Relevant bibliographies by topics / Effluent Discharge

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Effluent Discharge'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Effluent Discharge"

1

Echeonwu, J. A., C. C. Obunwo, and N. Boisa. "Effects of Beverage Industry Effluents on the Physicochemical Characteristics of a Receiving Creek in Port Harcourt, Rivers State." Chemistry Research Journal 5, no. 2 (2020): 115–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12331646.

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<strong>Abstract </strong>The food and beverage industry discharges large amounts of effluents into surrounding water bodies and these discharges constitute a source of pollution in the environment. These effluents, either treated, poorly treated or untreated have the potential to impact negatively on the physicochemical characteristics of a receiving water body. There is thus the need for continuous monitoring of water bodies receiving effluents from beverage industries. To this end, the effects of effluents from a beverage industry on the physicochemical characteristics of a receiving creek in Port Harcourt were studied. The impact of the effluent was monitored for eight (8) months. Effluent samples were collected at pre and post-treatment points in the factory. Other sampling points were at the point of effluent discharge into the receiving creek as well as at the upstream and downstream reaches of the discharge point. Analysis of samples followed standard procedures. Data obtained showed that levels of most physicochemical characteristics exceeded permissible limits which implied that effluents from the industry were poorly treated before they were discharged into the receiving creek.
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Mmonwuba, N. C., Anaduaka Mmaduabuchi, Ohamadike Azubuike, Nweke Nzube Theophilus, and Chioke Chukwuemelie. "The Effect of Industrial Waste Effluent on Waterquality: A Case Study of Otamiri River, Owerri, Imo State." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 24, no. 4 (2023): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v24i4810.

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The study assessed the impact of effluent discharges on the quality of Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria. Six water samples were collected at discharge points where the industries discharge their effluents and abattoir. Samples that were collected upstream and downstream were analyzed in the field and in the lab using standard procedures. The source of pollution is attributable to industrial and abattoir activities whose effluent discharges impact the quality of Otamiri River. Therefore, without any treatments, the River cannot be used for any residential purposes in its current condition. It is advised that the river be periodically monitored and that cost-effective manufacturing technology, such as on-site waste separation and reduction, effluent recycling techniques, be introduced.
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Kong, Tae, Siyoung Kim, Youngju Lee, and Jung Son. "Methodology for determination of alarm and warning set-points for radioactive effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 4 (2018): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp181004002k.

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All radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents discharged from Korean nuclear power plants are monitored by effluent monitors to prevent effluent releases to the environment under uncontrolled conditions. This paper provides the methodology and parameters used in the calculation of alarm (high) and warning (low) set-points for gaseous and liquid effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors. Alarm set-points are determined to assure compliance with the Korean regulatory limits of concentration of radioactive effluents. Even though warning set-points are not required by the regulatory body, Korean pressurized water reactors determine the warning set-points of effluent monitors not only to take an active management of effluent discharge but also to keep radiation doses to members of the public living around nuclear power plants as low as reasonably achievable.
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Sogbanmu, T. O., A. A. Sosanwo, and A. A. A. Ugwumba. "Histological, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation of effluent from Kara Cow Market, Ogun State, Nigeria in guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata)." Zoologist (The) 17 (March 12, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v17i1.9.

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The Ogun River is a sink for untreated effluents discharged from the Kara Cow Market, Ogun State. In this study, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation were carried out on effluent from the market. Standard methods were utilised for the examination of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the effluent. The histological effects of sublethal concentrations of the effluent were assessed in the gills, intestine and skin of Poecilia reticulata (guppy fish) over a period of 56 days following standard methods and international ethical guidelines. None of the physicochemical parameters were within the set limits by the National Environmental Standards and Enforcement Agency (NESREA) for effluent discharges into surface waters. Coliforms, pathogens and fungi were observed in the effluent with a total plate count of 2.14 x 107 cfu/mL. The median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of the effluent to P. reticulata was 71.50 mL/L (7.15%). Histological alterations such as distorted mucosal architecture with shortening and widening of intestinal villi were observed in the intestine of exposed groups of P. reticulata at day 56. The observed adverse physicochemical parameters, histological alterations and pathogenic microbes may pose ecological and public health risks to aquatic organisms and humans respectively. It is recommended that an effluent treatment plant should be installed at the market to reduce the pollutants load of the effluent before discharge into the Ogun River.&#x0D; Keywords: Effluents; histological effects; Kara Market; Ogun River; physicochemical parameters; pathogenic microorganisms; Poecilia reticulate
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Cavalcanti, Paula Frassinetti Feitosa, Erly Joan Souto Medeiros, Jean Kanuto Menezes Silva, and Adrianus van Haandel. "Excess Sludge Discharge Frequency for UASB Reactors." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (1999): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0424.

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Like all biological wastewater treatment systems, the UASB reactor produces sludge that accumulates in the reactor. Since the storage capacity is limited, the sludge will eventually be discharged together with the effluent, when the reactor is full of sludge. To avoid the discharge of sludge in the effluent, it is necessary that excess sludge be discharged periodically from the reactor before its storage capacity is exhausted. For minimum operational costs it is preferable to have large discharges with a low frequency. On the other hand the discharges cannot be excessive in order to avoid deterioration of the reactor performance after the discharges. An experimental investigation was carried out at pilot scale to establish the influence of the magnitude of excess sludge discharge on the performance of UASB reactors, treating municipal sewage. UASB reactors were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4 and 8 h, and excess sludge discharges of varying magnitude were applied. The performance and operational stability of these reactors after the discharges were observed and the sludge accumulation and unintentional discharge (wash-out) with the effluent were determined. During periods of steady state without excess sludge discharge, the sludge production was determined from the settleable solids in the effluent. The data show that for discharges of up to 50% of the sludge mass in reactors with HRT = 4 hours and 60% with HRT = 8 hours, the reactor efficiency and operational stability were affected very little and only during the first few days after the discharge. Discharges of up to 80% of the sludge did not cause instability, but a reduction of the COD removal efficiency was observed during 1 to 2 weeks after the discharge. Independent of the magnitude of sludge discharge, the effluent pH remained in the narrow range of 6.8 to 7.0 and the ratio between alkalinity (average 275 ppm CaCO3) and VFA concentration (average of 28 ppm HAc) was always very high so that there was never a danger of souring of the reactor contents. Based on the obtained experimental data an operational procedure for optimisation of excess sludge discharges was developed. It is believed that along with the favourable natural conditions during the experimental investigation (average temperature of 27°C), the observed reactor stability can be attributed to a large extent to the design of the used phase separator, which is much more efficient than the conventional one. It is possible that results with a conventional UASB reactor would have been different.
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Ofori, Solomon, Prince Chapman Agyeman, Enoch Kwasi Adotey, Iveta Růžičková, and Jiří Wanner. "Assessing the influence of treated effluent on nutrient enrichment of surface waters using water quality indices and source apportionment." Water Practice and Technology 17, no. 7 (2022): 1523–34. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.081.

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Discharges from wastewater treatment plants have been cited as one of the point sources contributing to surface water quality deterioration. However, does high-quality effluent affect water quality, and contribute significantly to nutrient enrichment or the eutrophication of receiving waters? The Vltava River and a wastewater treatment plant in the Czech Republic were used in a case study, to try to answer these questions through water quality indices and source identification. Samples were collected upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point, and analyzed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and sulfate. No statistically significant difference (<em>P</em> &gt; 0.05) was observed between most of the upstream and downstream samples&rsquo; physicochemical characteristics. The water quality, organic pollution and eutrophication indices of the river, upstream of the effluent discharge point were 83.48, 2.05 and 2.67, respectively, but increased to 99.06, 2.87 and 3.74 downstream. Nutrient source identification using principal component analysis suggests that the increase might be due to the effluent discharge. However, the river's comprehensive ecological (quality classification) status was the same upstream as downstream, indicating that the discharged effluent did not cause nutrient enrichment of the river.
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Sivard, Å., T. Ericsson, and B. Larsson. "Strategy for nutrient control in modern effluent treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.224.

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The fate of nutrients in the modern effluent treatment plant depends on several factors, for example type of treatment plant, availability of nutrients in the specific effluent, dosing of nutrients and sludge age/production. New technologies with the aim to increase the efficiency and stability of the conventional activated sludge process have strongly affected the possibilities to control discharge of nutrients in pulp and paper effluents. A paradox is that a reduction of organic material may often lead to an increase of nutrient discharges. It is of the utmost importance that the operators have good knowledge of the factors affecting nutrient uptake and release in order to minimise nutrient discharge and obtain optimal plant performance. Dosing of nitrogen and phosphorus is one key factor in the sensitive balance in most pulp and paper effluent treatment plants. Correct dosing is crucial as high or low doses might lead not only to increased discharge of nutrients but also to severe operational problems with poor sludge quality, which in turn affects the plant performance for longer periods.
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Adam, Abdeljalil, Nabil Saffaj, and Rachid Mamouni. "Classification of industrial wastewater discharged into effluent pits, an approach toward a sustainable recycling: case study of a water treatment facility in Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 364 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336402001.

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Most water treatment facilities collect industrial wastewater in separated effluent pits. This discharge strategy has been proposed by several previous research as a solution to the problems of untreated wastewater being withdrawn further into open sea or rivers, which aims to prevent the pollution of water supplies. However, this solution might also have far-reaching ecological and environmental negative consequences. In this research we have assessed the effluent’s Physico-chemical characterization over the duration of one year, utilizing a specific statistical methodology for a water treatment plant located in Morocco that used effluent pits for retaining its wastewater. Effluents collected by the water treatment plant are tested in two effluent pits to determine the effects of the direct evaporation and storage, the results of this study reveal a significant increase in the Physico-chemical characteristics of these effluents kept inside effluent pits, which may be attributed to an uptick in water pollution in case of any accidental release or spill. Regression and correlation Explanatory variables from a statistical analysis have been assessed to determine which effluent variables were indeed strongly connected to each other. Effluent recycling is proposed to minimize the likelihood of environmental and ecological concerns.
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Obukohwo, K., P. A. Vantsawa, D. M. Dibal, U. J. J. Ijah, G. B. Onwumere, and T. O. Ndibe. "Screening of Fungi Isolates from Kaduna Refinery Effluent and Romi River and Their Potential for Bioremediation." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 9 (2020): 1655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.25.

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The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generation with consequent effects on water quality and habitat since it is discharged into nearby receiving water body. These effluents contain heavy metals and other toxicants. Samples were collected from the effluent discharge point of the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and from Romi River located at Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the effluents. A total of 14 fungi isolates were identified from the samples. These fungi isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential on some toxic components in refinery effluent and were identified using molecular techniques. Four fungi isolates (Chrysosporium tropicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) were selected for bioremediation. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution increased progressively during the period of bioremediation. There was a noticeable decline in the phenol, lead, cadmium and nickel in the entire bioremediation medium. There was a positive correlation between phenol and cadmium with a coefficient of 0.969. Consortia of fungi isolated from the refinery effluent and Romi River samples were effective in the bioremediation of refinery effluent. The mixed consortium of four fungi showed the most efficacies in the bioremediation of refinery effluent in terms of phenol, oil and grease, cadmium, lead and cadmium reduction. Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) should adopt bioremediation as one of the techniques in treating effluents before being discharged into receiving water bodies&#x0D; Keywords: Effluents, Fungi, heavy metal, bioremediation.
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Siddiqui, Wequar Ahmad, and Rajiv Ranjan Sharma. "Assessment of the Impact of Industrial Effluents on Groundwater Quality in Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi, India." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, s1 (2009): S41—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/525707.

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In the present study physicochemical parameters like pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride, DO, COD and conductivity of some important heavy metals such as iron, cobalt, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, selenium and arsenic were first analyzed in effluent water of Okhla industrial area phase-II and then groundwater of near by areas. Obtained values of effluent water were compared with ISI standard for effluent water discharge and groundwater values were compared with ISI and WHO drinking water standards. The result shows that discharge of untreated effluents by the industries is leading to contamination of groundwater of the surrounding areas. Lead, mercury, fluoride, TDS, sulphate was above the desirable limit in effluent water (ISI standard for effluent water discharge). Subsequent analysis of groundwater of nearby areas was rated as unacceptable for drinking because of presence of fluoride in all the samples above the desirable limit. Lead, mercury, cadmium, chloride was also detected in many samples.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Effluent Discharge"

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Wilson, Christiaan Georg Frederick. "Best management practices to attain zero effluent discharge in South African industries / C.G.F. Wilson." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2648.

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Wastewater treatment is traditionally considered a separate part of an industrial activity, hardly connected to the production units themselves. It is nowadays essential to ensure that the quality of water is not degraded and that water that has been polluted is purified to acceptable levels, especially in a country with scarce water resources such as South Africa. Where water quality is concerned, Zero Effluent Discharge (ZED) is the ultimate goal, in order to avoid any releases of contaminants to the water environment. The push towards ZED in South Africa is also promoted further by the South African Government’s plan to reduce freshwater usage and the pollution of water sources due to the water scarcity in a semi-arid South Africa. Future legislation will see a marked increase in the cost of freshwater usage and/or a possible limitation of the quantity of freshwater available. There is a need in the South African Industry for a framework of Best Management Practices (BMPs) in order to provide interested stakeholders, which include not only industry, but also academia, environmental interest groups and members of the public, with a procedure to meet the ZED statutory requirements. This dissertation explores the regulatory requirements and current environmental management practices implemented. A framework of BMPs to successfully attain ZED status in South African industries is developed from the literature study and the researcher’s own experience. The BMP framework embodies practices for one integrated strategy within three dimensions. The three dimensions of the BMP framework were selected to differentiate between BMPs for management (Governance BMPs), the project management team responsible for ZED projects (Project Management BMPs) and the implementation of preventative and operational measures to obtain and sustain ZED compliance for South African industries. The BMP framework was validated against the practices applied by Mittal Steel. The Mittal Steel plant in Vanderbijlpark implemented various projects, reduced the intake of water and eliminated the discharge of effluent and by doing this successfully realised their ZED status. The BMP framework will enable South African industries to develop their own BMPs Manual which should be specific to their operational and environmental requirements. The implementation of these BMPs should be tailored and used accordingly to demonstrate compliance to ZED requirements in South African industries.<br>Thesis (M.Ing. (Development and Management))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.
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Marlow, David R. "Modellling the benthic impact of coastal discharges." Thesis, Heriot-Watt University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10399/1268.

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Hughes, Brydon Nicholas. "The effects of septic tank effluent discharge on groundwater quality at Oxford, North Canterbury." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1263.

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The impact of septic tank effluent disposal on groundwater quality was investigated at Oxford. The Oxford township can be regarded as typical of many small communities on the Canterbury Plains which have a high density of septic systems serviced by soakage pit drainage. The primary concern with grouped septic systems is the potential for both chemical and microbial groundwater contamination. The alluvial gravel aquifers of the Canterbury Plains are especially susceptible to microbial contamination due to the high rates of groundwater flow which may transport both bacteria and viral contaminants over large distances. Geological investigations established the presence of an areally extensive, tuff derived, clay unit which forms an aquitard beneath the unconfined aquifer in the north of the Oxford area. Recharge of the unconfined aquifer above the clay unit is exclusively from rainfall infiltration while to the south, groundwater levels respond to rainfall infiltration and influent seepage from the Eyre River. The presence of two hydrogeologically distinct gravel units within the unconfined aquifer was determined by application of the column dilution technique. Point dilution tests showed the average groundwater velocity of 130 m/day in the upper gravel unit to be significantly higher than the 40 m/day measured in the underlying gravels. The presence of discrete channels of preferred flow within the unconfined aquifer system was also established by point dilution tests, intrachannel velocities ranging from 210 to 400 m/day. A resistivity salt tracing test indicated groundwater flow in an easterly direction with a velocity of 250 m/day through an observed channel feature. Groundwater quality monitoring showed a significant degree of groundwater contamination close to the Oxford township. Concentrations of faecal coliform bacteria in excess of drinking water standards were detected up to 900 m downgradient of the nearest septic tank. Elevated levels of chemical indicators (N03-N, CL-) were also detected in all monitoring wells. The pattern of groundwater contamination was complex, reflecting both the heterogeneity of groundwater flow through the unconfined aquifer system and the influence of monitoring well location. Predictive modelling indicated the potential for the transport of faecal coliform bacteria up to 2.6 km downgradient of Oxford. Modelling also suggested increased urban development within Oxford to have a relatively minor effect on the overall extent of groundwater contamination. Additional hydrogeological and water quality data, aided by the application of numerical solute transport modelling techniques, may provide a more accurate estimate of the impact of septic tank effluent disposal on groundwater quality. Future sewage disposal options for Oxford have to balance the low potential for microbial contamination of drinking water supplies outside the groundwater zone delineated by this study, against the environmental acceptability continuing contamination of this zone. This study has identified the need for further research into the effects of septic tank effluent discharge on groundwater quality in the Canterbury region, to provide a sound base for future resource management decisions.
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Prietto, Jacob. "The effects of effluent discharge and concentration on streambed infiltration in the Lower Santa Cruz River." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1564175.

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<p> Wastewater generated in the Tucson metropolitan region is conveyed to and treated at the Roger Road Wastewater Reclamation Facility (WRF) and Ina Road WRF. From 2005 to 2012, approximately 15,000 acre-feet per year of effluent was returned to the City of Tucson for additional filtration and reuse in the reclaimed water system. The remaining 48,000+ acre-feet per year of treated effluent was discharged to the Santa Cruz River, where a variable portion of the effluent infiltrates the streambed. The effluent that infiltrates the streambed contributes to recharge credits for participants invested in the Managed Underground Storage Facilities.</p><p> In the effluent-dependent river, physical, chemical, and biological processes work in combination to develop a clogging layer near the streambed surface, which reduces infiltration. Previous studies have shown that large storm events have the ability to scour away the clogging layer and are the most significant processes contributing to establishing infiltration rates. Without the occurrence of large storm events, other variables such as effluent discharge and effluent concentrations affect infiltration to a lesser degree.</p><p> Effluent discharge, biochemical oxygen demand, and total suspended solids are monitored and recorded daily at the outfalls of the WRFs. The parameters were investigated individually and in combination using statistical analyses to determine their correlations with streambed infiltration in the Santa Cruz River. The dry spring-early summer seasons from 2005 to 2012 were analyzed. A water balance was constructed for non-stormflow days during each time period. Evapotranspiration was calculated using riparian vegetation surveys and detailed delineations of aerial photography of the surface water and streamside herbaceous vegetation. Infiltration was derived as the residual of the water balance. </p><p> At the daily time scale, correlations among variables were unobtainable due to the extremely variable characteristics of infiltration. The seasonal time scale analyses demonstrated an inverse relationship between both the effluent concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand and total suspended solids with infiltration and a direct correlation between effluent discharge and infiltration under extreme conditions. Under normal conditions, the distribution of discharge between Roger Road WRF and Ina Road WRF had a critical effect on infiltration as a result of the different deposition and erosive regimes through the Santa Cruz River.</p>
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Wong, Wai-yin Lawrence, and 黃偉賢. "A review and comparison of the organic effluent discharge standards and requirements of Hong Kong and other countries." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253593.

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Wong, Wai-yin Lawrence. "A review and comparison of the organic effluent discharge standards and requirements of Hong Kong and other countries /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B1745766X.

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Spahr, Rachel Elizabeth. "Influence of Land Cover, Stream Discharge, and Waste Water Effluent on Suspended Sediment and Nutrient Concentrations in Southwest Ohio Streams." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1561841165531563.

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Triyono, Sugeng. "Continuous simulation of groundwater use and effluent discharge in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds at five locations in the Southeast U.S." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-05292007-185838.

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Ndiitwani, Tovhowani Brenda. "The water quality and ecological status of the Diep river catchment, Western Cape, South Africa." University of Western Cape, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7750.

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Magister Scientiae (Biodiversity and Conservation Biology) - MSc (Biodiv and Cons Biol)<br>The study illustrates the current ecological integrity of the Diep River system, based on the recent river health assessment using the South African Scoring System version 5 (2000-2003) and the water quality data (1996-2002). Some of the major land-use impacts on the river system are highlighted.
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Kheirkhah, Gildeh Hossein. "Numerical Modeling of Thermal/Saline Discharges in Coastal Waters." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24230.

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Liquid waste discharged from industrial outfalls is categorized into two major classes based on their density. One type is the effluent that has a higher density than that of the ambient water body. In this case, the discharged effluent has a tendency to sink as a negatively buoyant jet. The second type is the effluent that has a lower density than that of the ambient water body and is hence defined as a (positively) buoyant jet that causes the effluent to rise. Negatively/Positively buoyant jets are found in various civil and environmental engineering projects: discharges of desalination plants, discharges of cooling water from nuclear power plants turbines, mixing chambers, etc. This thesis investigated the mixing and dispersion characteristics of such jets numerically. In this thesis, mixing behavior of these jets is studied using a finite volume model (OpenFOAM). Various turbulence models have been applied in the numerical model to assess the accuracy of turbulence models in predicting the effluent discharges in submerged outfalls. Four Linear Eddy Viscosity Models (LEVMs) are used in the positively buoyant wall jet model for discharging of heated waste including: standard k-ε, RNG k-ε, realizable k-ε and SST k-ω turbulence models. It was found that RNG k-ε, and realizable k-ε turbulence models performed better among the four models chosen. Then, in the next step, numerical simulations of 30˚ and 45˚ inclined dense turbulent jets in stationary ambient water have been conducted. These two angles are examined in this study due to lower terminal rise height for 30˚ and 45˚, which is very important for discharges of effluent in shallow waters compared to higher angles. Five Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) turbulence models are applied to evaluate the accuracy of CFD predictions. These models include two LEVMs: RNG k-ε, and realizable k-ε; one Nonlinear Eddy Viscosity Model (NLEVM): Nonlinear k-ε; and two Reynolds Stress Models (RSMs): LRR and Launder-Gibson. It has been observed that the LRR turbulence model as well as the realizable k-ε model predict the flow more accurately among the various turbulence models studied herein.
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Books on the topic "Effluent Discharge"

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Wrye, Dan. Washington Department of Ecology wastewater discharge permitted facilities: Discharge limit violations and compliance report for the period July 1, 1995 through June 30, 1996. Dept. of Ecology, 1996.

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Wrye, Dan. Washington Department of Ecology wastewater discharge permitted facilities: Discharge limit violations and compliance report for the period July 1, 1996 through December 31, 1996. Washington State Dept. of Ecology, Water Quality Program, 1997.

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Intergovernmental Working Group on the Mineral Industry. Sub-Committee on Mine Waste. Report on the economic and policy aspects of acid discharge. Intergovernmental Working Group on the Mineral Industry, 1988.

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Ontario Tree Improvement and Forest Biomass Institute. Zero discharge through innovative application of intensive silviculture to effluent disposal from a small Canadian wastewater treatment plant. Ontario Tree Improvement and Forest Biomass Institute, 1990.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water, ed. Environmental and economic benefit analysis of final revisions to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System regulation and the effluent guidelines for concentrated animal feeding operations. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 2002.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology. Engineering and Analysis Division, ed. Cost methodology for the final revisions to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System regulation and the effluent guidelines for concentrated animal feeding operations. Engineering and Analysis Division, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Science and Technology. Engineering and Analysis Division, ed. Development document for the final revisions to the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System regulation and the effluent guidelines for concentrated animal feeding operations. Engineering and Analysis Division, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2002.

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National Environment Management Authority (Uganda), ed. Environmental standards and preliminary environment impact assessment for water quality and discharge of effluent into water and land in Uganda. National Environment Management Authority, 1997.

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United States. Bureau of Reclamation. Mid-Pacific Regional Office. and EA Engineering, Science, and Technology, Inc., eds. Procedure and testing protocol for recommending modifications to effluent limits which are set for the discharge of subsurface agricultural drainage waters in California. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1985.

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Baumgartner, D. J. Dilution models for effluent discharges. 2nd ed. Standards and Applied Science Division, Office of Science and Technology, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Effluent Discharge"

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Mohammadian, Abdolmajid, Hossein Kheirkhah Gildeh, and Xiaohui Yan. "An introduction to OpenFOAM." In Numerical Simulation of Effluent Discharges. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181811-3.

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Mohammadian, Abdolmajid, Hossein Kheirkhah Gildeh, and Xiaohui Yan. "An introduction to numerical modeling." In Numerical Simulation of Effluent Discharges. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181811-2.

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Mohammadian, Abdolmajid, Hossein Kheirkhah Gildeh, and Xiaohui Yan. "Introduction." In Numerical Simulation of Effluent Discharges. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181811-1.

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Mohammadian, Abdolmajid, Hossein Kheirkhah Gildeh, and Xiaohui Yan. "Applications." In Numerical Simulation of Effluent Discharges. CRC Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003181811-4.

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Tengli, Prema, N. T. Vinod, and Vinodkumar. "Evaluation of Efficiency of Natural Coagulants for the Removal of Suspended Solids from the Dairy Industry Effluent Discharge." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-4902-0_16.

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Joshi, Deepa, Sadika Haque, Kamrun Nahar, Shahinur Tania, Jasber Singh, and Tina Wallace. "Public Lives, Private Water: Female Ready-Made Garment Factory Workers in Peri-Urban Bangladesh." In Water Security, Conflict and Cooperation in Peri-Urban South Asia. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79035-6_4.

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AbstractIn Dhaka city and its fringe peri-urban sprawls water for domestic use is an increasingly contested commodity. The location of our research, Gazipur district, bordering the growing city of Dhaka, is the heartland of Bangladesh’s Ready Made Garments (RMG) industry, which has spread unplanned in former wetlands and agrarian belts. However, unlike Dhaka, the almost fully industrialized peri-urban areas bordering the city, like many other such areas globally, function in an institutional vacuum. There are no formal institutional arrangements for water supply or sanitation. In the absence of regulations for mining groundwater for industrial use and weakly enforced norms for effluent discharge, the expansion of the RMG industry and other industries has had a disproportionate environmental impact. In this complex and challenging context, we apply a political economy lens to draw attention to the paradoxical situation of the increasingly “public” lives of poor Bangladeshi women working in large numbers in the RMG industry in situations of increasingly “private” and appropriated water sources in this institutionally liminal peri-urban space. Our findings show that poorly paid work for women in Bangladesh’s RMG industry does not translate to women’s empowerment because, among others, a persisting masculinity and the lack of reliable, appropriate and affordable WASH services make women’s domestic water work responsibilities obligatory and onerous.
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Cooper-Smith, Geoff, and Howard Rundle. "Primary Effluent Filtration for Coastal Discharges." In Chemical Water and Wastewater Treatment V. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72279-0_18.

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Warn, A. E. "Auditing the Quality of Effluent Discharges." In Statistical Methods for the Assessment of Point Source Pollution. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1960-0_5.

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Bleninger, Tobias, and Robin Morelissen. "Tiered Modeling Approach for Desalination Effluent Discharges." In Intakes and Outfalls for Seawater Reverse-Osmosis Desalination Facilities. Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13203-7_18.

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Krawczyk, Jacek B. "Management of Effluent Discharges: A Dynamic Game Model." In Control and Game-Theoretic Models of the Environment. Birkhäuser Boston, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0841-9_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Effluent Discharge"

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Smith, James P., Ian H. Gilbert, and Jan Erik Solbakken. "Impact Differentiation of Environmentally Friendly versus Standard Corrosion Inhibitor Discharged into a Tropical Marine Environment." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00333.

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Abstract A comparative ecotoxicology investigation has been conducted using field specific parameters to assess the impact of residual corrosion inhibitor standard versus "green ", discharged from offshore facilities. Presented is a modeled estimate of ecological impact and risk associated with produced water / corrosion inhibitor mixtures from a low salinity-high temperature discharge of 142 million L/day into an open sea environment. Impact is assessed by extrapolation of steady state indicator test species LC50 critical body residue (CBR) results applied to an accurate characterization of resident organism non steady state exposure and contaminant load. This extrapolation determines the acute and chronic impact of produced water / corrosion inhibitor mixture with time. These extrapolations are possible using an empirically justified predictive computer simulation of toxicant effluent mixture discharged into an open sea environment that determines plume dispersion, degradation, dilution, and bioaccumulation. The modeled simulation furnishes non steady state CBR bioaccumulation concentrations that provide an accurate representation of acute and chronic mortality with resultant PEC/NEC risk at any given geographical location adjacent to effluent discharge location.
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Goodrich, William G., and Kerry G. Lewis. "The Future is Upon Us - Zero Discharge." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96572.

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Abstract Early in the operation of a zero discharge water treatment system, which reclaims paper mill effluent to provide cooling tower makeup for a power plant, effects from the organic loading in the influent prevented operation of the Reverse Osmosis (RO) Units and hampered operation of Clarifier/Softeners, Brine Concentrators and a Crystallizer. Solutions implemented to remediate the problems included front-end treatment of the influent to improve oxidation and coagulation, down-stream nano-filtration of the wastewater to facilitate RO operation, and back-end charge neutralization and variation of the total dissolved solids (TDS) to organics ratio to improve crystallizer operation.
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Williams, Terry M., and Heather R. McGinley. "Deactivation of Industrial Water Treatment Biocides." In CORROSION 2010. NACE International, 2010. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2010-10049.

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Abstract Industrial biocides are used for microbial control in a variety of industrial water systems including, cooling, paper, oilfield, and membrane applications. Biocide treatment programs are typically designed to provide optimal results based on environmental conditions, regulatory needs, efficacy, and cost. An important area of concern relating to biocide use is discharge of the treated effluent (ex., blowdown) into waste treatment systems or natural waters. Regulatory requirements also impact the amount of biocide that may be released. In many cases, the biocide must be effectively deactivated or neutralized prior to discharge of the effluent. This paper will provide a review of the specific methods for deactivating the various oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides commonly used today. Examples of lab and field data will be presented.
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Al-Shamari, Abdul Razzaq, Abdul Wahab Al-Mithin, Surya Prakash, Amer Jarragh, and G. Santhosh Kumar. "Failure of Duplex Stainless Steel Valves in Effluent Water Service in a Crude Oil Processing Facility." In CORROSION 2012. NACE International, 2012. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2012-01217.

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Abstract Proper Quality control (QC) plays a vital role during manufacturing of Oil and Gas facilities new equipment. Improper QC does occur sometimes resulting in sub-standard products, which may be silent for years till the right conditions are in place and then contributes to major failures. These non-conformances during manufacturing may lead to accelerated corrosion induced failures, which in turn lead to unscheduled shutdowns, production loss, environmental contamination, as well as health and safety hazards. This study highlights the premature failures of three motor operated valves (MOV) of various sizes, made of duplex stainless steel, which were operating in effluent water service in a crude oil gathering facility. These valves were in operation for only three years and consisted of: (1) a 16 inch (0.41 m) diameter Gate Valve installed at the suction line of effluent water feed pump; (2) a 10 inch (0.25 m) diameter Gate Valve installed at the suction line of effluent water feed pump, and (3) a 36 inch (0.91 m) diameter Gate Valve installed at the discharge header of pump. The failure investigation revealed that, in all three cases, the valve materials were subjected to improper heat treatment during the component production stage, resulting in substandard quality of the materials and consequent poor corrosion resistance.
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McGinley, H. R., M. V. Enzien, G. Hancock, S. Gonsior, and M. Miksztal. "Glutaraldehyde: An Understanding of its Ecotoxicity Profile and Environmental Chemistry." In CORROSION 2009. NACE International, 2009. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2009-09405.

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Abstract The use of glutaraldehyde for decontamination and preservation of water systems involves important considerations relevant to its ecotoxicity profile, biodegradation properties and safe handling and storage guidelines. This paper will review the comprehensive data set from ecotoxicity studies for aquatic plants, invertebrates, and fish species, in addition to biodegradability characteristics as measured by standard Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) testing. These data serve the proper design for handling and managing water systems with compliance to environmental discharge requirements specific to the location of interest. The critical ecological properties depend on the site-specific situation; overboard discharge from an offshore oil production platform, effluent discharge to an inland waterway, or processing through a waste water treatment facility. The paper will also present the glutaraldehyde risk assessments to calculate the Hazard Quotient for the HOCNF gold/silver band rating. In addition, practices to protect professional workers responsible for glutaraldehyde transport, storage and use at established industrial facilities and remote process locations will be discussed.
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Freid, M. G., J. Leder, and A. B. Theis. "Control of Biocide Applications." In CORROSION 1991. NACE International, 1991. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1991-91202.

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Abstract With environmental and toxicological concerns about industrial chemicals increasing, careful control and monitoring of biocide use is becoming critically important. A method has been developed to rapidly determine low concentrations of glutaraldehyde, a common watersoluble biocide. The method is easy to use and can be performed in the field, without the need for sophisticated laboratory apparatus. It allows rapid on-site determination of initial biocide concentrations, half-life, discharge levels (effluent), and biocide/system chemical compatibility. The chemical basis of the method is described, and examples are given of its successful use in diagnosing biocide-related problems in oil field and cooling water applications.
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Zibrida, John F., Zahid Amjad, Robert W. Zuhl, and Jim Lewis. "Advances in Reverse Osmosis Application in Water Reuse." In CORROSION 2000. NACE International, 2000. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2000-00314.

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Abstract Conservation of water resources and the minimization of discharges are paramount in today’s industries. The reuse of process water effluents plays an important role in conserving water. This paper investigates the recycle of effluent process water from a metal finishing operation using reverse osmosis to provide make-up water for reuse. A case history demonstrates how membrane separation is used to produce water suitable for use and to minimize or eliminate aqueous discharges. This paper also examines the use of pretreatment chemicals to minimize membrane fouling.
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Hayward-Browne, A., D. S. Ackroyd, and B. B. Davé. "Wastewater Minimisation at a Stainless Steel Manufacturing Facility." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96571.

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Abstract As the environmental regulations associated with discharging water from industrial installations become increasingly more stringent and water in some areas becomes more scarce, water costs, both for purchase and disposal, become increasingly more expensive. So the importance of reusing and recycling water is heightened. This paper investigates the desire of a stainless steel manufacturing plant to improve the final product surface quality. Simple upgrading of the 'once-through' rinsing process would have presented operational problems for the on-site effluent treatment plant and exceeded site discharge limits. A more innovative approach was sought. Explained are the stages taken to audit the plant, the initial work in proposing water recycle options and a computer modelling methodology for predicting water chemistry and economics. In conclusion, the stainless steel manufacturer discusses the implementation of the recycle project. Not only are the operational demands met, but the recycle option actually provides a return on investment to the stainless steel manufacturer rather than an additional cost.
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Knolmar, Marcell, and Sandor Szel. "RETENTION-BASED SOLUTIONS FOR OUTFALL REDUCTION." In 24th SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2024. STEF92 Technology, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5593/sgem2024/3.1/s12.22.

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The discharge emanating from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is a contributing factor to the pollution load within the adjacent natural water body. Generally, effluent constraints can be upheld during periods of dry weather. Nonetheless, instances of surpassing these limitations are common during storm events due to the substantial surge in inflow. The retention of incoming stormwater presents an opportunity to mitigate both quantitative and qualitative concerns. However, the spatial and financial prerequisites for constructing such facilities necessitate comprehensive deliberation. Hydrodynamic simulations utilizing EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) were conducted for the network model encompassing the catchment area of the WWTP. This aimed to assess the efficacy of retention-based measures implemented at the wastewater treatment facility and its associated catchment, utilizing extensive historical rainfall data. Various strategies, including network extensions such as storage tanks, and leveraging existing infrastructure for inline storage, were scrutinized and compared based on their impact on overflow occurrences. The findings underscore the considerable reduction in overflow volumes achieved through the proposed solutions. Nonetheless, they also serve to facilitate an estimation of the retention system's influence on water quality within the receiving water body.
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Licina, George J. "Monitoring Biofilms on Metallic Surfaces in Real Time." In CORROSION 2001. NACE International, 2001. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2001-01442.

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Abstract Microbiologically Influenced corrosion (MIC) and microbiological fouling of piping and heat exchanger materials is a common and often costly problem in industrial cooling water and process water systems. MIC failures have caused expensive unplanned outages, the need for local repairs, and, in some cases, complete system replacement. The control of biofilm on surfaces has been shown to be the most effective tool for mitigating MIC as well as for maintaining heat transfer in heat exchangers. The most common method for control of microbiological fouling is the use of oxidizing biocides. Effluent limits and the corrosion penalties associated with their use drive users toward optimizing treatments in order to control biofilm effectively while meeting discharge limitations and without incurring excessive corrosion due to the treatment. Optimized treatments require accurate monitoring of biofilm activity. An electrochemical biofilm sensor with integrated data acquisition and data analysis capabilities has been developed to provide plant owners with a tool for monitoring biofilm activity on metallic surfaces - a useful method for predicting system conditions and for controlling biocide additions. Results from laboratory and plant installations are described. Implementation strategies for the use of the system to provide satisfactory microbiological control at the lowest cost.
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Reports on the topic "Effluent Discharge"

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Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka, Erik Fridell, Jaakko Kukkonen, et al. Environmental impacts of exhaust gas cleaning systems in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea area. Finnish Meteorological Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361898.

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Description: Shipping is responsible for a range of different pressures affecting air quality, climate, and the marine environment. Most social and economic analyses of shipping have focused on air pollution assessment and how shipping may impact climate change and human health. This risks that policies may be biased towards air pollution and climate change, whilst impacts on the marine environment are not as well known. One example is the sulfur regulation introduced in January 2020, which requires shipowners to use a compliant fuel with a sulfur content of 0.5% (0.1% in SECA regions) or use alternative compliance options (Exhaust Gas Cleaning Systems, EGCS) that are effective in reducing sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions to the atmosphere. The EGCS cleaning process results in large volumes of discharged water that includes a wide range of contaminants. Although regulations target SOx removal, other pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and combustion particles are removed from the exhaust to the wash water and subsequently discharged to the marine environment. Based on dilution series of the Whole Effluent Testing (WET), the impact of the EGCS effluent on marine invertebrate species and on phytoplankton was found to vary between taxonomic groups, and between different stages of the invertebrate life cycle. Invertebrates were more affected than phytoplankton, and the most sensitive endpoint detected in the present project was the fertilisation of sea urchin eggs, which were negatively affected at a sample dilution of 1 : 1,000,000. Dilutions of 1: 100,000 were harmful to early development of several of the tested species, including mussels, polychaetes, and crustaceans. The observed effects at these low concentrations of EGCS effluent were reduced egg production, and deformations and abnormal development of the larvae of the species. The ecotoxicological data produced in the EMERGE project were used to derive Predicted No Effect Concentration values. Corresponding modelling studies revealed that the EGCS effluent can be considered as a single entity for 2-10 days from the time of discharge, depending on the environmental conditions like sea currents, winds, and temperature. Area 10-30 km outside the shipping lanes will be prone to contaminant concentrations corresponding to 1 : 1,000,000 dilution which was deemed harmful for most sensitive endpoints of WET experiments. Studies for the Saronikos Gulf (Aegean Sea) revealed that the EGCS effluent dilution rate exceeded the 1 : 1,000,000 ratio 70% of the time at a distance of about 10 km from the port. This was also observed for 15% of the time within a band of 10 km wide along the shipping lane extending 500 km away from the port of Piraeus. When mortality of adult specimens of one of the species (copepod Acartia tonsa) was used as an endpoint it was found to be 3-4 orders of magnitude less sensitive to EGCS effluent than early life stage endpoints like fertilisation of eggs and larval development. Mortality of Acartia tonsa is commonly used in standard protocols for ecotoxicological studies, but our data hence shows that it seriously underestimates the ecologically relevant toxicity of the effluent. The same is true for two other commonly used and recommended endpoints, phytoplankton growth and inhibition of bioluminescence in marine bacteria. Significant toxic effects were reached only after addition of 20-40% effluent. A marine environmental risk assessment was performed for the Öresund region for baseline year 2018, where Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PECs) of open loop effluent discharge water were compared to the PNEC value. The results showed modelled concentrations of open loop effluent in large areas to be two to three orders of magnitude higher than the derived PNEC value, yielding a Risk Characterisation Ratio of 500-5000, which indicates significant environmental risk. Further, it should be noted that between 2018-2022 the number of EGCS vessels more than quadrupled in the area from 178 to 781. In this work, the EGCS discharges of the fleet in the Baltic Sea, North Sea, the English Channel, and the Mediterranean Sea area were studied in detail. The assessments of impacts described in this document were performed using a baseline year 2018 and future scenarios. These were made for the year 2050, based on different projections of transport volumes, also considering the fuel efficiency requirements and ship size developments. From the eight scenarios developed, two extremes were chosen for impact studies which illustrate the differences between a very high EGCS usage and a future without the need for EGCS while still compliant to IMO initial GHG strategy. The scenario without EGCS leads to 50% reduction of GHG emissions using low sulfur fuels, LNG, and methanol. For the high EGCS adoption scenario in 2050, about a third of the fleet sailing the studied sea areas would use EGCS and effluent discharge volumes would be increased tenfold for the Baltic Sea and hundredfold for the Mediterranean Sea when compared to 2018 baseline discharges. Some of the tested species, mainly the copepods, have a central position in pelagic food webs as they feed on phytoplankton and are themselves the main staple food for most fish larvae and for some species of adult fish, e.g., herring. The direct effect of the EGSE on invertebrates will therefore have an important indirect effect on the fish feeding on them. Effects are greatest in and near shipping lanes. Many important shipping lanes run close to shore and archipelago areas, and this also puts the sensitive shallow water coastal ecosystems at risk. It should be noted that no studies on sub-lethal effects of early 19 life stages in fish were included in the EMERGE project, nor are there any available data on this in the scientific literature. The direct toxic effects on fish at the expected concentrations of EGCS effluent are therefore largely unknown. According to the regional modelling studies, some of the contaminants will end up in sediments along the coastlines and archipelagos. The documentation of the complex chemical composition of EGCS effluent is in sharp contrast to the present legislation on threshold levels for content in EGCS effluent discharged from ships, which includes but a few PAHs, pH, and turbidity. Traditional assessments of PAHs in environmental and marine samples focus only on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) list of 16 priority PAHs, which includes only parent PAHs. Considering the complex PAHs assemblages and the importance of other related compounds, it is important to extend the EPA list to include alkyl-PAHs to obtain a representative monitoring of EGCS effluent and to assess the impact of its discharges into the marine environment. An economic evaluation of the installation and operational costs of EGCS was conducted noting the historical fuel price differences of high and low sulfur fuels. Equipment types, installation dates and annual fuel consumption from global simulations indicated that 51% of the global EGCS fleet had already reached break-even by the end of 2022, resulting in a summarised profit of 4.7 billion €2019. Within five years after the initial installation, more than 95% of the ships with open loop EGCS reach break-even. The pollutant loads from shipping come both through atmospheric deposition and direct discharges. This underlines the need of minimising the release of contaminants by using fuels which reduce the air emissions of harmful components without creating new pollution loads through discharges. Continued use of EGCS and high sulfur fossil fuels will delay the transition to more sustainable options. The investments made on EGCS enable ships to continue using fossil fuels instead of transitioning away from them as soon as possible as agreed in the 2023 Dubai Climate Change conference. Continued carriage of residual fuels also increases the risk of dire environmental consequences whenever accidental releases of oil to the sea occur.
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Watanabe, T. Effluent Information System (EIS)/Onsite Discharge Information System (ODIS): 1987 Executive summary. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6431881.

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Specht, W. L. Biological monitoring of Upper Three Runs Creek, Savannah River Plant, Aiken County, South Carolina. Final report on macroinvertebrate stream assessments for F/H area ETF effluent discharge, July 1987--February 1990. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10134623.

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Rivera, Ignacio, and Mike Putnam. Total Copper Analyzer for Rapid In Situ Characterization of Effluent Discharges. Defense Technical Information Center, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada607015.

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Barnett, D. B. ,. Westinghouse Hanford. Potential effects of low-volume effluent discharges on past-practice vadose zone contamination. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/657363.

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de Vries, Pepijn, and Robbert Jak. Comparison of whole effluent toxicity with substance based hazard of produced water discharged by Norwegian platforms. Wageningen Marine Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/464051.

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Brown, M. J., R. K. P'Pool, and S. P. Thomas. Westinghouse Hanford Company effluent discharges and solid waste management report for calendar year 1989: 200/600 Areas. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6349920.

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Palermo, Michael R. Environmental Effects of Dredging. Interim Guidance for Predicting Quality of Effluent Discharged from Confined Dredged Material Disposal Areas--Application. Defense Technical Information Center, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada292979.

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Perkey, David, David Yearwood, Brian McFall, et al. Hydraulic sorting of dredged sediment in a pipeline : an evaluation of the sediment distribution pipe. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48219.

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The US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recently established a goal to beneficially use 70% of material dredged from the nation’s navigable waterways by the year 2030. Most of the sediments dredged by the USACE are heterogeneous mixtures of mud and sand, which can limit beneficial use of dredged material (BUDM) applications. Innovative technologies that can sort material during the dredging process are needed to help increase BUDM practices. This investigation sought to evaluate the ability of a sediment distribution pipe (SDP) to sort particles during transport in a pipeline. Field demonstrations were conducted during dredged material placements at Sturgeon Island, New Jersey. Velocity within the pipeline was found to be inadequate for efficient hydraulic sorting of fines (&lt;75 μm) and produced inconclusive results. Small scale laboratory SDP experiments found that effluent from the SDP holes had an altered sediment texture compared to the initial slurry and that hydraulic sorting was occurring within the pipeline. However, outflow from the SDP holes was inconsistent, and typically &gt;90% of the sediment mass was discharged out the end of the pipeline. Sorting efficiency of the SDP could not be accurately assessed in the current experimental configuration.
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Fredrickson, Emma, Aaron Goodman, Michael O'Keeffe, and James Ranville. OF-24-11 Reconnaissance Investigation of Critical Minerals in Historic Mine-Related Effluent, Colorado. Colorado Geological Survey, 2025. https://doi.org/10.58783/cgs.2411.zdkt2450.

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Colorado contains an abundance of historic mine-related waste materials, some of which may contain elevated concentrations of critical minerals and other metals. Many of these sites are currently being remediated by several entities including the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment (CDPHE), and/or other entities. Metal-laden water flows continuously from some of these acid mine drainage (AMD) sites where it is collected, treated, and discharged to local streams and rivers, depending on its potential impact to human health and the environment. In Colorado, the typical driver for many of these AMD remediation efforts is elevated metals (such as cadmium, copper, and zinc) in water discharging to Colorado waterways that can impact downstream users and aquatic ecology. Many of these historic mining sites are associated with mineral deposits that may contain critical minerals, or historically produced a few of these minerals, and therefore, the water effluent from these sites may contain these materials as well. Several of the critical minerals typically occur in trace amounts in ore deposits and are not always included in AMD monitoring programs. The primary objective of this reconnaissance study is to support the determination of potential critical mineral endowment of mine waste in Colorado. The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), in conjunction with state geological surveys, is conducting a nationwide effort to evaluate the ability of mine waste to contribute to the U.S. critical minerals supply with the ultimate goal of estimating the potential critical mineral endowment of mine waste nationwide.
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