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Journal articles on the topic 'Effluent ponds'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (1986): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0107.

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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect

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2

Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (1987): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0235.

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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect

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3

Shelef, Gedaliah, and Adam Kanarek. "Stabilization ponds with recirculation." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (1995): 389–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0507.

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The first facultative pond in a series of stabilization ponds, or else the first part of a large pond, is sensitive to organic overloading creating anoxic or anaerobic conditions at the pond's surface, resulting in malodors and nuisances. Such adverse characteristics are usually manifested seasonally when climatic conditions change to lower temperatures and/or reduced solar irradiance. The design organic loadings on such ponds are therefore determined by the critical season and they are lowered accordingly. Introducing recirculation of effluent from a later pond in the series (usually from the

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4

OMOFUNMI, O. E. "THE PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE SUITABILITY OF AFRICAN CATFISH EFFLUENT AS IRRIGATION WATER SOURCE IN SOUTH WEST NIGERIA." Journal of Agricultural Science and Environment 16, no. 2 (2017): 107–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51406/jagse.v16i2.1712.

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The reuse of catfish pond effluent by irrigation can make a significant contribution to the integrated management of our water resources. The study was done to evaluate African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) quality pond effluent quality and its suitability for irrigation. Forty (40) samples were collected from five ponds. Physical and chemical parameters of catfish effluent samples from selected earthen ponds were determined in accordance with the American Public Health Association standards. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that there were variations in the c

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5

Passos, Ricardo Gomes, Marcos von Sperling, and Thiago Bressani Ribeiro. "Performance evaluation and spatial sludge distribution at facultative and maturation ponds treating wastewater from an international airport." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (2014): 226–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.215.

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This paper presents a performance evaluation of facultative and maturation ponds in series treating wastewater from a large and intensively used international airport in Brazil, based on 16 years of regular monitoring. The wastewater from the airport showed similar or slightly lower concentrations compared to typical domestic sewage for most of the quality parameters. The contribution of effluents with possible industrial features (aircraft toilets and hangar effluent) did not seem to have adversely affected the characteristics of the influent in terms of aptitude to biological treatment. Over

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6

Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, and H. A. Arridge. "The influence of pond geometry and configuration on facultative and maturation waste stabilisation pond performance and efficiency." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (1995): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0474.

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Differences in length:breadth ratios (in the range of 1:1 to 6:1) and depths (from 1 to 2 m) had little effect on the performance and effluent quality (i.e. BOD, SS and FC) of secondary facultative ponds. Shallow maturation ponds (0.4 m) were more efficient at microbiological disinfection than deeper ones and could actually reduce land area requirements. KT values for faecal coliforms, salmonellae and rotavirus differed from one another in the same ponds and for different pond types. The Marais design equation for predicting faecal coliform numbers in pond effluents, although not perfect, does

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7

von Sperling, M., and J. G. B. de Andrada. "Simple wastewater treatment (UASB reactor, shallow polishing ponds, coarse rock filter) allowing compliance with different reuse criteria." Water Science and Technology 54, no. 11-12 (2006): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.761.

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UASB reactors followed by polishing ponds comprise simple and economic wastewater treatment systems, capable of reaching very high removal efficiencies of pathogenic organisms, leading to the potential use of the effluent for unrestricted irrigation. However, for other types of reuse (urban and industrial), ponds are limited in the sense of producing effluents with high suspended solids (algae) concentrations. The work investigates a system with coarse rock filters for polishing the pond effluent. The overall performance of the system is analyzed, together with the potential for different type

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8

Lawty, Richard, John de B. Ashworth, and D. Duncan Mara. "Waste stabilisation pond decommissioning: a painful but necessary decision." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (1996): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0128.

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The Mangere (Auckland, New Zealand) waste stabilisation ponds consist of three facultative ponds in parallel followed by a similarly sized maturation pond, covering a total area of 512 ha. The ponds were commissioned in 1960 and today serve a population equivalent of 685,000. The ponds are operated on a two-to-one effluent recirculation, which is considered to lead to an unstable treatment regime which results in occasional pond failure when they become anaerobic and smell. The ponds operate as tertiary treatment to a primary and secondary plant, the latter treating up to 40 percent of the flo

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9

von Sperling, M., and L. C. A. M. Mascarenhas. "Performance of very shallow ponds treating effluents from UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (2005): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0432.

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Polishing ponds are units conceived for the post-treatment of the effluents from anaerobic reactors, are designed as maturation ponds, and aim at a further removal of organic matter and a high removal of pathogenic organisms. The paper investigates the performance of four very shallow (H = 0.40 m) polishing ponds in series, with very low detention times (1.4–2.5 days in each pond), treating anaerobic effluent from the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The system was able to achieve excellent results in terms of BOD and E. coli removal, and good results in terms of ammonia removal, allowing compl

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10

Silva, Ana Maria Dias da, Levy de Carvalho Gomes, and Rodrigo Roubach. "Growth, yield, water and effluent quality in ponds with different management during tambaqui juvenile production." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 5 (2007): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000500017.

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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pond management on fish feed, growth, yield, survival, and water and effluent quality, during tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juvenile production. Fish were distributed in nine 600 m² earthen ponds, at a density of 8 fish per m²; the rearing period was 60 days. Three different pond management were applied: limed and fertilized (LimFer), limed (Lim), and natural (Nat). Fish were fed with a commercial ration containing 34% crude protein three times daily. There were no significant differences in fish growth or yield. Three main items found

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11

dos Santos, Silvânia Lucas, and Adrianus van Haandel. "Transformation of Waste Stabilization Ponds: Reengineering of an Obsolete Sewage Treatment System." Water 13, no. 9 (2021): 1193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13091193.

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Waste Stabilization Ponds (WSPs) are commonly used for sewage treatment. These systems are composed of a series of ponds: (1) anaerobic ponds, (2) facultative ponds, and (3) maturation ponds. WSPs generally produce good-quality effluent in terms of organic matter and pathogen removal, but their application has disadvantages. The most serious disadvantages are a long retention time, the release of biogas, and the impossibility of removing nutrients. A promising alternative to the use of WSPs is replacing the anaerobic pond and facultative pond with an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reac

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12

Thomas, P. R., and H. O. Phelps. "Aeration and Water Hyacinths in Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0155.

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The investigation was based on two facultative stabilization ponds initially designed to operate in parallel, and now receive wastewater in excess of their capacities from a fast expanding housing estate in the Caribbean Island of Trinidad. Because of the deterioration of the effluent quality relative to acceptable standards, an attempt was made to upgrade the ponds using water hyacinths at the early stages. However, from the results, it was clear that the introduction of water hyacinths in the test pond did not lead to any substantial improvement in the effluent because of the high loading on

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13

Raper, W. G., and J. M. Green. "Simple process for nutrient removal from food processing effluents." Water Science and Technology 43, no. 3 (2001): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0127.

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Food processing effluents often contain high levels of nutrients, particularly N. Conventionally, anaerobic ponds are used to purify these effluents in Australia, giving cost-effective removal of BOD but little nutrient removal. It has become apparent that disposal by irrigation as presently practised normally exceeds sustainable N application rates, thus reduction of nutrient levels before irrigation is becoming mandatory. Meatworks effluent is often discharged to country town sewers, frequently accounting for 50-75% of the nutrient load. Meatworks effluents contain 1,000-4,000 mg/L BOD, 200-

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14

Grimason, A. M., H. V. Smith, G. Young, and W. N. Thitai. "Occurrence and removal of Ascaris sp. ova by waste stabilisation ponds in Kenya." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (1996): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0124.

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A study was conducted to determine the occurrence of Ascaris sp. ova in municipal wastewater and their removal by a variety of waste stabilisation pond systems in the republic of Kenya. A total of 52 wastewater samples were examined for the presence of ova, comprising 10 raw wastewater and 42 pond effluent samples over a two month period during 1990. Ascaris sp. ova were detected in 6 out of 10 designated pond systems examined. In raw wastewater, ova concentrations ranged from 17.5 to 133.3 ova/l and in pond effluents from 0.7 to 88.9 ova/l. Although the majority of ova were removed in primary

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15

Cavalcanti, P. F. F., A. van Haandel, and Gatze Lettinga. "Polishing ponds for post-treatment of digested sewage part 1: flow-through ponds." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 4 (2001): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0229.

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Polishing ponds are used to improve the quality of effluents from efficient anaerobic sewage treatment plants like UASB reactors, so that the final effluent quality becomes compatible with legal or desired standards. The residual organic material and suspended solids concentrations in the digested sewage are reduced, but often the main objective of polishing ponds is to improve the hygienic quality, measured by the concentration of two indicator organisms: helminth eggs and faecal coliforms (FC). The FC removal is normally the slowest process and for that reason becomes the main design criteri

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16

Zhoorov, Vladimir, and Dmitri Zhookov. "Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater in Biological Ponds." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 5 (1991): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0110.

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Stabilization ponds for tertiary treatment of wastewater are characterised by low concentration of biomass and low rates of biodegradation processes.As in such condition the power requirements for effective mixing of the pond's content are 10–15 times superior to those necessitated by oxygen supply, it is sometimes considered that the introduction of artificial aeration into the pond's system is uneconomical. Nevertheless, analysis of the factors determining performance and efficiency of ponds shows that power requirement for aeration could be significantly increased by raising the oxidation c

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17

Ouazzani, N., K. Bouhoum, L. Mandi, et al. "Wastewater treatment by stabilization pond: Marrakesh experiment." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (1995): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0462.

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This paper presents results of two years of investigations on three types of wastewater stabilization pond treatment systems, purifying a raw urban wastewater, in the arid climate of Marrakesh. The systems tested were: two lined water hyacinth ponds, two lined facultative ponds and one anaerobic pond. During the course of the experiment, organic load, nutrients and parasitical load were studied. Results show that the macrophytic ponds were more efficient to reduce organic load (90% of TSS and 78% of COD) that the microphtic ponds; these ones were more efficient to eliminate nutrients (NTK 71%,

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18

Barzily, Ahuva, and Yehuda Kott. "Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Elevated Temperature Oxidation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (1989): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0012.

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Oxidation ponds are commonly used as an inexpensive method for wastewater treatment. The overall treatment results are measured in terms of pH, oxygen concentration, number and type of algae, and order of magnitude of coliform bacteria reduction. It is often found that pond water temperatures, especially in the summer, reach levels which cause a rapid die-off of pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of the current study was to follow the die-off of pathogenic bacteria in an elevated temperature experimental oxidation pond. Raw wastewater was pumped from a suburban main sewer to the Environmental En

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19

Johnson, M., and D. D. Mara. "Aerated rock filters for enhanced nitrogen and faecal coliform removal from facultative waste stabilization pond effluents." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (2005): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0436.

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Facultative waste stabilization ponds in the UK, loaded at 80 kg BOD/ha day, produce effluents which comply with the European Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (i.e., ≤25 mg filtered BOD/l and ≤150 mg SS/l). However, the Environment Agency of England and Wales typically requires a higher effluent quality of ≤40 mg/l unfiltered BOD and ≤60 mg/l SS, both on a 95-percentile basis. An ammonium-nitrogen requirement might also be applied. Traditionally, maturation ponds and reedbeds have been used to upgrade facultative pond effluents, requiring large land areas. This paper describes and compare

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20

Pearson, H. W., D. D. Mara, A. Konig, et al. "Water Column Sampling as a Rapid and Efficient Method of Determining Effluent Quality and the Performance of Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0134.

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Diurnal series of samples of the effluent and the total in-pond water column of facultative and maturation ponds were analysed for COD, suspended solids, faecal coliforms, chlorophyll and ammonia with a view to finding the most efficient way of obtaining reliable mean daily effluent quality data. The results show that individual samples representative of the entire depth of the pond water column taken at any time of day provided reasonably accurate mean daily effluent values for all the parameters measured when compared with the mean values for effluent quality calculated from a series of grab

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21

Grimason, A. M., H. V. Smith, W. N. Thitai, P. G. Smith, M. H. Jackson, and R. W. A. Girdwood. "Occurrence and Removal of Cryptosporidium spp. Oocysts and Giardia spp. Cysts in Kenyan Waste Stabilisation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 3-4 (1993): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0329.

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This study was designed to determine tlie occurrence and removal of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts and Giardia spp. cysts, in municipal waste-water by waste stabilisation ponds in tlie Republic of Kenya. Eleven waste stabilisation pond systems located in towns across Kenya were included. A total of 66 waste-water samples were examined for the presence of oocysts and cysts, comprising 11 raw waste-water and 55 pond effluent samples over a two month period. Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts were detected in 6 and Giardia spp. cysts in 9 of the designated pond systems analysed demonstrating their ubiqui

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22

Smith, E., S. Hegazy, and N. El-Aassar. "Pond treatment and effluent reuse of sewage from an oil production site in an arid coastal environment." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (2003): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0082.

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A pond system consisting of two lines each of an anaerobic followed by facultative and maturation ponds is used to treat site sewage from oil and gas production operations in an arid coastal environment. The performance of the pond system was evaluated together with the suitability of treated effluent for reuse in local irrigation. Effluent from the pond system by-and-large satisfies criteria for irrigation of non-food crop plants with respect to chemical parameters. The primary problem is coliform bacteria levels which are an order of magnitude higher than preferred values. First-order decay

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23

Bucksteeg, K. "German Experiences with Sewage Treatment Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0121.

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In Germany there are both highly industrialized regions with large towns as well as extended rural areas with small communities. Most of these communities need regular sewage disposal systems. Sewage treatment plants have to be adapted to special situations in rural villages. Ponds fulfil the requirements in an excellent way. Many hundred of ponds are in operation and three kinds of pond systems are in use:▸facultative ponds (more than 1000 plants) for serving less than about 1000 i+ie*;▸artificially aerated ponds (more than 300 plants) for treating sewage of about 1000 to 10000 i+ie especiall

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Lopez, Ernesto R., Rao Y. Surampalli, Shankha K. Banerji, and Charles J. Pycha. "Phosphorus removal in ponds." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (1995): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0502.

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The municipal lagoon treatment systems which remove phosphorus by chemical addition are the subject of this special study. The objectives of this study were to determine the degree of success of lagoon treatment systems in removing phosphorus and to identify any operational problems. In order to obtain basic data for this study, thirty-two lagoon treatment systems in Michigan and Minnesota were investigated. Chemicals typically used for phosphorus removal include metal salts such as aluminium sulfate (alum), ferrous and ferric chloride, lime, and various polymers. The overall experience with t

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Escalante, V., G. Moeller, and A. Rivas. "Pond evaluation and upgrading in Mexico." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (2000): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0605.

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Half of the wastewater facilities constructed in Mexico for wastewater treatment and projected to be constructed in the next ten years, are waste stabilisation pond systems. The existing facilities have several problems in their operation. A national programme was developed by federal and local authorities responsible for sanitation and treatment for the monitoring and evaluation of the existing pond systems. The aim of the programme was the monitoring and evaluation of pond performance and effluent quality of a number of waste stabilisation ponds systems in different regions in Mexico and to

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Oliveira, S. M. A. C., and M. von Sperling. "Reliability analysis of stabilisation pond systems." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (2007): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.343.

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This article presents a reliability analysis of 116 full-scale pond systems in Brazil, comprising 73 primary facultative ponds and 43 anaerobic–facultative pond systems. A methodology developed by Niku et al. (1979) is used for the determination of the coefficients of reliability, in terms of the compliance of effluent BOD, COD, TSS and FC to discharge standards or effluent quality targets. The design concentrations necessary to meet the prevailing discharge standards and the expected compliance percentages have been calculated from the coefficients of reliability obtained. The results showed

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Pearson, H. W., S. T. Silva Athayde, G. B. Athayde, and S. A. Silva. "Implications for physical design: the effect of depth on the performance of waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (2005): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0429.

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Studies on experimental primary facultative ponds showed that varying the depth from 1.25 m to 2.3 m had no effect on the rates of BOD removal. In contrast k values for FC removal rates were higher in the shallower (1.25 m) facultative ponds. The risk of odour release via H2S production was higher in the 2.2 m ponds than the 1.25 m ponds and NH3 removal was much better in the 1.25 m facultative ponds. A comparison of the efficiency of shallow 5-pond series (1.0 m and 0.61 m deep) with a 2.2 m deep series showed that the shallow systems were more efficient at FC removal, but the deeper series a

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Dixo, N. G. H., M. P. Gambrill, P. F. C. Catunda, and A. C. van Haandel. "Removal of pathogenic organisms from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic digester using waste stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (1995): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0496.

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A series of four pilot-scale, shallow waste stabilization ponds (WSPs), comprising one facultative followed by three maturation ponds with a total design retention time of 20 days, was monitored to observe its ability to remove pathogenic organisms from the effluent of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) digester. The UASB reactor received strong domestic wastewater from the shanty district of a city in north-east Brazil. The raw wastewater had a very high concentration of intestinal nematode eggs of which, on average, 89.6 percent were removed in the UASB reactor. No intestinal nematode

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Thomas, P. R., and H. O. Phelps. "A Study of Upgrading Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (1987): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0190.

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A study was carried out in one of the two facultative stabilization ponds operating in parallel and receiving domestic sewage in excess of their capacities. Effluent quality from the pond was monitored in terms of the parameters total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, dissolved oxygen and faecal coliform bacteria before and after the introduction of water hyacinths. No significant improvement in effluent quality was observed after the introduction of the water hyacinths. High loading on the pond did not permit to upgrade the effluent quality to acceptable standards by the use of

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30

Bastos, R. K. X., E. N. Rios, F. L. Dornelas, F. A. L. Assunção, and L. E. Nascimento. "Ammonia and phosphorus removal in polishing ponds: a case study in Southeast Brazil." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (2007): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.344.

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Ammonia and phosphorus removal were evaluated over four years monitoring of an experimental wastewater treatment plant in Brazil: initially a UASB reactor (real scale) + three shallow polishing ponds (pilot scale), afterwards a UASB + submerged aerated biofilter (BF) (real scale) + the same pond series. Shallow ponds (h &lt; 0.90m) provided considerable ammonia removal, but phosphorus removal was somewhat poorer. An equation was derived for the estimation of ammonia pond effluent, based on the same assumptions of the well known Pano and Middlebrooks model. According to the experimental dat

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Boutin, P., A. Vachon, and Y. Racault. "Waste Stabilization Ponds in France: An Overall Review." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0122.

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In 1983 and 1986, surveys were conducted all over France on wastewater stabilization by “natural” ponds (lagoons), including an almost exhaustive inventory of the 1400 plants then operating. The statistical interpretation of collected data made it possible to analyse the spread of this technique, which became truly popular only ten years ago, and to discern the usual design basis and regional features. With a mean plant area of 5500 m2, lagoons are usually restricted to the treatment of effluents from rural communities, with the exception of large plants in coastal touristic areas. Partially p

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Craggs, R. J., R. J. Davies-Colley, C. C. Tanner, and J. P. Sukias. "Advanced pond system: performance with high rate ponds of different depths and areas." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 2 (2003): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0129.

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Many domestic Wastewater Stabilisation Ponds (WSPs) or oxidation ponds in New Zealand require upgrading to reduce pollution of receiving waters. Advanced Pond Systems (APS) consisting of an Advanced Facultative Pond, High Rate Pond, Algae Settling Pond and Maturation Pond may provide a cost effective upgrade option. This paper presents the results of a 2-year study of the performance of two pilot APS systems with High Rate Ponds of different depths and areas. The HRPs of the APS systems both had the same flow rate (5 m3 d-1), volume (37.5 m3) and thus hydraulic retention time (7.5 d). However,

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Mohedano, R. A., R. H. R. Costa, S. M. Hofmann, and P. Belli Filho. "Using full-scale duckweed ponds as the finish stage for swine waste treatment with a focus on organic matter degradation." Water Science and Technology 69, no. 10 (2014): 2147–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.136.

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The rapid increase in the number of swine has caused pronounced environmental impacts worldwide, especially on water resources. As an aggregate, smallholdings have an important role in South American pork production, contributing to the net diffusion of pollution. Thus, duckweed ponds have been successfully used for swine waste polishing, mainly for nutrient removal. Few studies have been carried out to assess organic matter degradation in duckweed ponds. Hence, the present study evaluated the efficiency of two full-scale duckweed ponds for organic matter reduction of swine waste on small pig

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Chin, K. K., S. L. Ong, and S. C. Foo. "A Water Treatment and Recycling System for Intensive Fish Farming." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (1993): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0034.

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Rain water was collected from storm drains and after filtration was stored at an earth pond. The pond water was the main source of fresh water supply for intensive fish cultivation. To conserve the limited water resources, effluent from fish cultivating ponds was treated and recycled for reuse. With proper blending of water from the storing earth pond and recycling of the water between the fish ponds and the fish lagoon, water quality at the fish ponds and the lagoon was maintained at acceptable levels. Although fresh water replenishing rate was low there was no serious buildup of metals and t

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Babu, M. A., M. M. Mushi, N. P. van der Steen, C. M. Hooijmans, and H. J. Gijzen. "Nitrification in bulk water and biofilms of algae wastewater stabilization ponds." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (2007): 93–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.354.

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Nitrogen removal in wastewater stabilization ponds is poorly understood and effluent monitoring data show a wide range of differences in ammonium. For effluent discharge into the environment, low levels of nitrogen are recommended. Nitrification is limiting in facultative wastewater stabilization ponds. The reason why nitrification is considered to be limiting is attributed to low growth rate and wash out of the nitrifiers. Therefore to maintain a population, attached growth is required. The aim of this research is to study the relative contribution of bulk water and biofilms with respect to n

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Possmoser-Nascimento, Thiago Emanuel, Valéria Antônia Justino Rodrigues, Marcos von Sperling, and Jean-Luc Vasel. "Sludge accumulation in shallow maturation ponds treating UASB reactor effluent: results after 11 years of operation." Water Science and Technology 70, no. 2 (2014): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.224.

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Polishing ponds are natural systems used for the post-treatment of upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) effluents. They are designed as maturation ponds and their main goal is the removal of pathogens and nitrogen and an additional removal of residual organic matter from the UASB reactor. This study aimed to evaluate organic matter and suspended solids removal as well as sludge accumulation in two shallow polishing ponds in series treating sanitary effluent from a UASB reactor with a population equivalent of 200 inhabitants in Brazil, operating since 2002. For this evaluation, long-term moni

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Saidam, M. Y., S. A. Ramadan, and D. Butler. "Upgrading waste stabilization pond effluent by rock filters." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (1995): 369–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0505.

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Pilot-scale rock filters were constructed at the outlet of a large waste stabilization pond facility in Jordan. Their viability in upgrading the ponds' effluent was studied over a period of eleven months. This was done through studying the efficiency of four different types of locally available inexpensive materials placed in six filters and configured in three trains. The efficiency of each filter and the three combinations was evaluated. Results show that the filters can reduce the ponds' effluent content of TSS and BOD5 by 60%, TFCC by a maximum of 94% and T-P by 46%. This was achieved with

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Frassinetti, Paula, Cavalcanti Catunda, and Adrianus C. van Haandel. "Improved performance and increased applicability of waste stabilisation ponds by pretreatment in a UASB reactor." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (1996): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0133.

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Traditionally waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) are built as flow-through systems with an anaerobic, a facultative and one or more maturation ponds in series. The anaerobic pond can be substituted with great advantage by an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor. The practical advantages are that the required volume for the UASB reactor is much smaller than the anaerobic pond (20 to 30 times) and that the biogas in the UASB reactor is captured, so that odour problems can be eliminated. The UASB reactor is neighbour friendly and can be used in densely populated areas. The UASB reactor is

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Banerji, Shankha K., and Brent Ruess. "Evaluation of Waste Stabilization Pond Performance in Missouri and Kansas, U.S.A." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0124.

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Twenty waste stabilization ponds in Missouri and Kansas were evaluated as to their ability to meet the State effluent requirements. It was found that a large number of these ponds were violating the BOD or the suspended solids requirements on many occasions. The performance of these ponds did not correlate well with the traditional design parameters, such as BOD loading rates or mean hydraulic detention time. The use of multiple cells was also not found to be advantageous in all situations. Some of the pond design equations did not provide a valid method of estimating their performance. Efflue

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Pearson, H. W. "Expanding the horizons of pond technology and application in an environmentally conscious world." Water Science and Technology 33, no. 7 (1996): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0116.

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Waste stabilisation pond technology has advanced greatly in terms of application and reliability and this has come from the wealth of modern research. Pond technology can be designed to meet exacting effluent standards and can treat both domestic sewage and a wide range of industrial wastewaters. They are now very much on a par with other wastewater treatment technologies. A wide range of pond types now exist allowing for flexibility in design and optimisation of the process to meet a particular applications or set of conditions. Ponds can be made to combine treatment and effluent storage and

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Guttman-Bass, N., N. M. Noe, and B. Fattal. "Microbiological Content and Health Effect of Fishponds Enriched with Wastewater Effluent." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (1986): 211–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0131.

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During July to December 1980, a study was carried out on kibbutzim (cooperative agricultural settlements) in Israel, to determine the microbiological quality and health effect of fishponds enriched with human wastewater. Ponds on seven kibbutzim were sampled, two of which were chosen for intensive study: one (B231) used domestic wastewater effluent as a fish pond supplement, while the other (C252) used only animal wastes as a supplement. Thirty-eight (38) water samples were assayed for total and fecal coliform. The use of wastewater in the ponds did not consistently increase the levels of the

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Ødegaard, H., P. Balmer, and J. Hanæus. "Chemical Precipitation in Highly Loaded Stabilization Ponds in Cold Climates: Scandinavian Experiences." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (1987): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0129.

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Results both from a pilot-plant investigation and from full-scale stabilization ponds operating with phosphate precipitation are presented. Since the removal of organic matter by coagulation is more important than that by biodegradation, the ponds may be heavily loaded. Biodegradation, during winter can be improved by pond aeration, and chemical precipitation in an aerated pond may give a very good and stable effluent.

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Shelef, G., and Y. Azov. "Meeting stringent environmental and reuse requirements with an integrated pond system for the twenty-first century." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (2000): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0666.

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AbstractIt is a long sought desire to modernize stabilization pond systems by increasing their efficiency to control malodors, to save land requirements and to improve their effluent quality, particularly for reuse purposes, while still capitalizing on natural energy saving processes such as anaerobiosis and photosynthesis. A full-scale demonstration modern integrated pond system was constructed in the town of Arad (22,000 inhabitants) located in the Negev desert of Israel. The integrated pond system is composed of the following units: (1) anaerobic covered ponds of which one is of the “submer

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García, J., R. Mujeriego, A. Bourrouet, G. Peñuelas, and A. Freixes. "Wastewater treatment by pond systems: experiences in Catalonia, Spain." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (2000): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0603.

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An evaluation of the 24 existing pond systems for treatment of urban wastewater in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) was conducted in 1997-1998. The evaluation covered 13 aerated ponds, 7 waste stabilization ponds (WSP), and 4 maturation ponds added to conventional biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The technical characteristics of the pond systems were obtained through a survey completed during several visits to the plants. Performance data was supplied by the Catalonia Wastewater Agency and the monthly monitoring campaigns conducted during 12 months in five WWTP. The average ratio

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de Assunção, Fernando Augusto Lopes, and Marcos von Sperling. "Importance of the ammonia volatilization rates in shallow maturation ponds treating UASB reactor effluent." Water Science and Technology 66, no. 6 (2012): 1239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.303.

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This study aimed at determining the influence of ammonia volatilization on nitrogen removal in polishing (maturation) ponds treating sanitary effluent from upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. An apparatus for the capture and absorption of volatilized ammonia in three polishing ponds in series was installed. Volatilized ammonia was captured by a chamber on the surface of the ponds and dissolved in boric acid solution, in order to estimate the amount of ammonia per unit surface area of each pond. Low rates of volatilization, below 0.2 kg/ha.d, i

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Puskas, K., I. I. Esen, I. Banat, and R. Al-Daher. "Performance of an Integrated Ponding System Operated in Arid Zones." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (1991): 1543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0608.

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This research project was aimed at developing a ponding system for municipal wastewater treatment adapted to arid regions. High-rate algal ponds preceded by facultative ponds create a combined biological system that can provide treated effluent suitable for landscape irrigation or, after being upgraded, for agricultural irrigation; the system can also provide algae for soil conditioning or animal feed. A pilot plant was designed and constructed to study the operation and performance of the system, an intensive experimental program was introduced with in-situ measurements of the daily pond cond

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Henry-Silva, Gustavo Gonzaga, and Antonio Fernando Monteiro Camargo. "Efficiency of aquatic macrophytes to treat Nile tilapia pond effluents." Scientia Agricola 63, no. 5 (2006): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162006000500003.

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The effluents from fish farming can increase the quantity of suspended solids and promote the enrichment of nitrogen and phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems. In this context, the aim of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of three species of floating aquatic macrophytes (Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes and Salvinia molesta) to treat effluents from Nile tilapia culture ponds. The effluent originated from a 1,000-m² pond stocked with 2,000 male Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. The treatment systems consisted of 12 experimental tanks, three tanks for each macrophyte species, and thre

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Fallowfield, H. J., N. J. Cromar, and L. M. Evison. "Coliform die-off rate constants in a high rate algal pond and the effect of operational and environmental variables." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (1996): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0273.

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High rate algal ponds (HRAPs) are an adaptation of waste stabilisation ponds, in which increased treatment efficiency and reduced pond area are achieved by optimising conditions for algal photosynthetic oxygen production. If the treated effluent is subsequently to be reused for irrigation of crops and recreational areas, from a public health viewpoint it is important to reduce the risk of contamination by pathogenic organisms. The microbiological quality of effluents is traditionally assessed by enumerating the coliform group of organisms. Die-off rate constants (Kb) of 0.35 − 2.34 d−1 were me

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Dias, D. F. C., M. P. de Matos, R. G. Passos, V. A. J. Rodrigues, and M. von Sperling. "Upgrading and evaluation of a simple pond system for small communities with simple interventions to reduce land requirements and increase performance." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 1 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.004.

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The study covers different investigations related to the upgrading of a post-treatment system for the effluent from a upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor. The original post-treatment scheme comprised three ponds in series and a small coarse rock filter inserted in the last pond. Upgrading involved reducing the pond depths, applying baffles in the second pond and converting all of the third pond into a rock filter (three decreasing grain sizes). The system was conceived for 250 population equivalents, occupied an area of only 1.5 m2/inhabitant and aimed at very good removals of all major wa

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Oron, Gideon, Louw R. Wildschut, and Dan Porath. "Waste Water Recycling by Duckweed for Protein Production and Effluent Renovation." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 4-5 (1985): 803–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0181.

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Waste water treatment and recycling facilities are becoming increasingly necessary in arid zones, especially in the light of the shortage of conventional water sources. The simultaneous treatment of waste water and the production of duckweed in a pond system, as an alternative protein source, is an attractive proposition for solving the feed and water shortage problem. Outdoor experiments conducted in mini-ponds showed that duckweed ponds may be highly competitive with existing secondary treatment methods. The duckweed biomass, with a crude protein content of above 30% (dry weight), may be use

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