Journal articles: 'Effortful control'

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Bae, Yun-Jin, and Ji-Young Lim. "Relations between Parents' Effortful Control, Parenting Behavior and Infants' Effortful Control." Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association 50, no. 2 (February 28, 2012): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.6115/khea.2012.50.2.053.

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Hurriyati, Evi Afifah, Efi Fitriana, Surya Cahyadi, and Wilis Srisayekti. "Control and Emotional Reactivity Levels: Which One, Positive or Negative Emotional Reactivity Links with Effortful Control?" Humaniora 11, no. 1 (April 24, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v11i1.6188.

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The research investigated the relationship between effortful control and emotional reactivity in students. It also analyzed the description of each variable descriptively based on the levels of effortful control and the level of emotional reactivity. The method was by self-report through questionnaires distributed to students aged 18-30 years. There were 357 participants that were consisting of 94 male students and 263 female students. The measuring instrument was the Effortful Control from the Adult Temperament Scale Questionnaire (ATQ) Scale-Short form, and the Perth Emotional Reactivity Scale-Short Form scale. The result shows that there is a positive significant relationship between effortful control and positive emotional reactivity. However, the research shows that there is a negatively significant relationship between effortful control and negative emotional reactivity. It states that students with high levels of effortful control have high positive emotional reactivity. Likewise, students who have low levels of effortful have low positive emotional reactivity. However, individuals who have a high level of effortful control have low negative emotional reactivity and vice versa.

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Bae, Yun-Jin, and Ji-Young Lim. "Analysis of Trends in Research on Effortful Control." Korean Journal of Human Ecology 20, no. 1 (February 28, 2011): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5934/kjhe.2011.20.1.057.

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Heylen, Joke, Michael W. Vasey, Adinda Dujardin, Eva Vandevivere, Caroline Braet, Rudi De Raedt, and Guy Bosmans. "Attachment and Effortful Control." Journal of Early Adolescence 37, no. 3 (July 27, 2016): 289–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431615599063.

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Based on former research, it can be assumed that attachment relationships provide a context in which children develop both the effortful control (EC) capacity and the repertoire of responses to regulate distress. Both are important to understand children’s (mal)adjustment. While the latter assumption has been supported in several studies, less is known about links between attachment and EC. We administered questionnaires to measure anxious and avoidant attachment or trust in maternal support in two samples of early adolescents. EC was reported by the child in Sample 1 ( n = 244), and by mother in Sample 2 ( n = 177). In both samples, mothers reported children’s maladjustment. Consistent with predictions, insecure attachment was related to reduced EC. Moreover, EC indirectly linked insecure attachment to maladjustment. This study provides evidence that studying EC is important to understand the self-regulatory mechanisms explaining the link between attachment and (mal)adjustment in early adolescence.

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Yun, Kibong, Nana Shin, Bokyung Park, Minjoo Kim, and Jee Un Noh. "The effects of mothers’ effortful control and parenting behaviors on toddlers’ effortful control." Korean Council For Children's Rights 23, no. 2 (May 31, 2019): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.21459/kccr.2019.23.2.189.

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Lengua, Liliana J., Nicole R. Bush, Anna C. Long, Erica A. Kovacs, and Anika M. Trancik. "Effortful control as a moderator of the relation between contextual risk factors and growth in adjustment problems." Development and Psychopathology 20, no. 2 (2008): 509–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579408000254.

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AbstractEffortful control was examined as a moderator of the relations of three domains of contextual risk factors to growth in internalizing and externalizing problems in a community sample (N = 189) of children (8–12 years at Time 1). Socioeconomic, maternal, and environmental risk factors were examined as predictors of initial levels and growth in children's adjustment problems across 3 years. The effects of the risk factors depended on children's level of effortful control. For children lower in effortful control, socioeconomic risk was related to significantly higher initial levels of internalizing and externalizing problems and decreases over time. However, children lower in effortful control had higher levels of problems at all three time points than children higher in effortful control. Maternal risk was associated with increases in internalizing for children lower in effortful control, and environmental risk was related to increases in internalizing and externalizing problems for children lower in effortful control, but not those higher in effortful control. Children who were lower in effortful control appeared to experience more adverse effects of contextual risk than those higher in effortful control, suggesting that interventions aimed at improving children's effortful control might serve to protect children from increased risk of adjustment problems associated with contextual risk factors.

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Sturge-Apple, Melissa L., Patrick T. Davies, Dante Cicchetti, Rochelle F. Hentges, and Jesse L. Coe. "Family instability and children's effortful control in the context of poverty: Sometimes a bird in the hand is worth two in the bush." Development and Psychopathology 29, no. 3 (June 17, 2016): 685–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000407.

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AbstractEffortful control has been demonstrated to have important ramifications for children's self-regulation and social–emotional adjustment. However, there are wide socioeconomic disparities in children's effortful control, with impoverished children displaying heightened difficulties. The current study was designed to demonstrate how instability within the proximal rearing context of young children may serve as a key operant on the development of children's effortful control in the context of poverty. Two separate studies were conducted that included samples of children living within homes characterized by heightened economic risk. In Study 1, we tested the differential prediction of family instability on two domains of children's effortful control: cool effortful control and delay control. Consistent with hypotheses, elevated instability was associated with decreased hot effortful control but not cool effortful control over the span of 2 years. In Study 2, we examined how children's basal cortisol activity may account for associations between heightened instability and effortful control in reward tasks. The results were consistent with sensitization models, suggesting that elevated cortisol activity arising from increased uncertainty and unpredictability in rearing contexts may influence children's hot effortful control. The findings are interpreted within emerging evolutionary–developmental frameworks of child development.

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Stevens, Erin N., Joseph R. Bardeen, and Kyle W. Murdock. "Parenting Behaviors and Anxiety in Young Adults." Journal of Individual Differences 36, no. 3 (July 1, 2015): 170–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000169.

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Parenting behaviors – specifically behaviors characterized by high control, intrusiveness, rejection, and overprotection – and effortful control have each been implicated in the development of anxiety pathology. However, little research has examined the protective role of effortful control in the relation between parenting and anxiety symptoms, specifically among adults. Thus, we sought to explore the unique and interactive effects of parenting and effortful control on anxiety among adults (N = 162). Results suggest that effortful control uniquely contributes to anxiety symptoms above and beyond that of any parenting behavior. Furthermore, effortful control acted as a moderator of the relationship between parental overprotection and anxiety, such that overprotection is associated with anxiety only in individuals with lower levels of effortful control. Implications for potential prevention and intervention efforts which specifically target effortful control are discussed. These findings underscore the importance of considering individual differences in self-regulatory abilities when examining associations between putative early-life risk factors, such as parenting, and anxiety symptoms.

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Kopp, Claire B. "Cognitive processes and effortful control." Infant Behavior and Development 21 (April 1998): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0163-6383(98)91405-9.

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Hernández, Maciel M., Nancy Eisenberg, Carlos Valiente, Anjolii Diaz, Sarah K. VanSchyndel, Rebecca H. Berger, Nathan Terrell, Kassondra M. Silva, Tracy L. Spinrad, and Jody Southworth. "Concurrent and longitudinal associations of peers’ acceptance with emotion and effortful control in kindergarten." International Journal of Behavioral Development 41, no. 1 (July 10, 2016): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025415608519.

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The purpose of the study was to evaluate bidirectional associations between peer acceptance and both emotion and effortful control during kindergarten ( N = 301). In both the fall and spring semesters, we obtained peer nominations of acceptance, measures of positive and negative emotion based on naturalistic observations in school (i.e., classroom, lunch/recess), and observers’ reports of effortful control (i.e., inhibitory control, attention focusing) and emotions (i.e., positive, negative). In structural equation panel models, peer acceptance in fall predicted higher effortful control in spring. Effortful control in fall did not predict peer acceptance in spring. Negative emotion predicted lower peer acceptance across time for girls but not for boys. Peer acceptance did not predict negative or positive emotion over time. In addition, we tested interactions between positive or negative emotion and effortful control predicting peer acceptance. Positive emotion predicted higher peer acceptance for children low in effortful control.

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Dennis, Tracy A., Melanie Hong, and Beylul Solomon. "Do the associations between exuberance and emotion regulation depend on effortful control?" International Journal of Behavioral Development 34, no. 5 (June 10, 2010): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025409355514.

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Temperamentally exuberant children may be at risk for emotion regulation problems, but this may also depend on their capacity for effortful control. To examine this issue, we assessed 72 typically-developing 3- to 5-year-olds. Child exuberance, effortful control, and emotion regulation were assessed via maternal report and observations of child behavior. Emotion regulation problems were elevated among children showing high exuberance and among children showing low effortful control. However, during a disappointing task, children with high exuberance showed stable, elevated levels of organized emotion regulation regardless of effortful control; for children with low exuberance, only those who also showed high effortful control showed comparable levels of organized emotion regulation. Implications for understanding risk and resilience associated with exuberance are discussed.

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Dindo, Lilian, Rebecca L. Brock, Nazan Aksan, Wakiza Gamez, Grazyna Kochanska, and Lee Anna Clark. "Attachment and Effortful Control in Toddlerhood Predict Academic Achievement Over a Decade Later." Psychological Science 28, no. 12 (October 12, 2017): 1786–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617721271.

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A child’s attachment to his or her caregiver is central to the child’s development. However, current understanding of subtle, indirect, and complex long-term influences of attachment on various areas of functioning remains incomplete. Research has shown that (a) parent-child attachment influences the development of effortful control and that (b) effortful control influences academic success. The entire developmental cascade among these three constructs over many years, however, has rarely been examined. This article reports a multimethod, decade-long study that examined the influence of mother-child attachment and effortful control in toddlerhood on school achievement in early adolescence. Both attachment security and effortful control uniquely predicted academic achievement a decade later. Effortful control mediated the association between early attachment and school achievement during adolescence. This work suggests that attachment security triggers an adaptive cascade by promoting effortful control, a vital set of skills necessary for future academic success.

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Tiberio, Stacey S., Deborah M. Capaldi, David C. R. Kerr, Maria Bertrand, Katherine C. Pears, and Lee Owen. "Parenting and the development of effortful control from early childhood to early adolescence: A transactional developmental model." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 3 (July 18, 2016): 837–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579416000341.

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AbstractPoor effortful control is a key temperamental factor underlying behavioral problems. The bidirectional association of child effortful control with both positive parenting and negative discipline was examined from ages approximately 3 to 13–14 years, involving five time points, and using data from parents and children in the Oregon Youth Study—Three Generational Study (N= 318 children from 150 families). Based on a dynamic developmental systems approach, it was hypothesized that there would be concurrent associations between parenting and child effortful control and bidirectional effects across time from each aspect of parenting to effortful control and from effortful control to each aspect of parenting. It was also hypothesized that associations would be more robust in early childhood, from ages 3 to 7 years, and would diminish as indicated by significantly weaker effects at the older ages, 11–12 to 13–14 years. Longitudinal feedback or mediated effects were also tested. The findings supported (a) stability in each construct over multiple developmental periods; (b) concurrent associations, which were significantly weaker at the older ages; (c) bidirectional effects, consistent with the interpretation that at younger ages children's effortful control influenced parenting, whereas at older child ages, parenting influenced effortful control; and (d) a transactional effect, such that maternal parenting in late childhood was a mechanism explaining children's development of effortful control from middle childhood to early adolescence.

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Hurriyati, Evi Afifah, Sabilla Afriza, Efi Fitriana, Surya Cahyadi, and Wilis Srisayekti. "Information on Covid-19 and Effortful Control Level: Increasing or Decreasing Anxiety?" International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (December 30, 2021): 1690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.191.

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Anxiety has increased with more information about the COVID-19 outbreak. The COVID-19 information can make people more aware and care about this pandemic. However, it also can make people feel panic and anxious. Emotional induction in the information is referring to how the emotion carried by the information can affect early adult’s anxiety, but the differences in effortful control level that each person has also define the level of anxiety someone experiences. The anxiety level related to effortful control is one dimension of temperament. This study is conducted in concern of the effect of emotional induction in COVID-19 information towards anxiety in high and low effortful control groups. This study used a quantitative method with quasi-experimental research. This study involves 218 early adults in an age range of 20-40 years old. This study used pictures from content information about COVID-19, Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Effortful Control Questionnaire (ECQ) as the measuring tools. The results of the significance test show p <0.005. This means that there is an effect of emotional induction on anxiety at both high and low effortful control levels. This study shows that emotional induction in the form of COVID-19 information reduces anxiety in the respondent group with a high level of effortful control, but increases anxiety in the respondent group with a low level of effortful control. The effect of COVID-19 information on anxiety based on effortful control in the late adult (over 65 years old) group, in this study cannot be explained.

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Pereira, Ana Maria, Ana Isabel Pereira, and Teresa Marques. "Effortful control assessed by parental report and laboratory observation and adjustment in early childhood." Análise Psicológica 39, no. 1 (July 8, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14417/ap.1742.

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Effortful control is a key aspect of children’s self-regulation showing a remarkable progress in early childhood. This study explored the relationship between effortful control, externalizing and internalizing problems and prosocial behaviour in young children. The sample was composed by 31 Portuguese children, aged between 3 and 6-years-old, and their parents. Effortful control was assessed by behavioural tasks (Tower of Patience, Bead Sorting) and the very short form of the Child Behavior Questionnaire administered to the parents. Internalizing and externalizing problems, as well as prosocial behaviour, were measured through the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, answered by the parents. The results show that higher levels of effortful control are related to less externalizing problems and higher levels of prosocial behaviour. No significant associations were found between effortful control and internalizing problems. The mechanisms that may explain the different patterns of associations between effortful control and internalizing and externalizing problems in early childhood are discussed.

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Hoyniak, Caroline P., Isaac T. Petersen, John E. Bates, and Dennis L. Molfese. "The neural correlates of temperamental inhibitory control in toddlers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 373, no. 1744 (February 26, 2018): 20170160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2017.0160.

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The current study examined the association between effortful control and a well-studied neural index of self-regulation, the N2 event-related potential (ERP) component, in toddlers. Participants included 107 toddlers (44 girls) assessed at 30, 36 and 42 months of age. Participants completed a Go/NoGo task while electroencephalography data were recorded. The study focused on the N2 ERP component. Parent-reported effortful control was examined in association with the NoGo N2 ERP component. Findings suggest a positive association between the NoGo N2 component and the inhibitory control subscale of the wider effortful control dimension, suggesting that the N2 component may index processes associated with temperamental effortful control. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.

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이미나, 김민정, and 강수경. "Relationships among parents' effortful control, social parenting-behavior, children's effortful control, and child-teacher relationships." Korean Journal of Early Childhood Education 38, no. 3 (June 2018): 289–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.18023/kjece.2018.38.3.012.

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Kim, Jaehee, Hyoun K. Kim, and Heesun Lee. "The Relation Between Fathering and School Children’s Effortful Control: Moderating Effects of Parents’ Effortful Control." Korean Journal of Child Studies 38, no. 3 (June 30, 2017): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2017.38.3.19.

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Gaias, Larissa Michelle, Tashia Abry, Jodi Swanson, and Richard A. Fabes. "Considering child effortful control in the context of teacher effortful control: Implications for kindergarten success." Learning and Individual Differences 45 (January 2016): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.016.

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Liu, Yih-Lan, and Hui-Tzu Chang. "Bidirectional association between effortful control and intentional self-regulation and their integrative effect on deviant adolescent behaviors." International Journal of Behavioral Development 42, no. 6 (January 5, 2018): 543–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0165025417749754.

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Effortful control and intentional self-regulation are two constructs associated with children’s and adolescent self-regulation that have historically been the subject of research in separate fields, where temperament research has primarily focused on effortful control, and positive development research has focused on intentional self-regulation. This study examines the reciprocal relationship between effortful control and intentional self-regulation and discusses how they relate to deviant adolescent behaviors. A total of 599 adolescents from western Taiwan participated in this study, and four waves of data were collected in 2 years. Cross-lagged structural equation models were tested. The results indicate that effortful control has a predominant influence on intentional self-regulation; also, effortful control negatively predicts deviant behavior for boys, whereas intentional self-regulation displays a similar effect for girls.

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Holmberg, Eeva, Eeva-Leena Kataja, Elysia Poggi Davis, Marjukka Pajulo, Saara Nolvi, Hetti Lahtela, Elisabeth Nordenswan, Linnea Karlsson, Hasse Karlsson, and Riikka Korja. "Unpredictable maternal sensory signals in caregiving behavior are associated with child effortful control." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 20, 2022): e0279384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279384.

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Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to unpredictable patterns of maternal sensory signals during infancy is associated with child neurodevelopment, including poorer effortful control. However, longitudinal effects on child development and possible sex differences are understudied. The aims of the present study were to explore whether exposure to unpredictable maternal sensory signals during infancy is related to child effortful control at 5 years of age and whether child sex moderates these associations. In addition, we examined how exposure to very high vs. low/moderate unpredictability using categorical cut-offs is related to child effortful control. Participants (133 mother–child pairs, all Caucasian) were drawn from the FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study in Finland. Maternal sensory signals (auditory, visual, tactile) were coded from the 10-min free-play episode on a moment-on-moment basis using Observer XT 11 (Noldus), and the unpredictability of maternal sensory signals was characterized as the entropy rate when the infant was 8 months of age. Child effortful control was assessed via mother reports using the Child Behavior Questionnaire very short form (CBQ-VSF) when the child was 5 years old. Correlational analyses showed that higher unpredictability of maternal sensory signals had a modest association with children’s poorer effortful control at 5 years of age. Notably, the linear regression model showed that child sex moderated these associations, as higher exposure to unpredictable maternal sensory signals was related to poorer effortful control among males, but not among females. Moreover, the general linear model showed that exposure to very high unpredictability was associated with poorer child effortful control at 5 years of age and remained significant when adjusted for possible confounding factors. These results are in line with previous findings and suggest that the unpredictability of maternal sensory signals is potentially an important aspect of early caregiving behavior associated with the development of child effortful control.

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Taylor, Zoe E., Carly D. Evich, Kristine Marceau, Nayantara Nair, and Blake L. Jones. "Associations Between Effortful Control, Cortisol Awakening Response, and Depressive Problems in Latino Preadolescents." Journal of Early Adolescence 39, no. 7 (September 7, 2018): 1050–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431618798509.

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The present study examined associations between effortful control, a trait marker of self-regulation, adaptive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system functioning (as reflected by the cortisol awakening response [CAR]), and concurrent and longitudinal depressive problems, in a sample of preadolescent Latino youth ( N = 119, mean age = 11.53 years, 59% girls). We hypothesized that trait readiness for self-regulation (specifically effortful control) could be related to physiological state readiness for self-regulation (as measured using the Cortisol Awakening Response or CAR), and that both may counter depressive problems. We found that youth’s CAR was positively associated with effortful control, and negatively with youth depressive problems. Effortful control and youth depressive problems were also negatively associated. Longitudinal relations of CAR and effortful control on depressive problems at T2 were not significant in the structural equation model after controlling for T1 depressive problems, although these variables were significant in the bivariate correlations. Results suggest that both trait regulation and physiological regulation may counter depressive problems in Latino youth.

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Robinson, Marissa, Jessica Klusek, Michele D. Poe, Deborah D. Hatton, and Jane E. Roberts. "The Emergence of Effortful Control in Young Boys With Fragile X Syndrome." American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities 123, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1352/1944-7558-123.2.89.

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Abstract Effortful control, or the ability to suppress a dominant response to perform a subdominant response, is an early-emerging temperament trait that is linked with positive social-emotional development. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a single-gene disorder characterized by hallmark regulatory impairments, suggesting diminished effortful control. This study compared the development of effortful control in preschool boys with FXS (n = 97) and typical development (n = 32). Unlike their typical peers, the boys with FXS did not exhibit growth in effortful control over time, which could not be accounted for by adaptive impairments, FMR1 molecular measures, or autism symptoms. These results contribute to our understanding of the childhood phenotype of FXS that may be linked to the poor social-emotional outcomes seen in this group.

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Ikki, Kousuke, Rie Mizuno, and Yasuo Kojima. "Developmental process of child’s effortful control." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 78 (September 10, 2014): 2EV—2–026–2EV—2–026. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.78.0_2ev-2-026.

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Sekiguchi, Yosuke, and Yoshihiko Tanno. "State/Trait Anger and Effortful Control." Japanese Journal of Personality 14, no. 2 (2006): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2132/personality.14.238.

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Slobodskaya, E., E. Kozlova, N. Bairova, E. Petrenko, and I. Leto. "Effortful control and child well-being." Psikhologicheskii zhurnal 40, no. 5 (October 2019): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s020595920005450-1.

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Rothbart, Mary K., Lesa K. Ellis, M. Rosario Rueda, and Michael I. Posner. "Developing Mechanisms of Temperamental Effortful Control." Journal of Personality 71, no. 6 (December 2003): 1113–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.7106009.

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Dunn, Timothy L., Connor Gaspar, and Evan F. Risko. "Cue awareness in avoiding effortful control." Neuropsychologia 123 (February 2019): 77–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.05.011.

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Jensen-Campbell, Lauri A., Monica Rosselli, Katie A. Workman, Mirtha Santisi, Jasmin D. Rios, and Debbie Bojan. "Agreeableness, conscientiousness, and effortful control processes." Journal of Research in Personality 36, no. 5 (October 2002): 476–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0092-6566(02)00004-1.

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Mun, Chung Jung, Thomas J. Dishion, Jenn-Yun Tein, and Roy Otten. "Adolescence effortful control as a mediator between family ecology and problematic substance use in early adulthood: A 16-year prospective study." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 4 (December 12, 2017): 1355–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579417001742.

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AbstractThis study examined the mediated effect of early adolescence familial context on early adulthood problematic substance use through effortful control in late adolescence. The sample consisted of a community sample of 311 adolescents and their families comprising the control group within a randomized trial intervention. Parental monitoring and parent–child relationship quality (P-C RQ) were measured annually from ages 11 to 13. Effortful control was measured by self-reports and parent and teacher reports at ages 16 to 17. Self-reports of problematic tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use were measured at ages 18 to 19, 21 to 22, 23 to 24, and 26 to 27. Structural equation modeling was employed to test hypothesized models. Only P-C RQ was found to be significantly associated with adolescent effortful control. As expected, higher levels of adolescent effortful control were associated with lower problematic substance use through early adulthood, controlling for previous substance use levels. Mediation analyses showed that effortful control significantly mediated the relationship between P-C RQ and problematic substance use. Higher relationship quality between youth and parents in early adolescence is associated with higher effortful control, which in turn relates to a lower level of problematic substance use in early adulthood.

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Lafavor, Theresa. "Predictors of Academic Success in 9- to 11-Year-Old Homeless Children: The Role of Executive Function, Social Competence, and Emotional Control." Journal of Early Adolescence 38, no. 9 (January 1, 2017): 1236–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272431616678989.

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Widening achievement gaps between homeless and highly mobile (HHM) youth and their peers highlight the need for research to understand effects of risk and adversity on development to promote resilience and positive adaptation. Youth living under the poverty line experience more risk and adversity, leading to difficulty in multiple domains including academic achievement. Effortful control has been established as a protective factor among young HHM children; however, the impact of other factors including social competence and emotional control on functioning in early adolescence remains less clear. The current study examined effortful control, social competence, and emotional control in adaptive processes in 86 children, aged 9 to 11, living in an emergency homeless shelter. Consistent with expectations, emotional control and social competence each contributed to academic achievement, above and beyond effortful control and IQ. Emotional control moderated effortful control on reading ability. Implications of these findings, including policy and practice, are discussed.

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Li, Mengjiao, Jie Chen, Naishi Li, and Xinying Li. "A Twin Study of Problematic Internet Use: Its Heritability and Genetic Association With Effortful Control." Twin Research and Human Genetics 17, no. 4 (June 16, 2014): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2014.32.

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Our goal was to estimate genetic and environmental sources of influence on adolescent problematic internet use, and whether these individual differences can be explained by effortful control, an important aspect of self-regulation. A sample of 825 pairs of Chinese adolescent twins and their parents provided reports of problematic internet use and effortful control. Univariate analysis revealed that genetic factors explained 58–66% of variance in problematic internet use, with the rest explained by non-shared environmental factors. Sex difference was found, suggesting boys’ problematic internet use was more influenced by genetic influences than girls’ problematic internet use. Bivariate analysis indicated that effortful control accounted for a modest portion of the genetic and non-shared environmental variance in problematic internet use among girls. In contrast, among boys, effortful control explained between 6% (parent report) and 20% (self-report) of variance in problematic internet use through overlapping genetic pathways. Adolescent problematic internet use is heritable, and poor effortful control can partly explain adolescent problematic internet use, with effects stronger for boys. Implications for future research are discussed.

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Diamant, Rachel. "Relationships Among Sensory Processing Behaviors, Executive Function, and Temperament Characteristics for Effortful Control in School-Age Children." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, Supplement_1 (July 1, 2022): 7610505101p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.2022.76s1-po101.

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Abstract Date Presented 04/02/2022 A descriptive correlation study examined relationships among temperament effortful control, executive function, and sensory processing behavior. Outcomes from three standardized questionnaires regarding children between ages 7 year, 0 months, and 10 years, 11 months, indicated that statistically significant associations between typical sensory responses were related to abilities for executive function and effortful control, whereas sensory reactivity was related to decreased abilities for executive function and effortful control. Primary Author and Speaker: Rachel Diamant

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Claes, Laurence, Glenn Kiekens, Els Boekaerts, Lies Depestele, Eva Dierckx, Sylvia Gijbels, Katrien Schoevaerts, and Koen Luyckx. "Are Sensitivity to Punishment, Sensitivity to Reward and Effortful Control Transdiagnostic Mechanisms Underlying the Eating Disorder/Obesity Spectrum?" Nutrients 13, no. 10 (September 23, 2021): 3327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13103327.

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Although it has been postulated that eating disorders (EDs) and obesity form part of a broad spectrum of eating- and weight-related disorders, this has not yet been tested empirically. In the present study, we investigated interindividual differences in sensitivity to punishment, sensitivity to reward, and effortful control along the ED/obesity spectrum in women. We used data on 286 patients with eating disorders (44.6% AN-R, 24.12% AN-BP, and 31.82% BN), 126 healthy controls, and 640 Class II/III obese bariatric patients (32.81% Class II and 67.19% Class III) with and without binge eating. Participants completed the behavioral inhibition and behavioral activation scales, as well as the effortful control scale, to assess sensitivity to punishment and reward and effortful control. Results showed that patients with EDs scored significantly higher on punishment sensitivity (anxiety) compared to healthy controls and Class II/III obese patients; the different groups did not differ significantly on reward sensitivity. Patients with binge eating or compensatory behaviors scored significantly lower on effortful control than patients without binge eating. Differences in temperamental profiles along the ED/obesity spectrum appear continuous and gradual rather than categorical. This implies that it may be meaningful to include emotion regulation and impulse regulation training in the treatment of both EDs and obesity.

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Vervoort, L., and T. Naets. "The role of Effortful Control and the Dual Pathway Model in Childhood Obesity." European Psychiatry 65, S1 (June 2022): S51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2022.172.

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Apart from other well-known psychological determinants of obesity, deficits in neuropsychological processes related to effortful control can be relevant predictors for weight problems and difficulties in weight loss. Deficits in top-down inhibition as well as in other processes such as strong bottom-up reactivity, like external eating, hinder resisting food temptations in an obesogenic environment, thus determining the risk for the development of overweight and obesity. Furthermore, these deficits are associated with less positive outcomes in weight loss interventions for subgroups of children and adolescents with severe obesity. Targeting those effortful control mechanisms underlying childhood obesity via cognitive behavioral techniques can facilitate behavioural change necessary to induce sustainable weight loss and weight control. In this presentation, I will present data on effortful control collected in a large sample of youngsters (n=572 participants, 51% boys, aged 7–19) with moderate to severe obesity. Results suggest that top-down inhibition and bottom-up external eating play a complex role in weight problems in certain subgroups of youngsters with obesity, stressing the importance of identifying subgroups for tailoring interventions. I will demonstrate a few science-based intervention techniques that have the potential to ameliorate effortful control capacities, and thus optimize treatment outcomes for those youngsters low in effortful control. Disclosure No significant relationships.

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Choe, Daniel Ewon, Sheryl L. Olson, and Arnold J. Sameroff. "Effects of early maternal distress and parenting on the development of children's self-regulation and externalizing behavior." Development and Psychopathology 25, no. 2 (April 30, 2013): 437–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412001162.

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AbstractEmotional distress experienced by mothers increases young children's risk of externalizing problems through suboptimal parenting and child self-regulation. An integrative structural equation model tested hypotheses that mothers’ parenting (i.e., low levels of inductive discipline and maternal warmth) would mediate adverse effects of early maternal distress on child effortful control, which in turn would mediate effects of maternal parenting on child externalizing behavior. This longitudinal study spanning ages 3, 6, and 10 included 241 children, mothers, and a subset of teachers. The hypothesized model was partially supported. Elevated maternal distress was associated with less inductive discipline and maternal warmth, which in turn were associated with less effortful control at age 3 but not at age 6. Inductive discipline and maternal warmth mediated adverse effects of maternal distress on children's effortful control. Less effortful control at ages 3 and 6 predicted smaller relative decreases in externalizing behavior at 6 and 10, respectively. Effortful control mediated effects of inductive discipline, but not maternal warmth, on externalizing behavior. Findings suggest elevated maternal distress increases children's risk of externalizing problems by compromising early parenting and child self-regulation.

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Reinfjell, Trude, Silja Berg Kårstad, Turid Suzanne Berg-Nielsen, Joan L. Luby, and Lars Wichstrøm. "Predictors of change in depressive symptoms from preschool to first grade." Development and Psychopathology 28, no. 4pt2 (December 9, 2015): 1517–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579415001170.

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AbstractChildren's depressive symptoms in the transition from preschool to school are rarely investigated. We therefore tested whether children's temperament (effortful control and negative affect), social skills, child psychopathology, environmental stressors (life events), parental accuracy of predicting their child's emotion understanding (parental accuracy), parental emotional availability, and parental depression predict changes in depressive symptoms from preschool to first grade. Parents of a community sample of 995 4-year-olds were interviewed using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. The children and parents were reassessed when the children started first grade (n = 795). The results showed that DSM-5 defined depressive symptoms increased. Child temperamental negative affect and parental depression predicted increased, whereas social skills predicted decreased, depressive symptoms. However, such social skills were only protective among children with low and medium effortful control. Further, high parental accuracy proved protective among children with low effortful control and high negative affect. Thus, interventions that treat parental depression may be important for young children. Children with low effortful control and high negative affect may especially benefit from having parents who accurately perceive their emotional understanding. Efforts to enhance social skills may prove particularly important for children with low or medium effortful control.

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Ormel, Johan, Anoek M. Oerlemans, Dennis Raven, Albertine J. Oldehinkel, and Odilia M. Laceulle. "Mental Disorder During Adolescence: Evidence of Arrested Personality Development." Clinical Psychological Science 8, no. 3 (March 16, 2020): 395–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2167702619896372.

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The experience of a mental disorder may affect the development of personality in multiple ways, but empirical evidence regarding psychopathology effects on personality development that persist after remission of the disorder is limited and inconsistent. In the longitudinal cohort TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), mental disorders during adolescence were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and parent-reported effortful control, fearfulness, and frustration at age 11 and age 19 through the Early Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire. We found that adolescent mental disorders had small effects on personality change. Internalizing disorders predicted increases of fearfulness and frustration but hardly affected effortful control; externalizing disorders were unrelated to frustration and fearfulness but predicted a decrease of effortful control. Whereas fearfulness and frustration partially caught up after disorder remission, virtually all delay in effortful control was still present 2.9 years later, suggesting scarring effects.

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Eisenberg, Nancy, and Michael J. Sulik. "Emotion-Related Self-Regulation in Children." Teaching of Psychology 39, no. 1 (December 28, 2011): 77–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0098628311430172.

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In this article, the authors review basic conceptual issues in research on children’s emotion-related self-regulation, including the differentiation between self-regulation that is effortful and voluntary and control-related processes that are less amenable to effortful control. In addition, the authors summarize what researchers know about developmental changes in self-regulatory capacities, give examples of various methods used to assess these abilities, and summarize findings on the relations between self-regulation or effortful control and positive adjustment and maladjustment. Finally, the authors discuss some strategies for effectively teaching students about emotion regulation.

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Fujita, Kentaro. "On Conceptualizing Self-Control as More Than the Effortful Inhibition of Impulses." Personality and Social Psychology Review 15, no. 4 (June 17, 2011): 352–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411165.

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The notion that self-control entails effortful inhibition of impulses dominates prevailing psychological models of self-control. This article describes some of the conceptual and empirical limitations of defining self-control as the effortful inhibition of impulses. The present article instead advocates for a dual-motive conceptualization, which describes self-control as the process of advancing distal rather than proximal motivations when the two compete. Effortful impulse inhibition in this model represents only one of many means by which people promote their self-control efforts. Adopting a dual-motive approach offers new insight and proposes several new research directions. This article discusses these implications and calls for psychologists to reconsider the way self-control is currently understood.

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Karreman, Annemiek, Cathy van Tuijl, Marcel A. G. van Aken, and Maja Deković. "Parenting, coparenting, and effortful control in preschoolers." Journal of Family Psychology 22, no. 1 (2008): 30–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.30.

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Yamagata, Shinji, Yusuke Takahashi, Nobuhiko Kijima, Hiroko Maekawa, Yutaka Ono, and Juko Ando. "Genetic and Environmental Etiology of Effortful Control." Twin Research and Human Genetics 8, no. 4 (August 1, 2005): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/twin.8.4.300.

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AbstractWe examined whether effortful control (EC), a temperament proposed by Rothbart and Bates (1998), has genetically coherent structure. A self- report measure of EC was administered to 450 Japanese twins (151 males and 299 females, ages 17 to 32 years) including 152 monozygotic and 73 dizygotic pairs. Univariate genetic analysis revealed that AE model fit best for the total EC as well as its subscales. The heritability estimate for total EC was 49%, and the estimates for subscales ranged between 32% and 45%. Multivariate genetic analysis revealed that the subscales of EC were genetically correlated to a high degree and environmentally correlated to a moderate degree. These results suggest that EC has substantial genetic basis and genetically coherent structure, supporting the validity of the construct. The implications to molecular genetic study and study of psychopathology were discussed.

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Mägi, Katrin, Eve Kikas, and Piret Soodla. "Effortful control, task persistence, and reading skills." Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 54 (January 2018): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.11.005.

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FUJIMOTO, Asumi. "An influence of Effortful Control on empathy." Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 76 (September 11, 2012): 1EVB03. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.76.0_1evb03.

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Drake, A., and S. Vidrine. "B-72 * Effortful Control in Bilingual Children." Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 29, no. 6 (August 28, 2014): 563–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acu038.160.

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Morales, Santiago, Natalie V. Miller, Sonya V. Troller-Renfree, Lauren K. White, Kathryn A. Degnan, Heather A. Henderson, and Nathan A. Fox. "Attention bias to reward predicts behavioral problems and moderates early risk to externalizing and attention problems." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 2 (March 6, 2019): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579419000166.

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AbstractThe current study had three goals. First, we replicated recent evidence that suggests a concurrent relation between attention bias to reward and externalizing and attention problems at age 7. Second, we extended these findings by examining the relations between attention and behavioral measures of early exuberance (3 years), early effortful control (4 years), and concurrent effortful control (7 years), as well as later behavioral problems (9 years). Third, we evaluated the role of attention to reward in the longitudinal pathways between early exuberance and early effortful control to predict externalizing and attention problems. Results revealed that attention bias to reward was associated concurrently and longitudinally with behavioral problems. Moreover, greater reward bias was concurrently associated with lower levels of parent-reported effortful control. Finally, attention bias to reward moderated the longitudinal relations between early risk factors for behavioral problems (gender, exuberance, and effortful control) and later externalizing and attention problems, such that these early risk factors were most predictive of behavioral problems for males with a large attention bias to reward. These findings suggest that attention bias to reward may act as a moderator of early risk, aiding the identification of children at the highest risk for later behavioral problems.

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Hammar, Åsa, Anders Lund, and Kenneth Hugdahl. "Selective impairment in effortful information processing in major depression." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 9, no. 6 (August 27, 2003): 954–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617703960152.

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AbstractAutomatic and effortful information processing in depressed patients was investigated by a visual search paradigm, in order to examine dysfunctional effortful processing in depressed patients. Twenty-one patients with major depression, according to the DSM–IV, and with a moderate depression measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale score at >18 participated in the study. The healthy control group was matched for age, gender, and level of education. Half of the trials involved only one type of distractor, and the other half of the trials involved two types of distractors being presented. The results show that the performance of the depressed patients was equal to the control group when the target was easily recognized with only one type of distractor present. However, when target detection required a more difficult and complex attentive search strategy, effortful information processing, the depressed patients needed longer visual search time compared to the controls. Depressed patients seem to have impaired performance on effortful but not automatic information processing. (JINS, 2003, 9, 954–959.)

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Šarić Drnas, Marija. "Problems of Self-Regulation in Forms and Functions of Aggression." Psihologijske teme 31, no. 2 (July 17, 2022): 337–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.31.2.7.

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The role of self-regulation in aggression has typically been studied by neglecting the multidimensional nature of aggression, which differentiates between its forms (overt vs. relational) and functions (proactive vs. reactive). Besides, the contribution of two aspects of self-regulation (effortful control and reactive control) in the regulation of aggression has been ignored. Studies suggest that only reactive aggressive children have low effortful control because aggression results from the insufficient inhibition of an aggressive impulse. On the other hand, some studies suggest that proactive aggression has no deficits in effortful control, because proactive aggression is referred to as premeditated behaviour driven by instrumental goals. However, the conceptualization of proactive aggression as premeditated with higher levels of forethought and perseverance is not sustainable, because proactive aggression is associated with reactive undercontrol which corresponds to impulsivity. This paper addresses this problem by reviewing recent research suggesting that both forms and functions of aggression are related to inadequate effortful control. Studies suggest that forms and functions of aggression are related to various aspects of impulsivity. Further, reactive overcontrolled children are, due to their behavioural inhibition, better able to attenuate their aggression. Future studies should determine which forms and functions of aggression are characterized by low reactive overcontrol, i.e. low behavioural inhibition. For children whose aggression is driven by weak reactive control, effortful control is necessary to inhibit aggressive impulses. Interventions are suggested for reinforcing self-regulation in forms and functions of aggression.

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T. Gailliot, Matthew. "Alcohol Consumption Reduces Effortful Fatigue After Sleep: Testing A Theory of Metabolite Depletion and Subsequent Supercompensation." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN HUMANITIES 3, no. 3 (December 25, 2015): 271–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jah.v3i2.5140.

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The current work examined whether greater alcohol consumption at night would predict less effortful fatigue the next morning. The theory is that effortful thought and behavior benefit from additional stored metabolites, and that drinking alcohol temporarily reduces metabolites but later increases them. Participants attended a drinking, social event at night. The next morning, they completed an effortful task (a breath-blowing task requiring forceful exertion and persistence) before and after a mentally fatiguing task (controlling attention). Consuming more alcohol during the event predicted less fatigue on the effortful breath-blowing task, computed as the difference between performance on the task before and after the attention control task. Alcohol consumption might be one strategy for reducing later fatigue on effortful tasks.

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Leppänen, Marja H., Katri Sääksjärvi, Henna Vepsäläinen, Carola Ray, Pauliina Hiltunen, Leena Koivusilta, Maijaliisa Erkkola, Nina Sajaniemi, and Eva Roos. "Association of screen time with long-term stress and temperament in preschoolers: results from the DAGIS study." European Journal of Pediatrics 179, no. 11 (May 27, 2020): 1805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-020-03686-5.

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Abstract Screen time is increasing rapidly in young children. The aim of this study was to examine associations of long-term stress and temperament with screen time in Finnish preschool children and the moderating role of socioeconomic status. Cross-sectional DAGIS data were utilized. Long-term stress was assessed using hair cortisol concentration, indicating values of the past 2 months. Temperament was reported by the parents using the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire (the Very Short Form), and three broad temperament dimensions were constructed: surgency, negative affectivity, and effortful control. Screen time was reported by the parents over 7 days. The highest education level in the household was used as an indicator of socioeconomic status. In total, 779 children (mean age, 4.7 ± 0.9 years, 52% boys) were included in the study. Of the temperament dimensions, a higher effortful control was associated with less screen time (B = − 6.70, p = 0.002). There was no evidence for an association between hair cortisol concentration and screen time nor a moderating role of socioeconomic status in the associations (p > 0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that preschool children with a higher score in effortful control had less screen time. Because effortful control reflects general self-regulatory abilities, promoting these skills may be effective in reducing screen time in young children. What is Known: • Screen time has increased rapidly during the last decades, and higher screen time has been linked with numerous adverse health consequences in children. • There are no previous studies investigating associations of long-term stress and temperament with screen time in young children. What is New: • Of the temperament dimensions, effortful control was associated with higher screen time in preschool children, but there was no association found between long-term stress and screen time. • Since effortful control reflects general self-regulatory abilities, promoting these skills may be effective in reducing screen time in young children.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Effortful control'

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