Academic literature on the topic 'Efficience (Psychologie) – Tests – Validité'

11 tests were selected from two microcomputer-based performance test batteries because previously these tests exhibited rapid stability (< 10 min. of practice) and high retest reliability efficiencies ( r> 0.707 for each 3 min. of testing). The battery was administered three times to each of 108 college students (48 men and 60 women) and a factor analysis was performed. Two of the three identified factors appear to be related to information processing (“encoding” and “throughput/decoding”), and the third named an “output/speed” factor. The spatial, memory, and verbal tests loaded on the “encoding” factor and included Grammatical Reasoning, Pattern Comparison, Continuous Recall, and Matrix Rotation. The “throughput/decoding” tests included perceptual/numerical tests like Math Processing, Code Substitution, and Pattern Comparison. The output speed factor was identified by Tapping and Reaction Time tests. The Wonderlic Personnel Test was group administered before the first and after the last administration of the performance tests. The multiple Rs in the total sample between combined Wonderlic as a criterion and less than 5 min. of microcomputer testing on Grammatical Reasoning and Math Processing as predictors ranged between 0.41 and 0.52 on the three test administrations. Based on these results, the authors recommend a core battery which, if time permits, would consist of two tests from each factor. Such a battery is now known to permit stable, reliable, and efficient assessment.

11 tests were selected from two microcomputer-based performance test batteries because previously these tests exhibited rapid stability (<10 min. of practice) and high retest reliability efficiencies (r>0.707 for each 3 min. of testing). The battery was administered three times to each of 108 college students (48 men and 60 women) and a factor analysis was performed. Two of the three identified factors appear to be related to information processing (“encoding” and “throughput/ decoding”), and the third named an “output/speed” factor. The spatial, memory, and verbal tests loaded on the “encoding” factor and included Grammatical Reasoning, Pattern Comparison, Continuous Recall, and Matrix Rotation. The “throughput/ decoding” tests included perceptual/numerical tests like Math Processing, Code Substitution, and Pattern Comparison. The output speed factor was identified by Tapping and Reaction Time tests. The Wonderlic Personnel Test was group administered before the first and after the last administration of the performance tests. The multiple Rs in the total sample between combined Wonderlic as a criterion and less than 5 min. of microcomputer testing on Grammatical Reasoning and Math Processing as predictors ranged between 0.41 and 0.52 on the three test administrations. Based on these results, the authors recommend a core battery which, if time permits, would consist of two tests from each factor. Such a battery is now known to permit stable, reliable, and efficient assessment.

This paper presents a brief review of interval-based hypothesis testing, widely used in bio-statistics, medical science, and psychology, namely, tests for minimum-effect, equivalence, and non-inferiority. We present the methods in the contexts of a one-sample t-test and a test for linear restrictions in a regression. We present applications in testing for market efficiency, validity of asset-pricing models, and persistence of economic time series. We argue that, from the point of view of economics and finance, interval-based hypothesis testing provides more sensible inferential outcomes than those based on point-null hypothesis. We propose that interval-based tests be routinely employed in empirical research in business, as an alternative to point null hypothesis testing, especially in the new era of big data.

Three groups (students, nonprofessionals, and professionals) of 24 subjects differing in age and education completed a 60-item spiral omnibus test and two criterion measures (Intellectual Efficiency scale and Life Attitude Profile). Half of the omnibus questions (based on general information, social judgement, and numerical ability) had been judged as tapping knowledge unrestricted to students or middle-aged adults not in school, and the other half were drawn from standardized intelligence tests. The three groups performed equally well on the new items but, on the conventional ones, the nonprofessionals obtained lower scores than the students or professionals. However, a multiple regression analysis showed that, although none of the items predicted Life Attitude Profile scores for any group, both types predicted intellectual efficiency scores for professionals and, contrary to expectation, conventional and unbiased ones predicted intellectual efficiency for nonprofessionals and students, respectively.

The Writing Essential Skill Screener–Upper Elementary Version was designed to assess students in Grades 3 to 6 at risk for difficulties in written expression. Four independent samples were used to study the Screener's reliability and validity. Thirty-day test-retest reliability was .83 and concurrent validity coefficients ( n = 275) were .66 with the Woodcock-Johnson: Tests of Achievement–Revised Written Language domain and .80 with the Wide-Range Achievement Test–Revised Spelling subtest. Exploratory factor analytic procedures suggest the Screener has a single dimension, Written Expression. A diagnostic efficiency study indicated the total predictive value was 86%, sensitivity was .91, specificity was .80, positive predictive power was .82, and negative predictive power was .90.

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the Hayling test (HT-S) and its clinical utility in a group of patients with different frontotemporal dementia (FTD) syndromes. Early diagnosis of FTD is a challenge and requires a broad arsenal of assessment methods, neuropsychological tests not the least. The Hayling test assesses executive functions including initiation, efficiency and response inhibition. Methods: Seventy-six healthy controls were included as well as patients with the behavioral variant FTD (bvFTD; n = 17), semantic dementia (SD, n = 6), and progressive supranuclear palsy (n = 12). The Color Word Interference Test was administered to examine the construct validity. Results: Age showed a correlation with better performances in younger participants whereas the importance of sex and education were less evident. The split half reliability and internal consistency were equal to, or better, than reported for the original version. The interrater reliability was excellent. The construct validity was supported, nevertheless indicating partly different processes behind the performances of the two tests. The FTD group performed significantly worse than healthy controls on efficiency and response inhibition and there were also significant differences in performances between the syndromes despite small samples. Conclusions: The psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Swedish version are satisfactory for measuring efficiency and response inhibition with results indicating dissimilar profiles in the performances in the different syndromes. These results need to be corroborated in larger samples. (JINS, 2019, 25, 195–203)

Summary: Spatial cognitive ability has to do with how individuals deal with spatial information. Spatial ability is routinely assessed to predict performance in a variety of job positions, air traffic control being an example. Spatial tests are good predictors of performance in those occupations. One of the most valuable pieces of knowledge for psychological assessment in personnel selection is that concerning efficient ways to measure a given psychological trait, meaning that the measure shows high validity and low application costs. This article reports two studies showing the high efficiency of a new measure of spatial ability: SODT-R, a computer-administered test of dynamic spatial performance in which the person is required to simultaneously orient two moving points to a given destination that change from trial to trial. In the first study, 602 applicants for an air traffic control training course completed a battery of nine cognitive tests. In the second study, 105 university undergraduates completed a battery of 11 tests. Both batteries comprise tests of reasoning, visualization, spatial relations, and dynamic spatial performance. SODT-R emerges as a good measure of general spatial ability (Gv). This is especially true in the second study, where a broader sample of spatial tests is considered. A theoretical account based on the well-known high correlation between working memory capacity and cognitive abilities is discussed.

Elméleti háttér: A mentális egészség egyfajta jóllét biológiai, pszichológiai, társadalmi és spirituális szinten, ezen kívül pedig képesség a pozitív állapotok fenntartására és megélésére, amelyhez a hatékony megküzdés és savoring, valamint a reziliencia és a dinamikus önszabályozás jelenléte is társul. A pozitív pszichológia egyik feladata, hogy érvényes teszteket dolgozzon ki a mentális egészség mérésére. Cél: A Mentális Egészség Teszt (MET) legújabb változatának átfogó pszichometriai ellenőrzése. Módszer: Két, online módon lefolytatott kérdőíves keresztmetszeti vizsgálat. I. 1540 fő (391 férfi, 1149 nő; átlagéletkor 52,0 év, SD = 11,3 év) demográfiai, valamint testi és lelki egészségre vonatkozó kérdések mellett kitöltötte az alábbi kérdőíveket: MET, PERMA Kérdőív, Globális Jóllét Kérdőív, Diener-féle Virágzás skála, Rövidített Savoring Hit Kérdőív, Rövidített Pszichológiai Immunrendszer Kérdőív. II. 1083 fő (233 férfi, 847 nő; átlagéletkor 33,9 év, SD = 12,2 év) demográfiai, a vallásosságra, valamint a testi és lelki egészségre vonatkozó kérdések mellett kitöltötte a MET, Aspirációs Index, Rövidített Beck Depresszió, WHO Jól-Lét, Élettel való Elégedettség, valamint Életcél Kérdőíveket. Eredmények: Az I. mintán elvégzett feltáró faktoranalízis megerősítette a MET ötfaktoros szerkezetét 17 tétellel, s az ezt tesztelő konfirmatív faktoranalízis jó illeszkedésű modellt jelzett. A II. mintában ugyanezen a faktorstruktúrán elvégzett konfirmatív faktoranalízis kiváló illeszkedésű (RMSEA = 0,051; pClose = 0,408; CFI = 0,950; TLI = 0,936). Az öt skála Cronbach-a értékei mindkét vizsgálatban 0,70 felettiek, magas belső konzisztenciát mutatva. A diszkriminációs validitást igazolja, hogy minden skálának van egy minimum 44%-os olyan egyedi része, amelyet a többi négy skála nem fed le. A skálák tartalmi validitását a mentális egészség 10 tesztjével, speciális tesztkérdésekkel és szociodemográfiai mutatókkal sikerült igazolni. Fontos eredmény továbbá, hogy a jóllét pozitív irányú kapcsolatot mutat az anyagi helyzettel; az alkotó-végrehajtó hatékonyság a flow-val és az iskolázottsággal; az önreguláció és a reziliencia az életkorral; a savoring pedig a nőknél minden életkorban magasabb, mint a férfiaknál. Következtetés: a MET a jóllét, a savoring, az alkotó-végrehajtó hatékonyság, az önreguláció és a reziliencia konstruktumok megbízható és érvényes mérőeszközének tekinthető.Theoretical background: Beyond that mental health is related to biological, psychological, social, and spiritual well-being, it is a capacity to maintain and experience the positive conditions with effective coping, savoring, resilience and dynamic self-regulation skills. One of the most important responsibility of positive psychology is to construct scales measuring mental health. Aim: the purpose of this study is to present the psychometric characteristics of the new version of the Mental Health Test (MHT) based on five pillars. Method: Two online cross-sectional studies with self-report questionnaires. Study I: 1540 persons (391 men, 1149 women; mean age 52.0 years, SD = 11.3 years) filled in MHT, PERMA Profiler, Global Health, Diener's Flourishing Scale, Shortened Savoring and Shortened Psychological Immune Competence questionnaires along with questions about physical and psychological well-being and demographic data. Study II: 1083 persons (233 men, 847 women; mean age 33.9 years, SD = 12.2 years) filled in MHT, Aspiration Index, Shortened Beck Depression Inventory, WHO Well-Being Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale, Purpose in Life Test, and Shortened Young Maladaptive Schema Questionnaire, along with questions about demographic data, religiosity, physical and mental health. Results: In Study I exploratory factor analysis identified the five-factor structure of MHT with 17 items, having also good fit measures in confirmative factor analysis. In Study II the five-factor model of the five subscales yielded excellent fit measures in confirmatory factor analysis (RMSEA = .051, pClose = .408, CFI = .950, TLI = .936). In both studies, Cronbach's a values of the five subscales (all above 0.70) indicated a high level of internal consistency. The discriminant validity is proven by the fact that each subscale had a minimum 44% part not covered by the set of other subscales. The content validity of the subscales was confirmed by ten tests about mental health, some special questions and socio-demographic indicators. Subscale of well-being showed a definite positive correlation with financial background. Creative and executing efficiency correlated with flow and education. We found also a positive correlation of self-regulation and resilience subscales with age, and women showed a higher level of savoring than men at all age levels. Conclusion: MHT can be considered a reliable and valid measurement tool for well-being, savoring, creative and executing efficiency, self-regulation and resilience dimensions of mental health.

Abstract Growth mixture modeling (GMM) and its variants, which group individuals based on similar longitudinal growth trajectories, are quite popular in developmental and clinical science. However, research addressing the validity of GMM-identified latent subgroupings is limited. This Monte Carlo simulation tests the efficiency of GMM in identifying known subgroups (k = 1–4) across various combinations of distributional characteristics, including skew, kurtosis, sample size, intercept effect size, patterns of growth (none, linear, quadratic, exponential), and proportions of observations within each group. In total, 1,955 combinations of distributional parameters were examined, each with 1,000 replications (1,955,000 simulations). Using standard fit indices, GMM often identified the wrong number of groups. When one group was simulated with varying skew and kurtosis, GMM often identified multiple groups. When two groups were simulated, GMM performed well only when one group had steep growth (whether linear, quadratic, or exponential). When three to four groups were simulated, GMM was effective primarily when intercept effect sizes and sample sizes were large, an uncommon state of affairs in real-world applications. When conditions were less ideal, GMM often underestimated the correct number of groups when the true number was between two and four. Results suggest caution in interpreting GMM results, which sometimes get reified in the literature.

L'IAT, se présentant comme une méthode de mesure indirecte des forces associatives entre concepts, permettrait d'appréhender des construits que les sujets ne veulent et/ou ne peuvent rapporter. Par exemple, dans le domaine des attitudes, l'IAT est censé appréhender les évaluations affectives automatiques d'objets d'attitudes. Pourtant, personne n'a véritablement cherché à vérifier ce présupposé ni n'est en mesure d'expliquer comment de telles évaluations sont prises en compte dans les effets IAT. Nos recherches visant une meilleure compréhension de l'IAT, nous avons donc développé un modèle théorique de la tâche et mis à l'épreuve le présupposé selon lequel les évaluations appréhendées par un IAT d'attitudes seraient automatiques. Nos résultats tendent non seulement à montrer que des conditions sont nécessaires afin que les évaluations d'intérêt interviennent dans les effets IAT mais aussi que ces évaluations sont contrôlables
The IAT is generally considered as an indirect measurement of strengths of associations between concepts, that is, constructs that people don't want and/or don't can report. For example, in the domain of attitudes, the IAT is supposed to measure automatic evaluations of attitudes objects. However, anyone has never really seek to verify this assumption and no model can explain how evaluations affect the IAT effects. As we tend to a better comprehension of the IAT effects, we have developed a theoretical model of this task and tested the hypothese that evaluations measured are automatic. Our results tend to point out that some conditions are necessary for measuring evaluations of interest and that this evaluations are somehow controllable

Le construit du narcissisme a reçu un intérêt considérable dans le domaine de la psychologie. Les travaux empiriques et cliniques, selon une approche dimensionnelle de la personnalité, ont contribué à la compréhension et à la conceptualisation du narcissisme normal et pathologique. Deux principaux phénotypes du narcissisme pathologique sont identifiés (grandiose et vulnérable). De cette conceptualisation multidimensionnelle découle certains instruments de mesure dont l’O’Brien Multiphasic Narcissism Inventoy (OMNI). Ce mémoire doctoral vise à procéder à la validation francophone de l’OMNI auprès d’un échantillon de 201 étudiants francophones. Ces derniers ont complété plusieurs instruments qui mesuraient le narcissisme et l’estime de soi. Les résultats obtenus ne permettent pas de répliquer le modèle à trois facteurs de la version originale, ni de proposer une autre structure factorielle satisfaisante. Les indices de fidélité et la fidélité test-retest sont assez faibles sauf pour l’échelle totale. Plusieurs éléments de réflexion sont proposés et discutés.

Depuis quelques années, des chercheurs s’intéressent aux manifestations de la psychopathie dans la population générale. La nature froide, manipulatrice et antisociale des personnes qui en souffrent (Paulhus & Williams, 2002) se manifeste par des comportements de violence conjugale (Costa & Babcock, 2008), d’infidélité (Egan & Angus, 2004) et de coercition sexuelle (Williams, Spidel, & Paulhus, 2005) associés à des formes graves de détresse conjugale (Han, Weed, & Butcher, 2003). Jusqu’à présent, le Levenson Primary and Secondary Psychopathy scales (LPSP; Levenson, Kiehl, & Fitzpatrick, 1995) constitue le seul instrument de mesure de la psychopathie infra clinique disponible en langue française. Or, un autre questionnaire autorapporté, le Self-Report Psychopathy Scale-III, (SRP-III; Paulhus, Hemphill, & Hare, sous presse) possède de bonnes propriétés psychométriques en langue anglaise et comble des lacunes du LPSP (Williams, Paulhus, & Hare, 2007). Sa validation en langue française est susceptible de fournir un outil de recherche et de dépistage fondé empiriquement. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la validation préliminaire de la version française du SRP-III présente une structure factorielle similaire à celle de la Psychopathy Checklist Revised (PCL-R; Neumann, Hare et Newman, 2007), l’entrevue diagnostique de la psychopathie reconnue comme étalon dans le domaine. Toutefois, la composition des facteurs s’avère différente entre les versions française et anglaise du SRP-III

Each new generation, games present physics and ambiance closerto their inspirations in the external world (non-virtual reality).However, the non-playable human characters in these games sometimesdo not simulate the attitudes that a person would normallyperform in front of a certain situation. This case goes against theproposal of a physical and graphically realistic environment, withbehaviors and decision making not appropriate to the circumstancespresented. To solve the problem, it is proposed the developmentof a Human Behavior Simulation Model, planned to be used onnon-playable characters that will have constant contact with theplayer. This model was created based on concepts of Psychology,which were used to develop a personality that will be implementedin a character. To test the efficiency of the proposed model, it wasused in the development of Carlos, a character of a game prototype.Carlos went through a series of controlled situations, used as teststo validate the applicability of the model in non-playable characters.The result was a coherent simulation of human behavior, at the costof complexity in the application of the characteristics, described byCarlos’ personality, to the character inside the game.