To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge.
Journal articles on the topic 'Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
T, Raghunathan. "A Study on Geopolymer with Dyeing Industry Effluent Treatment Plant Sludge." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-3, Issue-1 (December 31, 2018): 950–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd19165.
Full text
2
Sivard, Å., T. Ericsson, and B. Larsson. "Strategy for nutrient control in modern effluent treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.224.
Full textAbstract:
The fate of nutrients in the modern effluent treatment plant depends on several factors, for example type of treatment plant, availability of nutrients in the specific effluent, dosing of nutrients and sludge age/production. New technologies with the aim to increase the efficiency and stability of the conventional activated sludge process have strongly affected the possibilities to control discharge of nutrients in pulp and paper effluents. A paradox is that a reduction of organic material may often lead to an increase of nutrient discharges. It is of the utmost importance that the operators have good knowledge of the factors affecting nutrient uptake and release in order to minimise nutrient discharge and obtain optimal plant performance. Dosing of nitrogen and phosphorus is one key factor in the sensitive balance in most pulp and paper effluent treatment plants. Correct dosing is crucial as high or low doses might lead not only to increased discharge of nutrients but also to severe operational problems with poor sludge quality, which in turn affects the plant performance for longer periods.
3
Sima, Laura C., Julien Schaeffer, Jean-Claude Le Saux, Sylvain Parnaudeau, Menachem Elimelech, and Françoise S. Le Guyader. "Calicivirus Removal in a Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Treatment Plant." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 15 (June 10, 2011): 5170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00583-11.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTTo evaluate membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment virus removal, a study was conducted in southwest France. Samples collected from plant influent, an aeration basin, membrane effluent, solid sludge, and effluent biweekly from October 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed for calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using extraction controls to perform quantification. Adenovirus andEscherichia colialso were analyzed to compare removal efficiencies. In the influent, sapovirus was always present, while the norovirus concentration varied temporally, with the highest concentration being detected from February to May. All three human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) were detected in effluent, but GIV was never detected in effluent; GI and GII were detected in 50% of the samples but at low concentrations. In the effluent, sapovirus was identified only once. An adenovirus titer showing temporal variation in influent samples was identified only twice in effluent.E. coliwas always below the limit of detection in the effluent. Overall, the removal of calicivirus varied from 3.3 to greater than 6.8 log units, with no difference between the two main genogroups. Our results also demonstrated that the viruses are blocked by the membrane in the treatment plant and are removed from the plant as solid sludge.
4
van Kempen, R., C. C. R. ten Have, S. C. F. Meijer, J. W. Mulder, J. O. J. Duin, C. A. Uijterlinde, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "SHARON process evaluated for improved wastewater treatment plant nitrogen effluent quality." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0087.
Full textAbstract:
New stricter nitrogen effluent standards and increasing influent loads require existing wastewater treatment plans (WWTPs) to extend or optimize. At WWTPs with limited aeration capacity, limited denitrification capacity or shortage of aerobic sludge age, implementation of SHARON to improve nitrogen effluent quality can be a solution. SHARON is a compact, sustainable and cost-effective biological process for treatment of nitrogen-rich rejection waters. At WWTP Rotterdam-Dokhaven and WWTP Utrecht a SHARON has been in operation for several years. For both WWTPs the effect of SHARON on the nitrogen effluent quality has been evaluated. WWTP Rotterdam-Dokhaven has limited aeration capacity. By implementation of SHARON, the ammonia load of the effluent was reduced by 50%. WWTP Utrecht had limited denitrification capacity. The implementation of SHARON improved the effluent nitrate load by 40%. The overall TN removal efficiency increased from 65% to over 75% and strict nitrogen effluents standards (TN = 10 mg N/l) could be reached. Through modelling and supported by full scale practice it has been shown that by implementation of SHARON in combination with enhanced influent pre-treatment, the aerobic sludge age can be extended to maintain total nitrogen removal at lower temperatures.
5
Lumley, D. J., P. Balmér, and J. Adamsson. "Investigations of Secondary Settling at a Large Treatment Plant." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1988): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0161.
Full textAbstract:
The sedimentation phase of the activated sludge process has a large influence on the effluent quality of secondary wastewater treatment plants. Increasingly stringent effluent guidelines emphasize the need to improve the performance of secondary settlers. Full scale studies of rectangular settlers, at a secondary treatment plant with an average flow of 4 m3/s, were made. The non-settleable fraction of the effluent suspended solids defines an upper limit to settler efficiency. Polymer can be used to enhance settling when dealing with peak flow situations. The mass of solids in the settler, needed to calculate a mass balance of the activated sludge process, can be estimated by a simple model based on the sludge blanket depth and the average concentration of the sludge blanket at a central location in a settler. On-line instruments are useful for monitoring rapid and periodic changes in the state of the activated sludge process.
6
Assis, Tatiane Martins de, Aruani Letícia da Silva Tomoto, Ana Paula Trevisan Lied, Luiz Felipe Gomes Ferreira, Julia Elizabeth Martins, Dagoberto Yukio Okada, Nicolas Roche, and Simone Damasceno Gomes. "Kinetic of nitrogen consumption by Anammox process in membrane biofilm reactors operated in sequential batch." Ciência e Natura 44 (April 20, 2022): e20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/2179460x68843.
Full textAbstract:
Biological nitrogen removal via Anammox is an advantageous technology in the nitrogen treatment effluents with a low Carbon/Nitrogen ratio, a process that makes this route interesting for the most different types of industries, agribusinesses, and urban effluent treatment plants. Achieving robust Anammox biomass for use in full-scale plants is still a challenge that motivates studies of biomass enrichment and the search for kinetic parameters of substrate consumption rate that help optimize the conduction of reactors. According to the previously mentioned, this work aimed to carry out the kinetic study of nitrogen consumption by the Anammox process in a membrane aerated biofilm reactors operated in sequential batches (MABR-BS). 6 MABR-BS reactors were used, each one of them inoculated with a specific Anammox sludge, obtained from the enrichment of anaerobic and aerobic sludges coming from 3 different sludge sources, namely, a municipal wastewater treatment plant, a landfill leachate treatment plant, and a swine slaughterhouse effluent treatment plant. For the kinetic study, 6 reactors were used, made in glass flasks with a total volume of 1L, with a useful volume of 500 mL, with the 300:200mL ratio between synthetic effluent (with 100mgN-NH4+.L-1) and sludge from the sources: R1 - anaerobic sludge from a UASB reactor for urban sewage treatment; R2 - mixed sludge from a UASB reactor, consisting of waste sludge and supernatant scum; R3 - anaerobic sludge from landfill leachate treatment; R4 - mixed sludge consisting of aerobic and anaerobic sludge from landfill leachate treatment plant; R5 - anaerobic sludge from the swine slaughter effluent treatment plant and R6 - aerobic and anaerobic sludge from the swine slaughter effluent treatment plant. The experimental apparatus had 3 aerators coupled to 3 flowmeters with an air flow regulated at 1.0 L.min-1; 30 cm of silicone membrane in a curved shape with one of the inlets connected to the aerator and flowmeter, the other outlet was immersed in a 75 cm water column, exerting negative pressure on the air inside the tubular silicone membrane, forcing the air to exit through the microporosity of the membrane. Aeration was intermittent, with an interval of 0.16 h between each minute of aeration, the reactors were shaken in a water bath at 30 rpm and temperature of 32°C. The kinetic test had a duration of 24 hours with sampling every 2.5 hours. The nitrogen removal efficiencies (%) determined in the kinetic test were 61.36 (R1); 61.01(R2); 59.03 (R3); 56.70 (R4); 62.77 (R5) and 64.40 (R6). Regarding pH, all reactors had an initial pH above 8.0 and a final pH close to neutral. The specific nitrogen removal rates (in mgN.gVSS-1h-1), were on average 29.43 (R1); 33.50 (R2); 33.62 (R3); 33.42 (R4); 28.90 (R5) and 30.34 (R6). The best performance in the kinetic assay was obtained in the R1 reactor, obtaining a specific activity of maximum nitrogen removal of 57.61 mgN.gVSS-1h-1 and molar generation of residual nitrate with a stoichiometric coefficient of 0.018 mol.
7
Bennie, D. T., C. A. Sullivan, H. B. Lee, and R. J. Maguire. "Alkylphenol Polyethoxylate Metabolites in Canadian Sewage Treatment Plant Waste Streams." Water Quality Research Journal 33, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 231–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1998.013.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Nonylphenol polyethoxylates and their refractory metabolites, including nonylphenol, are on the second Priority Substances List (PSL2) to determine if they are "toxic" as defined under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act. This study addresses the need for data on their occurrence in raw sewage, final effluents and sludge in Canada. Samples of raw sewage, final effluent and sludge were collected from 16 wastewater treatment plants across Canada in 1995 and 1996. These samples were analyzed for 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), nonylphenol ethoxylate (NP1EO), nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) and 4-4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP). Measurable quantities of these chemicals were found in almost all raw sewage and sludge samples. In the raw sewage, concentrations ranged from <0.005 to 21 μg/L for 4-t-OP, from 0.69 to 155 μg/L for 4-NP, from 2.9 to 43 μg/L for NP1EO and from 0.26 to 24 μg/L for NP2EO. Sludge concentrations (based on dry weight) ranged from <0.010 to 20 μg/g, from 8.4 to 850 μg/g, from 3.9 to 437 μg/g and from 1.5 to 297 μg/g for 4-t-OP, 4-NP, NP1EO and NP2EO, respectively. Of the final effluent samples, 60% contained detectable amounts of 4-t-OP and concentrations ranged from <0.005 to 0.37 μg/L. Almost all of the final effluent samples had detectable levels of 4-NP, NP1EO and NP2EO. The 4-NP concentrations varied from <0.020 to 13 μg/L, NP1EO was found in the range of 0.072 to 26 μg/L and NP2EO was found in the range of 0.099 to 21 μg/L.
8
Hvala, Nadja, Darko Vrečko, and Cirila Bordon. "Plant-wide modelling for assessment and optimization of upgraded full-scale wastewater treatment plant performance." Water Practice and Technology 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2018.070.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This paper presents the design of a plant-wide CNP (carbon-nitrogen-phosphorus) simulation model of a full-scale wastewater treatment plant, which will be upgraded for tertiary treatment to achieve compliance with effluent total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) limit values. The plant-wide model of the existing plant was first designed and extensively validated under long-term dynamic operation. The most crucial step was a precise characterization of input wastewater that was performed by extending the plant performance indicators both to a water line and sludge line and systematically estimating identifiable wastewater characterization parameters from plant-wide performance indicators, i.e. effluent concentrations, biogas and sludge production, and sludge composition. The thus constructed simulation model with standard activated sludge model (ASM2d) and anaerobic digestion model (MantisAD) overpredicted ortho-P and ammonia-N on the sludge line, indicating a need to integrate state-of-the-art physico-chemical minerals precipitation models to simulate plant-wide interactions more precisely. The upgraded plant with multimode anaerobic/anoxic/oxic configuration shows limited denitrification potential. Therefore, additional reject water treatment was evaluated to improve effluent TN and TP performance.
9
Möbius, C. H., I. Demel, and R. Huster. "Performance Increase of Papermill Waste Water Treatment Plants by a High-Capacity Trickling Filter Inserted as First Biological Stage." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 7-8 (July 1, 1990): 217–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0248.
Full textAbstract:
In many cases, it will be advisable to enhance operational safety and increase degradation performance of existing activated sludge plants by inserting a high-capacity trickling filter with plastic media. Easily degradable carbohydrates are largely decomposed in the trickling filter at low energy requirements. This allows the subsequent activated sludge stage to be set to reduced BOD sludge load levels which are required for efficient COD elimination, because the volume load has been reduced and a higher biomass concentration can be obtained at a lower sludge volume index. In the light of several years' pilot testing of numerous different effluents, and of knowledge derived from observations of several industrial plants in the paper sector, precise rating directives can now be given for plants of this type. It has proven advantageous to discharge the trickling filter effluent directly into the activated sludge plant without intermediate clarification. The effluent temperature, which frequently exceeds 35°C, is reduced by up to 10°C in the trickling filter. This improves the conditions prevailing in the activated sludge plant, thus permitting limit values for the discharge of effluents into surface waters to be adhered to.
10
Defrain, M., and F. Schmidt. "Solids Concentrations in a Treatment Plant Effluent." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 9-11 (November 1, 1992): 2543–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0783.
Full textAbstract:
In the calculations customarily used to dimension nitrification and denitrification plants in the Federal Republic of Germany, solids in the influent of the biological stage represent a significant output variable. Numerous modified methods based on nationally and internationally standardized analysis procedures are available to determine solids concentrations in waste-water. Tests showed that different values are measured depending on the method of analysis employed. Harmonization of the analysis procedure is advisable to ensure comparable conditions for the calculation of activated sludge tank volumes. The solids reaching a treatment plant originate from two main sources. Filterable materials are passed to the treatment plant via the preceding sewerage network with its industrial and commercial users, but are also carried by process water from sludge treatment. The influence of process water on wastewater composition is illustrated by reference to the Wuppertal-Buchenhofen treatment plant.
11
Järvinen, Risto. "Nitrogen in the effluent of the pulp and paper industry." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1997): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0502.
Full textAbstract:
Nitrogen concentrations of effluent before and after treatment plant in two mills have been measured during five days time in a bleached kraft pulp mill and in a newsprint mill. In effluents before treatment the concentration of inorganic nitrogen was low but in the effluent of kraft pulping process, the main part is inorganic nitrogen. In effluent after treatment the concentration of inorganic nitrogen is low. After activated sludge treatment plant the concentration of dissolved organic nitrogen is about 0.6 mg/l and nitrogen in suspended solids determines fluctuation of nitrogen content in treated effluent. There is no need for biological nitrogen removal processes if the addition of nitrogen in the treatment is correct.
12
Meza, Pedro R., Fernando E. Felissia, and Maria Cristina Area. "Reduction of the recalcitrant COD of high yield pulp mills effluents by AOP. Part 1. Combination of ozone and activated sludge." BioResources 6, no. 2 (February 18, 2011): 1053–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.2.1053-1068.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this work was to study the effect of ozone, either alone or combined with an activated sludge system, on the reduction of the recalcitrant COD in the effluent of a chemimechanical pulping (NaOH -Na2SO3) integrated mill. Several alternative schemes involving ozonation were tested on liquors and effluents of the pulp mill, and on two kinds of effluents were taken at different points of an activated sludge pilot plant. The largest decrease in COD was 33%, whereas that in aromatic compounds (absorbance at 232.5 nm) was of 73%. The most obvious result of the ozone treatment was effluent decolorization. It was not possible to use ozonation as tertiary treatment, as ozone was necessary to treat the BOD generated, and therefore the effluent must necessarily pass through a biological treatment. With a scheme including an intermediate ozonation between two secondary treatments (post-activated sludge and pre-aeration lagoon), the maximum reductions achieved were of 70% in COD, of 93% in aromatics, and of 96% in color. The limits of COD allowed by the environmental regulations (<250 mg/L) could be achieved with the following stages: 1) primary clarifier, 2) activated sludge system, 3) ozonation, 4) aeration lagoon, and 5) stabilization lagoon.
13
Felföldi, Tamás, Zsuzsanna Nagymáté, Anna J. Székely, Laura Jurecska, and Károly Márialigeti. "Biological treatment of coke plant effluents: from a microbiological perspective." Biologia Futura 71, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42977-020-00028-2.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractDuring coke production, large volume of effluent is generated, which has a very complex chemical composition and contains several toxic and carcinogenic substances, mainly aromatic compounds, cyanide, thiocyanate and ammonium. The composition of these high-strength effluents is very diverse and depends on the quality of coals used and the operating and technological parameters of coke ovens. In general, after initial physicochemical treatment, biological purification steps are applied in activated sludge bioreactors. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anaerobic and aerobic transformation processes and describes key microorganisms, such as phenol- and thiocyanate-degrading, floc-forming, nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, which contribute to the removal of pollutants from coke plant effluents. Providing the theoretical basis for technical issues (in this case the microbiology of coke plant effluent treatment) aids the optimization of existing technologies and the design of new management techniques.
14
Makisha, Nikolay, and Igor Gulshin. "Solid bio-fuel production at Moscow wastewater treatment plant." E3S Web of Conferences 207 (2020): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020702002.
Full textAbstract:
The article has an aim to describe experience of Moscow in the field of solid bio-fuel production at wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). Brief assessment of solid biofuel production technology at biological treatment facilities of domestic and mixed sewage (wastewater sludge as a fuel resource) shows its significant potential from the economic, environmental and social points of view that will ensure the sustainable development of the area (cities, regions) of application. Solid biofuel production is a technological stage of sludge treatment at wastewater treatment plants aimed at reducing the sludge mass and changing their physical and mechanical properties for its further use at as a fuel component on condensing and thermal power plants or as alternative fuel for cement production and energy supplements for burning of solid domestic waste. The technology of solid biofuel production is based on removing moisture of wastewater sludge in drying machines. The solid fuel facilities capacity lies in the range of 1 to 130 tons per day, when the entire amount sludge is exposed to drying (effluent humidity of sludge is 10%), or 1 to 400 tons per day when the sludge is partially dried and afterwards is mixed with the initial sludge (effluent humidity of sludge is 40%).
15
Rossoni, Hygor Aristides Victor, Cláudio Mudado Silva, Cláudio Arcanjo Sousa, and Fabyano Fonseca e. Silva. "Use of talc for filamentous bulking control in effluent treatment plant." Revista Ibero-Americana de Ciências Ambientais 5, no. 1 (January 31, 2014): 293–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.6008/spc2179-6858.2014.001.0021.
Full textAbstract:
One of the main existing operational problems in activated sludge effluent treatment processes is the poor sedimentation of the biological sludge in the secondary clarifiers. This poor settleability of the sludge is, generally, associated with excessive growth of filamentous bacteria in the bioreactor causing sludge filamentous bulking. In Brazil, many pulp and paper mills have faced problems related to sludge filamentous bulking in their effluent treatment plants experiencing a significant reduction in COD and BOD removal efficiency and a loss of suspended solids in the treated effluent. The addition of talc to increase floc density for the control of filamentous bulking has been studied. The objective of this study was to test the use of talc for the control of filamentous bulking. The bio-sludge used was obtained from a recycling paper mill and had an abundance of filamentous bacteria Type 021N. The experiment consisted of five bioreactors operating batch wise with sludge age of ten days. Different talc applications were used: 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% in relation to the total suspended solids in the aeration tank. The following analyses were carried out to monitor the system: suspended solids, sludge volumetric index (SVI) and chemical oxygen demand. Successive additions of talc contributed for the reduction of IVL. Dosages of 75% and 100% showed to be most efficient to improve settleability of the sludge. The presence of talc did not interfere with biological activity of the sludge. However, it was observed an increase of the total suspended solid concentration in the aeration tank. The addition of talc had a temporary effect on sludge settleability, so it was necessary to add repeatedly talc in the reactor in order to maintain a low sludge volumetric index.
16
Tsotsos, D. "Tanneries: A Short Survey of the Methods Applied for Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0079.
Full textAbstract:
A short description of the tannery production process is given, mentioning the main points related to an effluent discharge. Qualitative and quantitative data are presented and several methods used for wastewater treatment are also reviewed. It is stated that biological systems (activated sludge) cannot be operated in the same way as for municipal effluents, since tne main pollutants (Cr - salts, sulfides) negatively affect the action of microorganisms. Therefore, a pretreatment step is required prior to the effluent discharge into a municipal treatment plant. Another problem is the treatment and disposal of the precipitated sludge. Several already applied methods trying to eliminate the problem are discussed. All represented data are taken from research studies published in international 1iterature.
17
Pijáková, Ivana, and Ján Derco. "The assessment of potential operation of wastewater treatment plant by dynamic simulations." Acta Chimica Slovaca 6, no. 1 (April 1, 2013): 20–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acs-2013-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In this study, Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) was used for modelling of wastewater treatment plant. The operational data of municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) were collected and treated. Experimental data and biological treatment technology were structured according to the mathematical model requirements. They were implemented into computer scheme of the plant. Very good agreement between the experimental and calculated MLSS and effluent concentrations of the monitored pollution indicators was obtained after calibration of the model. The calibrated model was used to analyze the influence of oxygen concentration in the reactor and the influence of the prepared substitution of anaerobic sludge stabilization by aerobic technology on effluent quality. Changes of oxygen concentration significantly influenced the effluent values of ammonium nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen. Considerable increase of MLSS resulted from dynamic simulations performed for biological treatment with aerobic sludge stabilization. In both cases the results of dynamic simulation indicate that the WWTP will comply with the effluent standard values.
18
Stergar, V., J. Zagorc-Končan, and A. Zgajnar-Gotvanj. "Laboratory scale and pilot plant study on treatment of toxic wastewater from the petrochemical industry by UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0457.
Full textAbstract:
This research concentrates on the development of an integrated approach to evaluate the possibility of treating very concentrated (COD = 15–20 g/l) and toxic wastewater (nitro-organic effluent) from the petrochemical industry in UASB reactors. A newly developed method utilising a modified Micro-Oxymax respirometer was used to (1) evaluate the inhibitory effects of varying concentrations of nitro-organic effluent on anaerobic granular sludge and (2) to make the proposal of operational parameters for the start up of the continuous process. Subsequently, the continuous tests were undertaken using laboratory scale upflow anaerobic sludge bed reactors to test gradual adaptation of anaerobic biomass to nitro-organic effluent. Practical application of the experimental results of the laboratory-scale continuous tests was evaluated by running the UASB pilot plant. Acceptable COD removal efficiencies were obtained when nitro-organic effluent was diluted with a readily biodegradable substrate up to 80 vol % of nitro-organic effluent in the inlet. The COD removal was 90% and the methane production rate was 4.5 l/d. Wastewater was detoxified and no acute toxicity of the treated wastewater to the anaerobic biomass was detected. This research indicates that anaerobic digestion of the undiluted nitro-organic effluent was not feasible. However, it is possible to blend the nitro-organic effluent with another effluent stream and co-treat these effluents.
19
Funamizu, Naoyuki, Mikako Takenaka, Junkyu Han, and Hiroko Isoda. "Application of heat shock protein assay and proteome assay to water from wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 8 (April 1, 2008): 1183–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.237.
Full textAbstract:
In this study we applied bioassay using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells with a heat shock protein (HSP) 47 promoter to the effluent of the wastewater treatment plants in Sapporo and we observed the statistically significant HSP production. This implied the effluent contained some organic matter which can stress the CHO cells. To investigate the possible causes of the toxicity of the effluent, we applied the assay to the rejected water from the sludge treatment plant, the mixtures of sewage and rejected water. The evolution of HSP production during the aerobic decay process and thickening process of sludge was also examined. These assay results showed that dissolved microbial products generated and/or released from activated sludge during its decay process in the aeration tank and during thickening and dewatering process in the sludge treatment train contributed to develop HSP production. The proteomics analysis was also applied to the effluent and detected the production of elongation factor 1β. This result implies that the effluent from wastewater treatment plants may cause changes in cell proteins involved in allergic reaction.
20
Gulyás, Gábor, Viktória Pitás, Bence Fazekas, and Árpád Kárpáti. "Heavy Metal Balance in a Communal Wastewater treatment Plant." Hungarian Journal of Industry and Chemistry 43, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hjic-2015-0001.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Heavy metal removal from a municipal wastewater treatment plant was evaluated in the given study. The aim of the work was to find water or sludge streams in the technology that could be treated separately for heavy metal removal to maximise the efficiency of the entire treatment. The results proved that in the plant studied 70-80% of the metal content was discharged. Only 5-20% was retained in the digested sludge. A small percentage of the metal content of the influent could only be measured in the primary and secondary sludges. Otherwise, there were very similar metal concentrations in these sludge streams. The reject water exhibited an inconsiderable level of metal recycling in the technology, no more than 2-3% of the influent load. Some 2-10% of the heavy metal content of the inlet was removed from the sand trap. We did not find the separate heavy metal removal from the sludge streams efficient as most of the heavy metal load finally was discharged from the treatment plant with the treated effluent into the recipient.
21
Furukawa, K., and M. Fujita. "Advanced Treatment and Food Production by Hydroponic Type Wastewater Treatment Plant." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 219–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0108.
Full textAbstract:
Hydroponic type advanced wastewater treatment system, which consists of a water channel packed with porous concrete and hydroponic type cultivation tanks (HTCT). was developed and its applicability to advanced treatment of secondary effluent and polluted river and drain water was experimentally studied. Porous concrete (PC) provided enough interfacial area for reaeration and enough space for attached microbial growth and improved treatment capability of water channel tremendously. It was revealed that TOC could be removed efficiently under TOC loading rate of 80 mg-TOC/L-day. Owing to the high sludge entrapment capacity of PC, the observed sludge yield (Yobs) decreased to 0.25-0.33 g-MLSS/g-TOC. Crop yield of pak-bung plant during continuous treatment of effluent from water channel was proved experimentally to be 1.18 kg fresh weight/m2 ·month. Hydroponic cultivation of midi-tomato was succeeded by using the effluent from the water channel with low nutrient concentration which indicated that this advanced wastewater treatment process has a high applicational potential for direct purification of polluted river and drain water.
22
Novák, L., and D. Havrlíková. "Performance intensification of Prague wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 7 (October 1, 2004): 139–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0438.
Full textAbstract:
Prague wastewater treatment plant was intensified during 1994-1997 by construction of new regeneration tank and four new secondary settling tanks. Nevertheless, more stringent effluent limits and operational problems gave rise to necessity for further intensification and optimisation of plant performance. This paper describes principal operational problems of the plant and shows solutions and achieved results that have lead to plant performance stabilisation. The following items are discussed: low nitrification capacity, nitrification bioaugmentation, activated sludge bulking, insufficient sludge disposal capacity, chemical precipitation of raw wastewater, simultaneous precipitation, sludge chlorination, installation of denitrification zones, sludge rising in secondary settling tanks due to denitrification, dosage of cationic polymeric organic flocculant to secondary settling tanks, thermophilic operation of digestors, surplus activated sludge pre-thickening, mathematical modelling.
23
Stampi, S., O. Varoli, F. Zanetti, and G. De Luca. "Arcobacter cryaerophilusand thermophilic campylobacters in a sewage treatment plant in Italy: two secondary treatments compared." Epidemiology and Infection 110, no. 3 (June 1993): 633–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800051050.
Full textAbstract:
SUMMARYMicroaerophilic organisms were monitored in sewage effluent undergoing two secondary treatments: air and oxygen-activated sludge. The mean numbers ofArcobacter cryaerophilusand thermophilic campylobacters detected in incoming sewage were 5639/100 ml and 1720/100 ml respectively.Secondary treatment in air tanks reduced the population ofA. cryaerophilusby 97.1% and of thermophilic campylobacters by 99.08%, whereas treatment in oxygen tanks reduced the bacteria 97.8% and 99.63% respectively, showing that oxygen-activated sludge treatment was more effective. Subsequent tertiary treatment with 2 p.p.m. chlorine dioxide evidenced the removal ofA. cryaerophilusto 99.9% and eliminated thermophilic campylobacters.Campylobacter jejuniandC. coliconstituted 54.1% and 45.9% of 74 thermophilic campylobacter strains isolated. In air-activated sludge effluentC. jejuniwas found more often, thus appearing more sensitive to oxygen.The most probable number assay used for detection of campylobacters, blood medium for enrichment and blood-free medium for plating, also appeared to be fit forA. cryaerophilus, the high density of which in urban sewage may be due to inflows from slaughterhouses.
24
Möbius, C. H. "Improvement of COD Elimination in Activated Sludge Treatment Plant for Pulp and Paper Mill Waste Waters." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 121–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0015.
Full textAbstract:
In recent years, authorities have issued more stringent COD regulations for industrial effluents in addition to BOD limitations. Optimization of operation in the activated sludge treatment plant can be an effective way to meet those regulations without increasing treatment cost. A well dimensioned aerobic or anaerobic plus aerobic treatment plant for pulp or paper mill waste waters is capable of reducing BOD effluent concentrations to values below 25 mg/l. If the aerobic plant is just big enough to meet this limit, COD elimination will be found to be in a certain ratio to BOD elimination, which has become well known in recent years. If this COD elimination is not sufficient to meet official requirements for COD concentration in the effluent, improvement of COD elimination by optimizing the operating conditions of the activated sludge plant may be possible. Lowering BOD sludge loading and increasing hydraulic retention time to more than 8 hours generally are the ways to do this. Concentration of dissolved oxygen has no effect on COD elimination above 1 mg/l. The best COD elimination can be obtained in optimized aeration cascade reactors and two stage aeration reactors.
25
Almemark, M., G. Finnveden, and B. Frostell. "Treatment Technologies for Organochlorine-Containing Sludges and Concentrates from External Treatment of Pulp and Paper Wastewaters." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 319–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0488.
Full textAbstract:
Literature data and results from current Swedish research have been used to compile characteristics of and disposal methods for sludges and concentrates from external treatment of wastewaters from the pulp and paper industry. Very little sludge from aerobic lagoon treatment in Sweden is handled, and most of the solids are deposited in the receiving waters. In North America, Finland and Japan, where activated sludge treatment is used to a great extent, sludge handling is an important part of kraft mill effluent treatment. Typically, 5-15 kg of dry solids has to be handled per ton of pulp with a process discharge of 15-20 kg of BOD5/t90- For chemical coagulation, the amounts of sludges produced are higher, typically 40-80 kg dry solids/t90. Especially in Japan, chemical coagulation is used to a great extent. Laboratory and pilot- plant experiments with Ultrafiltration of alkaline stage and total bleach plant effluents suggest that concentrates with a total solids content of approximately 20 and 50 kg dry solids/t90 are produced. The concentrations of organochlorine compounds in sludges and concentrates have not hitherto been well documented, and nor have environmental effects of different disposal methods. Chlorinated phenols, catechols and guaiacols have been found in variable concentrations; chlorinated dibenzodioxins and furans have also been detected. Vacuum filters and especially belt filter presses have been used to dewater sludges. Typical dry solids concentrations achieved vary from 20-35 % for primary sludges to 15-20 % for secondary sludges. Anaerobic digestion may be applied before dewatering of sludges, and methane yields of 200-400 1 CH4/kg VSrem have been reported. Sludge has been disposed of in landfills or incinerated. Leachates from landfilling of pulp and paper industry sludges may contain high levels of soluble organic material, but available information suggests that organochlorine compounds do not leach to a substantial extent. Incineration of pulp mill sludges and concentrates seems to be an increasingly attractive method.
26
Chambers, B. "Batch Operated Activated Sludge Plant for Production of High Effluent Quality at Small Works." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0241.
Full textAbstract:
In the UK there are about 7500 sewage treatment works of which 85% serve populations of less than 5000. Many of the smaller works do not comply with effluent quality standards and options for improving treatment are being pursued by many water companies. WRc have developed designs for packaged activated sludge systems to serve populations in the range 100 - 1000 persons. A detailed design has been completed for a population equivalent of about 600. Target effluent quality is 15:20:5 mg/l of BOD, SS and ammonia nitrogen respectively on a 95 percentile basis. The activated sludge system is designed to operate as a batch process with aeration and sludge settlement both occurring in the same tank. Batch operated activated sludge plants are known to produce sludges with good settling properties providing the influent wastewater is admitted into the aeration tank in controlled manner. Therefore a specially designed holding tank has been included as the first stage in the treatment sequence. All process tanks are specified as glass-coated steel installed on a flat concrete base. Target construction cost for 600 population is ₤350 per capita.
27
RACˇ ICˇ KOZMUS, ALEKSANDRA, ANDREJA ŽGAJNAR GOTVAJN, ALEKSANDRA LOBNIK, NINA NOVAK, ALJAZ KLASINC, and GREGOR DRAGO ZUPANCIC. "Anaerobic treatment to improve sludge recovery at a deinked fiber pulp and paper mill." February 2016 15, no. 2 (March 1, 2016): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj15.2.127.
Full textAbstract:
Investigations were conducted to explore the use of anaerobic treatment options that may allow complete recovery of primary and waste activated sludge streams for incineration from a graphic paper mill with an integrated deinked pulp plant. The effective reduction of waste activated sludge quantity (55%–65%) was obtained by the anaerobic treatment of wastewater from the deinked pulp plant or by the anaerobic stabilization of the mill effluent from primary treatment, where chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of 67.6% and 64.8%, and biogas potential of 440 and 496 m3/t CODremoved were achieved, respectively. The anaerobic treatment of wastewater and alkali hydrolysis of waste activated sludge decreased the dewatering properties of solids residue in treated effluent resulting in a negative impact on the sludge recovery energy balance. The addition of municipal wastewater to anaerobic treatment in the amount of 18 vol%, representing 10% of the total COD, increased the reduction of waste activated sludge to 78%, with a positive impact on the treatment costs and efficiency. Anaerobic treatment of the studied effluents may enable incineration of all mill sludge with a positive energy balance, a reduction of biological wastewater treatment operational cost by up to 83%, and mill conventional energy demands by up to 2.7%, resulting in total cost savings of up to EUR 5.2 (USD 5.60) per ton of paper.
28
Zhou, Jian-Zhen, Xian-Qiu Zhang, Wen-Ming Xie, Shun-Qing Yang, Ming-Xia Du, Ke-Wei Dai, and Xue Han. "The enhanced effect of activated sludge attached to the roots of Pistia stratiotes on nutrient removal for secondary effluent." Water Science and Technology 77, no. 6 (February 7, 2018): 1683–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.049.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Aquatic plants are widely used for treating wastewater treatment plant secondary effluent. During this process, some residual activated sludge in the secondary effluent is intercepted and attaches to the plant roots. However, the effect of the attached activated sludge on nutrient removal in secondary effluent has up to now been unknown. Aiming at this problem, this investigation was conducted to compare the nutrient removal rates in secondary effluent by washed Pistia stratiotes (washed batch) and Pistia stratiotes with activated sludge attached to the roots (study batch). Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from the activated sludge attached to the roots were extracted and characterized by three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the nutrient removal rates in the study batch were better than that in the washed batch. The 3D-EEM results showed that the protein content of EPS increased during the experiment, indicating the growth of microorganisms in the attached activated sludge. Our work demonstrated the enhanced effect of activated sludge attached to the roots of Pistia stratiotes on the removal of pollutants in secondary effluent, which is useful to guide the practical engineering of secondary effluent treatment.
29
Demirbas, G. (Goktayoglu), C. F. Gokcay, and F. B. Dilek. "Treatment of organic chlorine in pulping effluents by activated sludge." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0057.
Full textAbstract:
A model activated sludge (AS) plant was fed by pulping effluents from a straw and reed processing paper works. The model was initially operated to simulate a dedicated treatment plant by continuously receiving chlorinated effluents from the pulp bleachery. In this simulation cycle the model activated sludge was seeded only once during start-up and did not receive any domestic sewage after that. A carbon source was added in some of the experiments to bring up the organic content. In the second simulation cycle the pulping effluent was co-treated with municipal sewage. In this case the activated sludge unit was being continuously dosed by microorganisms and the organics present in the sewage. A higher organic chlorine (AOX) removal was obtained at shorter SRTs in the co-treatment AS. High AOX removal was achieved at longer SRTs in the dedicated, once-seeded AS. The AOX removal mechanism was mineralization in both cycles.
30
Baldry, M. G. C., and M. S. French. "Disinfection of Sewage Effluent with Peracetic Acid." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 1989): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0100.
Full textAbstract:
Novel products based on peracetic acid (PAA) have recently been developed for the disinfection of sewage and sewage effluents. The efficacy of such products has been assessed under both laboratory and operational conditions. Comparative laboratory studies of the effects of peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and chlorine on indicator bacteria in secondary sewage effluent have shown peracetic acid to be a viable alternative to these halogen biocides. In a trial carried out at two small rural works, PAA was dosed into secondary effluent from either an activated sludge plant or a percolating filter bed prior to tertiary lagoon treatment. LOW levels of PAA greatly enhanced the natural decline in coliform levels across the lagoon, enabling much lower concentrations of bacteria to be discharged into the receiving streams. In another trial, secondary effluent from an activated sludge plant was treated before discharge into a stream leading to the sea. Coliform concentrations were greatly reduced along the watercourse downstream from the plant.
31
Al-Mamun, Abdullah, and Azni Idris. "TREATMENT OF POME BY PILOT PLANT ANAEROBIC FLUIDISED BED REACTOR." IIUM Engineering Journal 9, no. 1 (September 29, 2010): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumej.v9i1.93.
Full textAbstract:
A pilot scale anaerobic fluidised bed reactor (AnFBR) of 2000 L capacity was studied to determine its performance to treat palm oil mill effluent (POME). The pilot plant was operated at ambient temperature with diluted POME as substrate. It took 17 days for the start-up of the reactor with pre-seeded sand media. The AnFBR was capable to remove a large portion of organics at relatively shorter retention time. Maximum and minimum COD removal efficiency of 85% and 65% were attained at a loading rate of 4.0 and 13.8 kgCOD/m3.d. BOD and TSS removal rates varied within the range of 64% - 91% and 68% - 89%, respectively. The AnFBR exhibited low sludge production with lower sludge volume indices (SVI). Maximum and minimum effluent indices for the effluent were 35 mL/g and 11 mL/g, respectively. Low SVI values indicated that, anaerobic fluidised bed reactors generate less sludge with fast settling properties. Promising performance at ambient temperature and for detention time shorter than the present practices supported the possibility of AnFBR to treat POME to meet the new requirement set by the DOE Malaysia.
32
Farchill, D., M. Goldstein, A. Kanarek, and A. Aharoni. "Biological Nutrient Removal in a Single-Sludge Plant." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 7-8 (April 1, 1993): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0535.
Full textAbstract:
Single-sludge biological treatment systems for nitrification-denitrification and phosphorus removal have become widely accepted process options due to the increasingly greater demand for effluent nutrient control. The Soreq Biological Treatment Plant is a regional facility for municipal wastewater treatment and effluent reclamation for irrigation purposes, with a current average capacity of 220,000 m3/day. The performance data presented for one full year of operation (1989-1990) under automatic process control indicate consistently high rates of carbon oxidation, nitrification-denitrification and enhanced phosphorus removal.
33
Albertson, O. E., R. F. Scott, H. D. Stensel, and R. W. Okey. "Expansion and Upgrading of Columbus, OH WWTPs to Advanced Wastewater Treatment." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0475.
Full textAbstract:
In December 1985, the City of Columbus, OH initiated a $220 million program for upgrading capacity and treatment from secondary to advanced wastewater treatment (AWT). The two plants (4990 L/s and 2630 L/s) were required to be fully operational by July 1988. The existing plants had a history of bulking sludges and it was necessary that design/construction proceed concurrently with a laboratory 18-month sequencing batch reactor (SBR) study to evaluate bulking sludge control while producing the required effluent quality of CBOD5, TSS and NH4N of 8,16 and 1 mg/L, respectively. Completion was on schedule and full-scale results paralleled those produced by the SBR sludge. Average effluent concentrations from the larger plant for the 2.5 years of operation were 2 mg/L CBOD5, 5.5 mg/L TSS, 1.5 mg/L TKN, 0.13 mg/L NH4N and 1.1 mg/L TP. The problems resulting from unexpectedly high sludge yields and inadequate sludge transport capacity in the 61 mø clarifiers are discussed and resolutions presented.
34
Borthakur, P. C. "Thermogravimetric combustion kinetics of petroleum effluent treatment plant sludge." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 79, no. 3 (February 2005): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-005-0592-y.
Full text
35
Suresh, M. J., and P. Rajiv. "Phytoremediation of Chromium from Electroplating Effluent Treatment Plant (Etp) Sludge Using Helianthusannuus L." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 6 (November 29, 2018): 2977–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340638.
Full textAbstract:
Phytoremediation is one of the best methods in the treatment of sludge from industries because the pollutants present in the sludge are the food source for plants. So, the present study dealt with wedging the electro-plated sludge with red soil for 30 days and using it for the growth of Helianthus annuus L. The sludge and soil were blended in different concentrations C1, C2, C3, C4, C5 and C6 (for the pre-treatment). Physicochemical parameters (pH, ammoniacal nitrogen, potassium and phosphate) and heavy metals (Ar, Cd, Pb, Hg, Ni and Cr) of raw sludge, soil and ETP-treated-sludge with soil were analysed. After inspecting the physicochemical parameters of raw sludge and treated sludge, the soil-treated-sludge was used for the growth of Helianthus annuus L. Phytoremediation by Helianthus annuus L. has made considerable changes in the physicochemical properties of the soil, specially denoting the reduction of chromium. Thus, the work concludes that the pre-treated sludge provides a pathway for the uptake of heavy metals through the process of phytoremediation.
36
Schreff, Dieter, and Peter A. Wilderer. "Nitrogen removal in multi-stage wastewater treatment plants by using a modified post-denitrification system." Water Science and Technology 37, no. 9 (May 1, 1998): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0352.
Full textAbstract:
Systems in which denitrification follows nitrification (post-denitrification) copy the natural sequence of nitrogen removal. The disadvantage of post-denitrification, however, is that an external carbon source must be added to the denitrification reactor. In the concept discussed in this paper, excess sludge from a high loaded activated sludge plant is used as carbon source and as source of denitrifiers in a three-stage system. The sludge is fed into a anoxic reactor placed in between the nitrification reactor (e.g., trickling filter) and the final clarifier. Two different operation methods were investigated at a pilot-scale system set up at the Ingolstadt wastewater treatment plant. Low nitrate effluent values were obtained at high sludge feeding rates, but at the expense of a significant increase in turbidity and NH4-N effluent concentrations. This problem could be solved by a reduction of the sludge feeding rate and by applying intermittent feeling. The effluent turbidity was kept at an acceptable level, but denitrification was relatively slow in progress. To achieve both low effluent turbidity and low nitrate discharge, a combination of pre- and post-denitrification is recommended.
37
Sevimli, M. F., A. F. Aydin, Ì. Öztürk, and H. Z. Sarikaya. "Evaluation of the alternative treatment processes to upgrade an Opium alkaloid wastewater treatment plant." Water Science and Technology 41, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 223–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0032.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study is to characterize the wastewater from an opium alkaloid processing plant and to evaluate alternative treatment techniques to upgrade an existing full-scale biological activated sludge treatment plant having problems of high residual COD and unacceptable dark brown color. In this content firstly, long term operational records of the two stage aerobic activated sludge treatment plant of the opium alkaloid factory located in Afyon province of Turkiye were evaluated. The operating results for the last three years were statistically analyzed and median and 95-percentile values were determined for the parameters including chemical and biological oxygen demand (COD and BOD5) and treatment efficiencies. Specific wastewater generation was found as 6.7 m3 per ton of the opium capsule processed. In the following stage of the study, three additional treatment processes were experimentally tested: anaerobic pretreatment, post treatment of aerobically treated effluents with lime and ozone. Pilot scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor (UASBR) experiments have demonstrated that about 70 percent of the incoming COD can be removed anaerobically. Chemical treatability studies with lime for the aerobically treated effluent have shown that about 78 percent color and 46 percent COD removals can be obtained with lime dosage of 25 gl−1. Post treatment of the effluents of the existing two stage aerobic treatment with ozone also resulted in significant color and COD reduction.
38
Hadjivassilis, I., L. Tebai, and M. Nicolaou. "Joint Treatment of Industrial Effluent: Case Study of Limassol Industrial Estate." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0452.
Full textAbstract:
The treatment plant has been designed and installed for the treatment of wastewater discharged from various industries at Limassol Industrial Estate. The total daily flow and biological load after the last extension of the plant are 1000-1200m3/d and 220-264kg BOD5/d respectively. Chemical treatment followed by biological treatment is applied. The main steps of the treatment process are as follows: equalization, flotation, coagulation-flocculation, settlement of chemical sludge, pH-adjustment, nutrient addition, aeration of activated sludge, settlement of biological sludge, chlorination and sludge stabilization. The efficiency of the plant with respect to BOD5 and COD removal is over 90%. The quality of the treated effluent is BOD5 < 15mg/l and COD < 40mg/l. The concentration of trace elements are below the recommended limits for reclaimed water used for irrigation purposes.
39
Ahmed, Issahaku, Esi Awuah, Helen M. K. Essandoh, Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng, Dennis Ofori-Amanfo, and Florence Cobbold. "Performance Evaluation of Dry Faecal Sludge-Derived Activated Carbon (DFSAC) for Wastewater Pollutant Removal: A Case Study of the Lavender Hill Faecal Treatment Plant." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (January 19, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/4883492.
Full textAbstract:
This study evaluates the applicability of dry faecal sludge activated carbon (DFSAC) as a wastewater pollutant removal technology by employing both laboratory- and large-scale setups. The setups were monitored using effluent from the Mudor wastewater treatment plant in Accra. The DFSAC was produced from primary sludge obtained from a primary treatment to treat approximately 1000 liters of effluent water per hour to meet the needs of backwashing, cleaning, irrigation, and flushing purposes. The laboratory-scale experiment was monitored for a period of two weeks, while the large-scale experiment was monitored for a period of 16 weeks. Physicochemical, microbial, and metal characteristics were analyzed for the polished effluent. The results obtained from the lab scale showed high removal efficiencies of the wastewater pollutants for the first and second weeks of treatments, respectively, as follows: colour (99.47%, 69.06%), turbidity (99.59%, 42.59%), COD (96.58%, 43.49%), BOD (99.26%, 77.42%), TSS (100%, 62.296%), TDS (92.92, 32.90), ammonia (98.41%, 50.83%), and EC (73.60%, 19.94%). The P value obtained indicated a highly significant difference between the influent and effluents of both weeks. The large-scale application of the DFSAC yielded a percentage reduction of 99.36%, 99.37%, 99.52%, 79.63%, 100%, 48.85%, 90.08%, and 46.72% for colour, turbidity, COD, BOD, TSS, TDS, ammonia, and EC, respectively. The DFSAC showed high removal potential for heavy metals and microbial contaminants over the study period. Pollutant removal in wastewater with DFSAC proved a promising intervention by significantly reducing pollutants in wastewater effluent as a tertiary treatment. The removal efficiencies are indications that physisorption and chemisorption play an important role in the adsorption of pollutants onto the DFSAC. The study has shown that faecal sludge can be used as activated carbon for remediation of wastewater pollutants, especially in treatment facilities, which do not meet EPA effluent discharge guidelines while ensuring a close resource utilization loop.
40
Andreadakis, A. D. "Co-Treatment of Septage and Domestic Sewage for the Greater Athens Area." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 4-5 (February 1, 1992): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0486.
Full textAbstract:
The paper evaluates the performance of the Metamorphosis treatment plant, designed to treat 20,000 m3.d−1 domestic sewage and 24,000 m3. d−1 septage from the Greater Athens region. During the period 1987-1989 the plant received about one third of the design load. Sewage and septage were subjected to separate preliminary and primary treatment and subsequently to joint activated sludge treatment. The performance of the treatment plant was satisfactory, resulting in an overall mean effluent BOD5 concentration of 24 mg.l−1 and an adequately stabilised sludge. However, persistent sludge bulking, which prevailed for most of the studied period, casts doubts on the effectiveness of future performance at full load, not only with respect to final effluent quality but also in relation to the degree of sludge stabilisation, due to possible short retention times in the digestors. Identification of the causes of bulking through systematic research and improvement of the sludge thickening processes are two priority aspects which should be presently addressed, in order to ensure efficient future performance of the plant.
41
Begg, J. S., R. L. Lavigne, and P. L. M. Veneman. "Reed beds: constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment plant sludge dewatering." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 393–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0857.
Full textAbstract:
Reed beds are an alternative technology wastewater treatment system that mimic the biogeochemical processes inherent in natural wetlands. The purpose of this project was to determine the effectiveness of a reed bed sludge treatment system (RBSTS) in southern New England after a six-year period of operation by examining the concentrations of selected metals in the reed bed sludge biomass and by determining the fate of solids and selected nutrients. Parameters assessed in both the reed bed influent and effluent: total suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, nitrate-nitrogen and total phosphorus. In addition, the following metals were studied in the reed bed influent, effluent and Phragmites plant tissue and the sludge core biomass: boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and zinc. The removal efficiencies for sludge dewatering, total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand were all over 90%. Nitrate and total phosphorus removal rates were 90% and 80% respectively. Overall metals removal efficient was 87%. Copper was the only metal in the sludge biomass that exceeded the standards set by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection for land disposal of sludge. The highest metal concentrations, for the most part, tended to be in the lower tier of the sludge profile. The exception was boron, which was more concentrated in the middle tier of the sludge profile. The data and results presented in this paper support the notion that reed bed sludge treatment systems and the use of reed beds provide an efficient and cost effective alternative for municipal sludge treatment.
42
Horne, Alexander J. "Nitrogen removal from waste treatment pond or activated sludge plant effluents with free-surface wetlands." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 341–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0503.
Full textAbstract:
Due to their dynamic mode of operation, waste treatment pond and activated sludge plant effluents always contain quite large amounts of nitrogen relative to those found in natural lakes, streams, and oceans. Typical activated sludge plant effluents contain 25 mgl-1 N, mostly as ammonia. In most aquatic milieux, concentrations of ammonia > 1 mgl-1 N are potentially toxic to fish and other wildlife. Nitrification and denitrification of activated sludge plant effluent alleviates the ammonia problem at a considerable cost but the discharges still usually contain over 10 mgl-1 NO3-N which exceeds the WHO standard for drinking water. A great advantage of waste treatment pond effluents is that nitrogen is normally already present as nitrate or particulate-N (algae and bacteria), and nitrate concentrations are < 5 mgl-1 NO3-N. However, even 1 mgl-1 of nitrate-N is sufficient to cause eutrophication in unpolluted lakes, streams, and oceans and some of the particulate-N discharged will be recycled to give eutrophication downstream. Where sufficient diluting water is available, these higher effluent concentrations are not a problem. Unfortunately, clean diluting water is becoming a scarce commodity in many areas, particularly the 17 semi-arid states in the USA and in most developing countries where rainfall is needed for drinking water and wildlife support. One solution for nitrogen removal is new design for free surface constructed wetlands which have considerable potential for nitrogen polishing of waste treatment pond effluents. Particulate-N can be removed by using wetlands as large filters but the nitrogen often recycles and is released as ammonia in winter and spring. Denitrification of nitrate to N2 gas removes the problem permanently. In particular, the relatively low BOD, high nitrate and low ammonia effluent from some stabilization ponds is ideal for nitrate removal (denitrification) by free surface wetlands. Rates of nitrate removal of 200 to over 5,000 mg N m-2 d-1 can be achieved with initial nitrate values of 2-14 mgl-1 NO3-N. These rates are 1-2 orders of magnitude greater than occur in most natural lake, estuarine or wetlands sediments and can be mostly attributed to denitrification rather than growth of rooted plants. In two weeks 20 mgl-1 NO3-N can be reduced to less than 1 mgl-1. After wetlands treatment the water is suitable for release into water-depleted live streams or lakes where a low eutrophication potential is vital for native biota. It is recommended that pond effluent be routed thorough constructed wetlands whenever possible since both better water quality and wildlife benefits occur.
43
Holmes, P. G. "Operational Aspects of Doha South Sewage Treatment Works." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1989): 1477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0344.
Full textAbstract:
Extensions to Doha South Sewage Treatment Works provided preliminary, primary, secondary and tertiary treatment for a design population of 100,000 persons, producing disinfected effluent for use in restricted municipal irrigation with digested sludge being conditioned and dewatered by plate pressing. Secondary treatment was designed to be non-nitrifying surface aeration activated sludge, and experience was gained in preventing partial nitrification by strict control of dissolved oxygen residuals. The works operated successfully to ensure a high quality of final effluent despite hydraulic overloading of 1.85 times design DWF and disruptions caused by contracts to further extend the plant. Treatment costs reflected the emphasis placed upon the purchase of imported chemicals and spare parts to ensure continued operation. Operating experience confirmed the suitability of the chosen processes to achieve intended effluent and sludge qualities.
44
Galil, N. I., Ch Sheindorf, N. Stahl, A. Tenenbaum, and Y. Levinsky. "Membrane bioreactors for final treatment of wastewater." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 8 (November 1, 2003): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0458.
Full textAbstract:
The full-scale existing treatment plant in a paper mill in Hedera, Israel, includes equalization, solids separation by either straining or by dissolved air flotation and biological treatment by activated sludge. The operation of the existing biological process is often characterized by disturbances, mainly bad settling, voluminous bioflocs, followed by wash-out of the biosolids. This paper summarizes the results obtained in a study based on a pilot plant including a membrane biological reactor (MBR) compared to the “conventional” activated sludge process in the aerobic treatment of the effluent obtained from an anaerobic reactor. During the pilot operation period (about 90 days after achieving steady state) the MBR system provided steady operation performance, while the activated sludge produced effluent characterized by oscillatory values. The results are based on average values and indicate much lower levels of suspended solids in the MBR effluent, 2.5 mg/L, as compared to 37 mg/L in the activated sludge. As a result, the total organic mater content was also substantially lower in the MBR effluent, 129 vs 204 mg/L as COD, and 7.1 vs 83 mg/L as BOD. The MBR enabled better nitrification. The ability to develop and maintain a concentration of over 11,000 mg/L of mixed liquor volatile suspended solids in the MBR bioreactor enabled an intensive bioprocess at relatively high cell residence time. As a result the biosolids which had to be removed as excess sludge were characterized by relatively low volatile/total suspended solids ratio, around 0.78. This could facilitate and lower the cost of biosolids treatment and handling. The results of this comparative study indicate that in the case of MBR there will be no need for further treatment, while after activated sludge additional filtration will be required. The study leads to the conclusion that MBR will be the best technology for aerobic treatment of the anaerobic effluent of the paper mill.
45
Wenten, I. Gede, K. Khoiruddin, Putu T. P. Aryanti, Agnes V. Victoria, and Grace Tanukusuma. "Membrane-based zero-sludge palm oil mill plant." Reviews in Chemical Engineering 36, no. 2 (January 28, 2020): 237–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revce-2017-0117.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe palm oil industry is one of the most important agro-industries for tropical countries because of the unique properties and wide range of uses of palm oil for various end products. In a palm oil extraction process, a large quantity of water is required, of which half the quantity will end up as effluent. This palm oil mill effluent (POME) has an extremely high content of organic matter, which can cause severe pollution of waterways and other environmental problems. Disposal of this highly polluting effluent has become a major problem for the palm oil mills. Therefore, several methods have been proposed either to treat the POME so it could comply with environmental regulation while discharged or to recover water and other valuable components from the effluent. Membrane technology has emerged as a feasible alternative to conventional treatment in vegetable oil processing because of its attractive features such as low energy consumption, reduction in the number of processing steps, high separation efficiency, and improvement of the final product quality. In the case of POME treatment, an integrated membrane-based process promises efficient water recycling and total solid recovery from the effluent, thus eliminating the environmental problem. Recently, a novel concept combining oil–oil extraction and continuous filtration using a superhydrophobic membrane has been proposed to achieve a zero-sludge palm oil mill. In this concept, the huge wastewater effluent generated from the conventional process can be eliminated and the palm oil milling process simplified. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic membrane enables the production of high-purity palm oil. In this paper, we review the prospect of a zero-sludge palm oil mill concept and strategies to achieve the proposed concept. In addition, we also highlight the development of the superhydrophobic membrane and phytonutrient recovery.
46
Strauss, M., S. A. Larmie, and U. Heinss. "Treatment of sludges from on-site sanitation - low-cost options." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 6 (March 1, 1997): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0251.
Full textAbstract:
An overview of the current literature-based knowledge regarding faecal sludge (FS) treatment along with the results and conclusions from own field research are presented. Issues for further faecal sludge treatment studies are also addressed. The article focuses firstly on the characteristics of the various types of faecal sludge. A set of variables is proposed for minimum faecal sludge determination and faecal sludge treatment plant (FSTP) design and control. Priority treatment options particularly relevant to developing and newly industrialising countries are listed. They include solids-liquid separation by settling/thickening processes, sludge dewatering and drying in drying lagoons or drying beds, stabilisation ponds, and co-composting with refuse or other bulking/organic material of high carbon content. The results of in-depth monitoring of a faecal sludge treatment plant in Accra, Ghana, are reported. The plant receives septage and public toilet sludge and comprises solids-liquid separation by settling/thickening followed by a series of four ponds for the treatment of the liquid fraction. The four ponds in series all function as anaerobic ponds. Facultative pond conditions do not develop. This appears to be due to the suppression of algal growth through high levels of ammonia (NH3). Final effluent BOD is 300 mg/l as against 2,000 mg/l in the raw sludge mixture and 1,600 mg/l in the sedimentation tank effluent.
47
de Bruin, L. M. M., M. K. de Kreuk, H. F. R. van der Roest, C. Uijterlinde, and M. C. M. van Loosdrecht. "Aerobic granular sludge technology: an alternative to activated sludge?" Water Science and Technology 49, no. 11-12 (June 1, 2004): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0790.
Full textAbstract:
Laboratory experiments have shown that it is possible to cultivate aerobic granular sludge in sequencing batch reactors. In order to direct future research needs and the critical points for successful implementation at large scale, a full detailed design of a potential application was made. The design was based on the laboratory results, and two variants of a full-scale sewage treatment plant based on Granular sludge Sequencing Batch Reactors (GSBRs) were evaluated. As a reference a conventional treatment plant based on activated sludge technology was designed for the same case. Based on total annual costs both GSBR variants proved to be more attractive than the reference alternative (7-17% lower costs). From a sensitivity analysis it appeared that the GSBR technology was less sensitive to the land price and more sensitive to a rain weather flow (RWF). This means that the GSBR technology becomes more attractive at lower permissible RWF/DWF ratios and higher land prices. The footprint of the GSBR variants was only 25% compared to the reference. However, the GSBR with primary treatment only cannot meet the present effluent standards for municipal wastewater in The Netherlands, mainly because of a too high suspended solids concentration in the effluent. A growing number of sewage treatment plants in the Netherlands are going to be faced with more stringent effluent standards. In general, activated sludge plants will have to be extended with a post treatment step (e.g. sand filtration) or be transformed into Membrane Bioreactors. In this case a GSBR variant with primary treatment as well as post treatment can be an attractive alternative.
48
Looker, Norman D., Edward A. McBean, and Grahame J. Farquhar. "Economic Analysis of Electroplating Discharges to Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Quality Research Journal 25, no. 1 (February 1, 1990): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1990.006.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract A comparison of costs of implementing an advanced wastewater treatment system for a cadmium plating plant, versus the sludge disposal costs of the sewage treatment plant to which the plating plant is discharging its effluent, is described. An economic analysis spreadsheet approach using Lotus 1-2-3 is employed. A case study application demonstrates for overall society net benefit that it is cost-effective to initiate pretreatment at electroplating facilities which allows a municipal facility to dispose of its sludge on agricultural land rather than be required for landfilling. Sensitivity analyses to market interest rate, sludge production, sludge disposal fees and drag-out rates are explored.
49
Kato, M. T., L. Florencio, and R. F. M. Arantes. "Post-treatment of UASB effluent in an expanded granular sludge bed reactor type using flocculent sludge." Water Science and Technology 48, no. 6 (September 1, 2003): 279–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0413.
Full textAbstract:
The performance of an EGSB (expanded granular sludge bed) reactor type using flocculent sludge was evaluated for the post-treatment of effluent from UASB reactor treating domestic sewage. A pilot-scale 157.5-L EGSB reactor was monitored during a 331-day period. The original concept of the EGSB reactor was based on granular sludge use and by applying of high upflow liquid velocities (Vup). However, even using flocculent sludge from a UASB full-scale (Mangueira Plant, Recife, Brazil), good mixing conditions and high retention of biomass were achieved. By applying a 4-h hydraulic retention time and Vup values up to 3.75 m/h, effluent chemical oxygen demand concentrations in the EGSB were below 87 mg/L and 55 mg/L, for total and filtered samples, respectively. Total suspended solid (TSS) concentrations in the effluent were below 32 mg/L. Good performance and stable reactor operation during the whole experimental period were observed. Therefore, the EGSB reactor type using flocculent sludge can also be used for post-treatment of very dilute anaerobic effluent from reactors treating domestic sewage.
50
Lebel, A., and A. Raveh. "Waste Minimization Promotes Biophysical Treatment of Complex Petrochemical Wastes in Israel." Water Science and Technology 29, no. 8 (April 1, 1994): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0411.
Full textAbstract:
A full-scale 300 m3/day industrial waste treatment system was put into operation in a petrochemical manufacturing plant in Israel for the purpose of detoxifying its complex organic waste stream. The GPI treatment plant design incorporates an innovative waste management approach to accommodate the limited space allocated for the facility. It employs influent equalization and waste minimization techniques, in support of an advanced biophysical treatment process to accomplish a substantial reduction in the facility footprint while producing a high quality effluent. Initial performance data indicate a highly efficient organic waste reduction. COD and BOD removal surpassed 95% and 98%, respectively, over the initial two months of operation, meeting the stringent effluent discharge criteria. The system also provides effective sludge dewatering, producing 40-50% solids sludge, thereby minimizing sludge disposal costs.