Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets du broutement sur'
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Champagne, Émilie. "Conséquences de la tolérance au broutement du bouleau glanduleux sur les ressources alimentaires du caribou." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28941/28941.pdf.
Full textCollard, Amélie. "Réponses des plantes de sous-bois au retrait expérimental du cerf de Virginie dans les forêts du sud du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26196/26196.pdf.
Full textWe examined the response of understory plants to deer exclusion in maple-dominated forests of southern Québec following nearly 30 years of deer overabundance. Six maple forests were selected for the study and at each site one deer exclosure and one control were established in 1998. One exclosure and one control at each of the same sites were established in 2003 under recent gap openings. We investigated deer impacts on the richness, abundance, and aboveground biomass of different plant groups. None of these variables differed significantly between treatments over the years under both forest cover and gaps, except for tree seedlings and total plant abundance under gaps. Trillium erectum recovered partially as individuals were taller and reproduced more frequently in deer exclosures under forest cover. Overall, our results suggest that plant groups did not recover from deer exclusion, likely because of low light levels that prevail in maple-dominated forests.
Boudreau, LeBlanc Antoine. "Croissance et architecture du sapin baumier en réponse au broutement de l'orignal." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/31587.
Full textThe increase in density of large herbivorous mammals influence s forest dynamic s by altering the growth and survival of consumed species which led to substantial biodiversity and economic loss worldwide. A lack of knowledge about the effect of those herbivores on plant growth or the impact of differential growth imposed by herbivore behaviours on forest composition and structure limits the establishment of an effective survey program of the plant – herbivore systems. Only few ecological indicators, based on morphological monitoring, could efficiently measure those effects on the forest renewal, but they are time - consuming and imprecise. Tree architecture could simplify the browsed morphology of juvenile trees by using the prime architectural response of plant to physical trauma (reiteration) and serve as a tool to quantify precisely the browsing events and its effect on vertical growth of trees. This master project aims to quantify the stall in growth of juvenile balsam firs (0.5 – 5 m high) caused by moose in winter yards, and to produce a morphologically based, field - ready typology to monitor the effects of browsing on the regeneration of pure balsam fir stands. Using dendroarchitecture analyses, this study analyzed the relation between reconstructed browsing history, vertical growth, the reiteration strategy, and morphological at tributes using balsam firs collected in the Seigneurie de Beaupré ( Qc, CA ). The results indicated a negative relationship between height and the level of the cumulated apical browsing pressure on the trunk, and associate this stall in vertical growth to morphological attributes. I propose then a phytometer measuring the effects of browsing on the boreal forest dynamic where ungulates and balsam firs are abundant. The implementation of multiple ecological indicators within national and regional ecoforest survey programs would result in the formal inclusion of the herbivore – forest interactions, thereby facilitating the integrated and sustainable management of ungulates and forests.
Saucier, Valérie. "Réponses du bouleau glanduleux au réchauffement climatique et au broutement par le caribou migrateur." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26363.
Full textThe main objective of this study was to assess the effects of climate warming (increased temperature and soil nutrient availability) and simulated browsing on the availability and quality of dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa), one of the summer resources of migratory caribou (Rangifer tarandus). Moderate and heavy browsing reduced the biomass of dwarf birch leaves. Warming reduced the biomass and advanced the phenology of dwarf birch, potentially affecting the synchrony between caribou nutritive requirements and the availability of dwarf birch. An increase in soil nutrients availability tended to increase the biomass and quality of dwarf birch leaves, while heavy browsing combined to indirect effects of climate warming reduced fiber concentration, improving the quality of dwarf birch leaves. Dominance of browsing effects could be temporary, since climate warming effects are directional and could gradually surpass browsing effects on shrubs.
Morrissette-Boileau, Clara. "Dynamique de deux espèces arbustives de la toundra arctique en réponse aux changements climatiques et au broutement du caribou migrateur." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27785.
Full textGeneralized shrub expansion has been observed over the circumpolar Arctic in response to climate change. This phenomenon is causing major alterations to the biotic and abiotic environments, a consequence of the increased shrub growth in height. We characterised tundra shrub species dynamics in response to climate change and migratory caribou browsing. To do so, we evaluated dominant erect shrub species dynamics and tested experimentally how shrub responds to these disturbances, using Betula glandulosa as model species. Our results show that shrub cover in Deception Bay is mainly driven by B. glandulosa, a species with increasing recruitment since early 2000s. However, it seems that this species’ vertical structure remains low which might not modify the biotic and abiotic environment normally associated with shrub expansion. We also showed experimentally that increase in shrub growth is a result of enhanced soil nitrogen fertility, a proxy of increase microbiological activity in response to global warming. Moreover, we demonstrated that caribou browsing has a negative cumulative effect on B. glandulosa growth. Thus, we showed in this study that shrub expansion is rather limited in Deception Bay and might be slowed down by the combined effects of harsh climatic conditions and herbivores. Moreover, our study stressed that herbivores must be taken into account when predicting vegetation change in the tundra.
Giroux, Marie-Andrée. "Comment un herbivore surabondant bénéficie des ressources dépendantes, indépendantes ou découplées de la pression de broutement." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25364.
Full textHerbivores can induce major modifications to plant communities that can reduce forage abundance and lead to a retroaction between the size of herbivore populations and their growth rates. Such a feedback loop can be generated by a reduction in body mass at high herbivore density, followed by a reduction in survival and reproduction. Despite the lasting deterioration of plant communities on Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada) following the introduction of a white-tailed deer population in absence of natural predation, the size of this population has remained high during the last decades. One of the mechanisms suggested to explain this situation is the use of sources of forage independent or temporally uncoupled from deer browsing pressure. Two types of forage used by deer on Anticosti Island are considered independent or temporally uncoupled from deer browsing, namely drifted seaweed and balsam fir. We determined how body mass of deer on Anticosti Island is influenced by sources of forage that are dependent, independent and temporally uncoupled from deer browsing. First, we demonstrated experimentally that deer density had a negative effect on the summer abundance of preferred forbs and shrubs, which in turn had a positive effect on body mass in the fall. Second, we demonstrated that the contribution of seaweed to diet outside winter was smaller than 23% and did not explain variations in body mass in the fall. Fall body mass rather increased with the contribution of plants from open habitat to diet. Third, we demonstrated that overwinter mass loss decreased with the use of balsam fir stands during a harsh winter. Our findings provide a better understanding of how overabundant herbivores can benefit from sources of forage influenced to varying degrees by browsing. The next step would be to determine the impact of these different resources on the growth rate of overabundant herbivore populations.
Brousseau, Maxime. "Contributions des effets directs et indirects du broutement et de la compétition à la performance des plants de sapin baumier." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27729.
Full textHigh abundance of large herbivores has major impacts on the composition, structure and functioning of forest ecosystems, which can result in regeneration failures of many tree species. Reduction of the large herbivore, however, does not warrant successful recovery of species sensitive to browsing. In such contexts, planting in combination with silvicultural treatments can be used to restore forest cover over large areas. Our main objective was to evaluate the direct and indirect relationships between white-tailed deer browsing, changes in biotic and abiotic factors induced by site preparation and mechanical release at the tree level on survival and performance of planted balsam fir under reduced deer density. Using a controlled experiment, we demonstrated that white-tailed deer induces both a direct negative effect by browsing on apical shoots of fir, and a positive indirect effect on planted seedlings by decreasing competition for light from palatable species. The magnitude of direct negative effects, however, outweighs the benefits of increased light availability. Contrary to predictions, site preparation as well as mechanical release did not have a positive effect on seedling performance and survival and did not significantly reduce competition for resources. We propose to continue research to find a target deer density that maximizes positive effects of browsing and minimize its negative effects. In this context, prescription for site preparation and mechanical release should be based on considerations other than promoting seedlings growth.
Faure-Lacroix, Julie. "Ajustement de la stratégie de plantation de sapin baumier à un contexte de broutement controlé et de compétition pour les ressoures sur l'Ile d'Anticosti." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29045/29045.pdf.
Full textUsing planted trees for regeneration can be challenging when the stand replacing disturbance –for example chronic herbivorism- is still effective. In such cases, plantation strategies must integrate management of the top-down pressure by consumers to the bottom-up control related to competition for resources. We explore whether selection of competition-adapted balsam fir (Abies balsamea) seedling stock types (110 cm³, 200 cm³ or 350 cm³) and field preparation could be used together with the management of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations in order to lower the effect of local competition as well as minimizing browsing on seedlings. Even though it is too early to conclude on the effect of field preparation on the competition for ressources, we conclude that choosing a size-adapted stock can optimize the cost of the restoration scheme following herbivore population reduction.
Viera, Vanessa. "Effets à long terme du cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) sur les communautés végétales de l'Île d'Anticosti." Thesis, Université Laval, 2003. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2003/21004/21004.pdf.
Full textThe objective of this study was to assess the long-term effects of browsing by White-tailed deer on plant communities on Anticosti Island. We compared the vegetation on Anticosti and in the archipelago of Mingan that was used as a control without deer. We described the vegetation in terms of height, cover, and species composition in 4 different habitats and in exclosures protected from browsing for 5 years on Anticosti. The total number of species present in each habitat type did not differ between Anticosti and Mingan. However, we found differences between the two sites in terms of species composition. The age structure of fir stands has been particularily modified on Anticosti due to the absence of fir regeneration. However, many species associated to fir stands recovered when protected from deer browsing in exclosures. Browsing by white-tailed deer severely influenced the composition and structure of the vegetation on Anticosti and modified the natural succession.
Casabon, Christine. "Le broutement de la régénération par le cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus) dans les grandes coupes avec protection de la régénération et des sols (CPRS) de l'île d'Anticosti." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23743/23743.pdf.
Full textHamiti, Karim. "Etude et mise en oeuvre de lois de commande numériques sur un actionneur électropneumatique avec frottements." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10130.
Full textBachand, Marianne. "Résilience des sapinières aux surabondances des grands herbivores : le contrôle des densités permet-il le retour des composantes taxonomiques et fonctionnelles de l'écosystème?" Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30174/30174.pdf.
Full textWe combined specific and functional approaches of biodiversity to capture the impact of deer densities on communities of Anticosti Island. With the specific approach, 12 plants, 11 moths and one bird have been identified as indicator of 12 specific patterns of deer densities. The use of plant combinations in comparison with single plant species added indicators for 17 deer density patterns and increased our capacity to estimate deer density. Then, functional syndromes at high and reduced deer densities were identified through analysis of functional traits of communities. For example, plants at high densities (> 15cerfs/km²) had a vegetative reproduction and abiotic pollination and dispersal. They are traits involving few interactions with animals, which could affect the maintenance of biodiversity. In addition, after eight years of succession, reduction of deer density on Anticosti did not allow the return of species composition similar to the one found in a reference stand of balsam fir forest. However, communities at reduced deer densities had similar composition of functional traits to the reference. Finally, the indices of species diversity (e.g. Shannon) did not change according to deer density but the indices of functional diversity (e.g. Rao) did. For example, the variance of some traits, such as vegetative reproduction, was reduced at high deer density. Low variance of a trait can affect the resilience of ecosystems to new disturbances. These results provide a glimpse for the return of afunctional Balsam fir forest on Anticosti Island when deer densities are controlled.
Boudaiffa, Badia. "Effets des électrons secondaires sur l'ADN." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/NQ67095.pdf.
Full textZlotnicki, Jacques. "Sur les effets volcanomagnétiques et tectomagnétiques." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376167499.
Full textJamal, eddine Abdul Karim. "Sources vibratoires et effets sur l'environnement." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1111/document.
Full textGround vibration is an increasingly important environmental problem. This study investigates multiple aspects of ground vibration. Local site conditions and the related amplification of seismic waves represent a widely studied topic in seismology and earthquake engineering. While most of the studies are dedicated to engineering seismology and earthquake engineering, similar approaches for soil classification and site amplification have not been yet fully established in the field of urban vibrations.First an improvement strategy for absorbing layer method was developed in order to enhance precision of the FEM models. The design of simple absorbing layers in FEM through the nullification of the real part of reflected waves in the complex number domain proved to be efficient when coupled with the stiffness reduction of the absorbing layer. Excessive reduction of the stiffness along with the excessive increase of the stiffness factor in the attenuation matrix enabled a large reduction in the size of the absorbing layer and therefore the design of an inexpensive absorbing layer.Afterwards an important part of the work was dedicated to the derivation of a new set of parameters of the velocity-gradient type that controls the vibration transfer through multilayered soil. The absence of a well-structured comprehensive approach for prediction and site classification for vibration problems leaves the problem broad and complicated. Different sites with different mechanical and geometrical properties were examined using FEM and their surface response was studied. Sites responses were formulated in simple time domain and spectral approaches. The newly derived proxies along with the spectral laws serve as a classification mean for multilayered soils in the vibration problem and may even be used for design purposes.An artificial intelligence tool for predicting soil response using the previously derived proxies coupled with the geometrical properties of the surface layer was later developed. The neural networks tool was used to analyze the parametric effects of the velocity-gradient proxies versus that of the surface layer’s depth. Important conclusions were derived from the analysis regarding the mechanical and geometrical properties of multiple layers and their varying effects with distance from the source.Finally multiple sources recordings were studied through comparing them with the spectral responses of different sites defined in the previous sections. The rate of matching between the spectral content of a particular source and a given site serves as a mean to assess the vibration hazard caused by this source to the corresponding site. The vibration hazard assessment leads to a classification link between sources in one hand and sites characterized by velocity-gradient proxies on the other hand
Monnier, Hubert. "Effets des ultrasons sur le micromélange." Toulouse, INPT, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPT038G.
Full textZlotnicki, Jacques. "Sur les effets volcanomagnetiques et tectonomagnetiques." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077296.
Full textUmar, Anwar. "Effets d'extraits d'Armagnac sur l'agrégation plaquettaire." Bordeaux 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002BOR28961.
Full textLAVILLE, DUPUCH CHRISTINE. "Etude pharmacodynamique d'un nouveau curare antidepolarisant : le 51w89 : effets sur la transmission neuromusculaire, effets cardiovasculaires, effets histaminoliberateurs." Nantes, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NANT225M.
Full textGravel, Chantal. "Effets de paramètres environnementaux sur Fusobacterium nucleatum." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ38102.pdf.
Full textRomand, Alain. "Effets génotoxiques de mycotoxines sur des bactéries." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609451j.
Full textMorales, Loo Maria del Rocio. "Effets des hydrocarbures sur le phytoplancton marin." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37616682v.
Full textBellard, Céline. "Effets des changements climatiques sur la biodiversité." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA112269/document.
Full textGlobal biodiversity is changing at an unprecedented rate due to loss of habitat, biological invasions, pollution, overexploitation. Furthermore, climate changes and their synergies with other threats will probably become the main drivers of biodiversity loss in the next century. Nowadays, the multiplicity of approaches and the resulting variability in projections make it difficult to get a clear picture of the future of biodiversity due to climate change. Yet, the majority of models indicate alarming consequences for biodiversity, with the worst- case scenarios leading to an increase of extinction rates. The aim of this thesis was to improve the knowledge about of the different consequences of climate change on biodiversity worldwide. To do that I mainly used modelisation and meta-analyses approaches. The first part of my work was to investigate the consequences of sea level rise for the ten insular biodiversity hotspot and their endemic species, during which I highlighted that between 6 and 19% of the islands would be entirely submerged. Then I studied the effects of climate and land use changes on biological invasions worldwide. The results showed that invasives species response to climate and land use changes depend on region, taxa and species considered. We also emphasized that some regions could lose a significant number of invasive alien species. Besides, we also found that hotspot that are mainly islands or group of islands are highly suitable for invasive species. Finally, in the last part, I quantified the exposure of biodiversity hotspots to the combined effects of climate change, land use change and biological invasions. This work highlighted the pressing need to consider different drivers of global change in conservation planning. In addition, we established some prioritization framework among the hotspot. Finally, conservation strategies to protect habitat and species under global changes, can only be achieved through closed collaboration with park managers. Overall, implementation of effective adaptation strategies to climate change can only succeed with public support
Lapointe, Hélène. "Effets des normes sur le commerce extérieur." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9291.
Full textBoczkowski, Jorge. "Effets du sepsis sur le muscle diaphragmatique." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05CD04.
Full textRocio, Morales Loo Maria del. "Effets des hydrocarbures sur le phytoplancton marin." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22022.
Full textRomand, Alain. "Effets genotoxiques de mycotoxines sur des bacteries." Caen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CAEN2007.
Full textMartin, Jérôme. "Sur les effets quantiques en cosmologie primordiale." Paris 7, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA077054.
Full textKurose, Ayumi. "Effets des séismes sur les ouvrages souterrains." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPXX0030.
Full textDrobinski, Gérard. "Effets biomecaniques des ultrasons sur la thrombose." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066475.
Full textECHTLER, YEREMIAN CHRISTIANE. "Effets des facteurs psychosociaux sur la creativite." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1PS03.
Full textCreativity is defined as the whole process through which people conceive and solve illed defined problems. Often viewed as an individual aptitude, creativity is considered here under the point of view of the social factors which determine cognitive solving strategies. Those factors are linked to the different characteristics of the creative situation : task environment, social interactions. Social factors influence creativity through various mecanisms such as task interest, social climate and mood. Four experiments show that limited cooperation facilitates originality and flexibility of responses to a multiple solutions task, while close cooperation stimulates fluidity. Specific instructions to be original conduce to more originality and quantitative instructions increase fluidity and flexibility. The performance to a one solution creative task is not affected by cooperation and the induction of a specific solving procedure has a detrimental effect on it. Three other experiments enlighten the effects of positive and negative affects which depend on task types, mental processes involved and creative criterions used. Positive affect facilitates fluidity and flexibility in remote association task. Negative affect is likely to enhance originality of responses to a divergent thinking task
Kataya, Zeinab. "Effets de température sur les nanoparticules de CoAg : structure et effets de ségrégation." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01004367.
Full textNoël, Sylvie. "Effets de l'expertise sur la structure des concepts." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq26807.pdf.
Full textBoyce, Philippe. "Effets d'additifs polymériques sur la formation des sillages." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375963966.
Full textTelvi, Louise. "Effets des immunomodulateurs sur certaines fonctions lymphocytaires T." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610262p.
Full textLathoud, Françoise. "Effets de facteurs environnementaux sur la synthèse chlorophyllienne /." Thèse, Trois-Rivières, Montréal : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières. Université du Québec à Montréal, 1999. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/03-2205035R.html.
Full textEn-tête de titre : Université du Québec à Montréal. "Mémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières comme exigence partielle de la maîtrise en physique offerte par extension à l'Université du Québec à Montréal en vertu d'un protocole d'entente avec l'Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières." CaQTU CaQTU
Dietrich, Andrée-Carole. "Effets de l'adénosine sur le système nerveux central." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P165.
Full textPaisin, Thierry. "Effets non auditifs du bruit sur la santé." Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON11173.
Full textTran, Christian. "Effets des rayonnements ultraviolets sur les rétinoïdes cutanés." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T033.
Full textBeloeil, Hélène. "Effets des anesthésiques locaux sur la réponse inflammatoire." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA11T026.
Full textSavoye, Chantal. "Effets des ligands sur la radiolyse de l'adn." Orléans, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ORLE2060.
Full textCondaminet, Bruno. "Effets biochimiques des radiations ultraviolettes sur les keratinocytes." Orléans, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ORLE2008.
Full textBERTIN, FEURGARD CATHERINE. "Effets des rayonnements ionisants sur les lipoproteines plasmatiques." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066414.
Full textCaldara, Gaëtan. "Effets des interactions sur les systèmes 2d désordonnés." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30215.
Full textPinot, Mathieu. "Effets du confinement sur l’auto-organisation du cytosquelette." Rennes 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009REN1S073.
Full textWe studied the effect of a confined physical environment on cytoskeleton self-organized processes. In order to reproduce the cell’s confinement, we developed an efficient bottom-up approach to encapsulate a Xenopus cell extract within droplets and vesicles. The qualitative and quantitative studies on a microtubule aster encapsulated within droplets showed three different patterns: asters, asymmetrical asters, and cortical bundles. Monitoring of the morphologies adopted by microtubule arrays showed that symmetry breaking in the organization of microtubules and formation of an aster in a spherical environment is dependent on the size of the droplet. Computer simulations based on physical considerations reproduced the various structures observed, and a simple physical model identified the main physical parameters of the transitions. The use of vesicles with more elastic boundaries resulted in very different morphologies of microtubule structure, such as protrusions, highlighting the importance of the rigidity of the confinement. We also used this system and this approach to study the re-organization of the actin network within droplets. Preliminary results demonstrate the existence of an actin directional flow around a contractile ring, reproducing in vivo processes present during cytokinesis
Falcon, Claudio. "Quelques effets des fluctuations sur les systèmes collectifs." Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066435.
Full textMEYER, ANNE. "Effets secondaires de l'amiodarone sur la fonction thyroidienne." Strasbourg 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989STR15035.
Full textBourlier, Virginie. "Effets précoces d'une irradiation gamma sur l'endothélium vasculaire." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10156.
Full textAlileche, Nassim. "Etude des effets dominos sur une zone industrielle." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAM0013.
Full textDomino effects or cascading events in the chemical and process industries are recognized as credible accident scenarios since three decades. They are raising a growing concern, as they have the potential to cause catastrophic consequences. Domino effect, as phenomenon, is still a controversial topic when coming to its assessment. There is still a poor agreement on the definition of domino effect and its assessment procedures. A number of different definitions and approaches are proposed in technical standards and in the scientific literature. Therefore, one of this research objectives is to formalize domino effects knowledges in order to comprehend their occurrence mechanisms. Thus, the parameters that should be looked at so as to understand the escalation possibility and in order to identify domino scenarios, were analyzed. The aim is to improve domino effect hazards prevention, through the development of a methodology for the identification and the analysis of domino effects.We developed a method for the analysis of domino accident chain caused by loss of containments. It allow the identification and prioritization of accident propagation paths. The method is user-friendly and help decision making regarding the prevention of cascading events. The final outcomes of the model are given in form of quantitative rankings of equipment involved in domino scenarios, taking into account the effect of meteorological conditions and safety barriers. The rankings give a clear idea of equipment hazard for initiating or continuing cascading events.The methodology is based on a topography of the industrial area of concern, including the characteristics of each unit and accounting for protection and mitigation barriers. It is based on two main stages. The first is the identification of accident propagation paths. For this, the event tree method is used. The possible targets are identified combining the escalation thresholds and vulnerability models (to estimate damage probability). This first stage was implemented using the MATLAB® software and Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) to enable an easy input procedure and output analysis in Microsoft Excel®.The second stage is the identification of the most dangerous equipment. It consists in prioritizing equipment involved in the propagation paths according to their likelihood to cause/propagate domino effect. The algorithm that performs this phase was coded in VBA.The method was designed so as it can be used without the need to rely on the results of safety reports. However, if such results are available, it is possible to lighten some steps of the method. It revealed easy to apply, this was confirmed through projects and student internships
Gli effetti domino, in cui un primo incidente causa in cascata altri scenari incidentali, sono tragli scenari incidentali più severi che avvengono nell’industria chimica. Nonostante l’attenzioneche anche la normativa dedica a tali scenari, la valutazione dell’effetto domino è un soggettocontroverso. L’analisi della letteratura tecnica e scientifica ha mostrato l’assenza di unadefinizione comune di « effetto domino » e di una semplice procedura per l’identificazione ditali scenari. È per tale motivo che uno degli obiettivi di questo lavoro di ricerca è diformalizzare le conoscenze relative agli effetti domino al fine di meglio comprendere imeccanismi che possono provocarli. A tal proposito sono stati studiati i parametri necessariper determinare la possibilità dell’insorgere di cascate di eventi e per essere in grado diidentificare i possibili scenari incidentali dovuti ad effetto domino. L’obiettivo finale del lavoroè stato di sviluppare un metodo per l’identificazione e l’analisi quantitativa della propagazionedi incidenti primari nell’ambito di scenari dovuti ad effetto domino.E’ stata sviluppata una metodologia generale per l’analisi degli effetti domino causati daperdite di confinamento. Tale metodologia permette l’identificazione e la classificazione deipercorsi di propagazione degli incidenti. Tale metodo facilita inoltre la prevenzione deglieffetti domino, proponendo uno strumento efficace e semplice da utilizzare.I risultati di questo studio sono forniti in forma di una classificazione delle apparecchiaturecoinvolte in scenari dovuti ad effetto domino, tenendo conto degli effetti delle condizionimeteorologiche e delle misure esistenti per la gestione del rischio. Tale classificazione fornisceanche un chiara idea dei pericoli rappresentati dalle singole apparecchiature nel caso diincidenti in cascata, in quanto precisando se la pericolosità delle attrezzature proviene dallaloro capacità di innescare o propagare un reazione a catena.Il metodo è basato su una descrizione topografica del sito studiato, che comprende anche lecaratteristiche di ogni attrezzatura, che tiene conto delle misure di gestione dei rischi e dellebarriere di sicurezza presenti, basato su due fasi principali. La prima è l’identificazione deipercorsi di propagazione degli incidenti. A tale scopo è stato utilizzato un metodo basatoVIsull’albero degli eventi. I potenziali bersagli vengono determinati combinando i valori di sogliaper la propagazione degli eventi ed i modelli di vulnerabilità delle apparecchiature. Questaprima fase è implementata in MATLAB® e Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) in modo dafacilitare la gestione dei dati e l’analisi dei risultati in Microsoft Excel®.La seconda fase è l’identificazione delle apparecchiature più pericolose per gli effetti domino.Tale fase consiste nel classificare le apparecchiature coinvolte nei percorsi di propagazione infunzione della loro capacità di causare o propagare un effetto domino. L’algoritmo dedicato inquesta fase è eseguito su VBA.I risultati ottenuti anche nell’applicazione ad un caso di studio hanno evidenziato le potenzialitàdel metodo, che rappresenta un significativo progresso nell’analisi quantitativa dell’effetto domino
Tousignant, Christine. "Effets des neuropeptides sur le système nerveux autonome." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11703.
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