf litter into feces of different organic matter quality, and by facilitating the transfer of organic matter into the soil.In the second part, I evaluated the importance of functional dissimilarity of leaf litter and detritivores on decomposition processes. Using a trait based approach, species assemblages were constructed in order to obtain a gradient of functional dissimilarity of both, leaf litter and detritivore communities, while keeping species numbers constant. The different communities were kept under controlled conditions at the European Ecotron in Montpellier to study the effect of changing functional dissimilarity on process rates at two different moisture conditions. I found that detritivore and litter functional dissimilarity explain up to 20 % of the observed variation for several key soil processes including litter mass loss and the leaching of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen from top soil. However, effects of species identity at both trophic levels have a larger impact on process rates than functional dissimilarity. In general, drought strongly affects soil processes but does not alter the diversity-function relationship. Species assemblages resulting in highest process rates at favorable moisture level are also the most negatively affected by drought, suggesting a tradeoff between the efficiency of soil organisms and their ability to resist perturbation
Ruiz, diaz britez Manuela. "Adaptation du douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (MIRB.) FRANCO) aux changements climatiques : étude rétrospective basée sur l’analyse des cernes." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0011/document.
Full textForest response to the drought increase associated to the climatic warming relies on tree adaptive potential, i.e. the genetic variation and the heritability of adaptive traits involved in resistance to drought. In the first chapter, we identify easy-to-measure proxies of adaptive traits for resistance to drought. We compare the wood microdensity of dead and surviving trees after the 2003 heat wave in France. The most discriminating variables are the mean density of high and lowdensity segments, high-density proportion and coefficient of variation of the lowdensity segment. The wood of the surviving trees is always denser and more heterogeneous. If these adaptive traits are variable and heritable, then it is possible to select for improved resistance to drought in the breeding population as well as in natural regeneration. Our results also suggest that directional selection is going on in more or less water-stressed environments. The direction is variable according to the nature of the selection pressure in the different regions. In the Chapter II, we estimate the evolutionary potential to drought of the introduced Douglas-fir in France. This evolutionary potential relies on the magnitude of the genetic variation and of the heritability of the adaptive traits found in the first chapter. The heritability and the genetic variation are highly variable between provenances, sites and, to a much lower extent, between annual rings. Most variables have moderate to high heritability estimates for at least some provenances in some sites. Some traits tend to have generally higher heritability and genetic variation estimates. These are mostly variables of the density part of the annual ring. The variables having at the same time relatively high estimates of heritability and genetic variation are good candidates for becoming efficient selection traits for resistance to drought in tree breeding as well as in natural regeneration. The significant between-site variation suggests that the heritability estimates increase with site quality. The estimates are also significantly different between provenances with a strong provenance × site interaction. Conversely there is little significant between annual-ring variation. The chapter III takes advantage of the annual-ring variation to study the relationships between the genetic parameter estimates and climatic and soil variables. The heritability and genetic variation estimates of most variables significantly relates with most tested environmental variables. Very few variables never correlates with any environmental variable. The significant relationships are very variable between traits, provenances and sites. The most important predictors are temperature, evapotranspiration, and soil water reserve and water deficit. Rainfall marginally influences the genetic parameter estimates. Generally, the better the growing conditions, the higher the estimates. All components of the experimental trials affect the genetic parameters estimates. Thus, the choice of the plant material and of the experimental site strongly determines the genetic parameter estimates. The uncontrolled climatic variation may randomly affect the estimates
Podor, Myriam. "Effets de la sécheresse et de l'ozone sur le statut hydrique et la gestion du carbone chez le pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. )." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL040N.
Full textBogeat-Triboulot, Marie-Béatrice. "Effets du stress osmotique et de la carence en potassium sur la croissance racinaire du pin maritime : étude biomécanique du grandissement cellulaire." Nancy 1, 1996. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1996_0019_TRIBOULOT.pdf.
Full textThis work allowed us to improve our knowledge about the control of root growth of maritime pine. This study, which is based on a biophysical analysis of cell expansion, utilised two new microtechnologies: the cell pressure probe and the picolitre osmometer. In unstressed plants, cell turgor pressure was uniform over the entire elongation zone. On the other hand, cell wall rheological properties changed during cell maturation and controlled cell expansion. Three levels of osmotic stress affected root growth differently. A moderate water deficit stimulated root growth by increasing cell wall extensibility, in spite of a small decrease of cell turgor pressure. During the medium water deficit, a reduction of cell turgor pressure was compensated by an increase of cell wall extensibility, root growth rate was not affected. During the highest water deficit, root growth was inhibited by a strong reduction of turgor pressure. The root system responded heterogeneously to a potassium shortage. Tap root growth was not modified by this constraint: neither turgor pressure nor rheological properties were affected. On the other hand, lateral roots growth was strongly inhibited by a reduction of cell wall extensibility. Moreover, in the apex of the tap root, a small reduction in potassium concentration (divided by 2), and also of other inorganic ions, was completely compensated by an increase of soluble sugars and glutamine concentrations. In the apex of lateraI roots, a large reduction in potassium concentration (divided by 8), and of other inorganic ions, was practically not compensated, inducing a reduction of the osmotic pressure in mature tissues
Dixon, Martin. "Étude de l'interaction de l'ozone et du dioxyde de carbone avec la sècheresse sur Quercus rubra (L. ) ; Picea abies (L. ) Karst et Fagus sylvatica (L. ), cultivés en chambres à ciel ouvert : effet sur la croissance, les échanges gazeux et les cires cuticulaires." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10042.
Full textPicon-Cochard, Catherine. "Effets combinés d'un doublement de la concentration en C02 de l'air et de sécheresses édaphiques sur la croissance et l'efficience d'utilisation de l'eau de Quercus petraea, Quercus robur et Pinus pinaster." Nancy 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NAN10076.
Full textEpron, Daniel. "Effets des déficits hydriques et des forts éclairements sur la photosynthèse de jeunes semis de chênes en conditions contrôlées et de chênes adultes en conditions naturelles." Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10010.
Full textCollet, Catherine. "Effet compétitif de deux graminées forestières sur des jeunes chênes sessiles en conditions contrôlées : interaction avec une sécheresse édaphique." Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10029.
Full textPelloux, Jérôme. "Contribution à l'étude des effets de l'ozone, de la sécheresse et du stress salin sur le métabolisme carboné du pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. ). Régulation de la rubisco et de la rubisco activase." Nancy 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NAN10086.
Full textThe decline of aleppo pine forests (Pinus halepensis M. ) observed in natural conditions have prompted research concerning the effects of abiotic stresses on this species. For this purpose, the effects of ozone, water stress and salt stress on aleppo pine's carbon metabolism were carried out in this study. Ozone did induce chlorotic mottles, linked to a decrease in chlorophyll content. A decline in total rubiseo activity, and an increase in the activities of several enzymes associated to the catabolic pathway such as pyruvate kinase (PK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPc) and malic enzymes (EM-NAD and EM-NADP) were shown in needles of pines submitted to ozone. These results tend to show that an increase in compounds potentially used in detoxifying repair processes is occuring under ozone stress. Water and salt stresses would limit the deleterious effects of ozone on plant metabolism, presumably by inducing stomatal closure which would limit the pollutant input into the leaves. Studies on the regulation of rubisco and rubisco aetivase, were undertaken at a molecular level in needles of pines submitted to ozone and/or drought. For this purpose, the cloning of cDNA fragments coding for rubisco large subunit (LSU) and for rubisco activase (RCA) was realized, allowing a phylogenetic analysis of both proteins. A decrease of LSU and RCA protein quantities, associated to a transcriptional regulation, was shown in response to ozone,> suggesting a potential coregulation of both proteins in those particular conditions. Even though the effects of drought on the large subunit of rubisco and on rubisco activase were similar, no correlation between the effects of this stress on the two proteins could be drawn. When ozone was combined to drought, a difference in the regulation of rubisco large subunit and of rubisco activase was shown. Under those conditions, rubisco large subunit was under a transcriptional control whereas rubisco activase was under a post transcriptionnal regulation. For the very first time in this study, a conifer' s rubisco activase is partially cloned and its regulation studied in reponse to abiotic constraints
Bouyer, Laure. "Impact de la disponibilité en nutriments sur le fonctionnement hydrique et carboné de peupliers dans des contextes de sécheresse variés." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3100.
Full textThe availability of water and nutrients are two main factors limiting tree growth and forest productivity. Despite the strong legacy of research on forest nutrition, the role of nutrients in modulating tree drought responses remains largely unknown. This thesis aimed to evaluate the role of nutrient availability on key traits related to water and carbon relations such as growth and its determinants, water-use efficiency (WUE), vulnerability to cavitation, or non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) contents, in poplars under contrasting drought intensities. Research experiments relied on two complementary experimental designs, one in a greenhouse and the other in an outdoor common garden, and considered a maximum of four genotypes primarily selected for their contrasting growth and stomatal regulation. The main findings are as follows: 1) a higher nutrient availability increases growth and WUE under moderate drought, 2) a higher nutrient availability does not necessarily increase the risk of xylem hydraulic failure, 3) NSC depletion, in particular starch, co-occurs with massive xylem embolism under lethal drought, and 4) a higher nutrient availability reduces NSC storage, especially under moderate drought. This study shows for the first time the temporal covariance between the dynamics of xylem hydraulic failure and carbon starvation in a fast-growing but highly vulnerable tree species, and gives an example of how these relationships are modulated by nutrient availability
Martin-Blangy, Soline. "Interactions des espèces d’arbres en peuplements mélangés : effets sur la réponse à la sécheresse des arbres et rôle des mécanismes de partage des ressources en eau et en lumière." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0214.
Full textBiodiversity, through tree species interactions, can support many ecosystem functions and services in forest ecosystems. However, in the current context of climate change, the influence of these interactions on the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic events, such as drought, is still under debate. Moreover, evidence for the underlying above-ground and below-ground interaction mechanisms that can explain these relationships between diversity and forest ecosystem functioning is still rare.The first objective of my thesis work was to determine the effect of tree species interactions in mixed stands on tree water relations and drought response. My second objective was to identify below-ground or above-ground mechanisms related to resource partitioning that could explain mixture effects on functioning, such as depth of water uptake by roots or canopy space filling by tree crowns.This work was carried out, within the framework of the ANR DiPTICC project, in two distinct experimental systems: an observational network in mature natural forests in the south-east of France (GMAP) and a young experimental plantation near Bordeaux (ORPHEE). I worked on three types of two-species mixtures: beech (Fagus sylvatica) - fir (Abies alba) and beech - downy oak (Quercus pubescens) along the GMAP network and birch (Betula pendula) - maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) at ORPHEE. My work is based on an empirical approach, with ecophysiological and light interception measurements, under contrasting conditions of soil water availability. Functions such as transpiration or water use efficiency (estimated by measuring carbon isotopic composition) were studied.My work shows that in young and old stands, the water relations and drought response of the species studied are little impacted by species interactions. Differences among species in water extraction depths, when present, did not necessarily result in higher water availability for species in mixed stands under drought conditions. Contrary to hypotheses often made in the literature, this suggests that belowground mechanisms would seldom drive the effects of species interactions. In contrast, I observed that the mechanisms of crown complementarity generated changes in stand structure and light interception and appeared to have a strong impact on the functioning of mixed stands.My work confirms that, for the same combination of tree species, the species-mixing effects on tree functioning are highly dependent on local environmental conditions. It is therefore essential for forest managers to take these local conditions into account when making choices about the species composition of future forests. Overall, we found no negative mixture effects on water relations, suggesting that managing forests in favor of mixed stands remains an interesting option for managers to maintain many other forest ecosystem functions and services under climate change
Bernatchez, Antoine. "Conditions de culture propices à l'ail des bois (Allium Tricoccum)." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/23730.
Full textAlboudi, Ahmad. "Contribution à l'étude des contraintes dues au régime d'exploitation et au déficit hydrique sur la dynamique de repousse et la morphologie de différents types de luzerne (Medicago sativa L. )." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20099.
Full textNamysl, Corinne. "Etude du métabolisme carboné des racines d'Epicea (Picea abies L. Karsten) soumises à une mycorhization par Amanita muscaria : effets de l'ozone et de la sécheresse sur la mycorhization de l'épicéa." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10011.
Full textAssadollahi, Tejaragh Hossein. "L’impact des événements climatiques et de la sécheresse sur le phénomène du retrait gonflement des argiles en interaction avec les constructions." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAD011/document.
Full textClimate change and severe climatic events such as long drought/rehydration periods are at the origin of the shrinkage and swelling phenomenon in expansive soils. This phenomenon is affected by Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere (SVA) interactions and can cause severe structural damage to lightly loaded constructions such as residential buildings. The objective of this re-search work is to simulate the in-situ behavior of the shrinkage-swelling in expansive soils in a SVA context using numerical tools. A soil-atmosphere interaction method is primarily presented along with a coupled hydro-thermal soil model. This approach was established in order to determine primarily, the natural time variable boundary conditions at the considered soil surface based on the mass and energy balance concept, and secondly to determine the spatial-temporal changes of the soil suction, water content and temperature. This approach was validated using in situ observations of monitored sites. Thereafter, the influence of the water uptake by vegetation was incorporated in the source term of the unsaturated water flow theory, using an existing root water uptake model. Subsequently, the temporal variations of the soil suction were related to the volume change behavior using a simple approach developed based on the experimental results of drying/wetting tests performed in the literature. The associated volumetric indices in the void ratio-log suction plan, along with the complementary parameters of the linear model were correlated with basic geotechnical parameters. The proposed approach was validated with in situ data provided from an experimental site. The Roaillan experimental site was instrumented in order to monitor the soil’s physical changes along with the structural behavior of the building. Comparisons between the simulated and observed soil suction, soil water content, temperature and soil movements in time and depth showed an acceptable performance of the predictions. The approach was then extended to study the influence of future climate projections (2050) on the soil’s physical variables and movements. Three RCP climate change scenarios were considered in this analysis which revealed different possible behavior in both short term and long term. Finally, the developed approach was applied to the French territory by dividing it to six different climatic regions. Different soil parameters were attributed to each of these climatic regions in order to set the reference condition. Thereafter, the influence of different external factors was analyzed on the soil movements over a chosen period. The study finally suggests the adequate actions to take for minimizing the amplitude of the shrinkage and swelling phenome-non in a SVA context
Marek, Veronika. "Impact de la lumière bleue sur la surface oculaire et la nociception." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS512.
Full textIn our modern highly-illuminated world, symptoms of greater sensitivity to blue light increasingly appear. The impact of blue illumination on the ocular surface, the first barrier between the visual system and the external environment, is of particular interest. Since the crucial involvement of neurologic processes in ocular surface diseases such as dry eye is now widely recognized, the role of phototoxicity in neuro-ocular disorders is of great significance. The aim of this work was to investigate the potential harmful role of blue light in the context of dry eye and in relation to ocular nociception and light aversion. We demonstrated in vitro the phototoxic impact of blue light in human epithelial cells of the cornea and conjunctiva, and in neural and neuroglial cells from mouse trigeminal ganglia. In vivo, we reported that the significant aversion to blue light in mouse was accompanied by inflammation in the ocular surface and trigeminal pathways. We gave some insights into the ocular nociceptive pathways involved in photophobic mechanisms, together with the role of specific non-visual photoreceptors, melanopsin and neuropsin. This work sought to explain and corroborate frequent complaints about daily living increased photosensitivity in front of displays or under lightings rich in blue spectrum. Obtained results may therefore open new avenues for prevention and treatment of light-related ocular disorders and light aversion
Moura, Rebouças Deborah. "Étude du métabolisme des lipides membranaires et des gènes associés chez Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp sous contraintes abiotiques combinées (sécheresse/ozone)." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1083/document.
Full textGlobal climate changes are responsible for the increased frequency of episodes of drought and high concentrations of tropospheric ozone, which can occur simultaneously to reduce plant growth, limiting agricultural production and affecting the food supply for an increasing world population. These environmental stresses can lead to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species, promoting oxidative stress and causing metabolic imbalance. Cell membranes are the primary targets of damage induced by stresses and the preservation of cell integrity through remodeling of membrane lipids is essential for plant survival under adverse conditions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of drought, ozone and the combined stresses in two cowpea cultivars with different degrees of drought tolerance: EPACE-1 and IT83-D through physiological responses and a study focused on the content and composition of membrane lipids, as well as on the expression of genes related to the biosynthesis and degradation of these lipids. Drought and ozone (120 ppb), isolated or in combination, were applied on three-week-old seedlings during two weeks. After 7 and 14 days of treatments, physiological parameters were determined. Lipids extracted from leaves were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Transcript accumulation (VuMGD1, VuMGD2, VuDGD1, VuDGD2, VuCLS, VuFAD7, VuFAD8, VuPLD1 and VuPAT1) was detected in leaves by real time PCR. In both cultivars, drought inhibited the plant growth and photosynthesis through stomatal closure, which appeared to involve the gene expression of phospholipase D (VuPLD1). Ozone caused foliar injury and degradation of galactolipids, mainly in IT83-D. In this cultivar, the damage resulted in an increase in DGDG:MGDG ratio and in VuDGD2 expression. Furthermore, a partial decrease in the phospholipids content in response to ozone was associated with an increase in VuPLD1 expression, suggesting a replacement of phospholipids by DGDG. Differently, EPACE-1 cultivar in the presence of ozone, concomitantly with the degradation of galactolipids, showed an increase in storage lipids and DPG (cardiolipin) contents. The two stresses in combination led to results similar to those observed in response to the drought treatment alone, in both cultivars, which likely reflected the severe restriction of ozone uptake resulting from drought-induced stomatal closure. In conclusion, the present results highlight the prominent role of membrane lipids in the metabolic adjustments that occur for the plant tolerance to drought and ozone
Hernandez, Pauline. "Effet d'une sécheresse extrême sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème prairial : évaluation du rôle tampon de la composition et de la diversité végétale par approche expérimentale." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22752/document.
Full textPermanent grasslands are one of the main forms of land use in Europe. In France, permanent grasslands represent around 40% of Utilised Agricultural Land and support many animal-based farming systems. Current climate change scenarios predict increased climate variability that could result in an increase in extreme events such as drought episodes. These extreme events can significantly alter the structure and functioning of grasslands, with implications for their capacity to provide agricultural, ecological and environmental services. Improved understanding of the resistance and resilience mechanisms of grassland plant communities exposed to extreme drought is therefore critical in order to assess the stability of grassland functions, in particular that of biomass production. This thesis aims at assessing the capacity of permanent grasslands to sustain their production when exposed to an extreme drought event. The study uses an experimental approach and semi-controlled conditions to investigate the role of community composition and functional diversity for drought resistance and resilience in grassland mixtures. Monocultures and mixtures combining grasses and legumes were selected to test the importance of composition and functional diversity for plant community responses during drought and up to a year after the end of water stress. The originality of this work is the use of a functional ecological approach to assess the impacts of species’ interactions via measurements of plant morphological and physiological traits both above- and below-ground. This study demonstrates the importance of white clover (Trifolium repens) in modulating the impact of extreme droughts on biomass production of grassland mixtures. Community composition did not have a buffering effect on biomass production during the drought event but the presence and abundance of white clover in mixtures was linked to higher recovery of biomass production in the long-term. After the extreme drought event, overyielding in mixtures combining grass and white clover could be attributed to mechanisms of nitrogen facilitation and vertical root complementarity for water uptake. Results also show the importance of deep root growth for the establishment of functional complementarity between species and the maintenance of biomass production under extreme drought. Drought had lasting effects on the root system patterns and thus on the underlying mechanisms of the positive effect of white clover on aboveground production. Moreover, this work highlights the key role of heterospecific interactions in the expression of intraspecific traits related to resource acquisition strategies. Heterospecific interactions are thus an important driver of the species performance under extreme drought.We show that the structure and functional composition of the plant community in simplified mixtures are critical for modulating grassland responses to an extreme drought event. In our study, the recovery of aboveground biomass production is mainly related to the presence of white clover and the establishment of positive interactions between species. Changes of species behaviour in response to heterospecific interactions should be taken into account to better predict grassland biomass production under future climatic conditions. From an applied perspective, accounting for the key role of white clover and the inherent variability or neighbour-induced plasticity of intraspecific traits appears important to adapt mixtures of species or varieties to more intense and frequent drought events
Lavoir, Anne-Violette. "Effet de la limitation en eau sur les émissions de composés organiques volatils chez le chêne vert (Quercus ilex) : approches expérimentales et modélisatrices à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles." Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20070.
Full textBiogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOC) are primarily emitted from plants and consist mainly of isoprenoid compounds. They influence the oxidative capacity and the radiative properties of the troposphere. BVOC emissions are diffuse (sources are represented by all natural landscapes), and variable because of the numerous environmental factors, particularly light and temperature that modulate the emission source strength. In Mediterranean regions, water availability represents a major environmental constraint for vegetation, which causes severe drought during summer and determines the annual pattern of the plant activity together with light and temperature. The objective of this thesis was to characterise the effect of water limitations on biogenic emissions at various temporal and spatial scales on the model species Quercus ilex. In an experimental approach, a strong decrease of the foliar emissions was observed during drought events, in association with dissociation of the temperature and light control on the emissions. The up-scaling of the experimental approach with modelling tools allowed to integrate this negative effect at larger spatial scales (namely canopy and region). As a result, emissions were largely overestimated if the water stress effect was not taken into account. The simulation obtained at regional scale is explicit and quantitative, thus could be used to predict biogenic emissions in the on-going global change context
Koch, Garance. "Effet du stress hydrique sur la croissance de la tomate : une étude multi-échelle : de la cellule à la plante entière pour une meilleure compréhension des interactions entre les différentes échelles." Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0347.
Full textAs for other multicellular organs, growth and development of leaves and fruits arecharacterized by cell division and expansion. Cell division and expansion are two maingrowth processes. Fleshy fruit pericarp cells also include successive endocycles that providean important increase in cell ploidy. There is a clear link between cell growth andendoreduplication. However, this link is still unclear from a functional point of view. Cellularprocesses interact during organ development and are related to plant water and carbon flows.The objective of this thesis is to give insights into the multi-scale control of leaves and fruitsgrowth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and the plasticity of growth-related traits inresponse to soil water stresses.This study mainly focused on cherry tomato Solanum lycopersicum, cv. West Virginia 106(WVa 106). This genotype was cultivated in different conditions of watering regimes withautomated systems developed for this study. Soil water deficit response was studied atdifferent observation scales (tissue, organ, whole plant) and at different plant growth stagesthanks to protocols that were used until now on plants with determinate growth and simpleleaves that were modified for this study. Two transgenic genotypes modified on a cell cycleregulation gene were also cultivated to create variations on growth related traits for a betterunderstanding of their relationships. Multi-scale growth kinetics of source and sink organs(leaf and fruit) were also analyzed. Results have brought new elements about growth-relatedtraits coordination and have reinforced a few hypotheses already presented in scientificpapers. This work has supplied an original dataset on water stress effects on cellular processes(division, expansion, endoreduplication) related to leaf and fruit growth in tomato in thecontext of the plant as a whole. In perspectives, this dataset may allow to further develop anexisting model of fleshy fruit development which was first developed for fruits of plantsgrowing optimal condition. Genericity of this model will be tested on another organ, the leaf.This work also opens some tracks about how the model could be modified when growth islimited by water stress
Tchoupé, Makougoum Christelle Flore. "Changement climatique au Mali : impact de la secheresse sur l'agriculture et stratégies d'adaptation." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAD011.
Full textMali is a West African country where agriculture is mainly rain-fed, therefore essentially dependent on climatic conditions. This strong dependence between agriculture and climate makes it an interesting field of investigation, and especially with agriculture being the mainstay of Mali’s economy. Relying on theoretical and empirical methods, this thesis aims to contribute to a better understanding of the impact of climate change on agricultural production and to a better understanding of farmers’ practices that make it possible to adapt to climate change. The first chapter of this thesis focused on the manifestations of climate change and their impacts on cereals production. Analysis of correlations between series of climate and agricultural data indicates that, overall, climate change has a damaging effect on cereals yields. After this analysis at the production level, we turned to the analysis of producer’s behavior. Hence, the second chapter focuses on the managerial performance of farmers. Using a stochastic frontier analysis, we found that a part of the farmers’ inefficiency is due to climate change. The results also revealed that even though there is inefficiency due to climate, it is low compared to technical inefficiency of the farmer. Subsequently, we concentrated on how to maintain or increase agricultural production in a context of climate change. For this purpose, the third chapter identifies the determinants of adaptation to climate change. We focused on agricultural adaptation practices that preserve the environment. We used a multinomial logit model. The analysis demonstrated that the socio-demographic characteristics of farm households, the biophysical characteristics of plots and the occurrence of a drought influence the adoption of adaptation strategies. Finally, the fourth chapter studies the determinants of farm mechanization using the Heckman selection model. The results suggest that drought reduces the odds of farm mechanization. We also found that the intensity of farm mechanization increases with increase of farm size and decreases with the increase of family workforce
Toundou, Outéndé. "Evaluation des caractéristiques chimiques et agronomiques de cinq composts de déchets et étude de leurs effets sur les propriétés chimiques du sol, la physiologie et le rendement du maïs ( Zea mays L. Var. Ikenne) et de la tomate ( Lycop ersicum esculentum L. Var. Tropimech) sous deux régimes hydriques au Togo." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0020/document.
Full textSoil nutrient depletion and water deficit as a result of seasons’ disruption are major factors adversely affecting crop yields in West Africa. To remedy this, the amendment of compost-based soil is often considered. In this study, Five composts were elaborated using household waste and agri-food waste, manure and phosphate: composts C1 (household waste + agri-food waste), C2 (C1 + manure), C3 (C1 + natural phosphate), C4 (C1 + manure + natural phosphate) and C5 (agri-food waste). These composts were first characterized and their effects on an acidic soil and on two crops (corn and tomato) were then investigated in greenhouse and field under two water regimes in the goal to identify the best's ones in improving resistance of the two crops to watering reducing, applied prior flowering. The results showed for C4 and C5 high contents of phosphorus, about 1.62% compared to 0.09% for the C1 compost. Composts C3 and C4 showed the highest levels of calcium, about 3.9% compared to 1.2% for the C1 compost while composts C4 and C1 were more hydrophobic than all other composts. Plants of corn grown under constant irrigation on soil amended with compost C4 and C5 in greenhouse showed high nitrogen and potassium contents, respectively 2.55% and 6.69% compared to 1.33% and 3.97 % of the control plants and those grown on synthetic fertilizers. Under reduced watering, we recorded higher potassium and calcium contents in plants grown on all of the five composts compared to control plants. In field, under reduced watering, composts C4 and C5 were those leading corn plants to maintain physiological parameters levels (low cell membrane permeability and high total chlorophyll) compared to well –watered plants. We also recorded for both composts the same grain yields in plants submitted to two water regimes, respectively 5.52t/ha and 6.72t/ha for C4 and C5 in well-watered plants and 5.65t/ha and 5.09t/ha for C4 and C5 in plants grown under low water regime. In tomato, an increased weight of fruit per plant was recorded in C3 compost plants under reduced-watering compared to those well-watered (95.93g compared to 44.29g) while in the same conditions, the compost C5 was the best for the number of fruits per plant (7.39 against 4.26). These data indicated that the three composts C3, C4 and C5 were the most efficient in this study and may be retained in adaptation programs of two crops to climate change for a sustainable development
Boutelier, Elisabeth. "Effet du chlorure de sodium sur la physiologie du cotonnier, Gossypium hirsutum L var. Bou. Son rôle dans l'acquisition de la résistance à la sécheresse." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066453.
Full textBekmirzaev, Gulom. "Relations eau et cultures de légumes : effet des sols salins et conditions de sècheresse sur la croissance, composition minérale et photosynthèse." Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10010/document.
Full textConventional techniques used to control the soil salinization process - soil leaching or fertilization enhancing - contribute highly to soil and aquifers contamination; on the other hand, the use of salt tolerant species will be very useful to the plants, but does not solve the problem of soil or groundwater contamination. Hence, the only way to control the salinization process to maintain the sustainability of landscapes and agricultural fields is to combat the salinization problems with environmentally safe and clean techniques. One of these new techniques is the use of salt removing species. In order to study the potential capacity to remove soil salts, two horticultural species Portulaca oleracea and Tetragonia tetragonioides, and the salt sensitive crop lettuce (Lactuca Sativa L) were evaluated for their efficiency to remove salts from sandy soil. Plants were analysed relatively to total growth and mineral composition of the leaves and soil. According to the results, it was seen that T. tetragonioides is the best salt removing species and complementary, it has other benefits, which are as follows: 1) high biomass production; 2) several harvests; 3) high content of minerals; 4) horticultural importance; 5) easy multiplication; 6) easy crop management; 7) tolerance to drought conditions; 8) soil erosion control. P. oleracea is a high drought tolerant species, followed by T. tetragonioides. As concluding remarks, it was shown that this new technique to control salinity is a powerful and environmental clean tool to maintain the sustainability of the landscape and of the irrigated areas
Brami, Diane. "Le climat et l'homme, facteurs de déséquilibres des milieux sensibles sahéliens : le cas des rives sud du lac Tchad (Tchad)." Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010521.
Full textHatmi, Saloua. "Impact du déficit hydrique sur les réponses de défense et la sensibilité de la vigne à Botrytis cinerea : rôle de la dégradation des polyamines." Thesis, Reims, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REIMS035.
Full textGrapevine is often exposed to both biotic and abiotic stresses, and it will optimize defense strategies by favoing sometimes the cross-talk between adaptive responses to abiotic stress and immune response against pathogen challenge. In this study we evaluated the effect of water stress (by withholding water) on different adaptive responses, and also on defense responses and sensitivity of grapevine leaves or berries to Botrytis cinerea. These reactions were monitored using vegetative cuttings of two varieties: Meski (MSK) a drought tolerant cultivar and Chardonnay (CHR) as a sensitive one. The relationship between the responses to water stress and the immune response was also assessed using detached leaves from vitroplantlets and detached ripe berries from Chardonnay exposed to osmotic agents: polyethlene glycole (PEG) and a high concentration of sucrose (SUC). The results show that water/osmotic stress leads to significant physiological and biochemical changes in grapevine leaves and ripe berries. The improved tolerance of MSK to drought is associated with a weak inhibition of photosynthetic activity, altered amino acid profile and an activation of polyamine (PA) catabolism, compared to the sensitive plant CHR. These results suggest a potential role of metabolic deviations observed in the process of osmotic stress olerance. MSK tolerance to water deficit is also correlated with a strong induction of defense responses, such as accumulation of resveratrol and e-viniferin, enhanced expression of defense-related genes, including STS , Gluc (PR-2), Chit-4c (PR-3) and PR-5, and a low susceptibility of leaves to B. cinerea. These results suggest a close connection between water stress tolerance and the ability of grapevine to express more their defense mechanisms and then to resist better to the pathogen B. cinerea. Pharmacological experiments showed that experiencing water/osmotic stress, PA oxidation through diamine- and PA-oxidases is involved in the regulation of PA homeostasis and the expression of defense reactions in both leaves and berries. The application of osmotic stress before leaf infection by B. cinerea potentiates PA accumulation probably by reducing PA degradation. These effects are correlated with a reduction of defense responses after B. cinerea infection, as well as to an increased susceptibility to B. cinerea.These results highlight (1) the importance of abiotic stress in regulating the immune response in grapevine plants and resistance to B. cinerea and (2) that the level of defense responses induced by osmotic and the resistance of grapevine to the pathogen are dependent, at least in part, on some adaptive mechanisms to stress, as it is the case here for polyamine degradation pathways
Marron, Nicolas. "Ecophysiologie des peupliers euraméricains en réponse à la sécheresse." Orléans, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ORLE2062.
Full textMir, Derikvand Mohammad. "Relations entre la lignification et la réponse à la sécheresse." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112272.
Full textDrought is an important abiotic stress which affects many metabolic pathways in plants. Recently, preliminary data, mainly from global transcriptome studies, have suggested that lignification may be involved in drought stress tolerance; however no lignin-specific investigations had been performed. The main objective of this thesis, therefore, was to study the relation between lignification and drought stress tolerance using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model for vascular plants. A progressive drought stress protocol was established. The expression pattern of 14 genes involved or potentially involved in the lignin-specific pathway was determined using RT-PCR on the WS ecotype at two developmental stages. At the rosette stage, CADB2, CADG and CADA were upregulated in response to drought. Subsequently, at the flowering stage, F5H1, COMT1 and CADB1 were induced. The up- or down-regulated mutant lines for F5H1, COMT1, CADB2 and CADG genes were used in order to determine the potential impact of the mutations on biomass production under drought conditions. Although in some cases, significant differences between wild type and overexpressing or repressed mutant lines were found, this was not sufficient to demonstrate a major role of these genes in response to drought stress. Lignin analyses of WS and Col0 wild type ecotypes indicated that drought stress accelerates lignification and modifies lignin composition transiently in young plants. The increase level in sinapoyl malate, a soluble phenolic, could be correlated with the induction of F5H1 and COMT1. In parallel, T-DNA knock-out mutants for cinnamoyl CoA reductase 1 and 2 (CCR1 & CCR2) involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway were characterized. The two ccr1 null mutants had a stunted phenotype, partial sterility and delayed senescence when compared to wild type. Biochemical analyses showed that their lignin content was reduced (25-30%) with more condensed lignin which had incorporated ferulic acid. Modification of the pools of sinapoyl malate and flavonoids was observed suggesting redirection of feruloyl-CoA to cell wall-bound ferulate esters and to sinapoyl malate and feruloyl malate. In contrast, no modification of these traits was detected in the ccr2 mutant demonstrating a major role of CCR1 in lignification
Roumiguie, Antoine. "Développement et validation d’un indice de production des prairies basé sur l’utilisation de séries temporelles de données satellitaires : application à un produit d’assurance en France." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0030/document.
Full textAn index-based insurance is provided in response to the increasing number of droughts impacting grasslands. It is based on a forage production index (FPI) retrieved from medium resolution remote sensing images to estimate the impact of hazard in a specific geographical area. The main issue related to the development of such an insurance is to obtain an accurate estimation of losses. This study focuses on two objectives: the FPI validation and the improvement of this index. A validation protocol is defined to limit problems attached to the use of medium resolution products and scaling issues in the comparisons process. FPI is validated with different data: ground measurements production (R² = 0.81; R² = 0.71), high resolution remote sensing images (R² = 0.78 - 0.84) and modelled data (R² = 0.68). This study also points out areas of improvement for the IPF chain. A new index, based on semi-empirical modeling combining remote sensing data with exogenous data referring to climatic conditions and grassland phenology, allows improving production estimation accuracy by 18.6%. Results of this study open several new research perspectives on FPI development and its potential practical application
Monclus, Romain. "Efficience d'utilisation de l'eau et tolérance à la sécheresse chez le peuplier." Orléans, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ORLE2012.
Full textFroux, Fabienne. "Caractéristiques hydrauliques, régulation stomatique et efficience d'utilisation de l'eau de quatre espèces de conifères méditerranéens (Cedrus atlantica, Cupressus sempervirens, Pinus halepensis et Pinus nigra)." Nancy 1, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2002_0029_FROUX.pdf.
Full textPhilippe, Romain. "Diversité et évolution des Asr, gènes candidats pour la tolérance à la sécheresse, chez le riz (Oryza sativa) et le sorgho (Sorghum bicolor ssp. Bicolor)." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20037.
Full textIbrahim, Tharwat. "Dendrologie et fonctionnement hydrique de jeunes plants forestiers en relation avec la lumière et la sécheresse édaphique." Nancy 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NAN10094.
Full textThis work had as first objective the analysis of water relations of five forest species (Fagus sylvatica, Betula verrucosa, Quercus petraea, Quercus péd onculé et acer pseudoplatanus) in relation with the irradiance. We used a conductmetre (the hydraulic methods) to measure the loss of the conductivity PLC in the side-branches (2years) for these different species. Clear differences observed between species and treatments. This gradient is strongly correlated with irradiance that branches received during the growth. Vulnerability curves for the four studied species are presented figure. We noticed a higher vulnerability for birch. The shape of the curves for the other species were very close. In each case, seedlings grown under shade presented an higher vulnerability than full light. Differences were highly significant. Differences between Psi 50% for extreme treatments (full light and deep shade) could reach 1 MPa. Xylem anatomy presents for all the studied species a high dependence with irradiance. The Oak presented the largest vessels and the weakest vessel densities globally. The impact of the luminous climate was very clean, with a gradual reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in weak light with a clean reduction of the diameter and the density of vessels in all species. . . .
Ag, Atteynine Solimane. "Changement climatique et rongeurs ravageurs des cultures : effet attractif des cultures de saison sèche sur les espèces du genre Arvicanthis au Mali." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0130.
Full textIn Mali, during the dry season, there is the issue of the attractive effect of dry season crops on rodent pests, which would be all the more marked in the latitudinal gradient of Sudan-Sahel aridity GECS (1100 mm to 200 mm). These hypotheses are tested in the genus Arvicanthis (A.ansorgei, A. niloticus). The results of the previous cytogenetic survey 1994-1999 and an expanded survey 2009-2014 reveal recent changes in the distribution areas of both species; suggesting a strong role of their chronobiological adaptation in the determinism of their distribution. This horizontal approach followed by a vertical approach (2009-2016) compares four indicators of the attractiveness of the CSS vs. the MNC in the five climatic regions of GECS (Sikasso, Koulikoro, Ségou, Mopti, Gao). The population densities of both species are higher in the CSS vs. the MNC; and this attractiveness of the CSS increases with aridity in the area of A. niloticus. The ratio of "migratory strategists" within populations demonstrates the buffering effect of the CSS and confirms the frequency of these episodes. The diet study confirms their phytophagous diet. In a natural environment, aridity induces a decrease in the consumption of plants compensated by that of non-orthopterous Arthropods; and the diversity of plants consumed decreases with aridity in A.ansorgei vs increases with aridity in A. niloticus. The buffering effect of CSS "neutralizes" inter-specific differences, and in both species, in the CSS, the diversity of weeds consumed decreases to the detriment of crops, especially rice and the consumption in the Orthoptera increases
Theunis, Laurence. "Ant assemblages structure in a naturally fragmented forest in the argentinean humid Chaco." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210385.
Full textObjectif: Le but principal de la thèse a été de déterminer, à trois échelles spatiales, les facteurs influençant la structure des assemblages de fourmis terricoles :(1) à l’échelle du microhabitat constitué par la litière de feuilles et la couverture végétale dominée par des broméliacées terrestres ;(2) à l’échelle du fragment forestier dont la surface, la forme et l’isolement est variable ;(3) à l’échelle du paysage, constitué de forêt et de savane, soumis à des feux périodiques, et au niveau duquel nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets de bord se produisant à l’interface entre les deux milieux.
Méthode: Le site d’étude est la forêt naturellement fragmentée du Parc national Rio Pilcomayo localisé dans le Chaco humide argentin. Onze fragments forestiers de taille (± 2.5ha, 25ha et 250ha), de forme et de degré d’isolation divers ont été échantillonnés ainsi que la savane environnante, récemment brûlée ou non. La diversité et la densité des fourmis a été quantifiée au moyen d’un protocole standardisé
(« protocole A.L.L. ») qui a été préalablement calibré pour en définir la représentativité. Ce protocole consiste en un transect de 200m le long duquel sont placés, à intervalles de 10m, des pièges à fosse et des quadrats délimitant 1m² de litière de feuilles. La faune vivant dans la litière est ensuite extraite au moyen d’un dispositif appelé Winkler. Le calibrage du protocole a été réalisé en suréchantillonnant 8
fois le transect (160 points d’échantillonnage au lieu de 20). Cet échantillonnage quasi exhaustif de 200m² a permis de comparer l’estimation du nombre d’espèces obtenue par le transect standardisé ALL avec sa valeur réelle et d’étudier la distribution des espèces à l’échelle du mètre. Les facteurs du microhabitat les plus susceptibles d’influencer la distribution des fourmis (quantité de litière et densité de broméliacées) ont été mesurés systématiquement le long des transects. Pour l’étude de la distribution des fourmis depuis le coeur d’un grand fragment jusque dans la savane, des transects de 500m ont été utilisés et ont permis de mesurer des effets de bords éventuels. Un total de 800 Winkler et 560 pièges à fosses ont été analysés lors de cette étude.
Résultats: Un transect standardisé A.L.L. permet d’obtenir, à partir de 20 échantillons et de méthodes analytiques adéquate, une estimation fiable de la richesse locale au sein de 200m² mais n’est pas toujours représentatif de la fréquence relative des espèces. Au total, 150 espèces de fourmis ont été récoltées dont 130 en forêt et 79 en savane (dont 59 espèces communes aux deux milieux). Au niveau du micro-habitat, on observe pour certaines espèces des pics périodiques d’abondance (maximum tous les 10m) correspondant vraisemblablement à l’emplacement des colonies qui s’espacent pour diminuer la compétition intraspécifique. Associé aux micrconvexités topographiques l’on observe également des pics de densité de broméliacées et de quantité de litière qui favorisent une grande densité d’espèces différentes de fourmis. À l’échelle de l’habitat, les îlots forestiers petits et isolés sont les moins riches, principalement en espèces typiquement forestières. Dans les larges fragments, les espèces typiquement forestières se distribuent indépendamment de la distance les séparant du bord. Quelques espèces typiques de savane pénètrent en bordure de forêt et provoquent une plus grande variabilité de la faune récoltée au sein des quadrats de litière situés à cet endroit. Cependant, aucun pic de diversité
correspondant à une zone de superposition d’espèces de bord et de centre n’a été observé au sein des fragments forestiers. Les feux de savane modifient la fréquence relative des espèces les plus communes mais n’affectent pas la richesse globale du milieu et ne pénètrent pas dans la forêt.
Conclusions: Le protocole standardisé ALL, utilisé couramment par de nombreuses équipes de
chercheurs à travers le monde, mais qui n’avait encore jamais été réellement calibré avant notre étude, apparaît comme une méthode minimale mais suffisante pour déterminer la richesse locale en fourmis d’une forêt du Chaco humide. Ce calibrage a permis, en outre, de mettre en évidence un taux important de renouvellement des espèces à l’échelle du mètre carré. Nos résultats soutiennent l’idée que la disponibilité en ressources favorables, plus que la compétition interspécifique, est un mécanisme majeur
structurant les assemblages de fourmis des litières. À l’échelle du micro-habitat, un grand nombre d’espèces de fourmis forestières coexistent dans les zones riches en matière organique associée à la présence de broméliacées qui apparaissent comme un facteur structurant majeur de la distribution des fourmis. Au niveau de la litière, les colonies de différentes espèces ont des aires de fourragement qui se
superposent tandis que les colonies de même espèce ont tendance à s’espacer limitant la compétition pour les mêmes ressources. Un effet de bord, lié à des modifications locales des conditions climatiques et de la structure de la végétation, ne se marque pas au niveau de la myrmécofaune dans ce type de milieu, ce qui explique que l’on n’observe pas le traditionnel pic de diversité au niveau de la zone de transition entre deux milieux. Du point de vue de la conservation des espèces, des fragments forestiers de 15ha, bien connectés, apparaissent comme des conditions minimum pour conserver l’ensemble des espèces de fourmis de l’assemblage.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Feki, Mohamed. "La sécheresse bioclimatique estivale en Kroumirie et dans les Mogods (Tunisie) : estimation à partir du stress hydrique de la végétation." Aix-Marseille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX10100.
Full textPoormohammad, Kiani Seifollah. "Analyse génétique des réponses physiologiques du tournesol (Helianthus annuus L. ) soumis à la sécheresse." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7592/1/poormohammad_kiani.pdf.
Full textJamal, eddine Abdul Karim. "Sources vibratoires et effets sur l'environnement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1111/document.
Full textGround vibration is an increasingly important environmental problem. This study investigates multiple aspects of ground vibration. Local site conditions and the related amplification of seismic waves represent a widely studied topic in seismology and earthquake engineering. While most of the studies are dedicated to engineering seismology and earthquake engineering, similar approaches for soil classification and site amplification have not been yet fully established in the field of urban vibrations.First an improvement strategy for absorbing layer method was developed in order to enhance precision of the FEM models. The design of simple absorbing layers in FEM through the nullification of the real part of reflected waves in the complex number domain proved to be efficient when coupled with the stiffness reduction of the absorbing layer. Excessive reduction of the stiffness along with the excessive increase of the stiffness factor in the attenuation matrix enabled a large reduction in the size of the absorbing layer and therefore the design of an inexpensive absorbing layer.Afterwards an important part of the work was dedicated to the derivation of a new set of parameters of the velocity-gradient type that controls the vibration transfer through multilayered soil. The absence of a well-structured comprehensive approach for prediction and site classification for vibration problems leaves the problem broad and complicated. Different sites with different mechanical and geometrical properties were examined using FEM and their surface response was studied. Sites responses were formulated in simple time domain and spectral approaches. The newly derived proxies along with the spectral laws serve as a classification mean for multilayered soils in the vibration problem and may even be used for design purposes.An artificial intelligence tool for predicting soil response using the previously derived proxies coupled with the geometrical properties of the surface layer was later developed. The neural networks tool was used to analyze the parametric effects of the velocity-gradient proxies versus that of the surface layer’s depth. Important conclusions were derived from the analysis regarding the mechanical and geometrical properties of multiple layers and their varying effects with distance from the source.Finally multiple sources recordings were studied through comparing them with the spectral responses of different sites defined in the previous sections. The rate of matching between the spectral content of a particular source and a given site serves as a mean to assess the vibration hazard caused by this source to the corresponding site. The vibration hazard assessment leads to a classification link between sources in one hand and sites characterized by velocity-gradient proxies on the other hand