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1
Echeonwu, J. A., C. C. Obunwo, and N. Boisa. "Effects of Beverage Industry Effluents on the Physicochemical Characteristics of a Receiving Creek in Port Harcourt, Rivers State." Chemistry Research Journal 5, no. 2 (2020): 115–20. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12331646.
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<strong>Abstract </strong>The food and beverage industry discharges large amounts of effluents into surrounding water bodies and these discharges constitute a source of pollution in the environment. These effluents, either treated, poorly treated or untreated have the potential to impact negatively on the physicochemical characteristics of a receiving water body. There is thus the need for continuous monitoring of water bodies receiving effluents from beverage industries. To this end, the effects of effluents from a beverage industry on the physicochemical characteristics of a receiving creek in Port Harcourt were studied. The impact of the effluent was monitored for eight (8) months. Effluent samples were collected at pre and post-treatment points in the factory. Other sampling points were at the point of effluent discharge into the receiving creek as well as at the upstream and downstream reaches of the discharge point. Analysis of samples followed standard procedures. Data obtained showed that levels of most physicochemical characteristics exceeded permissible limits which implied that effluents from the industry were poorly treated before they were discharged into the receiving creek.
2
Mmonwuba, N. C., Anaduaka Mmaduabuchi, Ohamadike Azubuike, Nweke Nzube Theophilus, and Chioke Chukwuemelie. "The Effect of Industrial Waste Effluent on Waterquality: A Case Study of Otamiri River, Owerri, Imo State." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 24, no. 4 (2023): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v24i4810.
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The study assessed the impact of effluent discharges on the quality of Otamiri River in Imo state, Nigeria. Six water samples were collected at discharge points where the industries discharge their effluents and abattoir. Samples that were collected upstream and downstream were analyzed in the field and in the lab using standard procedures. The source of pollution is attributable to industrial and abattoir activities whose effluent discharges impact the quality of Otamiri River. Therefore, without any treatments, the River cannot be used for any residential purposes in its current condition. It is advised that the river be periodically monitored and that cost-effective manufacturing technology, such as on-site waste separation and reduction, effluent recycling techniques, be introduced.
3
Kong, Tae, Siyoung Kim, Youngju Lee, and Jung Son. "Methodology for determination of alarm and warning set-points for radioactive effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors." Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection 33, no. 4 (2018): 406–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ntrp181004002k.
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All radioactive gaseous and liquid effluents discharged from Korean nuclear power plants are monitored by effluent monitors to prevent effluent releases to the environment under uncontrolled conditions. This paper provides the methodology and parameters used in the calculation of alarm (high) and warning (low) set-points for gaseous and liquid effluent monitors in Korean pressurized water reactors. Alarm set-points are determined to assure compliance with the Korean regulatory limits of concentration of radioactive effluents. Even though warning set-points are not required by the regulatory body, Korean pressurized water reactors determine the warning set-points of effluent monitors not only to take an active management of effluent discharge but also to keep radiation doses to members of the public living around nuclear power plants as low as reasonably achievable.
4
Sogbanmu, T. O., A. A. Sosanwo, and A. A. A. Ugwumba. "Histological, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation of effluent from Kara Cow Market, Ogun State, Nigeria in guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata)." Zoologist (The) 17 (March 12, 2020): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tzool.v17i1.9.
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The Ogun River is a sink for untreated effluents discharged from the Kara Cow Market, Ogun State. In this study, microbiological, physicochemical and heavy metals evaluation were carried out on effluent from the market. Standard methods were utilised for the examination of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of the effluent. The histological effects of sublethal concentrations of the effluent were assessed in the gills, intestine and skin of Poecilia reticulata (guppy fish) over a period of 56 days following standard methods and international ethical guidelines. None of the physicochemical parameters were within the set limits by the National Environmental Standards and Enforcement Agency (NESREA) for effluent discharges into surface waters. Coliforms, pathogens and fungi were observed in the effluent with a total plate count of 2.14 x 107 cfu/mL. The median lethal concentration (96 h LC50) of the effluent to P. reticulata was 71.50 mL/L (7.15%). Histological alterations such as distorted mucosal architecture with shortening and widening of intestinal villi were observed in the intestine of exposed groups of P. reticulata at day 56. The observed adverse physicochemical parameters, histological alterations and pathogenic microbes may pose ecological and public health risks to aquatic organisms and humans respectively. It is recommended that an effluent treatment plant should be installed at the market to reduce the pollutants load of the effluent before discharge into the Ogun River.
 Keywords: Effluents; histological effects; Kara Market; Ogun River; physicochemical parameters; pathogenic microorganisms; Poecilia reticulate
5
Cavalcanti, Paula Frassinetti Feitosa, Erly Joan Souto Medeiros, Jean Kanuto Menezes Silva, and Adrianus van Haandel. "Excess Sludge Discharge Frequency for UASB Reactors." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 8 (1999): 211–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0424.
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Like all biological wastewater treatment systems, the UASB reactor produces sludge that accumulates in the reactor. Since the storage capacity is limited, the sludge will eventually be discharged together with the effluent, when the reactor is full of sludge. To avoid the discharge of sludge in the effluent, it is necessary that excess sludge be discharged periodically from the reactor before its storage capacity is exhausted. For minimum operational costs it is preferable to have large discharges with a low frequency. On the other hand the discharges cannot be excessive in order to avoid deterioration of the reactor performance after the discharges. An experimental investigation was carried out at pilot scale to establish the influence of the magnitude of excess sludge discharge on the performance of UASB reactors, treating municipal sewage. UASB reactors were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 4 and 8 h, and excess sludge discharges of varying magnitude were applied. The performance and operational stability of these reactors after the discharges were observed and the sludge accumulation and unintentional discharge (wash-out) with the effluent were determined. During periods of steady state without excess sludge discharge, the sludge production was determined from the settleable solids in the effluent. The data show that for discharges of up to 50% of the sludge mass in reactors with HRT = 4 hours and 60% with HRT = 8 hours, the reactor efficiency and operational stability were affected very little and only during the first few days after the discharge. Discharges of up to 80% of the sludge did not cause instability, but a reduction of the COD removal efficiency was observed during 1 to 2 weeks after the discharge. Independent of the magnitude of sludge discharge, the effluent pH remained in the narrow range of 6.8 to 7.0 and the ratio between alkalinity (average 275 ppm CaCO3) and VFA concentration (average of 28 ppm HAc) was always very high so that there was never a danger of souring of the reactor contents. Based on the obtained experimental data an operational procedure for optimisation of excess sludge discharges was developed. It is believed that along with the favourable natural conditions during the experimental investigation (average temperature of 27°C), the observed reactor stability can be attributed to a large extent to the design of the used phase separator, which is much more efficient than the conventional one. It is possible that results with a conventional UASB reactor would have been different.
6
Ofori, Solomon, Prince Chapman Agyeman, Enoch Kwasi Adotey, Iveta Růžičková, and Jiří Wanner. "Assessing the influence of treated effluent on nutrient enrichment of surface waters using water quality indices and source apportionment." Water Practice and Technology 17, no. 7 (2022): 1523–34. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.081.
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Discharges from wastewater treatment plants have been cited as one of the point sources contributing to surface water quality deterioration. However, does high-quality effluent affect water quality, and contribute significantly to nutrient enrichment or the eutrophication of receiving waters? The Vltava River and a wastewater treatment plant in the Czech Republic were used in a case study, to try to answer these questions through water quality indices and source identification. Samples were collected upstream and downstream of the effluent discharge point, and analyzed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, phosphate and sulfate. No statistically significant difference (<em>P</em> > 0.05) was observed between most of the upstream and downstream samples’ physicochemical characteristics. The water quality, organic pollution and eutrophication indices of the river, upstream of the effluent discharge point were 83.48, 2.05 and 2.67, respectively, but increased to 99.06, 2.87 and 3.74 downstream. Nutrient source identification using principal component analysis suggests that the increase might be due to the effluent discharge. However, the river's comprehensive ecological (quality classification) status was the same upstream as downstream, indicating that the discharged effluent did not cause nutrient enrichment of the river.
7
Sivard, Å., T. Ericsson, and B. Larsson. "Strategy for nutrient control in modern effluent treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.224.
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The fate of nutrients in the modern effluent treatment plant depends on several factors, for example type of treatment plant, availability of nutrients in the specific effluent, dosing of nutrients and sludge age/production. New technologies with the aim to increase the efficiency and stability of the conventional activated sludge process have strongly affected the possibilities to control discharge of nutrients in pulp and paper effluents. A paradox is that a reduction of organic material may often lead to an increase of nutrient discharges. It is of the utmost importance that the operators have good knowledge of the factors affecting nutrient uptake and release in order to minimise nutrient discharge and obtain optimal plant performance. Dosing of nitrogen and phosphorus is one key factor in the sensitive balance in most pulp and paper effluent treatment plants. Correct dosing is crucial as high or low doses might lead not only to increased discharge of nutrients but also to severe operational problems with poor sludge quality, which in turn affects the plant performance for longer periods.
8
Adam, Abdeljalil, Nabil Saffaj, and Rachid Mamouni. "Classification of industrial wastewater discharged into effluent pits, an approach toward a sustainable recycling: case study of a water treatment facility in Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 364 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336402001.
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Most water treatment facilities collect industrial wastewater in separated effluent pits. This discharge strategy has been proposed by several previous research as a solution to the problems of untreated wastewater being withdrawn further into open sea or rivers, which aims to prevent the pollution of water supplies. However, this solution might also have far-reaching ecological and environmental negative consequences. In this research we have assessed the effluent’s Physico-chemical characterization over the duration of one year, utilizing a specific statistical methodology for a water treatment plant located in Morocco that used effluent pits for retaining its wastewater. Effluents collected by the water treatment plant are tested in two effluent pits to determine the effects of the direct evaporation and storage, the results of this study reveal a significant increase in the Physico-chemical characteristics of these effluents kept inside effluent pits, which may be attributed to an uptick in water pollution in case of any accidental release or spill. Regression and correlation Explanatory variables from a statistical analysis have been assessed to determine which effluent variables were indeed strongly connected to each other. Effluent recycling is proposed to minimize the likelihood of environmental and ecological concerns.
9
Obukohwo, K., P. A. Vantsawa, D. M. Dibal, U. J. J. Ijah, G. B. Onwumere, and T. O. Ndibe. "Screening of Fungi Isolates from Kaduna Refinery Effluent and Romi River and Their Potential for Bioremediation." Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, no. 9 (2020): 1655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.25.
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The operation of Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) has increased effluent generation with consequent effects on water quality and habitat since it is discharged into nearby receiving water body. These effluents contain heavy metals and other toxicants. Samples were collected from the effluent discharge point of the Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Company (KRPC) and from Romi River located at Kaduna South Local Government Area of Kaduna state. Standard methods were used to analyze the physicochemical parameters and heavy metals of the effluents. A total of 14 fungi isolates were identified from the samples. These fungi isolates were screened for their bioremediation potential on some toxic components in refinery effluent and were identified using molecular techniques. Four fungi isolates (Chrysosporium tropicum, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Rhizopus oryzae) were selected for bioremediation. Carbon (IV) oxide evolution increased progressively during the period of bioremediation. There was a noticeable decline in the phenol, lead, cadmium and nickel in the entire bioremediation medium. There was a positive correlation between phenol and cadmium with a coefficient of 0.969. Consortia of fungi isolated from the refinery effluent and Romi River samples were effective in the bioremediation of refinery effluent. The mixed consortium of four fungi showed the most efficacies in the bioremediation of refinery effluent in terms of phenol, oil and grease, cadmium, lead and cadmium reduction. Kaduna Refinery and Petrochemical Corporation (KRPC) should adopt bioremediation as one of the techniques in treating effluents before being discharged into receiving water bodies
 Keywords: Effluents, Fungi, heavy metal, bioremediation.
10
Siddiqui, Wequar Ahmad, and Rajiv Ranjan Sharma. "Assessment of the Impact of Industrial Effluents on Groundwater Quality in Okhla Industrial Area, New Delhi, India." E-Journal of Chemistry 6, s1 (2009): S41—S46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/525707.
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In the present study physicochemical parameters like pH, hardness, TDS, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, fluoride, DO, COD and conductivity of some important heavy metals such as iron, cobalt, cadmium, lead, mercury, chromium, selenium and arsenic were first analyzed in effluent water of Okhla industrial area phase-II and then groundwater of near by areas. Obtained values of effluent water were compared with ISI standard for effluent water discharge and groundwater values were compared with ISI and WHO drinking water standards. The result shows that discharge of untreated effluents by the industries is leading to contamination of groundwater of the surrounding areas. Lead, mercury, fluoride, TDS, sulphate was above the desirable limit in effluent water (ISI standard for effluent water discharge). Subsequent analysis of groundwater of nearby areas was rated as unacceptable for drinking because of presence of fluoride in all the samples above the desirable limit. Lead, mercury, cadmium, chloride was also detected in many samples.
11
Butu, Ali Williams, Chukwudi Nnaemeka Emeribe, Ijeoma Obianuju Muoka, Oluchi Favour Emeribe, and Emmanuel Temiotan Ogbomida. "Downstream Effects of Industrial Effluents Discharge on Some Physicochemical Parameters and Water Quality Index of River Rido, Kaduna State, Nigeria." Tropical Aquatic and Soil Pollution 2, no. 2 (2022): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.53623/tasp.v2i2.100.
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The effects of industrial effluent discharge on the water quality of River Rido in Kaduna South, Kaduna State, were examined. These include the Northern Noodles discharge point, the Kaduna Refinery discharge point, and points downstream of the River Rido. An interval of 100m between sampling points was established to achieve an even representation of sampling points. The physico-chemical parameters investigated include pH, free dissolved carbon dioxide, alkalinity, hardness, sodium, electrical conductivity, Turbidity, total suspended solids, total phosphate, nitrate, sulfate, and dissolved oxygen. Mean levels of turbidity Total suspended solids and total phosphate at effluent discharge points, as well as in most areas downstream of the study area, were generally above permissible limits for drinking water. Statistical differences were observed in the concentration levels of investigated parameters between the control point and effluent discharge points, as well as between the control point and areas downstream of the study area. However, concentration levels were observed to be similar between discharge points and areas downstream of the study area, an indication of contamination downstream by effluent discharge upstream. Notwithstanding, the water quality index of physico-chemical parameters at both effluent discharge points and areas downstream of River Rido shows that the quality of the river ranged from good to excellent at effluent discharge points and areas downstream of River Rido, respectively. This might be attributed to the effect of dilution from rainfall. It is therefore recommended that wastewater effluent from the refinery and northern noodles be properly treated before discharged into the study area.
12
Barnhart, E. L. "Effluent Disposal in a Pristine Environment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 12 (1992): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0334.
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Recreational facilities and seasonal residences create unusual wastewater treatment problems. In the barrier islands of South Carolina the problem is further complicated by very restrictive water quality discharge regulations. On Fripp Island an activated sludge system has been employed to produce an effluent suitable for land disposal on the golf course. Use of the water in this way is economically attractive and minimizes the costs associated with golf course maintenance. The process can be modified to provide substantial nitrogen for the golf course turf requirements. On Hunting Island a total oxidation system which operates poorly is being replaced with a combined trickling filter and aeration system which should allow maximum flexibility in dealing with highly variable effluent loadings. The effluents from this system will be discharged through a constructive wetland avoiding any surface water discharge. The combination of these facilities results in a highly environmentally satisfactory discharge program. Sludge from the biological treatment operations on both Fripp Island and Hunting Island can be combined to produce sod for use on the golf course. Composting offers an alternative method of sludge disposal which is also environmentally satisfactory.
13
Vallières, Geneviève, Kelly R. Munkittrick, and Deborah L. MacLatchy. "Assessing Fish Community Structure in Relation to Water Quality in a Small Estuarine Stream Receiving Oil Refinery Effluent." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 2 (2007): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.010.
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Abstract A large oil refinery discharges its effluent into Little River, a small estuarine stream entering Saint John Harbour, New Brunswick, Canada. An effects-based approach was used to assess the potential responses of fish and fish habitat to the effluent from the oil refinery. The study included a fish community survey and a water quality survey. Lower abundance, species richness, and biodiversity, as well as increased frequency of empty minnow traps, were found downstream of the effluent discharge. Water quality surveys demonstrated that the receiving environment is subjected to extended periods of low dissolved oxygen levels downstream of the effluent discharge. The anoxic periods correlated with the discharge of ballast water through the waste treatment system.
14
Agbekodo, K. M., P. M. Huck, S. A. Andrews, and S. Peldszus. "Characterization of Treated Effluent from a Chemithermomechanical Pulping Process Using Macroporous Resins." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 4 (1997): 795–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.043.
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Abstract This study developed a characterization of the organic matter remaining in a chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) effluent after biological treatment and evaluated the potential impact of this effluent when discharged into the receiving environment. The methodology employed involved fractionation with macroporous resins to allow for the isolation of hydrophobic and hydro-philic organic materials. The study also examined the treated effluent’s reactivity with chlorine, a typical drinking water disinfectant, in order to assess the formation potential of chlorinated by-products and the chlorine demand in a downstream drinking water treatment plant. Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a treated effluent from a CTMP mill consisted of 87% hydrophobic material (primarily humic substances), 5% hydrophilic acids and 3 to 4% nitrogenous compounds. At least 95% of the DOC was isolated using three different macroporous resins. The chlorine demand of the biotreated CTMP effluent was two to three times higher than is typical for natural organic matter from surface water. This indicated that the organic material in the CTMP effluent was highly reactive with chlorine and will likely be reactive with other oxidants such as ozone, which is also applied in the drinking water industry. Moreover, the disinfection by-products chloroform and trichloroacetic acid were formed in high concentrations as a result of chlorination. The biotreated CTMP effluent had a high chemical oxygen demand (at least 1,100 mg/L) but a relatively low biochemical oxygen demand (less than 100 mg/L), which was to be expected after biological treatment. Hence, discharge of these effluents could release high concentrations of non- or slowly biodegradable organic matter into the downstream aquatic environment. Water pollution control policies should therefore consider the potential impact of treated effluents from CTMP mills with regard to their high DOC and the potential for chlorinated by-product formation upon drinking water disinfection.
15
Li, S. S., and D. O. Hodgins. "Modelling wastewater effluent mixing and dispersion in a tidal channel." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 37, no. 1 (2010): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-128.
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The dilution and dispersion behaviour of wastewater effluent discharged from the Lions Gate Wastewater Treatment Plant into Burrard Inlet in British Columbia is investigated. This investigation focuses on the initial dilution zone, where low dilutions or high concentrations of contaminants contained in the effluent potentially pose a water-quality problem. We took the numerical approach and used field measurements of effluent dilutions, ambient stratification, and currents made in the vicinity of the discharge point for model input and verification. Predictions of effluent dilution and trapping compare well with the field results. We successfully determined the zone of exposure, effluent dilutions, trapping depths, and dispersion pathways as a function of discharge flow rate, ambient currents, and ambient stratification. It is shown that effluent trapping and dilutions in the initial dilution zone are governed mainly by the ambient currents, discharge rate, and, to a small extent, ambient stratification.
16
Swaray, Kadiatu Amtu, Hui Gong, Danyang Zhu, Mohamed Yateh, and Xiaohu Dai. "Assessment of Liberia's Beer Industry Effluent Discharge Parameters in the Context of Urban Sustainability." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2024): 616–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).47.
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Due to untreated brewery effluent and increasing industrial growth, most of Liberia's rivers have considerable water body pollution. The nature and extent of pollution caused by wastewater effluent discharged into these environments have not been thoroughly examined. This study looked into the effects of such effluents on the beer industry in Montserrado, Liberia. It assesses discharged effluent parameters, sustainable management practices, and potential wastewater reuse options within the context of urban sustainability. The findings highlight the need for immediate and substantial intervention to mitigate escalating pollution and associated health risks. The research also noted for the development of practical national industrial discharge standards, regulatory and management framework, tailored to local contexts, rather than a uniform application of stringent regulations that may hinder sectoral growth and intensify public health issues in under-resourced areas. Furthermore, the effectiveness of some treatment technologies. Technology consideration such as onsite treatment and irrigation that enable water reuse options (cooling, agriculture, and resource recovery) which can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of breweries were recommended. However, the implementation of these technologies may face challenges due to infrastructure deficiencies, financial constraints, and public perception regarding the safety and quality of reused wastewater. The analysis concludes that enhancing wastewater discharge effluents management is key for promoting sustainable industrial growth, improving water conservation, and gaining public trust and acceptance. Achieving these goals requires a concerted effort to strengthen policy, enhance technical capacity, and invest in community engagement to foster a sustainable and economically viable brewery sector.
17
Sahu, Shashi, Aman Dev Dani, Pragati ., Ranjani Shrivas, and Yogesh Kumar. "Physiochemical and Microbial Analysis of Wastewater from Food Industry Effluent near Kuthrel area, Durg District, Chhattisgarh." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 5 (2022): 4328–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.43140.
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Abstract: Physiochemical analysis of waste water effluent of food industry has been an intriguing subject in recent years because of issues related to water pollution. Industrial effluent discharge act as one of the major factor that contributes water pollution. Since literatures mentioning physiochemical profile of food industries effluent from Chhattisgarh origin were few. The present study intends to study physico-chemical parameters and microbial analysis of waste water of food industry effluent near kuthrel area from durg district. Results revealed slightly basic nature of the effluent. Value of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) was low whereas, high TDS and COD values were observed suggesting high amount of organic matter present in the effluent. BOD level was under the standard discharge range according to Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). However microbial analysis of effluent indicated high microbial population with gram negative bacteria and some fungal species which suggests that the effluent must need more adequate and proper treatment before its discharge to reduce microbial load so as to prevent contamination of water bodies into which the effluent might get discharged. Keywords: Effluent, food industry, physiochemical parameters, microbial analysis, rural area
18
ZH, Melaku. "Assessing the Chemical Composition of Wastewater Released from Hawassa Castel Brewery Plant and its Impact on Groundwater." Open Access Journal of Waste Management & Xenobiotics 4, no. 2 (2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajwx-16000164.
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Brewery plants have been known to cause pollution if they have no proper environmental safety systems by discharging effluent into the receiving stream, ground water and soil. The study aims to assess the physicochemical composition of wastewater generated from Hawassa Castel brewery plant and its impact on the surrounding environment particularly on the quality of ground-water. Thus, the study was conducted on samples taken from effluents of Hawassa Castel brewery plant and ground water from the nearby areas. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, temperature, DO, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, EC, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, sulphate, NH3-N, chloride, TN and TP were analyzed both for effluent samples and groundwater samples. Brewery effluent samples were collected from three sampling stations S1 (brewery effluent discharge point), S2 (50 m from brewery effluent discharge point downstream), and S3 (100 m from brewery effluent discharge point downstream) and four groundwater samples namely G1, G2, G3, G4 were also collected from near Hawassa Castel brewery plant. Groundwater samples G1 and G2 were collected approximately 30 m away from effluent discharge point and groundwater samples G3 and G4 were collected 100 m away from the stream. The parameters monitored for the quantitative analysis of brewery wastewater and ground water. The values of BOD (70.9 ± 7.69 mg/L), COD (178.5 ± 42.8 mg/L), TDS (135.5 ± 34.3 mg/L), turbidity (7.44 ± 0.77 NTU), and phosphate (9.08 ± 4.6 mg/L) were found to be above the permissible industrial effluents discharge limits. Moreover, the presence of high levels of TDS (462.8 ± 216.8 mg/L), TSS (143.7 ± 62.7 mg/L), EC (2370.9 ± 595 μS/cm), nitrate (43.5 ± 21.3 mg/L), phosphate (0.61 ± 0.13 mg/L), and chloride (931.9 ± 42.7 mg/L) in the ground-water samples were immensely polluted by anthropogenic activities and making it unsuitable for drinking purpose. Thus, the concerned bodies should act to prevent further deterioration of the quality of groundwater.
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Buchanan, D. "Regulation of pollution: controls and responsibilities." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 91 (1986): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000009362.
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SynopsisThe most pertinent sources of pollution in the Moray Firth are considered to be direct discharges of sewage and trade effluents and indirect discharges of trade effluent through public sewers; discharges to underground strata; the deposit of waste on land and at sea, and oil discharge from shore and offshore installations and vessels. The distribution of the main function and responsibilities for the administrative control of pollution and the concomitant statutory powers are explained under the relevant sources of pollution identified.
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Lait, Cameron, Suomal Saelim, Janusz Zwiazek, and Yao Zheng. "Effect of Basement Sump Pump Effluent on the Growth and Physiology of Urban Black Ash and Green Ash Ornamental Trees." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 27, no. 2 (2001): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2001.009.
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The effect of basement sump pump effluent discharge in proximity to boulevards and ornamental trees was studied at several sites near Edmonton, Alberta, Canada throughout the summer of 1996. The growth, leaf petiole water potentials, and gas exchange of black ash (Fraxinus nigra) and green ash (F. pennsylvanica) trees were measured at sites with and without nearby sump pump effluent discharge. Black ash trees had higher mortality, altered water relations, and significantly lower caliper increase at the site with sump pump effluent discharge compared to trees at the site without effluent discharge. Green ash trees situated away from sump pump effluent discharge had significantly greater caliper increase than trees situated near effluent discharge. Furthermore, salt injury symptoms were observed on both species of trees located at sites with nearby effluent discharge. Our results demonstrate the importance of monitoring sump pump effluent discharge and its effects on boulevard ornamental trees in areas where soils are poorly drained or contain high levels of salts. It is recommended that basement sump pump effluent discharge hoses should be positioned away from boulevards and ornamental trees.
21
Kadiatu, Amtu Swaray, Gong Hui, Zhu Danyang, Yateh Mohamed, and Dai Xiaohu. "Assessment of Liberia's Beer Industry Effluent Discharge Parameters in the Context of Urban Sustainability." European Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2024): 616–38. https://doi.org/10.59324/ejtas.2024.2(3).47.
Full textAbstract:
Due to untreated brewery effluent and increasing industrial growth, most of Liberia's rivers have considerable water body pollution. The nature and extent of pollution caused by wastewater effluent discharged into these environments have not been thoroughly examined. This study looked into the effects of such effluents on the beer industry in Montserrado, Liberia. It assesses discharged effluent parameters, sustainable management practices, and potential wastewater reuse options within the context of urban sustainability. The findings highlight the need for immediate and substantial intervention to mitigate escalating pollution and associated health risks. The research also noted for the development of practical national industrial discharge standards, regulatory and management framework, tailored to local contexts, rather than a uniform application of stringent regulations that may hinder sectoral growth and intensify public health issues in under-resourced areas. Furthermore, the effectiveness of some treatment technologies. Technology consideration such as onsite treatment and irrigation that enable water reuse options (cooling, agriculture, and resource recovery) which can significantly reduce the environmental footprint of breweries were recommended. However, the implementation of these technologies may face challenges due to infrastructure deficiencies, financial constraints, and public perception regarding the safety and quality of reused wastewater. The analysis concludes that enhancing wastewater discharge effluents management is key for promoting sustainable industrial growth, improving water conservation, and gaining public trust and acceptance. Achieving these goals requires a concerted effort to strengthen policy, enhance technical capacity, and invest in community engagement to foster a sustainable and economically viable brewery sector.
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Liu, Jun. "Discharge Capacity Analysis of Liquid Effluent Discharge System at CPR1000 Nuclear Power Plant." 节能环保 5, no. 1 (2020): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26789/jnhb.2020.01.007.
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CPR1000 nuclear power plant is a nuclear power plant supported by China’s advanced million-kilowatt (1000 mw) pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power technology introduced by China general nuclear power corporation (CGN). The liquid effluent discharge system is an important module of CPR1000 nuclear power plant. The discharge capacity of the liquid effluent discharge system directly affects the operation safety and stability of CPR1000 nuclear power plant. Therefore, this paper takes the liquid effluent discharge system of CPR1000 nuclear power plant as the research object, on the basis of a brief overview of the structure of the liquid effluent discharge system, combined with the technical characteristics of the liquid effluent discharge system, the discharge capacity of the liquid effluent discharge system is further analyzed.
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Sindikubwabo, Theoneste, Martin Vincent Nsanzumukiza, and François Xavier Nshimiyimana. "The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment Case of Kacyiru Sewerage Treatment Plant, Kigali, Rwanda." International Journal of Environmental & Agriculture Research 6, no. 2 (2020): 20–29. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3692398.
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<strong><em>Abstract</em></strong><strong>—</strong> <em>The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru </em><em>estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD<sub>5</sub> were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The</em><em> parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD<sub>5</sub> and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant</em><em>.</em>
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Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah, and J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.
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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
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Enobong Ebenezzar Uffort, Lucky Obukowho Odokuma, and Caroline Nchedo Ariole. "Acute toxicity of an effluent and two oil spill dispersants to Vibrio fischeri." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 21, no. 2 (2024): 503–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2024.21.2.0433.
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Contamination of aquatic systems due to different anthropogenic activities including discharge of industrial wastes (effluent) and application of mitigation chemicals (oilspill dispersants) is a major issue in Nigeria as the effect could be detrimental to important organisms of various trophic levels in marine environments. This study aimed at evaluating the acute toxicity of Vibrio fischeri to a treated effluent and two dispersants- Corexit 9527 and Finasol OSR. The Omni model 500 Microtox Analyzer for bacterial bioluminescence inhibition, a rapid and ecologically relevant bioassay tool for ecotoxicity assessment during Biological Monitoring Studies was employed. The oil spill dispersants were obtained from licensed oil field chemical stores in Port Harcourt, Rivers State while the treated effluent was sourced from a natural gas production industry that discharges its treated effluent into Bonny Estuary, Rivers State, Nigeria. The experimental procedure involved exposure of reconstituted freeze-dried cells of the marine bioluminescent Vibrio fischeri to various dilutions of the toxicants, reference chemical (KCl), including instruments reference chemical for 5minutes and 15 minutes. The percentage reductions in bioluminescence by Vibrio fischeri after 5minutes and 15minutes exposure to the toxicants (Treated Effluent, Corexit 9527, and Finasol OSR) was recorded as median effective concentration value (EC50). The 5 minutes-EC50 values of Treated Effluent, Corexit 9527, and Finasol OSR for Vibrio fischeri were 27.54%, 18.61% and 4.35% respectively while the 15minutes-EC50 values of Treated Effluent, Corexit 9527, and Finasol OSR were 13.75%, 15.18% and 4.21% respectively. The test indicated that Vibrio fischeri was sensitive to the treated effluent and the two oil spill dispersants. Finasol OSR was more toxic to Vibrio fischeri than Corexit 9527. The continuous discharge of effluents (treated and untreated) and the application of oil spill chemicals offshore can lead to inhibition of bioluminescence by marine bacteria an important organism in marine environments.
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Sævik, Pål Næverlid. "Effluent: A Python package for modelling effluent discharge." Journal of Open Source Software 8, no. 89 (2023): 5554. http://dx.doi.org/10.21105/joss.05554.
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Shafiee, Farah Afiqah, Helmi Wasoh, Murni Halim, et al. "Biological and Physicochemical Evaluation of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Final Discharge from Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia." Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 11, no. 2 (2023): 20–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v11i2.847.
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Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) contains a high number of organic materials that cause deleterious effects on the aquatic ecosystem when discharged into water bodies without proper pretreatment. The quality of POME final discharge is usually determined based on chemical monitoring methods such as Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). In this study, biological monitoring methods were used to evaluate the toxicity effects of POME final discharge and to characterize the physical and chemical nature of toxicants present in the effluent through acute Whole Effluent Toxicity (WET) using Daphnia magna. The Toxicity Unit (TU) and median lethal concentration (LC50) of POME final discharge from the WET test were 11.09 and 9.02% (v/v), respectively. It is recommended that this method be improved to explore more effects of POME final discharge on the aquatic ecosystem.
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Kwofie, Isaac Amoesih, Henri Jogand, Myriam De Ladurantaye-Noël, and Caroline Dale. "Removal of Cyanide and Other Nitrogen-Based Compounds from Gold Mine Effluents Using Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)." Water 13, no. 23 (2021): 3370. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13233370.
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Mining operations generate effluents containing pollutants such as ammonia, nitrite and nitrate as a result of blasting operations. Cyanide compounds such as free cyanide, cyanate and thiocyanate are also present when cyanide is used in the gold recovery process. In most cases, mine effluent stored in the ponds eventually needs to be discharged to the environment; however, the levels of contaminants often exceed the discharge limits hence cannot be discharged without treatment. Several treatment solutions exist for the removal of nitrogen compounds and cyanide. Reverse osmosis is often perceived as a good solution as it produces an effluent of high quality. However, reverse osmosis also produces a brine which is recycled to the ponds, gradually increasing the total dissolved solids (TDS) in the ponds over time. Biological treatment offers an alternative to reverse osmosis with the added benefit that nitrogen compounds are fully converted to innocuous nitrogen gas, which is released to the atmosphere, thereby offering a more sustainable treatment solution. Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) have been used successfully at several mines. In Quebec, a two stage MBBR was installed to remove OCN, SCN and NH4-N from the effluent prior to discharge. The MBBR plant has been in operation for 4 years; operating data will be presented to show that a fully compliant non-toxic effluent is discharged under a wide range of operating conditions. In Ghana, pilot trials were conducted at a gold mine to demonstrate complete removal of nitrogen compounds including CN, NH4-N, NO2-N and NO3-N using a four- stage MBBR system. Results from both systems are presented.
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Hong, Mianwei, Gang Lu, Changcheng Hou, Shaohua She, and Lingfei Zhu. "Advanced treatment of landfill leachate membrane concentrates: performance comparison, biosafety and toxic residue analysis." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 11 (2017): 2949–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.469.
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Abstract With the improvement of people's consciousness about health, more attention has been paid to the biosafety of effluent reaching conventional discharge standard. In this contribution, removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), acute toxicity, genotoxicity and estrogenicity in landfill leachate membrane concentrates (MCs) among UV-Fenton, Fenton and activated carbon adsorption process were compared. Daphnia magna acute toxicity assay, comet assay, cytokinesis-block micronucleus and E-screen assay were performed to assess whether the effluent reaching the main parameters of Chinese Discharge Standard (GB 16889-2008) still had toxic residues. Under the conditions that COD of effluents treated by the three processes were up to the discharge standard, no obvious toxic residue was found in the effluent of UV-Fenton treatment, but effluent from Fenton or activated carbon adsorption process showed genotoxicity or estrogenicity to some extent. Dynamic analysis of UV-Fenton degradation process for estrogen simulation solutions was also conducted, and the formation of intermediates was detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Toxic residues might be caused by the lack of treatment duration and the formation of more toxic intermediates. UV-Fenton was found to be efficient for the treatment of MCs. Biosafety should be concerned when a new wastewater discharge standard is being established.
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Yisa, J., E. B. Agbaji, and E. M. Okonkwo. "Tannery Effluents Quality Evaluation Using Principal Component Analysis for Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano, Nigeria." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 6, no. 3 (2009): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-2009-6_3_07.
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Physical and chemical parameters monitored at eight locations in Challawa Industrial Estate, Kano were analyzed. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to extract the factors associated with the tannery effluents pollution variability and to obtain the spatial and temporal changes in the effluent quality. Temperature, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, conductivity, chloride, sulphide, alkalinity, biochemical oxygen demands and chemical oxygen demands were the main patterns extracted. The spatial analysis isolated six sampling sites showing a possible point source of pollution. Six of the properties (temperature, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, sulphide, biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) exceed apparent standard limit for industrial effluent discharge in Nigeria for most of the tanneries. Treatments of these effluents are also recommended before discharge.
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Al-Muzaini, S., M. U. Beg, M. Al-Mutairi, and A. Al-Mullalhah. "Seawater quality at industrial effluents discharge zone." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (1995): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0391.
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Shuaiba Industrial Area (SIA) accommodates 38 plants, of which 15 are located in the eastern sector and the other 23 in the western sector. The factories, being near the shore of the Arabian Gulf, discharge their wastewater directly into the Gulf after in-plant treatment. How far industrial effluents influence the marine environment was assessed using Microtox toxicity assays of seawater samples collected twice a week for six months from two stations located upstream and downstream of SIA. Out of 50 samples each collected from Station No 1 and Station No 2, only two samples from the former showed toxicity, whereas at the latter site ten samples showed medium to high levels of toxicity. The higher incidence of toxicity in the downstream area may be due to the mixing of effluent from individual discharges and indicate some inefficiency of the effluent treatment process. The study revealed that the biological assay provides effective assessment of water quality.
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Henry, Mfonobong Ubong, Ime Ubong Henry, Shakirdeen Mayowa Obidola, et al. "Assessment of the Physico-chemical Parameters and Heavy Metal Concentration of Delimi Wastewater in Jos North Local Government Area, Plateau State." UMYU Scientifica 2, no. 4 (2023): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56919/usci.2324.009.
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The high-water demand for domestic, agricultural, and industrial uses has increased water scarcity and is becoming alarming as natural or anthropogenic sources sometimes pollute the available water resources. Wastewater at Delimi was analyzed for physicochemical parameters and heavy metal concentration before and after the discharge of effluents into the water. Standard analytical methods were employed to analyze the physicochemical parameters, while the chemical analysis for the heavy metals was done using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Results of the analysis showed the following ranges: temperature 20.30°C -24.40°C, pH 7.46 - 8.45, conductivity 310.40 - 481.68 µs/cm, total solids 318 - 481.00 mg/L, suspended solid 132.40 - 194.50 mg/L, dissolved solids 186. 40 - 287.00 mg/L, total hardness 496.20 - 651.00 mg/L, calcium hardness 121.37 - 147, 82 mg/L, magnesium hardness 103.00 - 124.00 mg/L, chloride 90.00 - 132.00 mg/L and sulphate 183.00 - 247.20 mg/L. All parameters assessed were within the WHO permissible limits except for chloride. Before the point of discharge, the wastewater recorded heavy metal concentration in the range of 0.00 – 5.80 ppm and 0.06 – 11.26 ppm after the point of effluent discharge. Iron recorded the highest value, which is above the WHO permissible limit, and lead, the lowest value, while Nickel and Manganese were not detected. Wastewater after the point of effluent discharge recorded higher concentration values, indicating the negative effects on the heavy metal concentration of the effluent discharges in the water. The resulting discharge increased the heavy metal concentration in the water, posing health challenges to the people within the environment. Using this wastewater for agricultural irrigation and laundry purposes could bring about exposure to heavy metals contained in it.
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Cowan, J. A. C., F. MacTavish, C. J. Brouckaert, and E. P. Jacobs. "Membrane Treatment Strategies for Red Meat Abattoir Effluents." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (1992): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0243.
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In water-scarce South Africa there is pressure on water-intensive industries to conserve water, and at the same time to reduce the organic and salinity concentrations discharged in effluents back (indirectly) to the water resources. These requirements are usually contradictory: effective water conservation will generally lead to more concentrated effluents, motivating the need, in some cases, for effluent pretreatment before discharge. Wide-ranging effluent pretreatment trials have been carried out at a number of red meat abattoirs over the past few years, under funding from the Water Research Commission. Fat removal, screening and dissolved air flotation (DAF) trials have confirmed the usefulness of such processes, but results from treatment with membranes have been both exciting and promising. These treatment techniques have now been lifted from the research phase into commercial application on small scale (25 m3/d) using full size modules. The South African Abattoir Corporation, as the major representative of the industry in South Africa, has undertaken to assess the value of membrane treatment processes as a part of a number of effluent treatment strategies. This paper describes the experiences and future potential for abattoir effluent treatment by membrane processes. Ultrafiltration will consistently remove 90% COD, 85% phosphate from the effluent, and provide a relatively non-fouling feed for reverse osmosis which produces a high quality reusable water for abattoir use. Indicative costing shows the costs of membrane treatment compare favourably with anaerobic digestion as an alternative, and even to municipal effluent tariffs.
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Anita, Gour*1 Shirin Imam2 Akruti Gupta3 &. Pooja Thakur4. "AN APPROACH TOWARDS ZERO DISCHARGE IN SUGAR FACTORY – A CASE STUDY." GLOBAL JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND RESEARCHES [FRTSSDS- June 2018] (August 9, 2018): 500–508. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1342642.
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The consumption of large volumes of water and the generation of organic compounds as liquid effluents are major environmental problems in sugarcane processing industry. The inadequate and indiscriminate disposal of this effluent in soils and water bodies has received much attention since decades ago, due to environmental problems associated to this practice. Because of the large quantities of effluent produced, alternative treatments have been developed. The low pH, electric conductivity, and chemical elements present in sugarcane effluent may cause changes in the chemical and physical–chemical properties of soils, rivers, and lakes with frequent discharges over a long period of time, and also have adverse effects on agricultural soils and biota in general. In the present sugar factory bi-products generated are Waste water, Bagasse, Molasses and pressed mud. The waste water is processed in Effluent treatment Plant present within Factory. The processed water is used within industry to fulfil industry’s water needs and the remaining water is used for agricultural purpose. Bagasse is supplied to Paper industry for paper generation. Cane molasses is sold to Pharmaceutical industry for medicinal purpose as well as it is used for Liquor production. Pressed mud is sold to bio fertilizer industry. As no harmful bi-products are released outside the industry this sugar industry is Zero Discharge Industry and does not pose any threat to environment
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Dutta, Pranay. "Effects of textile dyeing effluent on the environment and its treatment: A review." Engineering and Applied Science Letters 5, no. 1 (2022): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.30538/psrp-easl2022.0080.
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Wastewater discharged by dye manufacturing and textile finishing industries has become an environmental concern. The textile dyeing plants utilize a variety of synthetic dyes and dump massive amounts of dyeing effluent because the uptake of these dyes by fabrics is very low. The plant’s photosynthetic activity is significantly harmed by this highly colored textile dyeing effluent, impairs aquatic life because of its low light penetration and oxygen consumption. Owing to the presence of heavy metallic materials and chlorine in synthetic dyes, it could also be harmful to some aquatic creatures. Therefore, these textile wastewaters need to be treated before their discharge. Various techniques for dealing with textile dyeing effluent have been discussed in this paper. Treatment techniques presented in this study include oxidation methods, physical methods, and biological methods. Also, the paper is prepared to compile all the updated data on textile dyeing effluents’ characterization and their impact on the environment from various journals and websites and some from personal communication with some factories. Since an extensive range of synthetic dyes, namely, azo dye, vat dye, reactive dye, disperse dye, is widely used in the textile industry, some of the dyeing effluents’ physicochemical parameters surpassed their standard limits. Hence, these days, the proper monitoring and corrective steps such as the elimination process have become the most thoughtful tasks globally, particularly the developing and transition economies. It is crucial to take immediate action to minimize environmental emissions due to the discharge of untreated textile dye waste.
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Kaushik, G., and R. Seth. "Physico-chemical Analysis of Textile Dye Contaminated Water of Sanganer Area, Jaipur, Rajasthan." Research Journal of Chemistry and Environment 26, no. 5 (2022): 161–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/2605rjce161167.
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Textile industries are growing continuously and contributing substantially to the economic sector. The State of Rajasthan, India holds a pompous place in textile dyeing and printing worldwide. Apart from adding economic value, the dyeing and printing processes menacingly affect the environment through the enormous amount of hazardous industrial effluents generated during the process. These effluents released into the surroundings contaminate the nearby water bodies, air, soil etc. Effluent discharge contains an enormous load of harmful dyes and other chemicals. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters like pH, colour, electric conductance, hardness, total solids, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, phosphate, nitrogen, fluoride, COD, BOD, DO and heavy metals were analyzed to identify the pollution level. Most of the collected samples distinctly deviate from the standards given by CPCB and WHO along with substantial variability in fluoride and heavy metals showing that discharge of effluents in the environment deteriorates the quality of water of the region and make it unsuitable for use in other purposes. The study concludes that treatment of effluent should be done at the source before discharge into the surroundings.
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Tetreault, Joseph, Rachel L. Fogle, Ashly Ramos, and Michael B. Timmons. "A Predictive Model of Nutrient Recovery from RAS Drum-Screen Effluent for Reuse in Aquaponics." Horticulturae 9, no. 3 (2023): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae9030403.
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Controlled environment agriculture (CEA) optimizes growth parameters for vegetable and aquaculture production and can be used to address growing global food insecurity. Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) generate a nutrient-dense effluent that may result in environmental pollution, but with treatment and integration with hydroponic vegetable production may be repurposed as a naturally derived nutrient solution. This work developed a preliminary model using the system feed rate to calculate a plant-essential nutrient discharge rate in RAS effluent. Loading rate equations were created to calculate the daily mass of nutrients entering the system through fish feed, and discharge rate equations were created to calculate the grams of each nutrient discharged in the effluent per kilogram of feed. Data from previous published work were used for validation. The loading-rate percentage discharged for nutrients present in the effluent was between 2.71% and 64.5%, with several nutrients being prominent pollutants and all being required for vegetable growth. This work provides the preliminary framework for calculating nutrient discharge rates, which can be used to mitigate pollution or develop more precise, naturally derived hydroponic nutrient solutions for a circular bioeconomy in CEA.
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M. El-Feky, Ahmed, Mohamed Saber, Mahmoud M. Abd-el-Kader, et al. "Comprehensive environmental impact assessment and irrigation wastewater suitability of the Arab El-Madabegh wastewater treatment plant, ASSIUT CITY, EGYPT." PLOS ONE 19, no. 2 (2024): e0297556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297556.
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The presence of a wastewater treatment plant in the Arab El-Madabegh region, which discharges excessive amounts of raw effluent toward the nearby farming fields, is the area’s main issue. Examining the harmful implications of raw effluent releases on groundwater quality, determining if treated wastewater effluent complies with regulations for discharge into the aquatic environment, and assessing irrigation appropriateness by the effluent are the main goals of this work. In order to accomplish these targets, twelve treated effluent samples from the Arab El-Madabegh wastewater treatment plant were gathered every two weeks starting in January 2012 and finishing in June 2012. They were tested to determine pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total Suspended Solids (TSS), Temperature (Temp), Conductivity (EC), Turbidity (Turb.), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), NO3-, SO42-, Cl-, Ca2+, PO43-, HCO3-, Na+, Mg2+, and heavy metals such as (Fe, Mn, K+, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, and Cd). The outcomes revealed that all Egyptian and Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) standards for unrestricted irrigation were met by the treated effluents, except for COD, which exceeded than the Egyptian allowed limit. The evaluation indices of the effluent’s EC, SAR, PI, MR, and MH were in the low-risk category according to indicators of water quality for irrigation, nevertheless, The SSP and RSC both showed slightly higher values (67.9% and 2.76, respectively). As well, The average values of heavy metals in treated wastewater effluent were found to be below permitted limits, with the exception of lead and phosphate, which exceeded permissible limits in Egypt. The environmental sustainability (ecological friendliness) of reusing and recycling tertiary treated wastewater can be achieved in agriculture to reduce the adverse impacts on the aquatic environment.
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Espino de la O, Ernesto, Gualberto Limón M., and Ignacio Castillo Escalante. "A simplified procedure for setting effluent quality standards." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 10 (1994): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0512.
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The discharge of untreated effluents affects the quality of receiving water bodies and impairs their potential beneficial uses; to prevent this from happening, effluent quality standards (EQS) must be set. The conventional procedure for establishing EQS requires extensive knowledge of the receiving body characteristics. When there is an evident need for setting EQS, but all the information needed is not available (a situation probably common to many regions around the world), the need arises for a simplified procedure, such as the one herein proposed. The procedure is based on four tenets: 1) the classification of major water quality parameters into four classes: basic parameters, conservative contaminants, toxic contaminants and pathogens; 2) various sets of maximum permissible contaminant concentration (MPCC), for each class of contaminants; 3) two comprehensive classifications: one of effluent discharges according to their origin, and another of receiving waters based on their intended use and general characteristics; and 4) a two-dimensional matrix for different classes of effluent discharges and receiving bodies; four indices are proposed for each cell of the matrix, specifying MPCC for each class of parameters.
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Abdulredha, M., Amal H. Khalil, Sarah A. Ali, Ibijoke Idowu, and J. Amoako-Attah. "Elimination of phenol from refineries effluents using electrocoagulation method." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 877, no. 1 (2021): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/877/1/012053.
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Abstract The crude oil industry is a major source of water pollution because of huge volumes of refining effluents discharged into the aquatic environment. This effluent consequently consists of substances that causes harm to the aquatic environment and depletes the aquatic population due to depleted oxygen. This study investigated the application of various treatment procedures and materials to reduce the effects of refining process effluent on water. The current study proposes to employ the electrocoagulation (EC) method in the removal of phenol contamination from refining effluent utilising aluminium electrodes. Continuous flow studies have been carried out in order to remove phenolic chemicals from refinery effluent effects of experimental factors such as electrical current density (ECD), distances between electrodes (DE), and treatment durations (TD) while phenols were eliminated were examined. The results show that the EC method reduced the phenol level in petroleum refinery discharge. The EC unit decreased the phenol level by 57% using aluminium as electrodes. The-optimal removal efficiency was found at 120 TD with an ECD of 6 mA/cm2 and a DE of 20 mm.
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McGlashan, J. E., and D. C. Macleod. "The Effect of Sewage Sludge Disposal to Sea through Pipelines Previously Discharging only Settled Effluent." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (1986): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0145.
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The City of Durban has two submarine outfall sewers designed for the disposal of approximately 365 000 m3/d of domestic and industrial effluents. Until recently these outfall sewers were only permitted to discharge settled effluents, the resultant sludge having to be treated and disposed of on land in the one instance and incinerated in the other. As the result of a two year programme of research the city has been permitted to discharge settled effluent from both outfalls to which the underflow from the sedimentation basins has been reintroduced. Retention of the sedimentation basins has permitted effective removal of floatable material. The pipelines were operated during the research period by discharging only settled effluent from the one whilst from the other the discharge consisted of the settled effluent stream to which the sludge had been reintroduced. Halfway through the programme the roles of the two pipelines were reversed. This paper briefly reviews marine disposal in South Africa, the Durban submarine outfalls, the events which preceded the research project, the design of the research programme and the results of the study in terms of bacteriological, biological and chemical monitoring, current measurements in the immediate vicinity of the pipelines and dilution calculations with the aid of more rigorous mathematical treatment.
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Putz, G., and D. W. Smith. "Field measurement and modelling of two-dimensional river mixing." Water Supply 1, no. 2 (2001): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0021.
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Wastewater treatment facilities commonly discharge effluent to large receiving streams. An effluent plume may easily extend for many tens of kilometres downstream of a discharge point. A characteristic of the effluent plume is the existence of significant transverse concentration gradients in the river as the discharged effluent slowly mixes with the river water. Within this two-dimensional, transverse mixing zone accurate delineation of the effluent plume is essential for water quality monitoring and for management of the receiving stream. The capability to mathematically model two-dimensional river mixing and to predict effluent plume concentrations is a valuable tool for water quality management. An overview of two-dimensional river mixing theory is presented. Tracer methods for delineating effluent plumes resulting from continuous or transient input to rivers are described, and the results of tracer studies conducted on the Athabasca River in western Canada are presented. A computer modelling procedure for simulating two-dimensional river mixing is described. Application of the model is explained and comparison of model output to measured tracer concentrations is presented.
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Baldry, M. G. C., and M. S. French. "Disinfection of Sewage Effluent with Peracetic Acid." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (1989): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0100.
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Novel products based on peracetic acid (PAA) have recently been developed for the disinfection of sewage and sewage effluents. The efficacy of such products has been assessed under both laboratory and operational conditions. Comparative laboratory studies of the effects of peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and chlorine on indicator bacteria in secondary sewage effluent have shown peracetic acid to be a viable alternative to these halogen biocides. In a trial carried out at two small rural works, PAA was dosed into secondary effluent from either an activated sludge plant or a percolating filter bed prior to tertiary lagoon treatment. LOW levels of PAA greatly enhanced the natural decline in coliform levels across the lagoon, enabling much lower concentrations of bacteria to be discharged into the receiving streams. In another trial, secondary effluent from an activated sludge plant was treated before discharge into a stream leading to the sea. Coliform concentrations were greatly reduced along the watercourse downstream from the plant.
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Yu, Jiahuan, and Xiaofeng Zhang. "Comparison and Evaluation of Domestic and Foreign Radiation Environmental Standards for Nuclear Power Plants." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (2021): 022020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022020.
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Abstract With the development of the nuclear energy industry and the increasing demand for environmental protection, the impact of nuclear power plant radiation on the environment has gradually entered the public view. This article combs the nuclear power plant radiation environmental management systems of several countries, takes the domestic and foreign management of radioactive effluent discharge from nuclear power plants as a starting point, analyses and compares the laws and standards related to radioactive effluents from nuclear power plants in France, the United States, China, and South Korea. In this paper, the management improvement of radioactive effluent discharge system of Chinese nuclear power plants has been discussed.
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Hossain, K. M. Z., M. A. Rahman, N. Sharif, and S.M.E. Haque. "Integration of Technologies To Improve the Pharmaceuticals Waste Management in Bangladesh." DIU Journal of Science & Technology 5, no. 2 (2024): 38–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13731530.
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An investigation was carried out to minimize the pollution load of pharmaceuticals industries by using integrated waste management technologies. Effluents were physically, chemically and biologically treated using three-stages advanced effluent treatment system. The dust particles were discharged to the atmosphere after filtration and the solid wastes were burnt in a pyrolytic incinerator at about 1100oC temperature. The physico-chemical characteristics of treated effluent were measured using Ultra Violet-Visible spectrophotometer and the emitted dust particles were analyzed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine the discharge amount. The biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solid, chloride and sulphide contents of the treated effluent were found within allowable limit. The dust particles were also emitted to the environment below 0.5 mg/L. The solid wastes were reduced to 25% by volume after combustion. It was found that integrated waste management system of pharmaceutical industries can minimize the pollution load to ensure a safe ecological environment.
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Monira, U., G. S. Sattar, and Md Golam Mostafa. "Characterization of Tannery Effluent and Efficiency Assessment of Central Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) at Savar in Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 12, no. 1 (2023): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2023.12.1.3511.
Full textAbstract:
The industry discharges a large volume of effluent, many of which contain lots of chemicals and toxic substances that have the potential to cause distress to the environment. The study focused on analyzing various physicochemical parameters of the effluent discharge from the Central Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) at the Savar Tannery Industrial Zone. The effluent was collected four times (pre-monsoon, monsoon, and post-monsoon) a year, from 2021-2022. The effluent was inspected for vital water quality parameters, such as pH, COD, BOD, TDS, TSS, NO3-, SO42-, HCO3-, PO43-, Cl-, Na, Ca, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Most of the parameters exceed the standard permissible limit of the Department of Environment, Bangladesh (DoE, BD), NQES, and ISW-BDS for inland water. The mean concentrations of COD, BOD, TSS, and Cr were 337, 97.5, 209, and 6.1 mg/L, and these values were far above the permissible limit with a removal efficiency of 51%. The study observed that industrial discharge of unproperly treated effluent deteriorates the surface water quality and causes huge threats to aquatic life and sustainable water resource management.
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Chaithra C, Hina Kousar, Dhanushree M.S, and Akshatha K.U. "A study on bioremediation potency of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus aculeatus in reduction of BOD concentration of dairy effluent and evaluation of phytotoxicity effect of treated effluent on Arachis hypogaea." Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29 (2023): 289–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i03s.052.
Full textAbstract:
Water resources are of significant importance to human beings. The main sources of water contamination are toxic industrial waste, runoff from agricultural waste, and untreated home garbage discharge. During the processing of milk in dairy industry, a large amount of water is used, resulting in a large volume of effluent comprising dissolved sugars, proteins, lipids and other organic compounds. As a result, dairy effluent has a high organic matter concentration and a high BOD. Contaminants in effluents must be eliminated before they enter a water body, as they have a negative impact on aquatic ecosystems. One of the most effective strategies for treating industrial effluents is bioremediation. In the current study investigated the removal of biochemical oxygen demand in dairy effluent using fungal isolates such as Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus aculeatus. According to a phytotoxicity test, fungal strains have ability to eliminate BOD from the effluent.
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Gildeh, Hossein Kheirkhah, Abdolmajid Mohammadian, and Ioan Nistor. "Vertical Dense Effluent Discharge Modelling in Shallow Waters." Water 14, no. 15 (2022): 2312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152312.
Full textAbstract:
Vertical dense effluent discharges are popular in outfall system designs. Vertical jets provide the opportunity to be efficient for a range of ambient currents, where the jet is pushed away so as not to fall on itself. This study focuses on the worst-case scenario of the dilution and mixing of such jets: vertical dense effluent discharges with no ambient current, in shallow water, where the jet impinges the water surface. This scenario provides conservative design criteria for such outfall systems. The numerical modelling of such jets has not been investigated before and this study provides novel insights into simulations of vertical dense effluent discharges in shallow waters. Turbulent vertical discharges with Froude numbers ranging from 9 to 24 were simulated using OpenFOAM. A Reynolds stress model (RSM) was applied to characterize the geometrical (i.e., maximum discharge rise Zm and lateral spread Rsp) and dilution μmin properties of such jets. Three flow regimes were reproduced numerically, based on the experimental data: deep, intermediate, and impinging flow regimes.
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Tsotsos, D. "Tanneries: A Short Survey of the Methods Applied for Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0079.
Full textAbstract:
A short description of the tannery production process is given, mentioning the main points related to an effluent discharge. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented and several methods used for wastewater treatment are also reviewed. It is stated that biological systems (activated sludge) cannot be operated in the same way as for municipal effluents, since tne main pollutants (Cr - salts, sulfides) negatively affect the action of microorganisms. Therefore, a pretreatment step is required prior to the effluent discharge into a municipal treatment plant. Another problem is the treatment and disposal of the precipitated sludge. Several already applied methods trying to eliminate the problem are discussed. All represented data are taken from research studies published in international 1iterature.
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Nather Khan, ISA, and RP Lim. "Distribution of metals in the Linggi River Basin, Malaysia, with reference to pollution." Marine and Freshwater Research 42, no. 4 (1991): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9910435.
Full textAbstract:
Pollution inputs into the Linggi River Basin comprise domestic sewage, agroindustrial effluent (especially from rubber factories and palm-oil mills), and effluent from animal-husbandry activities. Total metals were analysed at eight sampling stations located at three highly polluted sub-basins: Linggi, Simin and Kundor. Dissolved metals were analysed occasionally at 21 major tributaries. The following concentrations were found (mg L-1; d.l., detection limit): Na, 0.93-117.73; K, 0.88-77.03; Ca, 1.89-24.00; Mg, 0.30-14.78; Fe, 0.47-12.2; Zn, 0.06-5.12; Cu, < d.l. -2.88; Mn, < d.l.-0.18. Pb, Ni and Cr were not detectable in their dissolved or total forms. Organic sewage inputs greatly increased the concentration of metal ions in reaches just downstream of discharge points. Ion concentrations generally decreased, but not substantially so, in the recovery reaches. Various pollutants contributed differentially to the concentrations of specific metal ions; rubber-factory effluent contributed slightly lower amounts of these ions than did industrial, urban, or palm-oil-mill effluents. No seasonal changes can be readily detected because of the influence of rainfall patterns, variable effluent discharges, and a complex combination of physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in the river.