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Journal articles on the topic 'Efficient coding hypothesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

Blättler, Florian, and Richard H. R. Hahnloser. "An Efficient Coding Hypothesis Links Sparsity and Selectivity of Neural Responses." PLoS ONE 6, no. 10 (2011): e25506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0025506.

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Malo, Jesús, and Valero Laparra. "Psychophysically Tuned Divisive Normalization Approximately Factorizes the PDF of Natural Images." Neural Computation 22, no. 12 (2010): 3179–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00046.

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The conventional approach in computational neuroscience in favor of the efficient coding hypothesis goes from image statistics to perception. It has been argued that the behavior of the early stages of biological visual processing (e.g., spatial frequency analyzers and their nonlinearities) may be obtained from image samples and the efficient coding hypothesis using no psychophysical or physiological information. In this work we address the same issue in the opposite direction: from perception to image statistics. We show that psychophysically fitted image representation in V1 has appealing st

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Hunt, Jonathan J., Michael Ibbotson, and Geoffrey J. Goodhill. "Sparse Coding on the Spot: Spontaneous Retinal Waves Suffice for Orientation Selectivity." Neural Computation 24, no. 9 (2012): 2422–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00333.

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Ohshiro, Hussain, and Weliky ( 2011 ) recently showed that ferrets reared with exposure to flickering spot stimuli, in the absence of oriented visual experience, develop oriented receptive fields. They interpreted this as refutation of efficient coding models, which require oriented input in order to develop oriented receptive fields. Here we show that these data are compatible with the efficient coding hypothesis if the influence of spontaneous retinal waves is considered. We demonstrate that independent component analysis learns predominantly oriented receptive fields when trained on a mixtu

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Levy, William B., and Robert A. Baxter. "Energy Efficient Neural Codes." Neural Computation 8, no. 3 (1996): 531–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1996.8.3.531.

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In 1969 Barlow introduced the phrase “economy of impulses” to express the tendency for successive neural systems to use lower and lower levels of cell firings to produce equivalent encodings. From this viewpoint, the ultimate economy of impulses is a neural code of minimal redundancy. The hypothesis motivating our research is that energy expenditures, e.g., the metabolic cost of recovering from an action potential relative to the cost of inactivity, should also be factored into the economy of impulses. In fact, coding schemes with the largest representational capacity are not, in general, opti

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Römer, Heiner. "Neurophysiology goes wild: from exploring sensory coding in sound proof rooms to natural environments." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 207, no. 3 (2021): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-021-01482-6.

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AbstractTo perform adaptive behaviours, animals have to establish a representation of the physical “outside” world. How these representations are created by sensory systems is a central issue in sensory physiology. This review addresses the history of experimental approaches toward ideas about sensory coding, using the relatively simple auditory system of acoustic insects. I will discuss the empirical evidence in support of Barlow’s “efficient coding hypothesis”, which argues that the coding properties of neurons undergo specific adaptations that allow insects to detect biologically important

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Wang, Zhuo, Alan A. Stocker, and Daniel D. Lee. "Efficient Neural Codes That Minimize Lp Reconstruction Error." Neural Computation 28, no. 12 (2016): 2656–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00900.

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The efficient coding hypothesis assumes that biological sensory systems use neural codes that are optimized to best possibly represent the stimuli that occur in their environment. Most common models use information–theoretic measures, whereas alternative formulations propose incorporating downstream decoding performance. Here we provide a systematic evaluation of different optimality criteria using a parametric formulation of the efficient coding problem based on the [Formula: see text] reconstruction error of the maximum likelihood decoder. This parametric family includes both the information

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Clement, Tricia S., and Thomas R. Zentall. "Development of a Single-Code/Default Coding Strategy in Pigeons." Psychological Science 11, no. 3 (2000): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00252.

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We tested the hypothesis that pigeons could use a cognitively efficient coding strategy by training them on a conditional discrimination (delayed symbolic matching) in which one alternative was correct following the presentation of one sample (one-to-one), whereas the other alternative was correct following the presentation of any one of four other samples (many-to-one). When retention intervals of different durations were inserted between the offset of the sample and the onset of the choice stimuli, divergent retention functions were found. With increasing retention interval, matching accurac

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Willmore, Ben D. B., James A. Mazer, and Jack L. Gallant. "Sparse coding in striate and extrastriate visual cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 105, no. 6 (2011): 2907–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00594.2010.

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Theoretical studies of mammalian cortex argue that efficient neural codes should be sparse. However, theoretical and experimental studies have used different definitions of the term “sparse” leading to three assumptions about the nature of sparse codes. First, codes that have high lifetime sparseness require few action potentials. Second, lifetime-sparse codes are also population-sparse. Third, neural codes are optimized to maximize lifetime sparseness. Here, we examine these assumptions in detail and test their validity in primate visual cortex. We show that lifetime and population sparseness

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BURKHARDT, DWIGHT A., PATRICK K. FAHEY, and MICHAEL A. SIKORA. "Natural images and contrast encoding in bipolar cells in the retina of the land- and aquatic-phase tiger salamander." Visual Neuroscience 23, no. 1 (2006): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523806231043.

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Intracellular recordings were obtained from 57 cone-driven bipolar cells in the light-adapted retina of theland-phase(adult) tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum). Responses to flashes of negative and positive contrast for centered spots of optimum spatial dimensions were analyzed as a function of contrast magnitude. On average, the contrast/response curves of depolarizing and hyperpolarizing bipolar cells in theland-phaseanimals were remarkably similar to those ofaquatic-phaseanimals. Thus, the primary retinal mechanisms mediating contrast coding in the outer retina are conserved as the salam

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Ganguli, Deep, and Eero P. Simoncelli. "Efficient Sensory Encoding and Bayesian Inference with Heterogeneous Neural Populations." Neural Computation 26, no. 10 (2014): 2103–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00638.

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The efficient coding hypothesis posits that sensory systems maximize information transmitted to the brain about the environment. We develop a precise and testable form of this hypothesis in the context of encoding a sensory variable with a population of noisy neurons, each characterized by a tuning curve. We parameterize the population with two continuous functions that control the density and amplitude of the tuning curves, assuming that the tuning widths vary inversely with the cell density. This parameterization allows us to solve, in closed form, for the information-maximizing allocation o

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Caywood, Matthew S., Benjamin Willmore, and David J. Tolhurst. "Independent Components of Color Natural Scenes Resemble V1 Neurons in Their Spatial and Color Tuning." Journal of Neurophysiology 91, no. 6 (2004): 2859–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00775.2003.

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It has been hypothesized that mammalian sensory systems are efficient because they reduce the redundancy of natural sensory input. If correct, this theory could unify our understanding of sensory coding; here, we test its predictions for color coding in the primate primary visual cortex (V1). We apply independent component analysis (ICA) to simulated cone responses to natural scenes, obtaining a set of colored independent component (IC) filters that form a redundancy-reducing visual code. We compare IC filters with physiologically measured V1 neurons, and find great spatial similarity between

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Ryali, Chaitanya K., Stanny Goffin, Piotr Winkielman, and Angela J. Yu. "From likely to likable: The role of statistical typicality in human social assessment of faces." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 47 (2020): 29371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1912343117.

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Humans readily form social impressions, such as attractiveness and trustworthiness, from a stranger’s facial features. Understanding the provenance of these impressions has clear scientific importance and societal implications. Motivated by the efficient coding hypothesis of brain representation, as well as Claude Shannon’s theoretical result that maximally efficient representational systems assign shorter codes to statistically more typical data (quantified as log likelihood), we suggest that social “liking” of faces increases with statistical typicality. Combining human behavioral data and c

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Chalk, Matthew, Iain Murray, and Peggy Seriès. "Attention as Reward-Driven Optimization of Sensory Processing." Neural Computation 25, no. 11 (2013): 2904–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco_a_00494.

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Attention causes diverse changes to visual neuron responses, including alterations in receptive field structure, and firing rates. A common theoretical approach to investigate why sensory neurons behave as they do is based on the efficient coding hypothesis: that sensory processing is optimized toward the statistics of the received input. We extend this approach to account for the influence of task demands, hypothesizing that the brain learns a probabilistic model of both the sensory input and reward received for performing different actions. Attention-dependent changes to neural responses ref

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Tsur, Reuven. "Lakoff's roads not taken." Pragmatics and Cognition 7, no. 2 (1999): 339–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.7.2.06tsu.

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This paper is a critique of George Lakoff's theory and practice as presented in his "Contemporary Theory of Metaphor" (Lakoff 1993). It addresses the issue on several planes, on each plane comparing Lakoff's approach to some alternative. The highest plane, affording the widest perspective, concerns two approaches to interpretation and scientific thinking: one that relies on a pre-established set of meanings, and one that assumes that "all the work remains to be done in each particular case ". The two approaches involve different cognitive strategies, rapid and delayed conceptualization. Anothe

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Laponce, J. A. "The Multilingual Mind and Multilingual Societies: In Search of Neuropsychological Explanations of the Spatial Behavior of Ethno-Linguistic Groups." Politics and the Life Sciences 4, no. 1 (1985): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0730938400020633.

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Languages are territorial. They tend to occupy homogeneous, well bounded areas. When they do not, they lessen their chances of survival, especially if they are languages of minority groups. Reaching beyond the usual sociological causes of this phenomenon, this article searches the neurophysiological and the psychological literature for explanation of the tendency of closed, equalitarian systems with a high density of communication to move toward unilingualism. The search is guided by the questions: are bilinguals less brain-lateralized than unilinguals? Are different languages stored in differ

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Hubert, Walter G., and Laimonis A. Laimins. "Human Papillomavirus Type 31 Replication Modes during the Early Phases of the Viral Life Cycle Depend on Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Regulation of E1 and E2 Expression." Journal of Virology 76, no. 5 (2002): 2263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.5.2263-2273.2002.

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ABSTRACT The E1 and E2 proteins are both required for papillomavirus DNA replication, and replication efficiency is controlled by the abundance of these factors. In human papillomaviruses (HPVs), the regulation of E1 and E2 expression and its effect on viral replication are not well understood. In particular, it is not known if E1 and E2 modulate their own expression and how posttranscriptional mechanisms may affect the levels of the replication proteins. Previous studies have implicated splicing within the E6 open reading frame (ORF) as being important for modulating replication of HPV type 3

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Aggelopoulos, Nikolaos C., Leonardo Franco, and Edmund T. Rolls. "Object Perception in Natural Scenes: Encoding by Inferior Temporal Cortex Simultaneously Recorded Neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 3 (2005): 1342–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00553.2004.

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The firing of inferior temporal cortex neurons is tuned to objects and faces, and in a complex scene, their receptive fields are reduced to become similar to the size of an object being fixated. These two properties may underlie how objects in scenes are encoded. An alternative hypothesis suggests that visual perception requires the binding of features of the visual target through spike synchrony in a neuronal assembly. To examine possible contributions of firing synchrony of inferior temporal neurons, we made simultaneous recordings of the activity of several neurons while macaques performed

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Eulberg, Dirk, Elena M. Kourbatova, Ludmila A. Golovleva, and Michael Schlömann. "Evolutionary Relationship between Chlorocatechol Catabolic Enzymes from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP and Their Counterparts in Proteobacteria: Sequence Divergence and Functional Convergence." Journal of Bacteriology 180, no. 5 (1998): 1082–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.180.5.1082-1094.1998.

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Biochemical investigations of the muconate and chloromuconate cycloisomerases from the chlorophenol-utilizing strainRhodococcus opacus (erythropolis) 1CP had previously indicated that the chlorocatechol catabolic pathway of this strain may have developed independently from the corresponding pathways of proteobacteria. To test this hypothesis, we cloned the chlorocatechol catabolic gene cluster of strain 1CP by using PCR with primers derived from sequences of N termini and peptides of purified chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase and chloromuconate cycloisomerase. Sequencing of the clones revealed th

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CUTRUZZOLÀ, Francesca, Ilaria CIABATTI, Gabriella ROLLI, et al. "Expression and characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cytochrome c-551 and two site-directed mutants: role of tryptophan 56 in the modulation of redox properties." Biochemical Journal 322, no. 1 (1997): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3220035.

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The gene coding for Pseudomonas aeruginosacytochrome c-551 was expressed in Pseudomonas putidaunder aerobic conditions, using two different expression vectors; the more efficient proved to be pNM185, induced by m-toluate. Mature holo-(cytochrome c-551) was produced in high yield by this expression system, and was purified to homogeneity. Comparison of the recombinant wild-type protein with that purified from Ps. aeruginosashowed no differences in structural and functional properties. Trp56, an internal residue in cytochrome c-551, is located at hydrogen-bonding distance from haem propionate-17

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Schumann, Alexandra, Sophie Nutten, Dominique Donnicola, et al. "Neonatal antibiotic treatment alters gastrointestinal tract developmental gene expression and intestinal barrier transcriptome." Physiological Genomics 23, no. 2 (2005): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00057.2005.

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The postnatal maturation of the gut, partially modulated by bacterial colonization, ends up in the establishment of an efficient barrier to luminal antigens and bacteria. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in pediatric practices alters the gut bacterial colonization and, consequently, may impair the maturation of the gut barrier function. To test this hypothesis, suckling Sprague-Dawley rats received a daily intragastric gavage of antibiotic (Clamoxyl; an amoxicillin-based commercial preparation) or saline solution from postnatal day 7 (d7) until d17 or d21. Luminal microbiota composition a

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Lu, Yu-Chun, Catia Sternini, Enrique Rozengurt, and Elena Zhukova. "Release of Transgenic Human Insulin from Gastric G Cells: A Novel Approach for the Amelioration of Diabetes." Endocrinology 146, no. 6 (2005): 2610–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2004-1109.

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Abstract We explored the hypothesis that meal-regulated release of insulin from gastric G cells can be used for gene therapy for diabetes. We generated transgenic mice in which the coding sequence of human insulin has been knocked into the mouse gastrin gene. Insulin was localized specifically to antral G cells of G-InsKi mice by double immunofluorescence staining using antibodies against insulin and gastrin. Insulin extracted from antral stomach of G-InsKi mice decreased blood glucose upon injection into streptozotocin-diabetic mice. Intragastric administration of peptone, a known potent lumi

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Wang, Xiao-Jing, Yinghui Liu, Maria V. Sanchez-Vives, and David A. McCormick. "Adaptation and Temporal Decorrelation by Single Neurons in the Primary Visual Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 89, no. 6 (2003): 3279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00242.2003.

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Limiting redundancy in the real-world sensory inputs is of obvious benefit for efficient neural coding, but little is known about how this may be accomplished by biophysical neural mechanisms. One possible cellular mechanism is through adaptation to relatively constant inputs. Recent investigations in primary visual (V1) cortical neurons have demonstrated that adaptation to prolonged changes in stimulus contrast is mediated in part through intrinsic ionic currents, a Ca2+-activated K+ current ( IKCa) and especially a Na+-activated K+ current ( IKNa). The present study was designed to test the

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23

Eagleman, David M., and Vani Pariyadath. "Is subjective duration a signature of coding efficiency?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1525 (2009): 1841–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0026.

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Perceived duration is conventionally assumed to correspond with objective duration, but a growing literature suggests a more complex picture. For example, repeated stimuli appear briefer in duration than a novel stimulus of equal physical duration. We suggest that such duration illusions appear to parallel the neural phenomenon of repetition suppression, and we marshal evidence for a new hypothesis: the experience of duration is a signature of the amount of energy expended in representing a stimulus, i.e. the coding efficiency. This novel hypothesis offers a unified explanation for almost a do

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Pissard, Serge, Raphael Ceccaldi, Emmanuelle Faubert-Laugé, Valerie Velayoudane, Valerie Delattre, and Laure Lecerf. "Analysis of Rare deletional Thalassemia Using Custom CGH Array DNA Chip." Blood 116, no. 21 (2010): 4278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v116.21.4278.4278.

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Abstract Abstract 4278 Deletions are the main etiology for alpha thalassemia and account for 9 to 10 % of beta thalassemia. They are currently detected using “in house” methods as QMPSF or the use of commercially available assays as MLPA. The accurate determination of the breakpoint could be of importance for news and rare events to have a proper characterization of the deletion and to understand the consequences of the event. However, the imprecision due to the relative small numbers of markers in these methods, the distance to be covered and the high percentage of repeated sequences located

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Fiore, Michele, and René Buchet. "Symmetry Breaking of Phospholipids." Symmetry 12, no. 9 (2020): 1488. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091488.

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Either stereo reactants or stereo catalysis from achiral or chiral molecules are a prerequisite to obtain pure enantiomeric lipid derivatives. We reviewed a few plausibly organic syntheses of phospholipids under prebiotic conditions with special attention paid to the starting materials as pro-chiral dihydroxyacetone and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which are the key molecules to break symmetry in phospholipids. The advantages of homochiral membranes compared to those of heterochiral membranes were analysed in terms of specific recognition, optimal functions of enzymes, membrane fluidity

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Wang, Xin Yang, and Jian Zhang. "A Video Compression Coding Algorithm for Network Content Transmission." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.81.

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Video compression coding technology is the key to implement network video transmission, and the increasing requirements of network content transmission quality accelerate the development of video compression coding technology. H.264 is a highly compressed digital video codec standard, and is a hybrid coding mode of differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) and transform encoding. In this paper, we introduced several techniques of hybrid coding algorithm based on H.264 standard, including differential coding, block matching motion prediction method, normalization criteria, variable-size block m

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Reinagel, Pamela, Dwayne Godwin, S. Murray Sherman, and Christof Koch. "Encoding of Visual Information by LGN Bursts." Journal of Neurophysiology 81, no. 5 (1999): 2558–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1999.81.5.2558.

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Encoding of visual information by LGN bursts. Thalamic relay cells respond to visual stimuli either in burst mode, as a result of activation of a low-threshold Ca2+ conductance, or in tonic mode, when this conductance is inactive. We investigated the role of these two response modes for the encoding of the time course of dynamic visual stimuli, based on extracellular recordings of 35 relay cells from the lateral geniculate nucleus of anesthetized cats. We presented a spatially optimized visual stimulus whose contrast fluctuated randomly in time with frequencies of up to 32 Hz. We estimated the

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White, Robert A., Leigh A. Boydston, Terri R. Brookshier, et al. "Iron Metabolism Anemia hbd Mice Have a Mutation in the Sec15l1 Gene for Vesicle Docking." Blood 106, no. 11 (2005): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v106.11.3580.3580.

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Abstract Defects in iron absorption and utilization lead to iron deficiency and anemia. Although iron transport in transferrin receptor-mediated endocytosis is well understood, it is not clear how iron is transported from the endosome to mitochondria where it is used to synthesize heme. We undertook a positional cloning project to identify the causative mutation for the hemoglobin deficit (hbd) mouse which suffers from a microcytic, hypochromic anemia associated with a defect in reticulocyte iron uptake. The hbd locus was previously mapped to Chromosome 19 in mouse. We established a mating of

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Licznerska, Katarzyna, Bożena Nejman-Faleńczyk, Sylwia Bloch, et al. "Oxidative Stress in Shiga Toxin Production by EnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli." Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3578368.

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Virulence of enterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) strains depends on production of Shiga toxins. These toxins are encoded in genomes of lambdoid bacteriophages (Shiga toxin-converting phages), present in EHEC cells as prophages. The genes coding for Shiga toxins are silent in lysogenic bacteria, and prophage induction is necessary for their efficient expression and toxin production. Under laboratory conditions, treatment with UV light or antibiotics interfering with DNA replication are commonly used to induce lambdoid prophages. Since such conditions are unlikely to occur in human intestine

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Lemm, Ira, and Jeff Ross. "Regulation of c-myc mRNA Decay by Translational Pausing in a Coding Region Instability Determinant." Molecular and Cellular Biology 22, no. 12 (2002): 3959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.22.12.3959-3969.2002.

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ABSTRACT A 249-nucleotide coding region instability determinant (CRD) destabilizes c-myc mRNA. Previous experiments identified a CRD-binding protein (CRD-BP) that appears to protect the CRD from endonuclease cleavage. However, it was unclear why a CRD-BP is required to protect a well-translated mRNA whose coding region is covered with ribosomes. We hypothesized that translational pausing in the CRD generates a ribosome-deficient region downstream of the pause site, and this region is exposed to endonuclease attack unless it is shielded by the CRD-BP. Transfection and cell-free translation expe

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Bashirova, Arman A., Gabriela Bleiber, Ying Qi, et al. "Consistent Effects of TSG101 Genetic Variability on Multiple Outcomes of Exposure to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1." Journal of Virology 80, no. 14 (2006): 6757–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00094-06.

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ABSTRACT Tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) encodes a host cellular protein that is appropriated by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in the budding process of viral particles from infected cells. Variation in the coding or noncoding regions of the gene could potentially affect the degree of TSG101-mediated release of viral particles. While the coding regions of the gene were found to lack nonsynonymous variants, two polymorphic sites in the TSG101 5′ area were identified that were associated with the rate of AIDS progression among Caucasians. These single-nucleotide polymorphism

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Wright, C. F., and R. S. Zitomer. "Point mutations implicate repeated sequences as essential elements of the CYC7 negative upstream site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 11 (1985): 2951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.11.2951.

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The transcription of the CYC7 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding the iso-2-cytochrome c protein, is controlled by two upstream regulatory elements, a positive element and a negative element. The nature of the DNA sequences in the negative element were investigated in a two-part approach. The first involved the construction of a CYC7-galK fusion gene which placed the coding sequence of the Escherichia coli galactokinase gene under the regulation of the CYC7 upstream sequences. This fusion allowed the quantitation by galactokinase enzyme assays of the effects on gene expression of a vari

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Wright, C. F., and R. S. Zitomer. "Point mutations implicate repeated sequences as essential elements of the CYC7 negative upstream site in Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 5, no. 11 (1985): 2951–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.5.11.2951-2958.1985.

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The transcription of the CYC7 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, encoding the iso-2-cytochrome c protein, is controlled by two upstream regulatory elements, a positive element and a negative element. The nature of the DNA sequences in the negative element were investigated in a two-part approach. The first involved the construction of a CYC7-galK fusion gene which placed the coding sequence of the Escherichia coli galactokinase gene under the regulation of the CYC7 upstream sequences. This fusion allowed the quantitation by galactokinase enzyme assays of the effects on gene expression of a vari

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Horn, Alexander, Anthony Kevins, Carsten Jensen, and Kees Van Kersbergen. "Peeping at the corpus – What is really going on behind the equality and welfare items of the Manifesto project?" Journal of European Social Policy 27, no. 5 (2017): 403–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928716688263.

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The Comparative Manifestos Project (CMP) data set quantifies how much parties emphasize certain topics and positions and is very popular in the study of political parties. The data set is also increasingly applied in comparative political economy and welfare state studies that use the welfare-specific items rather than the CMP’s left–right scale to test hypotheses on the impact of political parties on social policies, (in)equality and the welfare state. But do these items provide a valid basis for descriptive and causal inferences? What do the items precisely capture? To answer these questions

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Arrick, B. A., R. L. Grendell, and L. A. Griffin. "Enhanced translational efficiency of a novel transforming growth factor beta 3 mRNA in human breast cancer cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 1 (1994): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.1.619.

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The mRNA for transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) includes a long (1.1-kb) 5' noncoding region which exerts a potent inhibitory effect on translational efficiency. We now report that many human breast cancer cell lines (T47-D, SK-BR-3, ZR-75-1, and BT-474) express two mRNA species for TGF-beta 3: the 3.5-kb transcript previously described as the only TGF-beta 3 mRNA species in cells and a novel 2.6-kb transcript which lacks approximately 870 nucleotides from the 5' noncoding region. The 5' end of the shorter transcript was sequenced, establishing it to be a 5' truncation of the full-

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Arrick, B. A., R. L. Grendell, and L. A. Griffin. "Enhanced translational efficiency of a novel transforming growth factor beta 3 mRNA in human breast cancer cells." Molecular and Cellular Biology 14, no. 1 (1994): 619–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.14.1.619-628.1994.

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The mRNA for transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) includes a long (1.1-kb) 5' noncoding region which exerts a potent inhibitory effect on translational efficiency. We now report that many human breast cancer cell lines (T47-D, SK-BR-3, ZR-75-1, and BT-474) express two mRNA species for TGF-beta 3: the 3.5-kb transcript previously described as the only TGF-beta 3 mRNA species in cells and a novel 2.6-kb transcript which lacks approximately 870 nucleotides from the 5' noncoding region. The 5' end of the shorter transcript was sequenced, establishing it to be a 5' truncation of the full-

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Gonzalez, Ramon A., and S. J. Flint. "Effects of Mutations in the Adenoviral E1B 55-Kilodalton Protein Coding Sequence on Viral Late mRNA Metabolism." Journal of Virology 76, no. 9 (2002): 4507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.76.9.4507-4519.2002.

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ABSTRACT The human subgroup C adenoviral E1B 55-kDa protein cooperates with the viral E4 Orf6 protein to induce selective export of viral, late mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Previous studies have suggested that such preferential transport of viral mRNA and the concomitant inhibition of export of cellular mRNAs are the result of viral colonization of specialized microenvironments within the nucleus. However, neither the molecular basis of this phenomenon nor the mechanism by which the E1B 55-kDa protein acts has been elucidated. We therefore examined viral late mRNA metabolism in HeL

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Huang, Jiayu, Jie Yang, Zhangrong Gu, Wei Zhu, and Song Wu. "A Constrained Generalized Functional Linear Model for Multi-Loci Genetic Mapping." Stats 4, no. 3 (2021): 550–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stats4030033.

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In genome-wide association studies (GWAS), efficient incorporation of linkage disequilibria (LD) among densely typed genetic variants into association analysis is a critical yet challenging problem. Functional linear models (FLM), which impose a smoothing structure on the coefficients of correlated covariates, are advantageous in genetic mapping of multiple variants with high LD. Here we propose a novel constrained generalized FLM (cGFLM) framework to perform simultaneous association tests on a block of linked SNPs with various trait types, including continuous, binary and zero-inflated count

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Martínez, J. Alfredo, Paúl Cordero, Javier Campión, and Fermín I. Milagro. "Interplay of early-life nutritional programming on obesity, inflammation and epigenetic outcomes." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 71, no. 2 (2012): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665112000055.

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The huge health burden accompanying obesity is not only attributable to inadequate dietary and sedentary lifestyle habits, since a predisposing genetic make-up and other putative determinants concerning easier weight gain and fat deposition have been reported. Thus, several investigations aiming to understand energy metabolism and body composition maintenance have been performed considering the participation of perinatal nutritional programming and epigenetic processes as well as inflammation phenomena. The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis and inheritance-oriented investi

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Zimmermann, Johannes, Thorsten Trimbuch, and Christian Rosenmund. "Synaptobrevin 1 mediates vesicle priming and evoked release in a subpopulation of hippocampal neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 112, no. 6 (2014): 1559–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00340.2014.

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The core machinery of synaptic vesicle fusion consists of three soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment receptor (SNARE) proteins, the two t-SNAREs at the plasma membrane (SNAP-25, Syntaxin 1) and the vesicle-bound v-SNARE synaptobrevin 2 (VAMP2). Formation of the trans-oriented four-α-helix bundle between these SNAREs brings vesicle and plasma membrane in close proximity and prepares the vesicle for fusion. The t-SNAREs are thought to be necessary for vesicle fusion. Whether the v-SNAREs are required for fusion is still unclear, as substantial vesicle priming and spontaneous rele

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Walker, Peter. "Thyroxine increases neonatal mouse submandibular gland mRNA-directed synthesis of epidermal growth factor." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 64, no. 4 (1986): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o86-040.

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Thyroid hormones are known to modulate the concentrations of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the mouse submandibular gland (SMG); this action is presumably mediated by the nuclear triiodothyronine receptor. To test the hypothesis that thyroid hormones act to increase SMG EGF concentrations by increasing the number of poly(A)+-specific mRNA, poly(A)+ RNA was isolated from SMGs of neonatal mice which had been treated daily from birth through to 21 days of age with thyroxine (T4, 0.4 μg/g body weight). Poly(A)+ RNA also was extracted from SMGs of intact 21-day-old mice which had received vehicle

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Paek, Ki Young, Ka Young Hong, Incheol Ryu, et al. "Translation initiation mediated by RNA looping." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 4 (2015): 1041–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416883112.

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Eukaryotic translation initiation commences at the initiation codon near the 5′ end of mRNA by a 40S ribosomal subunit, and the recruitment of a 40S ribosome to an mRNA is facilitated by translation initiation factors interacting with the m7G cap and/or poly(A) tail. The 40S ribosome recruited to an mRNA is then transferred to the AUG initiation codon with the help of translation initiation factors. To understand the mechanism by which the ribosome finds an initiation codon, we investigated the role of eIF4G in finding the translational initiation codon. An artificial polypeptide eIF4G fused w

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Li, Zhaoping, and Joseph J. Atick. "Toward a Theory of the Striate Cortex." Neural Computation 6, no. 1 (1994): 127–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.1994.6.1.127.

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We explore the hypothesis that linear cortical neurons are concerned with building a particular type of representation of the visual world—one that not only preserves the information and the efficiency achieved by the retina, but in addition preserves spatial relationships in the input—both in the plane of vision and in the depth dimension. Focusing on the linear cortical cells, we classify all transforms having these properties. They are given by representations of the scaling and translation group and turn out to be labeled by rational numbers ‘(p + q)/p’ (p, q integers). Any given (p, q) pr

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Argyros, Ioannis K., and Santhosh George. "Ball convergence of some fourth and sixth-order iterative methods." Asian-European Journal of Mathematics 09, no. 02 (2016): 1650034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793557116500340.

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We present a local convergence analysis for some families of fourth and sixth-order methods in order to approximate a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation in a Banach space setting. Earlier studies [V. Candela and A. Marquina, Recurrence relations for rational cubic methods II: The Chebyshev method, Computing 45 (1990) 355–367; C. Chun, P. Stanica and B. Neta, Third order family of methods in Banach spaces, Comput. Math. Appl. 61 (2011) 1665–1675; J. M. Gutiérrez and M. A. Hernández, Recurrence relations for the super-Halley method, Comput. Math. Appl. 36 (1998) 1–8; M. A. Hernández

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Kia, Azadeh, Fabrizio Comper, Samantha Correia, et al. "Design and Characterization of FLT210, a Potent Next Generation AAV-hFVIII Vector Candidate." Blood 134, Supplement_1 (2019): 4638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2019-128490.

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Background: Several first-generation gene therapies are currently in clinical trials for Haemophilia A. These trials have to date exhibited varying results including issues with large patient to patient variation in FVIII levels and lack of durability. It is hypothesized that these challenges may, in part, be caused by the large size of the F8 transgenes used, resulting in genome sizes surpassing the optimal packaging capacity of AAV (~4.7kbp). We hypothesised that the oversize AAV vectors contain truncated genomes which cause batch to batch variations and decrease the quality of the resulting

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Nyce, Jonathan. "244 Novel respirable antisense oligonucleotide (RASON) approach to primary and metastatic human lung cancer: preliminary results in a model system employing spontaneous lung tumors in dogs." Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer 8, Suppl 3 (2020): A263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2020-sitc2020.0244.

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BackgroundAntisense oligonucleotides function by targeting the messenger RNA coding for a target protein, rather than the protein itself. This laboratory previously introduced Respirable Antisense Oligonucleotides (RASONs) into human clinical trials for asthma.1–5 In that work we demonstrated that RASONs delivered by inhalation are absorbed into surfactant lining the surface of the lung; are distributed with high efficiency throughout the bronchial epithelium; and are taken up with therapeutic effect by both bronchial epithelial cells and immune effector cells resident throughout the bronchial

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Hayat, Anees, Asia Riaz, and Nazia Suleman. "Effect of gamma irradiation and subsequent cold storage on the development and predatory potential of seven spotted ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus (Coleoptera; Coccinellidae) larvae." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (2020): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.005.02.0297.

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Seven spot ladybird beetle, (Coccinella septempunctata) is a widely distributed natural enemy of soft-bodied insect pests especially aphids worldwide. Both the adult and larvae of this coccinellid beetle are voracious feeders and serve as a commercially available biological control agent around the globe. Different techniques are adopted to enhance the mass rearing and storage of this natural enemy by taking advantage of its natural ability to withstand under extremely low temperatures and entering diapause under unfavorable low temperature conditions. The key objective of this study was to de

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Tesileanu, Tiberiu, Mary M. Conte, John J. Briguglio, Ann M. Hermundstad, Jonathan D. Victor, and Vijay Balasubramanian. "Efficient coding of natural scene statistics predicts discrimination thresholds for grayscale textures." eLife 9 (August 3, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/elife.54347.

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Previously, in Hermundstad et al., 2014, we showed that when sampling is limiting, the efficient coding principle leads to a ‘variance is salience’ hypothesis, and that this hypothesis accounts for visual sensitivity to binary image statistics. Here, using extensive new psychophysical data and image analysis, we show that this hypothesis accounts for visual sensitivity to a large set of grayscale image statistics at a striking level of detail, and also identify the limits of the prediction. We define a 66-dimensional space of local grayscale light-intensity correlations, and measure the releva

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"Efficient coding of natural time varying images in the early visual system." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 339, no. 1290 (1993): 385–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1993.0038.

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We investigate the hypothesis that the early visual system efficiently codes natural time varying images, first by tracking part of the image, then by matching the spatiotemporal properties of the neural pathway to those of the tracked image. A representation for the time varying image is formulated which consists of two spatiotemporal components, a velocity field component and a stationary component. We show, using digitized sequences of natural images, that the spatiotemporal spectrum and other attributes of the image markedly differ before and after tracking. The temporal frequency bandwidt

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Gomez Villa, Alexander, Marcelo Bertalmío, and Jesus Malo. "Visual Information flow in Wilson-Cowan networks." Journal of Neurophysiology, March 11, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00487.2019.

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In this work we study the communication efficiency of a psychophysically-tuned cascade of Wilson-Cowan and Divisive Normalization layers that simulate the retina-V1 pathway. This is the first analysis of Wilson-Cowan networks in terms of multivariate total correlation. The parameters of the cortical model have been derived through the relation between the steady state of the Wilson-Cowan model and the Divisive Normalization model.Efficiency has been analyzed in two ways: First, we provide an analytical expression for the reduction of the total correlation among the responses of a V1-like popul

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