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Journal articles on the topic 'Effluent treatment'
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1
Kopchynski, T., P. Fox, B. Alsmadi, and M. Berner. "The effects of soil type and effluent pre-treatment on soil aquifer treatment." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 11 (December 1, 1996): 235–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0285.
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A matrix of three different levels of effluent pre-treatment and four different soil types was used in a study on the effects of soil type and effluent pre-treatment on Soil Aquifer Treatment (SAT). The objective of the study was to assess the feasibility of SAT for the recharge of groundwater and indirect potable reuse. The soils represented a wide range of hydrological and physicochemical characteristics from a proposed recharge site in Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Effluents studied included denitrified and conventional secondary effluents. These effluents contain different levels of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), organic carbon, ammonia, and nitrate. Ten 2.6 m columns were operated under different wetting/drying cycles. For the effluents studied, resultsindicate that effluent pre-treatment does not impact organic carbon removal efficiencies. Under optimal wetting/drying cycle times, BOD5 can be removed efficiently although a residual organic carbon concentration of 5–6 mg/l persists. Ammonia is effectively nitrified under most conditions but denitrification does not readily occur even when denitrified effluent is applied. Soil Aquifer Treatment appears to be a robust treatment system for denitrified effluent producing total nitrogen concentrations less than 8 mg/l and organic carbon concentrations less than 6 mg/l.
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Ruas, D. B., A. H. Mounteer, A. C. Lopes, B. L. Gomes, F. D. Brandão, and L. M. Girondoli. "Combined chemical biological treatment of bleached eucalypt kraft pulp mill effluent." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 6 (March 1, 2007): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.222.
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Effectiveness of ozonation before and after biological treatment for removal of recalcitrant organic matter in bleached kraft pulp effluents was compared. Two industrial ECF bleached eucalypt kraft pulp effluents (E1 and E2) were pretreated with 100 mg O3/L. Raw and pretreated effluents were treated biologically in bench-scale sequencing batch reactors, under constant conditions. Following biological treatment, effluents were post-treated with 100 and 200 mg O3/L. Effluent pretreatment increased effluent biodegradability by 10% in E1 and 24% in E2. Combined O3-biological treated led to small but significant increases in COD, BOD and lignin removal over biological treatment alone, but pretreatment had no significant effect on effluent colour and carbohydrate removal. Ozone pretreatment did not affect biological activity during treatment of effluent E1 but resulted in a 38% lower specific oxygen uptake rate in effluent E2. At an equivalent dose of 100 mg/L, pre-ozonation produced better quality effluent than post-ozonation, especially with regard to COD and colour. Likewise, when an equivalent dose of 200 mg/L was applied, splitting the dose equally between pre- and post-treatments was more efficient than applying the entire dose in the post-treatment. The potential for combined chemical–biological treatment to improve effluent quality has been confirmed in this study.
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Adam, Abdeljalil, Nabil Saffaj, and Rachid Mamouni. "Classification of industrial wastewater discharged into effluent pits, an approach toward a sustainable recycling: case study of a water treatment facility in Morocco." E3S Web of Conferences 364 (2023): 02001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336402001.
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Most water treatment facilities collect industrial wastewater in separated effluent pits. This discharge strategy has been proposed by several previous research as a solution to the problems of untreated wastewater being withdrawn further into open sea or rivers, which aims to prevent the pollution of water supplies. However, this solution might also have far-reaching ecological and environmental negative consequences. In this research we have assessed the effluent’s Physico-chemical characterization over the duration of one year, utilizing a specific statistical methodology for a water treatment plant located in Morocco that used effluent pits for retaining its wastewater. Effluents collected by the water treatment plant are tested in two effluent pits to determine the effects of the direct evaporation and storage, the results of this study reveal a significant increase in the Physico-chemical characteristics of these effluents kept inside effluent pits, which may be attributed to an uptick in water pollution in case of any accidental release or spill. Regression and correlation Explanatory variables from a statistical analysis have been assessed to determine which effluent variables were indeed strongly connected to each other. Effluent recycling is proposed to minimize the likelihood of environmental and ecological concerns.
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Momtaz, H., F. Alam, MA Ashan, AKMR Alam, N. Sultana, S. Siraj, MA Akbor, and MM Rashid. "Treatment of metal-containing effluents from textile-dyeing industries by aquatic macrophytes to improve surface water treatment systems." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 48, no. 2 (July 21, 2013): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15738.
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The present study was carried out to determine the physicochemical parameters of industrial effluents and to find out suitable macrophytes in removing metals from wastewater in order to enhance surface water treatment systems. The effluent samples, effluent free water and aquatic macrophytes were collected from Savar region. Higher values of temperature (56°C), pH (12.32), electrical conductivity (12375 ?S/cm), biochemical oxygen demand (835 mg/L), total suspended solids (2187 mg/L), total dissolved solids (6952 mg/L), turbidity (89.53 NTU) and total organic carbon (421.6 mg/L) were recorded in industrial effluents comparing with control. The lowest concentration of DO in industrial effluents (0.12 mg/L) was much lower than the control (5.65 mg/L). The concentration of Cr (0.69 mg/L), Se (0.08 mg/L), Pb (0.23 mg/L) and Cu (0.71 mg/L) in the effluent exceeded the limit of DOE. Although the concentration of Cd (0.017 mg/L), Li (0.019 mg/L), Ni (0.7 mg/L) and Zn (0.38 mg/L) of effluent water were within the limit of DOE, but were much higher than the control water. The cultures of aquatic macrophytes, Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratoites and Salvinia cucullata using textile-dyeing effluent can efficiently uptake metals from the effluent. The uptake of metals increased with raising effluent concentration in relation to control culture. When cultured in 100% effluent, Eichornia crassipes, Pistia stratoites and Salvinia cucullata can uptake relatively high amount of Cr, Cd, Cu, Li, Ni, Zn, Co, Se and Pb compared to other two cultures (control, 50% effluent). At 100% effluent water, Eichornia crassipes and Pistia stratoites can uptake more than 90% Co and 80% Se and Pb with low survival capacity. Salvinia cucullata can efficiently absorb Cr, Cd, Li, Ni and Pb with long time survival capacity. While individually Pistia stratoites is more effective in absorbing Cu, Zn and Eichornia crassipes for absorbing Co and Pb in order to enhance surface water treatment system. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 48(2), 89-96, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v48i2.15738
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Raj, Abhay, Sharad Kumar, Izharul Haq, and Mahadeo Kumar. "Detection of Tannery Effluents Induced DNA Damage in Mung Bean by Use of Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA Markers." ISRN Biotechnology 2014 (March 11, 2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/727623.
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Common effluent treatment plant (CETP) is employed for treatment of tannery effluent. However, the performance of CETP for reducing the genotoxic substances from the raw effluent is not known. In this study, phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of tannery effluents were investigated in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). For this purpose, untreated and treated tannery effluents were collected from CETP Unnao (UP), India. Seeds of mung bean were grown in soil irrigated with various concentrations of tannery effluents (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) for 15 days. Inhibition of seed germination was 90% by 25% untreated effluent and 75% treated effluent, compared to the control. Plant growth was inhibited by 51% and 41% when irrigated with untreated and treated effluents at 25% concentration. RAPD technique was used to evaluate the genotoxic effect of tannery effluents (untreated and treated) irrigation on the mung bean. The RAPD profiles obtained showed that both untreated and treated were having genotoxic effects on mung bean plants. This was discernible with appearance/disappearance of bands in the treatments compared with control plants. A total of 87 RAPD bands were obtained using eight primers and 42 (48%) of these showed polymorphism. Irrigating plants with untreated effluent caused 12 new bands to appear and 18 to disappear. Treated effluent caused 8 new bands and the loss of 15 bands. The genetic distances shown on the dendrogram revealed that control plants and those irrigated with treated effluent were clustered in one group (joined at distance of 0.28), whereas those irrigated with untreated effluent were separated in another cluster at larger distance (joined at distance of 0.42). This indicates that treated effluent is less genotoxic than the untreated. Nei’s genetic similarity indices calculated between the treatments and the control plants showed that the control and the plants irrigated with treated tannery effluent had a similarity index of 0.75, the control and plants irrigated with untreated 0.65, and between the treatments 0.68. We conclude that both untreated and treated effluents contain genotoxic substances that caused DNA damage to mung beans. CETP Unnao removes some, but not all, genotoxic substances from tannery effluent. Consequently, use of both untreated and treated wastewater for irrigation poses health hazard to human and the environment.
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Cowan, J. A. C., F. MacTavish, C. J. Brouckaert, and E. P. Jacobs. "Membrane Treatment Strategies for Red Meat Abattoir Effluents." Water Science and Technology 25, no. 10 (May 1, 1992): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0243.
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In water-scarce South Africa there is pressure on water-intensive industries to conserve water, and at the same time to reduce the organic and salinity concentrations discharged in effluents back (indirectly) to the water resources. These requirements are usually contradictory: effective water conservation will generally lead to more concentrated effluents, motivating the need, in some cases, for effluent pretreatment before discharge. Wide-ranging effluent pretreatment trials have been carried out at a number of red meat abattoirs over the past few years, under funding from the Water Research Commission. Fat removal, screening and dissolved air flotation (DAF) trials have confirmed the usefulness of such processes, but results from treatment with membranes have been both exciting and promising. These treatment techniques have now been lifted from the research phase into commercial application on small scale (25 m3/d) using full size modules. The South African Abattoir Corporation, as the major representative of the industry in South Africa, has undertaken to assess the value of membrane treatment processes as a part of a number of effluent treatment strategies. This paper describes the experiences and future potential for abattoir effluent treatment by membrane processes. Ultrafiltration will consistently remove 90% COD, 85% phosphate from the effluent, and provide a relatively non-fouling feed for reverse osmosis which produces a high quality reusable water for abattoir use. Indicative costing shows the costs of membrane treatment compare favourably with anaerobic digestion as an alternative, and even to municipal effluent tariffs.
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Hamoda, Mohamed F., and Saed M. Al-Awadi. "Wastewater management in a dairy farm." Water Science and Technology 32, no. 11 (December 1, 1995): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0387.
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Field sampling and laboratory experimentation were conducted on wastewater effluent generated at a dairy farm in order to characterise the wastewater, evaluate existing primary treatment facilities, and examine an appropriate wastewater treatment system to produce good quality effluents. It has been found that the farm contributes effluents containing considerable loads of organics, solids and nutrient pollutants. Existing treatment facilities which are limited to batch-operated primary settling tanks, are not capable of producing good quality effluent. Experimentation on an aerobic, suspended growth, biological system using sequencing batch reactors (SBR) indicated that the pollutant loads in the primary-treated effluent could be substantially reduced. The study showed that a wastewater treatment system involving primary settling tanks combined with additional aerobic biological treatment is capable of removing about 94% COD and 96% SS from the farm effluents. This system could be easily integrated and coordinated with existing facilities. A wastewater management scheme has been proposed to include waste minimisation, waste treatment and effluent reuse in irrigation.
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Keller, R., K. Perim, S. Semionato, E. Zandonade, S. Cassini, and R. F. Gonçalves. "Hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) using effluents from primary, secondary and tertiary +UV treatments." Water Supply 5, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0012.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) with domestic wastewater effluents with different levels of treatment from a compact WWTP in Brazil. Vegetables were grown in five treatments: nutrient solution (control), secondary effluent diluted 50%, secondary effluent not diluted, tertiary effluent UV irradiated, and UASB effluent. Microbiological analyses from leaves showed low levels of contamination with E. coli, thermotolerant coliforms and total coliforms. Salmonella spp. and helminth eggs were not detected. However, roots showed hardly any concentration of these microorganisms. These results shows that it is possible to cultivate leafy vegetables in a hydroponic system with treated effluents, taking care at the moment of harvesting vegetables.
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Kulkarni, Manjusha, and Pragati Thakur. "Photocatalytic Degradation of Real Textile Industrial Effluent under UV Light Catalyzed by Metal Oxide Nanoparticles." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 15, no. 2 (February 16, 2015): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i2.12124.
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The domestic use and industrial activity, especially in developing countries, produce large amount of wastewater. This wastewater when disposed into natural channels may lead to high pollution risk. There are different methods for wastewater treatment one of them is Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs), still it has some limitations. The present work has been concentrated on the degradation of real textile industrial effluent named as Efluent1. The said Effluent1 was collected from textile industry from Echalkaranji; Maharashtra state was subjected to photocatalytic treatment using photocatalyst such as Degussa P-25 TiO2. Efluent1 was analyzed before and after the treatment for their physiochemical parameters like color, COD, TOC and presence of inorganic ions. Throughout the study it was observed that Degussa P-25 TiO2 effectively brought out the degradation of Effluent. Addition of optimum amount of H2O2 to the heterogeneous photocatalytic treatment was found to enhance the degradation of real textile effluents to a large extent. Hence, the photocatalytic degradation was found to be fruitful treatment for degradation of real textile industrial effluent as well as by adding oxidant the photocatalytic degradation has been enhanced.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12124Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 105-110
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Sarker, MRH, A. Razzaque, MM Hoque, S. Roy, and MK Hossain. "Investigation of Effluent Quality from an Effluent Treatment Plant of a Textile Industry, Fakir Knitwear Ltd. Narayangonj, Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 2 (February 29, 2016): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i2.26860.
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Textile industries are the major contributor to environmental pollution and health hazards by generating huge amount of effluents that contain several pollutants and coloring agents. The concentration of these pollutants can be reduced to the permissible limit with the help of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP). The study was conducted to observe the textile effluent management techniques of an Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) of Fakir Knitwear Limited (FKL), Narayanganj, Bangladesh. FKL set up a biological treatment plant to treat the effluent generated by the industry. Different effluent quality parameters were investigated at different stages in ETP. The effluent of the outlet was dark colored probably because of soluble coloring materials of the effluent but it is comparatively better than that of raw wastewater. There were found higher EC values than the standards which indicated that the greater amount of salts in the water due to dumping of solid wastes and discharging of industrial effluents. The highest TDS value 2054 ppm was observed at the screening pit unit than the other parts of the ETP. The highest DO was found 4.58 ppm in clarification tank which was within the standard value of aquaculture. The study also showed that the lowest BOD (24 ppm) and COD (145 ppm) was found at the outlet which was comparatively better than others. Although the effluent from the outlet contained pollutants, these effluent quality was comparatively good than the untreated waste water discharged from the industry. After treatment, the effluent of outlet moderately ensures the standard quality for aquaculture and irrigation. The results suggested that it is obvious to run the ETP regularly to improve the quality of effluents to save our native environment from the harmful effects of wastewater.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(2): 25-31 2015
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Wang, Jianxing, Kun Li, Dawei Yu, Junya Zhang, Yuansong Wei, Meixue Chen, and Baoqing Shan. "Comparison of NF membrane fouling and cleaning by two pretreatment strategies for the advanced treatment of antibiotic production wastewater." Water Science and Technology 73, no. 9 (February 9, 2016): 2260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.011.
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The nanofiltration (NF) membrane fouling characteristics and cleaning strategies were investigated and compared for treating membrane bioreactor (MBR) effluent and MBR-granular activated carbon (GAC) effluent of an antibiotic production wastewater by DK membrane. Results showed that the fouling of treating MBR effluent was more severe than that of treating MBR-GAC effluent. After filtering for 216 h, the difference of membrane flux decline was obvious between MBR effluent and MBR-GAC effluent, with 14.9% and 10.3% flux decline, respectively. Further study showed that organic fouling is the main NF membrane fouling in the advanced treatment of antibiotic production wastewater for both of the two different effluents. Soluble microbial by-product like and tyrosine-like substances were the dominant components in the foulants, whereas humic-like substances existing in the effluents had little contribution to the NF membrane fouling. A satisfactory efficiency of NF chemical cleaning could be obtained using combination of acid (HCl, pH 2.0–2.5) and alkali (NaOH + 0.3 wt% NaDS, pH 10.0–10.5). The favorable cleaning strategy is acid-alkali for treating the MBR-GAC effluent, while it is alkali-acid for treating the MBR effluent.
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Aydin, A. F., M. Altinbas, M. F. Sevimli, I. Ozturk, and H. Z. Sarikaya. "Advanced treatment of high strength opium alkaloid industry effluents." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0270.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate an effective treatment system which can be applicable to treat opium alkaloid industry (OAI) effluents characterised with high COD, TKN, dark color and non-biodegradable organic pollutants. In the first phase of the study, lab-scale anaerobic (UASBR) + aerobic (SBR) treatability studies were carried out on opium processing industry effluents. Effluent CODs from the two staged biological treatment system were relatively high (∼700 mgl−1) and additional post treatment was required. Physico-chemical treatability studies previously carried out on the effluent of opium alkaloid wastewater treatment plant, were not effective in removing residual COD and color. In the second phase of the study, the refractory organics causing higher inert COD values in the SBR effluent were additionally treated by using Fenton's Oxidation. The batch tests were performed to determine the optimum operating conditions including pH, H2O2 dosage, molar ratio of Fe2+/H2O2 and reaction time. It was found that removal efficiencies of COD and color for 30 minutes reaction time were about 90% and 95%, respectively. The ratio of H2O2/FeSO4 was determined as 200 mgl−1/600 mgl−1 for the optimum oxidation and coagulation process at pH 4. Experimental results of the present study have clearly indicated that the Fenton's oxidation technology is capable to treat almost all parts of the organics which consist of both soluble initial and microbial inert fractions of COD for opium alkaloid industry effluents. Effluents from the Fenton's Oxidation process can satisfy effluent standards for COD and color in general.
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Agbekodo, K. M., P. M. Huck, S. A. Andrews, and S. Peldszus. "Characterization of Treated Effluent from a Chemithermomechanical Pulping Process Using Macroporous Resins." Water Quality Research Journal 32, no. 4 (November 1, 1997): 795–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1997.043.
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Abstract This study developed a characterization of the organic matter remaining in a chemithermomechanical pulping (CTMP) effluent after biological treatment and evaluated the potential impact of this effluent when discharged into the receiving environment. The methodology employed involved fractionation with macroporous resins to allow for the isolation of hydrophobic and hydro-philic organic materials. The study also examined the treated effluent’s reactivity with chlorine, a typical drinking water disinfectant, in order to assess the formation potential of chlorinated by-products and the chlorine demand in a downstream drinking water treatment plant. Results showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in a treated effluent from a CTMP mill consisted of 87% hydrophobic material (primarily humic substances), 5% hydrophilic acids and 3 to 4% nitrogenous compounds. At least 95% of the DOC was isolated using three different macroporous resins. The chlorine demand of the biotreated CTMP effluent was two to three times higher than is typical for natural organic matter from surface water. This indicated that the organic material in the CTMP effluent was highly reactive with chlorine and will likely be reactive with other oxidants such as ozone, which is also applied in the drinking water industry. Moreover, the disinfection by-products chloroform and trichloroacetic acid were formed in high concentrations as a result of chlorination. The biotreated CTMP effluent had a high chemical oxygen demand (at least 1,100 mg/L) but a relatively low biochemical oxygen demand (less than 100 mg/L), which was to be expected after biological treatment. Hence, discharge of these effluents could release high concentrations of non- or slowly biodegradable organic matter into the downstream aquatic environment. Water pollution control policies should therefore consider the potential impact of treated effluents from CTMP mills with regard to their high DOC and the potential for chlorinated by-product formation upon drinking water disinfection.
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Albuquerque Soares, Haroldo Sávio, Fabiana Rocha Pinto, David Barbosa de Alencar, and Manoel Henrique Reis Nascimento. "PH Analysis of an Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP) in a Paper Recycling Industry." International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 7, no. 11 (November 30, 2019): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol7.iss11.1967.
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The paper industry in its production process consumes a large amount of water, and the flow of effluent is very variable, being related to the manufacturing process used in production capacity. Effluents are formed by complex mixtures of chemical compounds. The wide composition variability among the effluents from the most diverse origins, added to the market entry of numerous chemical substances every year, which will become part of the effluents, makes the complete characterization of its composition very difficult. To characterize the effluent, some parameters are analyzed, which may be physical, chemical or bacteriological. The pH, which is directly related to the coagulation efficiency, as it influences the chemistry of the coagulants, their reactions in the aqueous environment, the predominant hydrolysed species and the variation in surface charge of colloids present in the effluent, where in the aqueous system it is typically measured by use of a pH meter. Therefore, the objective of this study was to perform an effluent treatment plant (ETE) analysis of a paper recycling industry, the inlet and outlet flow values of the WWTP, using the pH parameter, comparing the dry periods, flood and transition from August 2018 to July 2019. Initially, a survey of technical documents related to the effluent treatment process and the verification of the standard norms, in use in the Industry WWTP was carried out. The collections were performed bimonthly, observed at times that did not interfere in the results and identified according to CONAMA Resolution, nº 430/2011. The pH values obtained at the WWTP revealed an improvement in the quality of the effluent treated in accordance with current legislation. However, although the effluent was adequate for the release pattern, the high toxicity found in the inlet and outlet pH of the WWTP, evidences the need to define new treatment and / or control strategies to comply with the legislation regarding this parameter.
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Klein, Rodrigo Miguel, Éverton Hansen, and Patrice Monteiro de Aquim. "Water reuse in the post-tanning process: minimizing environmental impact of leather production." Water Science and Technology 85, no. 1 (December 13, 2021): 474–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.620.
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Abstract Post-tanning wastewater is very diversified, as the post-tanning stage should meet the desirable properties of the leather for the final product, with low standardization of the process (compared to beamhouse and tanning). This makes post-tanning effluent reuse less feasible, and reuse in the post-tanning stage still needs to be explored. This work aims to evaluate the reuse of liquid effluents in the post-tanning process. The work methodology consisted of (i) characterization of water streams (groundwater, liquid effluent after primary treatment, and liquid effluent after secondary treatment); (ii) pilot-scale post-tanning tests using groundwater, primary effluent, and secondary effluent; (iii) characterization of the residual baths from pilot-scale tests (pH, conductivity, total solids, chemical oxygen demand, biochemical oxygen demand, chloride, hardness and oil and grease); and (iv) testing the leather obtained for total sulfated ash and organoleptic properties. Results showed that the primary effluent and the secondary effluent could be reused in pilot-scale post-tanning tests. There was an increase in the conductivity of the residual baths when liquid effluents were reused, which confirms the accumulation of salts in the effluents after their reuse.
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MORAIS, ANDERSON DE ASSIS, ANN HONOR MOUNTEER, and DANIELLA SETTE ABRANTES SILVEIRA. "Improvement of eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp effluent treatment through combined ozone-biological treatment." February 2008 7, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj7.2.26.
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The aim of this work is to evaluate the combination of ozonation and biological treatment for reducing recalcitrant organic matter and enhancing the biological treatment efficiency of kraft pulp elemental chlorine-free (ECF) bleaching and similar effluents. Alkaline bleach filtrate was treated with ozone at doses of 100 and 250 mg/L, temperature of 70ºC, and pH 10 (mill conditions). The ozone-treated and untreated effluents were mixed with acid bleaching filtrate to prepare the combined effluents, which were then treated in a bench-scale activated sludge system. The constant biological treatment conditions used were: temperature = 35±2ºC, hydraulic retention time = 12 hours, and sludge retention time = 10 days. Effluents were also fractionated by molecular mass using a membrane with a 500-Da molecular-weight cutoff to characterize the high- and low-molecular-mass organic matter. Ozonation combined with biological treatment resulted in statistically significant increases in removal of COD, BOD5, TOC, lignin, and AOX compared to the effluent without ozone treatment. The high-molecular-mass fractions represented the majority of all components analyzed, and their contribution to total effluent load increased after biological treatment because of the greater removal efficiency of low-molecular-mass organic matter.
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Ghosh, M., A. Amirtharajah, and A. Adin. "Particle destabilization for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater by filtration." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 9 (November 1, 1994): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0482.
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Optimization of the chemical pretreatment process prior to tertiary filtration of municipal secondary effluent was studied. Jar tests involving coagulation with alum, flocculation, settling and filtration were conducted on secondary effluent samples and these established the occurrence of two distinct coagulation mechanisms: the mechanism of charge neutralization, and the mechanism of sweep coagulation at different alum dosages and pH conditions. An optimum design region on the alum coagulation diagram also was established where the removals of various wastewater parameters were the highest. This region was bound by alum dosages of 55 to 60 mg/l and pH values of 6 to 6.5. In the above domain, the BOD5, TOC, turbidity, total-P, and the orthophosphate levels of the secondary effluent were reduced by 73%, 57%, 98%, and 99% respectively after tertiary filtration. Particle size analysis of the settled and filtered effluent also was conducted in both the charge neutralization and the sweep coagulation zones. A wide difference was observed in particle sizes between the effluents after settling and after filtration in the charge neutralization zone. In comparison, the difference in particle size between the settled and the filtered effluents was smaller in the sweep coagulation zone.
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Driessen, W. J. B. M., M. H. Tielbaard, and T. L. F. M. Vereijken. "Experience on anaerobic treatment of distillery effluent with the UASB process." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 12 (December 1, 1994): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0609.
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Since the development of the UASB process in the 1970s this process has been widely applied for the treatment of industrial effluents. Effluents from alcohol producing industries are mostly highly polluted and therefore in principle very suitable for anaerobic treatment. Distilleries use different kinds of raw materials such as sugar cane juice, sugar cane molasses, sugar beet molasses, wine or corn for the production of alcohol. The use of different materials and the different processes applied, result in a wide variety of effluents produced. The process conditions under which good results of the anaerobic process are obtained depend heavily on the type of distillery effluent being treated. The choice of the right set of process parameters for every type of distillery effluent has shown to be of crucial importance for the anaerobic process. Experience of anaerobic treatment on effluents from different alcohol-producing industries over a long term period are discussed. Special attention is given to the treatment of effluents from sugar cane based distilleries with very high COD concentration of 60 000 to 160 000 mg COD 1−1. Despite expected toxicity problems arising from the high concentrations of COD, sulfide and salts, anaerobic treatment with the UASB process proved to be successful in treating distillery effluent.
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Zaharia, Carmen, Victor Amarandei, and Augustin Muresan. "Comparative Overview of Different Physical-Chemical Treatments Applied for Real Textile Effluents." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 58–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.58.
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The paper presents different physical-chemical treatment applications for textile effluents (i.e. one-single or mixed treatment stages as coagulation-flocculation, homogenous advanced oxidation with hydrogen peroxide as Fenton-like processes, sorption applied for different textile wastewaters followed by sedimentation and/or filtration). The efficiencies of textile wastewater treatments in terms of effluent quality, treatment degree, and optimal operating parameters (i.e. pH, concentration of chemical reagents and materials used, temperature, operating regime, and time) are discussed, together with some restrictions and recommendations. These data concerning different effluent treatments are useful to the environmental management staff but also to all employees that adopted an environmental attitude (EA) in all them behaviour. The concern of solving inside environmental problems (mainly focused on quality of final effluent discharge in aquatic receptor and/or treated effluent recycling), and acting into an ethical, legal and viable manner is necessary and obligatory in the present condition of fresh water deficit, pollution increasing of natural surface water resources, and its variety and/or complexity.
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Drogui, Patrick, Mélanie Asselin, Satinder K. Brar, Hamel Benmoussa, and Jean-François Blais. "Electrochemical removal of organics and oil from sawmill and ship effluentsA paper submitted to the Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 36, no. 3 (March 2009): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l09-003.
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The present study investigates the electrocoagulation treatment of two different wastewaters, namely sawmill wastewater and ship waste effluent, charged with organic matter. Monopolar electrode configuration was studied for both types of effluents at current intensity of 2.0 A for a total treatment time of 90 min. Soluble chemical oxygen demand (CODs) removal was very low (12.5% to 13.6%) for sawmill effluent in comparison to 74.7% to 75.4% obtained for ship effluents. Thus, ship effluent was further examined in details for its treatment efficacy in terms of electrode configuration and type, current intensity, treatment time, and pH. It was observed that bipolar electrode configuration using the Al electrode at 0.3 A gave the highest CODs removal of 77%. Effluent pH increased rapidly in the initial 20 min with a concomitant decrease in CODs concentration. Electrocoagulated-flocculated ship effluent improved performance relative to simple flocculation with respective removals of 86% of turbidity, 56% of CODs; 69% of total COD (CODt), 90% of oil and grease, 94% of C10-C50 hydrocarbons and 89% of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). Residual Al3+ concentration in the solution followed a linear trend with treatment time. Meanwhile, the sludge production increased progressively during 60 min of treatment time. Total cost for treatment of ship effluent, including energy, electrodes, and sludge disposal fee is estimated between CAN$1.34 and CAN$2.40m–3.
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Régis, Gisela, and Ederio Dino Bidoia. "Electrolytic treatment applied to the industrial effluent containing persistent wastes monitored by Bartha respirometric assays." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 48, no. 2 (March 2005): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132005000200020.
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The effluent of a rubber chemical antioxidant and antiozonant producer industry, with high content of organic material was subjected to electrolytic process. To evaluate the speed of stabilization of the eletroctrolyzed effluents, and to evaluate the biodegradation the respirometric test of Bartha and Pramer was used. The monitoring of the biodegradation of the effluent, after different periods of electrolysis show that the ideal time of electrolysis was 10 and 25 min. It was concluded that the eletrolytic process was viable to diminish the adaptation time of the microorganism to the effluent and consequently increased the biodegradation of effluent.
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Селюков, А. В., and М. Ю. Семенов. "Tertiary treatment by ozonation of municipal wastewater after biological treatment." Vodosnabzhenie i sanitarnaia tehnika, no. 2 (February 16, 2022): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.35776/vst.2022.02.06.
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Приведены результаты технологических испытаний по доочистке биологически очищенных сточных вод озонированием. Необходимость глубокой доочистки городских сточных вод от органических соединений обусловлена серьезными изменениями природоохранного законодательства России в части требований к качеству очищенных сточных вод для водоприемников бассейна озера Байкал. Требуемое качество воды при сбросе – ХПК не более 20 мг/дм3. Испытания проводились на проточной лабораторной установке производительностью до 9 л/ч. Исходный сток с ХПК около 55 мг/дм3 предварительно подвергался предочистке фильтрованием через песок, в результате чего ХПК снижалось до 40–42 мг/дм3. В качестве основного параметра при определении необходимой дозы озона использовалась «поглощенная доза озона» (Transferred Ozone Dose– TOD). Для ее расчета установка предусматривала возможность прямого определения концентрации озона как в подаваемой на обработку воде, так и в отработанной озоновоздушной смеси. Время обработки составляло 25 ± 5 минут. Для окисления использовались средние значения доз озона – 10–40 мг/дм3. Полученная зависимость эффективности снижения ХПК стока от дозы озона позволила определить удельный расход озона, необходимый для окисления до заданного уровня, – 2 мгО3/мгХПК. Остаточное содержание растворенного озона в пробах воды составило 0,05–0,15 мг/дм3. Как показало биотестирование, по степени негативного воздействия на окружающую среду пробы воды после озонирования соответствуют V классу опасности. The results of in-process tests of tertiary treatment by ozonation of effluents after biological treatment are presented. The need for enhanced tertiary treatment to remove organic compounds from municipal wastewater is explained by the major changes to the environmental legislation of Russia in terms of the requirements to the quality of effluents discharged into the receiving water bodies of the Baikal Lake basin. The required quality of the discharged effluents in terms of COD is less than 20 mg/dm3. The tests were carried out in a flow-through laboratory unit with a capacity of up to 9 l/h. The original effluent with COD of about 55 mg/dm3 was preliminarily subjected to pretreatment in a sand filter resulting in COD reduction to 40–42 mg/dm3. The Transferred Ozone Dose (TOD) was used as the main parameter in determining the required ozone dose. For its calculation possible direct determination of the ozone concentration both in the effluent supplied for the treatment and in the spent ozone-air mixture was provided in the unit. The processing time was 25 ± 5 minutes. For oxidation, average values of ozone doses were used, i. e. 10–40 mg/dm3. The obtained dependence of the efficiency of reducing the effluent COD on the ozone dose provided for determining the specific consumption of ozone required for the oxidation to a set level – 2 mgO3/mg COD. The residual concentration of dissolved ozone in the effluent samples was 0.05–0.15 mg/dm3. As shown by biotesting, according to the degree of negative impact on the environment, the effluent samples after ozonation correspond to the 5th class of hazard.
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Mary, C. Angel, and R. Leena. "A Comparative Study on Color Removal From Textile Industry Effluent Using Shrimp and Crab Shell Chitosan." Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 21, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 675–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.46488/nept.2022.v21i02.027.
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Effluent from the textile industry is a major source of water pollution. Textile effluents contain a high amount of color, turbidity, BOD, and COD, which are highly toxic and affect aquatic organisms as well as human beings. Physical and chemical treatments of these effluents are difficult and costly. Adsorption is an effective method to treat textile industry effluent. In the present study, chitosan is selected as an adsorbent, derived from the exoskeleton of marine crustaceans like shrimp and crab by chemical processing. The color was removed using chitosan from shrimp and crab shells separately. On the sixth day of treatment, shrimp shell chitosan removed 100% of color from textile industry effluent and proved to be a better adsorbent.
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Sacks, J., and C. A. Buckley. "Anaerobic treatment of textile size effluent." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 1 (July 1, 1999): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0038.
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This investigation focused on the KwaZulu-Natal province, where a number of under-utilised and under-performing anaerobic digesters were identified. The aim of the study was to assess the potential for treatment of high-strength or toxic organic agro-industrial effluents in the available capacity. The anaerobic digestion of a textile size effluent was investigated. Inhibitory components and concentrations of the solution were identified. The size solution was degraded anaerobically but could cause overloading of a digester at high concentrations. The performance efficiency of the anaerobic digesters at the Umbilo Sewage Purification Works was evaluated. The digesters were operating efficiently and had available hydraulic and organic capacities. This investigation confirmed the potential for the treatment of high-strength organic effluents in the available anaerobic digester capacity.
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Dölle, Klaus, Simon Lex, and Nathaniel Button. "Treatment of Effluent with an Anaerobic Aerobic Effluent Treatment System." Journal of Engineering Research and Reports 25, no. 7 (August 14, 2023): 145–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jerr/2023/v25i7948.
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Today energy and clean water is a requirement in all societies worldwide to run productive processes. This affects the natural environment negatively and requires establishing more environmentally sustainable processes to decrease dependency and preserve the natural environment.
In this research approach a laboratory anaerobic aerobic effluent treatment system was designed, built, and started up with wastewater. After start-up the system was operated with prepared milk waste, liquid cow manure and wastewater at a hydraulic retention time of 3 days and 6 days.
The laboratory anaerobic aerobic system was able to degrade the chemical oxygen demand, total solids and total suspended solids of all three influent liquids up to 95% and 98% for the 3-day and 6-day hydraulic retention time.
Maximum total solids removal was 87.89% and 92.43% for the 3-day and 6-day hydraulic retention time.
Total suspended solids removal yielded a maximum of 99.87 and 99.93% for the 3-day and 6-day hydraulic retention time.
The anaerobic sludge blanket reactor of the system operated at a temperature of 38°C and a pH between 7.5 and 8.2 achieved a biogas CH4 content of 65% ± 5% and a maximum total biogas production of 2.23 ml/h for the milk waste at a 3-day hydraulic retention time and a minimum biogas production of 1.36 ml/h for the waste water the 3-day and 6-day HRT respectively.
The operation of the designed laboratory anaerobic aerobic effluent treatment system showed that it is capable of reducing the effluent loading of a variety of waste streams as well as producing biogas that can be converted into bio-energy.
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Järvinen, Risto. "Nitrogen in the effluent of the pulp and paper industry." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 2-3 (February 1, 1997): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0502.
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Nitrogen concentrations of effluent before and after treatment plant in two mills have been measured during five days time in a bleached kraft pulp mill and in a newsprint mill. In effluents before treatment the concentration of inorganic nitrogen was low but in the effluent of kraft pulping process, the main part is inorganic nitrogen. In effluent after treatment the concentration of inorganic nitrogen is low. After activated sludge treatment plant the concentration of dissolved organic nitrogen is about 0.6 mg/l and nitrogen in suspended solids determines fluctuation of nitrogen content in treated effluent. There is no need for biological nitrogen removal processes if the addition of nitrogen in the treatment is correct.
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Melese, Meseretu. "Textile Wastewater and Treatment Technologies: A Review." OMO International Journal of Sciences 3, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.59122/134a47f.
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Textile industry is one of the most common and essential sectors in the world and it is responsible for one of the major environmental pollution problems in the world because it releases undesirable dye effluents. Textile wastewater contains dyes mixed with various contaminants at a variety of ranges. The toxic and carcinogenic effect of untreated textile effluent is well understood. The decolorization and detoxification of industrial dye effluents is most important aspect and is major concern to meet environmental regulations. This paper presents a review of literature on characteristics, composition of textile wastewater and conventional treatment methodologies for textile wastewater with their advantages and disadvantages. Over the years, researchers have developed several bioremediation technologies to treat textile effluents but little effort has been made to put the entire literature review of these technologies in one refereed paper, this review paper is an attempt to compile the existing information on various treatment technologies of textile effluent.
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Moondra, Nandini, Namrata D Jariwala, and Robin A Christian. "ROLE OF PHYCOREMEDIATION IN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT." WATER CONSERVATION & MANAGEMENT 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2021.53.57.
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Conventional domestic wastewater treatment in most developing countries is confined to secondary treatments, mainly focusing on solids and organics removal, which results in eutrophication when the effluents are discharged into receiving bodies. Thus, to resolve the issues associated with the conventional treatment system, in the present study, microalgae was introduced in the primary treated effluent collected from a sewage treatment plant to study the efficiency of the system in reducing eutrophication and other challenges of secondary treatment. Phycoremediation is an effective and eco-friendly treatment alternative that reduced the primary-treated effluent’s PO4-P, NH3-N and COD concentration to 97.89%, 98.81%, and 88.24%, respectively at the identical HRT practiced for secondary treatment. One-way ANOVA was also conducted to determine the effectiveness of the system statistically. The experimental and statistical analysis proved that microalgal treatment could resolve the challenges of conventional secondary treatments if adopted for domestic wastewater.
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Gabrielli, Giuliano, Jorge L. da Paixão, Bruno Coraucci, and Adriano L. Tonetti. "Ambiance rose production and nutrient supply in soil irrigated with treated sewage." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 19, no. 8 (August 2015): 755–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n8p755-759.
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<title>ABSTRACT</title><p>Effluents from secondary sewage treatment plants may contain amount of nutrients with the potential to cause eutrophication of water bodies. One of the ways to decrease this influx of nutrients would be the agricultural reuse. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the irrigation of roses of the Ambiance variety with the effluent from an anaerobic reactor and an intermittent sand filter (nitrified effluent). The trial lasted for 152 days. The dose of nitrogen applied via effluent was 91% of the crop requirement; of phosphorus, 3.5% (very low); and of potassium, 23%. There was no difference among treatments for the evaluated variables: diameter and length of stem, diameter and length of bud, and fresh weight of flower buds. The production of floral stems was higher in treatments with effluents without conventional fertilization. It is concluded that the irrigation with a treated effluent is an alternative for the fertilization of ambiance roses.</p>
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Ashraf, Sobia, Muhammad Naveed, Muhammad Afzal, Mahmoud F. Seleiman, Nasser A. Al-Suhaibani, Zahir A. Zahir, Adnan Mustafa, et al. "Unveiling the Potential of Novel Macrophytes for the Treatment of Tannery Effluent in Vertical Flow Pilot Constructed Wetlands." Water 12, no. 2 (February 15, 2020): 549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12020549.
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The phytoremediation potential of macrophytic species has made them an inevitable component of constructed wetlands (CWs) for the treatment of industrial effluents. The macrophytes must have tolerance for the harsh conditions imposed by effluents for an effective establishment of the CW system. In this context, the basic purpose of this work was to investigate the efficacy of five indigenous emergent macrophytes (Brachiaria mutica, Canna indica, Cyperus laevigatus, Leptochloa fusca, and Typha domingensis) for the remediation of tannery effluent in vertical subsurface flow CWs. The ability of each macrophytic species to tolerate pollution load and to remove pollutants from the effluent was assessed. The effect of tannery effluent on the survival and growth of macrophytes was also studied. The treated tannery effluent samples were analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), pH, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), chlorides (Cl−), sulphates (SO42−), oil and grease, and Cr levels. All of the studied macrophytes significantly decreased the pollution load of tannery effluent, and the higher nutrient content of effluent stimulated their growth without any signs of negative health effects. Leptochloa fusca and T. domingensis performed better in removing pollutants and showed higher growth rates and biomass than other tested macrophytes and can be considered preferred species for use in CWs treating tannery effluent. Brachiaria mutica showed morphologically better results than C. indica and C. laevigatus.
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Quanrud, D. M., M. M. Karpiscak, K. E. Lansey, and R. G. Arnold. "Behavior of organic carbon during subsurface wetland treatment in the Sonoran Desert." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0839.
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We examined the fate of organics during wetland treatment of secondary effluent and groundwater (control) flows in parallel, research-scale, subsurface-flow (SSF) wetland raceways at the Constructed Ecosystem Research Facility (CERF) located in Tucson, Arizona. The CERF facility enabled us to distinguish experimentally among effects on effluent quality due to season-dependent processes of evapotranspiration (ET) and wetlands-derived production of organics. Organics of wastewater and wetlands origin were compared in terms of their contributions to dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in wetland effluent. Elevated temperatures and associated biochemical activities increased DOC levels in wetland effluents during summer. In other words, DOC removal efficiency was negatively correlated to temperature. The contributions of ET and wetland-derived organics to elevation of DOC in wetland effluents during summer were roughly comparable. The elevation of organic carbon concentration during wetland polishing of wastewater effluent will lead to higher levels of disinfection by-products when treated waters are chlorinated prior to reuse. Results of this work are relevant to water managers in arid regions, which may incorporate wetlands into sequential wastewater treatments leading to potable reuse of reclaimed water.
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Kurmi, Keshav Prasad, Satyavir Singh, S. P. Tailor, and Amit Kumar Chaudhary. "Effect of Textile Effluent on Seed Germination and Early Growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)." Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 42, no. 9 (April 20, 2023): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2023/v42i94089.
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An experiment was conducted during rabi season in the year 2021-22 at Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, Laboratory of Sangam University, Bhilwara (Rajasthan) India, to evaluate the “Effect of textile effluent on seed germination and early growth of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and Mustard (Brassica juncea L.): A case study” consist of four (Treated industrial effluent) treatment (T1) freshwater, (T2) 25% effluent+75% fresh water, (T3) 50% effluent+50 % fresh water, (T4) 75 % effluent+25% freshwater to determine the effects of textile effluent’s toxicity on wheat and mustard seed germination rates and early growth as well as growth factors like plumule and radicle length. With higher effluent concentrations, the proportion of seed germination and seedling growth gradually decreased. Germination percentage, plumule and radicle length of seedlings were lowest in the treatment T4 (75% effluent + 25% fresh water) and highest in treatment T2 (25% effluent + 75 fresh water) treatment.
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Oliveira, Thálison Dourado de, Daniella Costa Faria Nepomuceno, and Liliana Pena Naval. "Reuse of effluents from cattle slaughterhouses: multicriteria evaluation." Revista Brasileira de Ciências Ambientais 58, no. 2 (2023): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/z2176-94781624.
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Cattle slaughterhouses generate a large amount of effluent with a high concentration of organic and inorganic compounds. However, the choice of appropriate technologies can produce effluents with sufficient quality for the practice of reuse as a strategy for saving water. This study aimed to determine the efficiency of effluent treatment systems from cattle slaughterhouses to promote the reuse of effluents, specifically for fertigation. The multicriteria analysis was employed, adopting the ELECTRE I method. The effluent treatment alternatives, the definition of the degree of importance, and the weights of each established criterion were considered. The estimated volume of effluents generated in slaughterhouses in Brazil was 85.374 million m³/year, with a high concentration of biochemical/chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, oils, and greases, solids, and E. coli. The treatment technologies that showed the best performance were UASB reactor + ultrafiltration and activated sludge + ultrafiltration, producing effluents with compatible quality for agricultural reuse under Brazilian legislation.
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Macêdo, Marina de Oliveira Cardoso, Haroldo Reis Alves de Macêdo, and André Luís Calado Araújo. "Chitosan as a Strategy in the Treatment of Effluent." Research, Society and Development 11, no. 16 (November 28, 2022): e22111636819. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v11i16.36819.
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The treatment of effluents requires new methodologies for the treatment of the tailings. One option is the use of natural coagulants. Chitosan has amino groups in the polymeric chains that allow it to act as a cationic polyelectrolyte and present a high density of charges, which are easily adsorbed on negatively charged surfaces, which is the case for most colloidal impurities present in water. Thus, this work used chitosan in the coagulation/flocculation process to remove color, turbidity and suspension of solids, as a strategy in the treatment of effluents. For that, samples of effluents from the textile industry in the of State of Rio Grande do Norte and samples of effluents from stabilization Lagoons in the municipalities of Touros and Santa Cruz were used in the coagulation/flocculation tests using jar-test. The results proved to be efficient for the removal of color, turbidity and suspension of solids from the samples. The best dosages were 22.5 mg/L and 37.5 mg/L for textile industry effluents, 52.5 mg/L and 60 mg/L for Santa Cruz lagoon effluent; 30 mg/L and 37.5 mg/L for effluent from Touros lagoon. It was observed in this work that chitosan presented in an optimal proportion, that is, the addition of more chitosan did not provide greater removal and that it can be used as a coagulant/flocculant in the treatment of effluents from both the textile industry and domestic effluents, replacing the synthetic coagulants or being used together with them.
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Udoh, J. P., A. J. Otoh, and M. E. Udang. "Biotreatment of brewery effluents for aquaculture use using autochthonous fungi." Tropical Freshwater Biology 29, no. 2 (April 29, 2021): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tfb.v29i2.9.
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The potential of reducing environmental impact of untreated brewery effluent was investigated. Although concentrations of pollutants in such effluents are usually considered low and inadvertently discharged into adjacent urban drainage facility, mycoremediation to remove dissolved inorganic nutrients in effluent was conducted with a view for aquaculture use in Uyo metropolis, southeast Nigeria. Raw brewery effluents were obtained and screened for indigenous microbial flora. Autochthonous fungi isolated included Aspergillus niger, Verticillium sp. and Mucor sp. The potential use of isolates as alternative treatment of brewery effluents was analyzed for treated and control groups. Treated group was inoculated with pure colonies of fungi isolates while the control group received no fungi treatment or modification. Both groups were incubated for seven (7) days. Thereafter, the physicochemical parameters of raw and remediated effluents were analysed and compared with National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) and aquaculture standards. Results confirmed suitability of autochthonous fungi isolates in mycoremediation of brewery effluent for aquaculture and irrigation.
Key words: effluent toxicity, industrial pollution, mycoremediation, aquatic ecosystem, Uyo
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Yotova, Galina, Tony Venelinov, and Stefan Tsakovski. "Chemometric Assessment of Bulgarian Wastewater Treatment Plants’ Effluents." Molecules 25, no. 19 (September 25, 2020): 4408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25194408.
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Surface water quality strongly depends on anthropogenic activity. Among the main anthropogenic sources of this activity are the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents. The discharged loads of nutrients and suspended solids could provoke serious problems for receiving water bodies and significantly alter the surface water quality. This study presents inventory analysis and chemometric assessment of WWTP effluents based on the mandatory monitoring data. The comparison between the Bulgarian WWTPs and previously reported data from other countries reveals that discharged loads from investigated WWTPs are lower. This is particularly valid for total suspended solids (TSS). The low TSS loads are the reason for the deviations of the typical calculated WWTP effluent ratios of Bulgarian WWTPs compared to the WWTPs worldwide. The performed multivariate analysis reveals the hidden factors that determine the content of WWTP effluents. The source apportioning based on multivariate curve resolution analysis provides detailed information for source contribution profiles of the investigated WWTP effluent loads and elucidate the difference between WWTPs included in this study.
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Rusten, Bjørm, Erik Mattsson, Astrid Broch-Due, and Thorbjørn Westrum. "TREATMENT OF PULP AND PAPER INDUSTRY WASTEWATERS IN NOVEL MOVING BED BIOFILM REACTORS." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0091.
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A new moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) has been developed, where the biomass is attached to small plastic elements that move freely along with the water in the reactors. Pilot-tests with these new biofilm reactors, have been performed at four different pulp and paper mills. The wastewaters tested were paper mill effluent, bleachery effluent, NSSC effluent and a mixture of CTMP and ground wood effluents. Good results were obtained with all the different wastewaters. These results are presented and discussed, together with full-scale design data for the MBBR treatment plants constructed at two of the mills.
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Higashitani, T., H. Tamamoto, A. Takahashi, and H. Tanaka. "Study of estrogenic effects on carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to sewage treatment plant effluents." Water Science and Technology 47, no. 9 (May 1, 2003): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0500.
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To investigate whether male carp (Cyprinus carpio) are really feminized by estrogen-like substances in effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Japan, exposure tests were performed using carp in water tanks that were receiving effluent from a STP. During eight weeks of exposure, we had measured their serum vitellogenin (VTG), a precursor of yolk protein specific for females that is synthesized in their liver by estrogen-like substances and that is, therefore, a biomarker of feminization. For this research, a STP with representative effluent estrogenic activity level was selected. In the first run of the tests that launched in the early spring of 2000, male carp were exposed. Results showed that the VTG concentration in male carp exposed to the effluent increased with time, while it was reduced after exposure to the effluents was stopped and the exposure was changed to dechlorinated tap water. On the other hand, in the control experiment, VTG was not detected in male carp exposed to dechlorinated tap water. Therefore, male carp might be reversibly feminized by the STP effluent. To assure whether the feminization of male carp was caused by the STP effluent at any time, two more runs of the test were performed in the summer of 2000 and February to April of 2001. However, significant level of VTG in male carp could not be observed for eight weeks. The estrogenic activities in the effluents were almost the same level throughout the tests; therefore the seasonal timing of exposure might be important for understanding this inconsistent phenomenon.
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JERÔNIMO, Carlos Enrique de Medeiros, Hermano Gomes FERNANDES, and João Fernandes SOUSA. "OILY WASTEWATER TREATMENT FOR CATALYTIC OXIDATION WITH K-MnO2/CeO2." Periódico Tchê Química 09, no. 18 (August 20, 2012): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v9.n18.2012.13_periodico18_pgs_13_20.pdf.
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The search for alternatives for the treatment of industrial effluents, especially high toxicity is one of the main difficulties of the industrial treatment systems. This work aims to use potassium as a promoter of electrons for the oxidation to the catalyst by impregnating it MnO2/CeO2 to degrade the effluent coming from the processing of cashew nuts in the presence of oxygen. The experiments were performed in a slurry bed reactor. In the experiments were kept constant initial concentration in the effluent LCC (0.8 g/L), a major contaminant in the effluent of industrial activity, the stirring speed (900 rpm) and potassium impregnated percentage (1%). The operational parameters were: mass concentration of the catalyst (4.0 and 5.0 g/L), full system pressure (300 to 900 psi) and temperature (80-130°C). The tests showed that the composite K-MnO2/CeO2 demonstrates good activity as a catalyst in the process of wet oxidation of the effluent, reach levels above 90% removal. The best operating conditions found to perform the catalytic reaction of degradation of the effluent were: catalyst concentration of 5.0 g / L and 130ºC, having a pronounced effect on the pressure.
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Zhang, Xu Jun, Xi Wu Lu, and Xiang Ming Li. "Biosafety Assessment of Effluents from Different Drinking Water Treatment Process." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 2410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.2410.
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Using recombinant yeast assay, cell proliferation assay and uterotropic assay, the estrogenic effect of Changjiang River raw water, effluent water from conventional process (flocculation + sedimentation + sand filter), effluent water from enhanced conventional process (flocculation + sedimentation + biological enhanced activity filter), and effluent water from biological activated carbon process (flocculation + sedimentation + sand filter + biological activated carbon filter) are analyzed. The results of in vitro test showed that when water sample at dosage of 0.01 to 2.43 L/plate, the curve of estrogen effect in Changjiang River raw water, effluent water from conventional process and enhanced conventional process was similar with that of 17β-estradiol. Their estrogen effect increased with increasing of water sample volume in certain extent, which had the dose-response relationship, and there is no estrogen effect in the effluent water from biological activated carbon process within the test’s dosage range. The results of in vivo test showed that comparing with the control group at dosage of 1 to 125 L/kg, Changjiang River raw water, effluent water from conventional process and enhanced conventional process could increase the weight of rat uterus, which indicated that the organic matters in the water samples still had estrogenic effect after the metabolic transformation in body. This study demonstrates that recombinant yeast assay, cell proliferation assay and uterotropic assay can be used for assessment of safety of effluents water from different drinking water treatment process.
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Sima, Laura C., Julien Schaeffer, Jean-Claude Le Saux, Sylvain Parnaudeau, Menachem Elimelech, and Françoise S. Le Guyader. "Calicivirus Removal in a Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Treatment Plant." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 15 (June 10, 2011): 5170–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00583-11.
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ABSTRACTTo evaluate membrane bioreactor wastewater treatment virus removal, a study was conducted in southwest France. Samples collected from plant influent, an aeration basin, membrane effluent, solid sludge, and effluent biweekly from October 2009 to June 2010 were analyzed for calicivirus (norovirus and sapovirus) by real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) using extraction controls to perform quantification. Adenovirus andEscherichia colialso were analyzed to compare removal efficiencies. In the influent, sapovirus was always present, while the norovirus concentration varied temporally, with the highest concentration being detected from February to May. All three human norovirus genogroups (GI, GII, and GIV) were detected in effluent, but GIV was never detected in effluent; GI and GII were detected in 50% of the samples but at low concentrations. In the effluent, sapovirus was identified only once. An adenovirus titer showing temporal variation in influent samples was identified only twice in effluent.E. coliwas always below the limit of detection in the effluent. Overall, the removal of calicivirus varied from 3.3 to greater than 6.8 log units, with no difference between the two main genogroups. Our results also demonstrated that the viruses are blocked by the membrane in the treatment plant and are removed from the plant as solid sludge.
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Djonga, Weldi Gnowe, Eric Noubissié, Inna Samomssa, and Guy Bertrand Noumi. "Discolouration Studies of the Slaughterhouse Effluent by Adsorption on Two Adsorbents Made from Species Sawdust of Triplochiton scleroxilon and Milicia excelsa." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i3.15000.
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The treatment of slaughterhouse effluents is a problem for our municipalities and residents. The objective of this work is to contribute to the protection of the environment through a test treatment of the effluent from the slaughterhouse of cows by adsorption on adsorbents made from sawdust. To achieve this, two adsorbents were produced based on sawdust of Ayous (Triplochiton scleroxilon) and Iroko (Milicia excelsa), and were characterized. The effluent was sampled in a Ngaoundéré slaughterhouse and then characterized in its turn. Finally, discolouration tests by adsorption of this effluent were carried out. At the end of this work, it appears that both adsorbents produced had an acidic character. They are micro and macroporous with specific surface areas from 14.77 m2/g to 69.56 m2/g for Iroko and Ayous, respectively. The effluent from the slaughterhouse of cows sampled in the city of Ngaoundéré is highly conductive and turbid with an organic matter evaluated at 4.15 ± 0.18%. The adsorbent based on sawdust of Ayous is more effective, globally allowed the reduction of more than 70% of all the organic and inorganic loads of the slaughterhouse effluent after treatment. A discolouration rate estimated at more than 90% obtained at the scale of the laboratory, these adsorbents are effective for the treatment of the slaughterhouse effluents. These two adsorbents can therefore be used for the treatment of slaughterhouse effluent in any country in the world.
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Rahaman, Md Shiblur, Fozia Momotaz, Afrida Nurain, Protima Sarker, and Sahoko Ichihara. "INVESTIGATION OF ETP FACILITIES AND THE INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS QUALITY: A CASE STUDY IN NOAKHALI INDUSTRIAL AREA, BANGLADESH." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 14, no. 2 (October 14, 2020): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2020142012.
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Untreated wastewater disposal from industries has been a crucial environmental issue for developing countries like Bangladesh. The current study aims to investigate the status of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) and the quality of effluents in the Noakhali industrial area, Bangladesh. Total 10 industries were surveyed and the ETP status showed that about 30% of industries do not have ETP facilities and only 30% of industries use their ETP for the treatment of the effluents where the rest of the industry’s ETPs were under construction or exit but not used. Effluent samples were collected from seven locations near the discharge points of various industries. All the physicochemical parameters were determined using standard analytical procedures and analyzed the values comparing with the guideline standard by the Department of Environment (DoE), Bangladesh. The average values of electric conductivity (EC) have exceeded the tolerable limit in maximum effluent samples. On the contrary, the temperature, pH, and total dissolved solids (TDS) values were within the standard limit for all of the collected effluent samples. The chloride concentration of the three effluent samples surpassed the limit. The biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) limit were exceeded for the effluent sampling sites S-6 and S-7 collected near the food and beverage industry. Besides, the maximum dissolved oxygen (DO) values of the effluents were below the standard which indicates poor water quality. Environmental nuisance is producing in Noakhali industrial area as maximum industries have not enough wastewater treatment facilities. Present study demonstrated that it is obvious to operate the ETP regularly for improving the quality of effluents to save our native environment from the harmful effects of wastewater.
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Adams, Morgan, Ian Campbell, Cathy McCullagh, Donnacha Russell, Detlef W. Bahnemann, and Peter K. J. Robertson. "From Ideal Reactor Concepts to Reality: The Novel Drum Reactor for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment." International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering 11, no. 2 (August 22, 2013): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijcre-2012-0012.
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Abstract This article reports the development of a novel drum photocatalytic reactor for treating dye effluent streams. The parameters for operation including drum rotation speed, light source distance, catalyst loading and H2O2 doping have been investigated using methylene blue as a model pollutant. Effluent can be generated by a number of domestic and industrial sources, including pharmaceutical, oil and gas, agricultural, food and chemical sectors. The work reported here proposes the application of semiconductor photocatalysis as a final polishing step for the removal of hydrocarbons from effluents sources, initial studies have proved effective in removing residual hydrocarbons from the effluent.
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Milstein, O., A. Haars, A. Majcherczyk, J. Trojanowski, D. Tautz, H. Zanker, and A. Hüttermann. "Removal of Chlorophenols and Chlorolignins from Bleaching Effluent by Combined Chemical and Biological Treatment." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0019.
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Organic matter from spent bleaching effluents (from chlorination (C) or extraction (E) stages, or a mixture of both) was effectively precipitated as a water insoluble complex with polyethyleneimine (polyimine). Precipitation was performed in a pilot unit operating automatically. The colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and adsorbable organic halogens (AOX) were reduced in the C-effluent by up to 92%, 65%, and 84%, respectively. Regarding the E-stage effluent, reduction was up to 76% for colour, 70% for COD, and 73% for AOX. No significant reduction of BOD5 was observed in the supernatant of the treated effluent. Fish toxicity was greatly reduced. Laccase increased the molecular weight of the effluent constituents, thus facilitating subsequent precipitation. After treatment with laccase, the bulk of mono- and dichlorophenol is coprecipitated with the liquors from the C and E bleaching stages. Fungi (representatives of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium) achieved an appreciable level of degradation of chlorophenols and other chloroorganic compounds from the bleaching effluent.
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Melcer, Henryk, Hugh Monteith, and Stephen G. Nutt. "Variability of Toxic Trace Contaminants in Municipal Sewage Treatment Plants." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1988): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0177.
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The variability of toxic trace contaminants in influents and effluents at three full-scale municipal sewage treatment plants was measured by collecting grab samples of degritted raw wastewater and non-chlorinated secondary effluent at two hour intervals over eight consecutive days. The samples were analyzed for metals, conventional contaminants and a range of organic trace contaminants. The metals and volatile organic compounds were the dominant contaminants found in the influents. In the effluents, organic concentrations were close to detectable levels and polyaromatic hydrocarbons were almost never detected. Some influent metal and organic contaminants varied diurnally while others appeared to fluctuate randomly with periodic spike inputs. The variability of most effluent trace contaminant concentrations was considerably attenuated in comparison to influent concentrations.
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KERBER, L., P. MARIOTTI, L. VOGNACH, J. A. TASSINARY, and S. STULP. "ECOTOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION THROUGH ALLIUM CEPA OF FOOD INDUSTRY EFFLUENT TREATED BY PROCESS USING MEMBRANES." Periódico Tchê Química 15, no. 30 (August 20, 2018): 305–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v15.n30.2018.308_periodico30_pgs_305_312.pdf.
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Due to population growth, there is an increase in the tendency of water resource degradation. One of the biggest polluters is the practice of dumping industrial and domestic effluents without any treatment on the watercourse. The utilization of effluents is an alternative to minimize the inadequate waste dump, thus avoiding the overload on the treatment system as well as cutting down costs and expenses. This work’s objective is to evaluate the application of reverse osmosis in a food industrial effluent, in physicochemical and toxicological terms. A reverse osmosis technical application was conducted and then the effluent was examined, before and afterward, in terms of pH, Turbidity, Colouring, Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Organic Carbon, and Total Nitrogen as well as a toxicological evaluation (Allium cepa). According to the obtained result, it can be identified that the technique of reverse osmosis showed treatment efficiency when applied to the effluent containing coloring and soy isoflavones, with regards to the physicals and chemical evaluation. In terms of toxicological evaluation, with respect to the radicular development, the treated effluent (permeate) showed a radicular growth, once the raw effluent did not develop any root.
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Campin, D. N., S. J. Buckland, D. J. Hannah, and J. A. Taucher. "The Identification of Dioxin Sources in an Integrated Wood Processing Facility." Water Science and Technology 24, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1991): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0463.
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A study was undertaken of the PCDD and PCDF export vectors from a major facility that comprises a bleached kraft pulp mill, paper mills, and previously, a timber processing sawmill. The PCDD and PCDF levels in pulps, untreated effluent, the final effluent, sludges, and discharge to the receiving waters, were studied. The total toxic equivalents were calculated, and the individual PCDD and PCDF profiles showed that there were several contributing sources of dioxins. The various effluent streams that contribute to the final effluent were studied, including the bleached effluent, the other kraft mill effluents, and site effluents from other processing areas. Mass balances of PCDDs and PCDFs from the effluent treatment systems are presented. The paper outlines the use of full PCDD and PCDF profile measurements as a means of identifying the point sources of dioxin contamination from within the facility, and outlines the procedures that are being implemented to control the emission of dioxins in the final effluent.
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S, Chaitra S., K. P. Shobha, and H. Prasanna Kumar. "pH Control in Effluent Treatment Plant using PLC." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development Volume-2, Issue-1 (December 31, 2017): 896–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd7059.
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John, C. K. "Treatment of Agro-Industrial Wastes Using Water Hyacinth." Water Science and Technology 17, no. 4-5 (April 1, 1985): 781–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1985.0179.
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In Malaysia lagoon systems have been successfully adopted by the natural rubber (NR) and oil palm industries to treat their effluents. The possibility of using Eichhornia crassipes (water hyacinth) in the lagoons to further improve the treatment system was investigated. Good removal of pollutants from the block rubber effluent was achieved using a hydraulic retention of 10 - 15 days. The resulting effluent discharge was of acceptable quality. Water hyacinth also markedly improved the quality of the effluent from the remilling rubber factories. Consequently propagation of water hyacinth in the lagoons has been recommended. Pilot plant trials with palm oil mill effluent (POME) have shown that water hyacinth can be successfully grown in anaerobically digested liquor removing 96% BOD, 87% COD, 96% suspended solids, 83% ammoniacal nitrogen and 97% oil and grease. It also removed more than 99% of the indicative bacteria such as coliforms, E.coli and Streptococci. Under the Malaysian conditions, water hyacinth grew profusely yielding about 500 kg of dry matter per ha per day. The average dry weight was about 5.0% and it contained about 24% protein, 21% fibre and 14% ash.