Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Effets du gaz carbonique sur'
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SY, MAME OUREYE. "Effets du gaz carbonique sur la biosynthese autocatalytique d'ethylene des avocats (persea americana, mill)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066659.
Full textHamza, Fatoumata. "Conservation de laitues de quatrième gamme sous atmosphère contrôlée ou modifiée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29169.
Full textKhemiri, Hanan. "Caractérisation des effets de l'érythropoïétine sur la sensibilité chimique à l'O2 et au CO2 chez la souris." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26058.
Full textErythropoietin (EPO) is a cytokine that plays a major role in O2 homeostasis. Upon chronic hypoxia, EPO stimulates the maturation of erythroid progenitors into red blood cells, contributing to increased O2 carrying to tissues. Besides this well-known erythropoietic effect, EPO also modulates the respiratory response to hypoxia by interacting with the central respiratory network in the brainstem and the peripheral chemoreceptors. This effect was mainly characterized in adult mutant mice that overexpress EPO. Several aspects regarding EPO’s effect on breathing regulation remain unknown. By using electrophysiological, pharmacological and plethysmographic approaches, we characterized 1) the acute effect of exogenous EPO on the respiratory network during the postnatal period, in which this system undergoes profound changes, 2) the effects of acute and chronic exogenous EPO administration and its non erythropoietic derivative carbamylated EPO (C-EPO) on ventilatory response to varying O2 levels in adult wild type mice (WT), 3) the EPO’s effect on the CO2 sensitivity at central and/or peripheral levels in adult mutant mice which overexpress EPO, the CO2 being a strong stimulus of the central respiratory network. Our results show that acute EPO treatment increases the O2 sensitivity of the central respiratory network in newborn mice in vitro. However, EPO does not impact the hypoxic ventilatory response to hypoxia in vivo, but decreases the apneic events during severe hypoxia in mice at postnatal day 7. In WT adults, chronic but not acute EPO and C-EPO treatment increases the O2 sensitivity by stimulating both the peripheral chemoreceptor and the central respiratory network. Finally, both cerebral and plasmatic EPO blunt the ventilatory response to increased CO2 levels in adult mice. Taken together, these results imply that EPO, by acting on the ventilatory system, plays a key role in the modulation of the chemical sensitivity to O2 and CO2. Thus, EPO may have a potential clinical interest in the treatment of some chronic respiratory diseases where O2 and CO2 homeostasis are altered, such as neonatal apnea or chronic mountain sickness.
Auboiron, Erik. "Influence des caractéristiques de l'atmosphère (gaz carbonique, éthylène, eau) et de la disponibilité en eau du milieu sur les cultures "in vitro" d'"Hevea brasiliensis"." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20106.
Full textGhassemi, Amir. "Effet de la cristallinité sur la perméabilité aux gaz de films à base d'acide polylactique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27402.
Full textThe main purpose of this work is to determine the effect of crystallinity on the gas permeation of polymer films. In particular, polylactic acid (PLA) was used as the matrix and various gases were selected (nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, methane and oxygen) for the gas transport properties. To this end, the work was divided into three parts. In the first part, talc was used as a nucleating agent to modify the crystallinity of PLA. In this case, it was noted that the gas permeability and the diffusion coefficient were reduced with increasing talc content (0-3% by weight). It was also observed that increased crystallinity was related to heterogeneous nucleation, but had limited effect on mechanical properties, with the exception of strain at break. However, the transport properties were decreased. In the second part, annealing time was used to modify PLA crystallinity with 0% and 3% talc. In this case, it was found that gas permeability and diffusion coefficient were lowered with higher annealing time (up to 40 min). It was also observed that higher crystallinity did not change the mechanical properties except for the Young’s modulus. Finally, annealing temperature was modified to improve the crystallinity of neat PLA and 3% talc composite. While gas permeability and diffusion coefficient both decreased with increasing annealing temperature (from 60 to 120°C), crystallinity changes did not significantly modify the mechanical properties, except for the Young’s modulus and strain at break of the 3% talc composite.
Roy, Sébastien. "Étude de l'immobilisation d'une anhydrase carbonique (MTCA) thermostable de Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum : effet de la séquestration dans un réseau poreux de silice sur la thermorésistance." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24174/24174.pdf.
Full textFaubert, Patrick. "The effect of long-term water level drawdown on the vegetation composition and CO2 fluxes of a boreal peatland in central Finland." Master's thesis, Québec : Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21536/21536.pdf.
Full textGauci, Rachel. "Étude de certains facteurs influençant la production de fruits et de ramets floraux chez la chicouté (Rubus chamaemorus)." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25867/25867.pdf.
Full textCompetition for both carbon and mineral resources between the different sinks has often been reported in perennial plants and can, especially in presence of asexual reproduction, reduces the production of fruits. We have studied carbon and nutrient allocation in cloudberry (Rubus chamaemorus L., Rosaceae), a northern clonal plant, to determine the limiting factors for both flower ramets and fruit production. Furthermore, the plant producing more ramets when its rhizomes grow near the ground surface than deeper in the soil, the impact of some edaphic factors (temperature and soil pressure) on the rhizome apex differentiation into buds was thus also quantified along with the impact of apical dominance and of the level of carbon and nutrient reserves Our results indicated that carbon is more limiting than nutrients for fruit production and that this carbon comes essentially from the floral shoot. During early spring, the carbon reserves are low in the rhizome most likely due to a weak dormancy of the rhizome during the winter. The developing fruits and the unfolding leaves appear to compete for the carbon resource. Additionally, the shoots bearing an aborting fruit had a low P content in their leaves, a deficiency that can reduce carbon translocation to the fruits. Moreover, aborted cloudberry fruits have a low K concentration, which could also limit sugar import to these fruits and induce abortion. However, mineral fertilization did not improve fruit yield, at least on a short-time scale. Longer-term studies of mineral fertilization coupled with the selection of clones with faster leaf unfolding and with a deeper dormancy of the rhizome could increase cloudberry fruit yield. Two factors contributed to increase flower bud production: mineral fertilization and high temperatures. However, none of these factors appeared to work as a triggering factor for floral bud formation. Other studies will be necessary to identify the factors inducing rhizome apex differentiation into leaf and flower buds in cloudberry.
Bdéoui, Fahed. "Effets du rayonnement des gaz sur certaines instabilités thermoconvectives." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ECAP0554.
Full textDelroisse, Henry. "Effets de tensioactifs ioniques sur les interfaces et l’agglomération d’hydrates de gaz." Thesis, Pau, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PAUU3036/document.
Full textPressure and temperature conditions encountered in the pipelines of hydrocarbons production may be favorable to the formation of gas hydrates (crystalline compounds formed by the association of molecules of gas and water). Their agglomeration in pipelines may form plugs and lead to production shutdowns and cause significant economic losses. To prevent it, oil and gas companies use various methods and more particularly anti-agglomerant additives. Anti-agglomerants are surfactants that can adsorb at the hydrate crystals surface and keep them dispersed in a hydrocarbon phase. The objective of this thesis is to progress in the understanding of mechanisms of action of ionic surfactant to prevent the gas hydrates agglomeration. Several cationic surfactants were studied on a cyclopentane (CP) hydrate (formed at atmospheric pressure) and on a methane/propane hydrate (formed under pressure). For both hydrates, the effect of surfactants on the crystals morphology and on their wettability was investigated, and their anti-agglomerant (AA) performance was evaluated in an agitated reactor for systems at different conditions and compositions. The surfactants leading to the formation of individual crystals had the best AA performances. In order to have a good protection against the agglomeration, it is not necessary that the surfactants make the crystals oil wettable in a system where the oil phase is in excess. We showed that the modification (by the addition of salt for example) of the physicochemical environment of surfactant molecules plays an important role on their AA properties. Similarly, the modification of the structure of molecules (counter-ion nature, length of the hydrocarbon chains) affects their adsorption on the hydrate, the morphology and wettability of crystals and consequently their AA performance. The main factors identified for a good performance of a surfactant molecule are its capacity to be efficiently fixed and in a sufficient amount on the hydrate surface in order to make the hydrate crystals hydrophobic. In the case where it makes the hydrate hydrophilic, the surfactant has to strongly reduce the interfacial tension between the aqueous and oil phases and then reduce the intensity of capillary forces between hydrate particles. Lastly, we set a correlation between the observations done at the microscopic scale and the AA performance of surfactants evaluated at the macroscopic scale. This work confirms that the CP-hydrate is overall a good model for a simple evaluation of the surfactant molecules performance. However, the use of the CP-hydrate has some limitations to conduct studies at high subcooling and watercut
Lafortune, Frantz-Daniel. "Sur l'origine des variations lentes liées au CO₂ de l'EEG en courant direct : implication de la barrière hémato-encéphalique." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/22167.
Full textParadis-Deschênes, Pénélope. "Les effets du préconditionnement ischémique sur l'oxygénation et la force musculaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26299.
Full textRepeated episodes of ischemia and reperfusion, commonly known as ischemic preconditioning (IPC), initially tested for its protective effects on the myocardium, renders different tissues more resistant to a subsequent reduction in oxygenation (i.e., tissue O2 saturation), as found during maximal exercise. Despite its likely effects on the oxidative function, studies examining the effects of IPC on tissue oxygenation are very scarce. We used near-infrared spectroscopy to study the effects of IPC on muscle haemodynamics and peripheral O2 extraction during repeated maximal efforts in resistance-trained participants. Our results demonstrate that IPC increased muscle blood volume at rest and during recovery between contractions, as well as muscle oxygen uptake during exercise. These acute physiological adaptations were associated with increased muscle strength throughout the protocol. The use of IPC as an ergogenic aid could be useful to optimize oxygenation and muscle strength during competition and training.
Roussel, Olivier. "Interet de la surveillance simultanee non invasive de l'hemodynamique et de la pression tele-expiratoire en gaz carbonique : valeur predictive sur la qualite de la perfusion tissulaire." Lyon 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LYO1M112.
Full textBennadji, Kamel. "Effets des corrections de champ local sur les propriétés thermodynamiques et de transport dans les plasmas corrélés." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112042.
Full textFully ionized hydrogen plasma is studied within an HNC-STLS model. Ions and electrons are separately studied with HNC and STLS models respectively, the influence of a system on an other is taken into account. It was shown that electron correlations, modelled here by the Local Field Corrections, affect the plasma proprieties and this effect is correlated with the electrons coupling parameter. In particular, the effective ions potential calculated within this model, differs with the one calculated within the Random Phase Approximation. The difference between the two potentials becomes great as the electron coupling parameter grows up. It was also observed that the effective potential in position space becomes negative for certain densities which correspond to an electron coupling parameter greater than unity. This potential makes damped oscillations around zero. These Local Field Correction effects on the effective potential affect the plasma proprieties as the electrical conductivity, the pressure and the internal energy
Gutjahr, Sylvain. "Modulation de la force des sources et des puits de carbone sur la croissance du bulbe de l'érythrone d'Amérique, Erythronium americanum." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18877.
Full textReduction in light intensity as well as seasonal increase in temperature are considered the main factors inducing the senescence of the leaves of deciduous forest spring ephemerals. However, these two factors cannot completely explain the interannual variations in belowground organ growth. We suggest that leaf longevity of spring geophytes is determined by carbohydrate storage conditions (size and growth duration of the perennial organ, storage duration) and not that leaf lifespan determine the size of the perennial organ. Our results on Erythronium americanum suggest that leaf senescence appears prematurely under the higher temperature regime when plants are cultivated at 12/8°C or 18/14°C; when the bulb stops to grow, the leaf is still photosynthetically active and the nutrient concentration is high, meaning their mobilisation is not achieved. CO2 air enrichment increases plant net assimilation rate but does not increase bulb growth rate, and thus does not enhance carbohydrate storage. The strength of a sink of carbon such as the bulb might influence leaf longevity in single-leaved individuals of this species.
Pierlot, Gérard. "Contribution a l'etude du potentiel iatrogene du laser a gaz carbonique : etude experimentale sur la canine du chien et l'incisive du rat." Lyon 1, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990LYO1DS03.
Full textMoreau, Sébastien. "Etude des effets des micro-ondes sur la magnéto-photoluminescence des gaz bidimensionnels électroniques." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00138993.
Full textà l'apparition d'absorptions secondaires comme l'harmonique de la résonance cyclotron, mais aussi à très faible énergie micro-ondes, à l'existence de magnéto-plasmons. Finalement, nous discutons la contribution de l'ensemble des effets observés sur le phénomène des MIROs.
GUIBERT-DUPLANTIER, CATHERINE. "Etude des effets mécaniques des explosions de gaz sur des structures de formes simples." Poitiers, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993POIT2342.
Full textRichard, Philippe T. "Les effets du préconditionnement métabolique sur l'oxygénation musculaire et sur la performance en patinage de vitesse longue piste." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33044.
Full textThe speed-skating position leads to blood-flow restriction and deoxygenation in the lower limbs that may enhance the metabolic processes associated with fatigue, thereby affecting technique and performance. Highlevel athletes use several metabolic conditioning strategies to optimize their physiological responses and performances. Despite their potential impact on muscle oxygenation noted in many sports, no data is available regarding the impact of such techniques on long-track speed skating performance. The peculiar histologic muscular characteristics associated with the skaters of different energetic profile and skating specialties may influence the response to conditioning stimulus and therefore, the purpose of our studies was to assess the specific on-ice impact of conditioning strategies with respect to the energetic profile of the skaters. Remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) has been found to enhance performance in different contexts, improve vascular function and muscular perfusion (locally and systemically) and to optimize mitochondrial efficiency. In study 1, we found that RIPC has no practical ergogenic impact on 1000-m long-track speed-skating performance in elite athletes and that this technique tends to increase muscle oxygen extraction in sprint athletes. This could increase the metabolic stress in training in this type of athlete and thus, optimize the chronic adaptations. Respiratory muscle fatigue might increase sympathetic vasoconstrictor outflow to working skeletal muscles through a respiratory muscle metaboreflex, thus reducing limbs blood flow and accelerating the development of exercise-induced locomotor muscle fatigue. An inspiratory muscle warm-up (IMW) may reduce inspiratory muscle fatigue and attenuate locomotor muscle deoxygenation during maximal exercises. In study 2, we found that a standard IMW protocol provides no meaningful effect on blood volume and performance in elite speed skaters. Finally, elite athletes in varied sports typically combine ergogenic strategies in the hope of taking advantage of multiple strategies simultaneously in order to enhance physiological responses and competitive performance. However, the scientific evidence for such practices is very scarce. Results of study 3 indicate that combining RIPC (chronic) and IMW has no practical ergogenic impact on 600-m speed-skating performance in elite skaters. Summing up, the results of these three studies highlight the low variability of physiological responses and performance in elite athletes as well as the singularities associated with the position of speed skaters; neither ischemic preconditioning, nor an inspiratory muscles warm-up, nor the combination of these two strategies has improved performance in elite skaters and only minor changes in muscular oxygenation were observed. The very high level of aerobic fitness of the athlete, the practice of a thorough warm-up protocol and the extremely low position may have contributed to lessen the effectiveness of these techniques.
Fernandes, de Medeiros Indira Aritana. "Nanostructuration de ferrites de cobalt CoxFe3-xO4 : Effets sur la catalyse et la détection de gaz polluants." Thesis, Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0007/document.
Full textDifferent synthesis methods such as hydrothermal, solvothermal and thermal decomposition were developed to control nanoparticles shape and composition. The influence of synthesis parameters such as the nature of surfactants, the solvents, temperature and time of synthesis were also investigated. The powders were characterized by X-ray Diffraction and Transmission Electron Microscopy coupled with Dispersive Energy Spectroscopy. The catalytic and detection properties were evaluated in presence of CO and NO2 in synthetic air. CoxFe3-xO4 (x = 1, 1.5 ) nanooctahedra with 15-20 nm were produced by hydrothermal synthesis using different surfactants (CTAB, SDS and PVP). Nanocubes of CoFe2O4 were successfully obtained by solvothermal synthesis using oleylamine as surfactant. Nanooctahedra of CoxFe3-xO4 with x = 1.5 have higher activity for the CO conversion than those with x=1, and the conversion starts at lower temperature for the nanocubes. The nanocubes show lower sensitivity for the detection of NO2 than the nanooctahedra which indicates that the {111} faces are more reactive than the {100} ones in cobalt ferrites nanoparticles
Kadiri, Yasser Bretonnet Jean-Louis Jakse Noël. "Contribution à l'étude des effets à trois corps sur la structure et la thermodynamique des liquides surfondus et amorphes." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. ftp://ftp.scd.univ-metz.fr/pub/Theses/2001/Kadiri.Yasser.SMZ0136.pdf.
Full textVermersch, Benoît. "Dynamique d'un gaz de bosons ultra-froids dans un milieu désordonné : Effets des interactions sur la localisation et sur la transition d'Anderson." Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00910405.
Full textVermersch, Benoît. "Dynamique d'un gaz de bosons ultra-froids dans un milieu désordonné : effets des interactions sur la localisation et sur la transition d'Anderson." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10054/document.
Full textIn a disordered potential, the diffusive transport of non-interacting particles can be inhibited, a phenomenon known as Anderson localization. In three dimensions, there exists a quantum phase-transition between localized (insulator) and diffusive (metal) dynamics. A long-standing question is the effect of interactions on such dynamics. The goal of this thesis is to investigate this problem theoretically and numerically in the experimental framework of Bose-Einstein condensates. In one dimension, the interplay between disorder and interactions leads to the existence of three regimes which are characterized with a spectral approach. In three dimensions, using a “quantum simulator” of the 3D Anderson model we show the emergence of sub-diffusion in lieu of Anderson localization. Considering the excitations of the system in the very weakly interacting regime, we also demonstrate that the concept of universality of the Anderson transition also applies to Bogoliubov quasi-particles. Finally, we show the relevance of a new method, the truncated Husimi method, in order to take into account the effect of quantum noise on interacting disordered systems
Simard, Alexandre. "Effets des variations climatiques sur la demande de gaz naturel au Québec : application à la méthode de normalisation des volumes et des revenus de Gaz Métro." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26222/26222.pdf.
Full textMonsef, Florian. "Etude par simulation Monte Carlo des effets de quantification sur le transport dans les structures à effet de champ." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112200.
Full textThe increasing performances of integrated circuits are correlated to the shrinking of MOS transistors characteristics length: the gate length. The complex physical phenomena that take part into sub-0. 1 mM devices need to be analysed using adequate modelling tools. At the IEF, a device and carrier transport simulator (MONACO) has been developed for almost 20 years, and is particularly well adapted to small device analyses. Quantization phenomena, that have an increasing influence in MOS transistors, especially when using Si/SiGe heterojunctions, are not taken into account in the current version. The first step in my PhD work consisted in calculating and implementing the scattering rates in the case of a 2D silicon-based system. To validate these models, we used experimental transport data (mobility and carrier density). A positive critical analysis on technological parameters of the experimental samples has been performed in order to estimate the real doping profiles of the structures that have a significant influence on the mobility. A very good agreement between simulation results and experiments has been obtained, which validates our approach. To perform a simulation of a whole field effect transistor (FET), it is necessary to take into account the presence of a state continuum or 3D gas. The second part of this work has focused on the way of including and handling the simultaneous presence of 2D and 3D gases in a Monte Carlo algorithm. Our approach has been successfully tested on a MOS capacitor: the number of sub-bands included in the 2D gas does not change the global results; it does not change the average behaviour of the fundamental sub-bands either. These two important results testify of the robustness of the algorithm and seem to be solid basis for future works which aim at including quantization in FET devices modeling
Zouggar, Mostapha. "Effets du broyage sur les propriétés structurales et mécaniques de poudres de fer pur et sur l'activation de la nitruration." Poitiers, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000POIT2283.
Full textKadiri, Yasser. "Contribution à l'étude des effets à trois corps sur la structure et la thermodynamique des liquides surfondus et amorphes." Metz, 2001. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/2001/Kadiri.Yasser.SMZ0136.pdf.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the study of the three-body interactions on the structural and thermodynamic properties, during liquid-supercooled liquid and liquid-amorphous transformations. In this work, we use molecular dynamics simulations that gives a direct acces to the physical properties from the interactions. Therefore, both the theoretical developments and the potential can be tested by comparison with the experiment. In order to increase the accuracy of the calculations, we handled a large number of particle using a parallel version of the molecular dynamics code with a spatial decomposition of the simulation box. Our study was fisrt applied to rare gases, namely argon, krypton and xenon. The interactions between atoms, wich are dipolar in origin, are described by the Aziz and Slaman (AS) pair potential combined to the Axilrod-Teller (AT) three-body potential. It is well known that this model (AS+AT) is adapted to the study of these systems. As the AS and AT potentials cand be separated, we were able to show its influence in the liquid, supercooled and amorphous states as well as on the vitreous transition temperature Tg. In particular, the AT potential has the effect of increasing TG for all the rare gases. Thus, its use does not contradict the law of the corresponding states, wich confers an universal character on the AS+AT model for the rare gases. We also study liquid and supercooled silicon as well as liquid germanium with the Stillinger-Weber (SW) potential, wich contains both the two- and the three-body contributions. For these covalent materials, the three-body interactions are preponderant and can not be separated from the pair potential. For silicon, we have modified the SW parameter, allowing us to describe with a good accuracy the structure in supercooled states, compared with recent experiments. We were able to show that the double shoulder on the pair correlation function in this states should be accompanied by a strong increase of the density. For germanium, we have modified the parameter of the potential SW, wich controls the relative importance of the two- and three-body potentials, to obtain a good prediction of the melting point. This parameterization predicts correctly the structural properties and opens the way for a more complete study of this system
Quereix, Anne. "Analyse et modélisation du fonctionnement stomatique de la vigne Vitis vinifera L. : intégration de l'effet des puits de carbone sur les échanges gazeux de la plante." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR20834.
Full textIn order to understand the control of grape quality, it is necessary to quantify the capture of plant resources and their partitioning between the various organs. This requires, in particular, an integrated description of plant gas exchange in response to both environmental and internal factors. Currently, however, the coupling of these two types of factors remains poorly understood. The objective of this study is to develop a model of gas exchange taking into account the short-term effects of climate as well as the influence of source-sink interactions on the stomatal conductance and photosynthesis. We first analysed experimentally the interactions between the carbon supply of sources and the carbon demand of sinks, under a stable environment and also in the vineyard. Then from these data, we developed a dynamic model based on (i) an empirical model of stomatal conductance (Leuning, 1995), modified in the light of published studies, and (ii) a model of carbon partitioning (Minchin et al,1993), to which we added a source-sink feedback mechanism. Simulations show that the model reproduced the global tendencies observed for photosynthesis and stomatal conductance in a stable environment. Less satisfactory agreement was obtained in the vineyard under a fluctuating environment. Nevertheless, from a qualitative point of view, the model accounts for the interactions between organs and simulates the observed behaviour following the modification of the source-sink ratio. By integrating the influence of external factors, this study provides a preliminary model for incorporating the sink feedback effect on source activity, which may be integrated into models describing the longer term functioning of whole plants
Lapisardi, Grégory. "Oxydation du méthane dans les effluents de moteurs à gaz fonctionnant en mélange pauvre sur des catalyseurs à base de métaux précieux." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10030.
Full textThe present work concerns the study of catalysts based on Pt and Pd for the total oxidation of methane with the aim of its removal from lean-burn gas motors exhausts (NGV, cogeneration). Monometallic Pd and Pt catalysts and bimetallic PdxPt1-x catalysts were deposited on Al2O3 and SnO2 and studied. The influence of a mild steam ageing under wet atmosphere simulating along-term use was examined. Pd-rich bimetallic catalysts on Al2O3 exhibit better catalytic properties than the reference Pd/Al2O3 catalyst: better resistance upon ageing, better activity in wet atmosphere. These properties are related with an interaction of Pt with Pd, interaction revealed by various physico-chemical techniques. The use of SnO2 as support does not allow to improve the catalytic performances of mono or bimetallic catalysts. All the studied catalysts deactivate in the presence of sulphur-containing compounds (H2S, SO2) due to poisoning of active sites. The stability of the poison species depends on the metal, the support used and the reaction temperature
Lainée, Pierre. "Effets de l'ypérite (gaz moutarde) sur le système respiratoire après administration par voie aérienne : études in vitro et in vivo." Paris 5, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA05CD11.
Full textDelay, Guillaume Bazile Rudy Charnay Georges. "Analyse des écoulements transitoires dans les systèmes d'injection directe essence effets sur l'entraînement d'air instationnaire du spray /." Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000053.
Full textPei, Yan. "Effets du chauffage sur les matériaux cimentaires - impact du « self-healing » sur les propriétés de transfert." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECLI0016/document.
Full textThis experimental work focused on the degradation of two cementitious materials, mortar (for most tests) and a concrete following an intense heating to 600 ° C and 700 ° C sometimes. The idea that underpinned the study was to "measure" this degradation via the transport properties : gas permeability and porosity to gas under confining stress and some poro-mechanical properties. To carry out this work, several experimental techniques have been developed or improved. This is particularly the porosity measurement gas under a confining stress. The use of a neutral gas is used to fill the voids in the material and connected to calculate its porosity. Rehydration with demineralized water has a considerable effect on the highly heated material because it restores much of the porosity which regains its initial level or sometimes a value less than one. Logically the "self-healing" also restores much of the permeability which does not recover its original level
Blanchet, Guy. "Effets du soman, un anticholinestérasique organophosphoré, sur les caractéristiques et les propriétés des récepteurs muscariniques cholinergiques : études ex vivo chez le cobaye et in vitro sur des cellules de neuroblastome en culture." Lyon 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LYO1W246.
Full textPonnet, Marie. "Les relations de sous-traitance et leurs effets sur la sûreté et la sécurité dans deux entreprises : SNCF et GrDF." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT3038.
Full textBecause of economical processes that tend to move the frontiers of firms salaried relations of uncertain status are found coexisting inside the very same working world. From a qualitative investigation mixing employees' interviews and observations made on SNCF and GrDF working sites our research offers to think about the relations linking subcontracting, maintenance, safety and security. Considering subcontracting as a particular way for professional bodies to be associated allows us to wonder about its effects within a same firm (the "integrated" subcontracting) as much as between a principal and a provider. Our thesis shows that when change occurs inside the organization — like the creation of new committees of experts or the reorganizing of an old service — security and safety can be impacted because thus professional bodies tend to be reconfigured while modifications affect practices, professional identities and work division. The relations between subcontractors and principal are complicated and their consequences depend from the context they are placed in, determined by a combination of various characteristics such as the confidence level, the available time, the reputation, the position occupied by the subcontractor. Our investigation makes clear that there is no direct link between subcontracting, security and safety. Their effects, in spite of their reality, are submitted to the altering mediation of legal factors (related to economic national and European issues) and concern the working organization as well as the professional identities
Crochemore, Clément. "Mise en évidence des effets cardiovasculaires directs du NO2 : Mécanisme potentiel de l'impact des émissions de moteur Diesel sur la santé." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUENR02.
Full textValentino, Sarah. "Effets multigénérationnels d'une exposition maternelle aux gaz d'échappement de moteur diesel pendant la gestation sur le développement foeto-placentaire dans un modèle lapin." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLA013/document.
Full textAtmospheric pollution is a major threat for human health, causing 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012. Air pollution, as well as other environmental factors (e.g., nutrition, stress) faced by pregnant women may affect fetal development. The objective of this work was to study the impact of gestational exposure to diesel engine exhaust (DE), a major source of air pollution, on the fetoplacental development in the first (F1) and second (F2) generation. Pregnant rabbits (F0) were exposed 2h/day from 3 to 27 days post-conception (dpc) at DE levels mimicking a pollution peak in major European cities. Gestational exposure of F0 females induced signs of fetal hypotrophia (reduced head length, placental efficiency and hypoinsulinemia in fetuses at 28 dpc) associated with placental vasculature failure and placental functional deregulations identified by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) on transcriptomic data (dedicated microarray). Transplacental transfer of inhaled nanoparticles was demonstrated by transmission electronic microscopy. In F2 generation, plasma triglyceride concentrations were reduced and plasma cholesterol concentration increased in fetuses of in utero exposed F1 rabbits. Placental biometry and structure were not affected. GSEA analysis of F2 placental transcriptome revealed disturbances in gene networks involved in formation of proteaome and exosome, in inflammation. Modulations of placental and fetal fatty acid profiles suggest anti-inflammatory adaptive mechanisms in F2 fetuses. In conclusion, chronic gestational exposure to diesel engine exhaust affects fetoplacental development over several generations. These data highlight health hazards caused by DE nanoparticles and currently not subject to regulation
Borget, Vincent. "Effets du rayonnement des gaz sur les instabilités thermoconvectives en cavités allongées : étude théorique et mise au point d'un montage d'interférométrie holographique." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ECAP0704.
Full textRabillaud, Fabienne. "Réactivité à haute température des fibres de carbone en atmosphère oxydante : effets de gaz inertes et du chlore sur la cinétique d'oxydation." Mulhouse, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MULH0188.
Full textLe, Thi Ngoc Ha. "Effets de traitements post-synthèses sur la surface de nanotubes de carbone mono et multi-parois étudiés par la physisorption de gaz." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10072/document.
Full textThe aim of this study was to understand the influence of various post-synthesis treatments on carbon nanotube surfaces: purification, annealing, ultrasonic cutting, and functionalization. This work deals mainly with rare gas physisorption, but other complementary techniques have also been used such as electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffraction. A systematic approach has been proposed to determine the beginning and the end of the steps (which are usually not well-defined) on the isotherms corresponding to the gas adsorption on single-wall nanotubes. Our results focus in particular on (i) the estimation of the tube opening rate after several of the above mentioned treatments (ii) the validity of the BET method beyond its usual limits and (iii) in the case of functionalization, the selectivity of the grafting process on the carbon nanotube surfaces as opposed to that on the other carbon species present in a sample
Lochon, Iris. "Effets du chaulage sur le fontionnement de l'écosystème prairial en moyenne montagne." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC053/document.
Full textThe development of sustainable agriculture requires greater understanding of the impact of management practices on agroecosystem functioning, and on the ecosystem services provided by these agroecosystems. Representing nearly 68% of world's agricultural surfaces and contributing to the livelihoods of more than 800 million people, grasslands are one of the major agroecosystems where optimized agricultural practices are of concern. This PhD focuses on liming, a well-known practice for counteracting soil acidification (due to ongoing natural processes or accelerated by management practices), but which has variable efficiency in permanent grasslands. Indeed, liming effects on grassland are poorly documented and existing studies rarely take into account grassland multifunctionality. My thesis uses an integrated approach to improve the knowledge of liming impacts on grassland functioning. Different types of experiments – in the field (in situ), in semi-controlled conditions (mesocosms) and laboratory soil incubations (microcosms) – were used to study liming effects on different grassland compartments (vegetation, microorganisms, soil) along with possible interacting factors. Liming effectively increased soil pH in all the experiments. However, improving pH status did not always lead to greater forage production or increases in microbial and root biomass. My results showed that liming can enhance greenhouse gas emissions through several pathways (reemission of lime-derived carbon or stimulation of carbon mineralization), but may also reduce CO2 emissions from ecosystem respiration. Collectively, my findings emphasize the importance of pedoclimatic conditions for liming impacts on permanent grasslands and highlight the difficulty of upscaling liming effects, particularly on forage production and greenhouse gas emissions. The efficiency of liming appears to depend on the type and dose of soil improvers and can also interact with other management practices such as nitrogen fertilization and management intensification
Nuzzo, Manon. "Influence de l'environnement gazeux sur les performances électrochimiques de cellules à oxyde solide (SOC) en mode Electrolyse à Haute Température (EHT)." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066141.
Full textHigh Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE) is a promising technology for hydrogen production, leading candidate as future fuel. However, massive hydrogen production remains difficult considering the fast performance degradation of solid oxide electrolyser cells (SOEC) mainly due to extreme experimental conditions (high working temperature (700-1000°C), oxidising atmosphere, high current density). In these conditions, degradation is due to reactivity between SOEC components, evolution of their microstructure and internal stresses emphasized by temperature and gas composition gradients. This work is dedicated to the study of the influence of the gaseous environment on electrochemical performance on SOEC in HTSE mode and to the development of a homogeneous method for gas distribution over the SOEC surface to enable a more uniform cells operation and limit internal stresses. Commercial electrolyte supported cells are studied (Ni/CGO–3YSZ–LSM/YSZ). First to start with, the SOEC electrochemical behaviour is studied with a traditional experimental set-up. Electrochemical characterisations are carried out in situ through chronopotentiometry and impedance spectroscopy. Secondly, new specific experimental sets-up were developed in order to vary the homogeneity of the gas distribution over the hydrogen electrode. To finish with, the influence of the gas distribution method has been studied on the initial electrochemical behaviour and then on the SOEC durability
Leite, Serge. "Effets des rayonnements ionisants sur des biomolécules en solution : vers une caractérisation des dommages à l'échelle moléculaire." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCD025/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we have developed and characterized a new type of gas phase source of biomolecules which based on non-resonant laser desorption on microdroplets directly under vacuum. This device will eventually allow us to open an original way to study the effects of ionizing radiation on organic molecules from a physical point of view. We will present in detail this device with which we transfered with sucess under vacuum,in a non-destructively way, biomolecules and non-covalent complexes in a mass range of the order of kDa and we assigned them with time-of-ight mass spectrometry. We will show in particular the technical challenges that we had to overcome in order to allow the transfer of microdroplets under vacuum and how by simulation of the spectrometer, we have been able to highly optimize the collection parameters of the desorbed molecular species and the mass resolution of our system, by replacing, in the desorption zone,delayed extraction by a quadrupole electrostatic trap. Finally, we will describe the way in which this device, coupled to a simply charged ion irradiation platform with an energy of the order of the keV, will enable us to characterizeon a molecular scale the damage due to radio-induced radical chemistry mechanisms
Béziat, Pierre. "Effets des conditions environnementales et des pratiques culturales sur les flux de carbone et d'eau dans les agrosystèmes." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/733/.
Full textAgrosystems represent an important proportion of terrestrial ecosystems (more than one third in Europe) and play a key role in sustainable development issues. For instance, they produce green house gasses (GHG) that contribute to climate changes whose feedback on agrosystem functioning and management are still difficult to predict. Therefore, studies on biogeochemical cycle in agrosystems and their GHG production are essential. The main objective of this PhD thesis was the study of cropland carbon and water cycles using 1) micro meteorological measurements of mass and energy fluxes at the soil/vegetation and atmosphere interface and 2) data describing crop dynamics (phenology, biomass, leaf area) for two experimental crop sites located near Toulouse in South West France. This work showed that micro meteorological measurements of fluxes by the eddy covariance method (EC) are well suited to quantify agrosystem carbon and water budgets and to study the main physical and ecophysiological processes driving the different fluxes. From these measurements, carbon and water fluxes were analysed. A methodology to compute GHG budgets at plot scale considering GHG emissions associated with farm operations was developed at our sites and applied to the CarboEurope-IP cropland sites, representing an important range of crop species and management regimes. Annual net CO2 fluxes measurements between the soil/vegetation system and the atmosphere showed that agrosystem act mostly as atmospheric carbon sinks. However, accounting for carbon inputs through organic fertilisation and seeds and outputs through harvest together with vertical CO2 fluxes measurements showed that cropland are rarely carbon sinks and most often act as carbon sources (127 ± 243 g C m-2 y-1 for 41 site-years of the CarboEurope-IP network). .
Kritzstein, Frédéric. "Etude théorique et expérimentale des effets de la turbulence sur le rayonnement infrarouge des gaz : application à un écoulement turbulent dans un canal." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0302.
Full textMarchand, Benoît. "Effets de la température et de l'irradiation sur la mobilité du xénon dans UO$_2$ : étude profilométrique et microstructurale." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00830100.
Full textSoucasse, Laurent. "Effets des transferts radiatifs sur les écoulements de convection naturelle dans une cavité différentiellement chauffée en régimes transitionnel et faiblement turbulent." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00978507.
Full textDelay, Guillaume. "Analyse des écoulements transitoires dans les systèmes d'injection directe essence : effets sur l'entraînement d'air instationnaire du spray." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2005. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7367/1/delay1.pdf.
Full textGagnon, Mikaël. "Impact de l'avancée des arbustes sur les stocks de carbone des sols d'Umiujaq, Nunavik." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34952.
Full textThe microbial respiration of ancient carbon stored in permafrost represents a positive feedback to climate warming. However, the recent expansion of shrubs in circumpolar latitudes may partly compensate for this carbon release, due to greater biomass and litter inputs than that of tundra vegetation. Quantifying this carbon sink is challenging, as the concomitant mineralization of ancient carbon often renders the attribution of changes in soil carbon stocks uncertain. Here, we measure the contribution of shrubs to the terrestrial carbon reservoir in a Low-Arctic tundra site in Nunavik where soil ancient carbon stocks are among the lowest in the Arctic. We find that the emergence of Betula glandulosa Michx. shrubs increased the terrestrial carbon stocks by 3.9 ± 1.3 kg m-2. Further increases in carbon were mostly found along water tracks, where the more massive shrubs and the replacement of the lichen understory by mosses resulted in an addition of 6.6 ± 3.6 kg m-2 of carbon. From 1994 to 2010, we estimate the carbon sink provided by shrub expansion in our study area to be of 2.4 ± 0.8 Gg. The analysis of soil organic matter (SOM) using pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (pyGCMS) revealed that this recent shrub expansion has modified the chemical nature of the soil organic carbon (SOC) reservoir. Lastly, two potential biomarkers for shrub and lichen biomass, betulinic acid and usnic acid, were studied using pyGCMS in hopes of developing a method to compare the lability of the various soil carbon pools of the region. This natural case study in Umiujaq shows that shrub expansion represents a carbon sink. However, further studies throughout the Arctic are needed to evaluate the significance of this sink with respect to permafrost ancient carbon emissions, as the result of one local study cannot be extrapolated to the entire Arctic.
Brussieux, Charles. "Cellules électrochimiques produisant du gaz : suivi de l'électrolyse par émission acoustique et effets de la mouillabilité des électrodes sur le flux des charges électriques." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647080.
Full textBockel, Christiane. "Comparaison des propriétés thermodynamiques des films de différents gaz adsorbés sur les faces (0001) du graphite et du nitrure de bore effets des hétérogénéités." Grenoble : ANRT, 1985. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375945263.
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