Academic literature on the topic 'Efik (African people)'

Food and foodways are essential components of the Efik biocultural system, as the Efik people of Southern Cross River State, Southeastern Nigeria, are famous for their rich dietary history and cuisine tradition. Food and foodways are, therefore, quintessential aspects of the Efik cultural history and social structure, which are intergenerational. This article explores the use of food symbolisms (embedded in rich metaphors) in Efik proverbs, which are perceptual frameworks or conceptual grids that highlight fundamental cultural values and mores as well as reinforce and instill acceptable social behavior. The study is rooted in the Afrocentric paradigm, which re-asserts the interpretation of Efik proverbs based on African values, perspectives, and narratives, and adds relevant ontological and epistemological analytic dimensions in operationalizing the collective and contextual understanding of Efik (African) proverbs. In this context, the Efik view the world through the lens of food, exploring the role of food and eating correlates as means of addressing their society’s psychodynamic challenges, which paradoxically are not about food.

Physostigmine, or eserine, is an alkaloid found in the Calabar bean (eséré), Physostigma venenosum (Balfour). The scientific discovery of physostigmine played a pivotal role in our understanding of chemical neurotransmission and the emergence of pharmacology as a science. The Efik people of Old Calabar, in present day Cross River State of Nigeria, used the bean as an ordeal poison to determine if persons accused of certain allegations such as witchcraft were guilty or innocent. Scottish missionaries working in Old Calabar witnessed eséré ordeal trials and attended to patients inadvertently poisoned by the plant. Perplexed by the ordeal trials and concerned for their patients, the missionaries sent reports of their observations and samples of the beans to scientists back in Britain for study. Evaluations of the plant material for its chemical constituents and biological activity led to the discovery of its active principle, physostigmine. Further explorations with physostigmine led to the discovery of acetylcholine and chemical neurotransmission, and the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1936. From a classic practice of ethno-jurisprudence, the world came to understand the chemical basis of synaptic transmission, and the nature of substrate-enzyme and ligand-receptor interactions as underlying principles in biochemistry and pharmacology. Numerous medicines including physostigmine have been developed based on these principles and are being used in current pharmacotherapy. The rich history of eséré plant and its physostigmine alkaloid anchors a compelling story of the role natural products have played in the discovery of modern therapeutic agents. Moreover, the story highlights the reality that probably many more medicinal plants in Africa remain to be explored for their chemical constituents as potential leads in breakthrough drug discovery.

Introduction: Hypertension is a degenerative disease that affects most people in the world. One of the efforts that can be done to reduce high blood pressure is to include sodium intake every day. This study will discuss further about the sodium diet in patients with hypertension. The results: Based on the search results, 4 journals were obtained, with a total population of 396. All studies conducted in the study were located in several countries, namely 1 study in Africa, America, 1 study in America, 1 study in Brazil and 1 other study conducted in China. All studies in this study received interventions in the form of sodium diet and anti-hypertensive therapy in different time frames. There were 180 patients who received anti-hypertensive therapy within 8 weeks and 38 patients received anti-hypertensive therapy within 1 week while on a low salt diet. The percentage of males was 45.2% (n = 179) and female was 54.8% (n = 217). Two studies showed a significant direct result in reducing hypertension, but the other two studies linked a decrease in blood pressure indirectly to the intervention performed. Similar to the population in Indonesia. In the study found that dietary sodium has a lowering effect on blood pressure. Conclusion: Sodium consumption in accordance with standard levels can be used as an effort to prevent primary intake in reducing the risk of hypertension occurring in the future. Keywords : Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension, Diet Sodium, Hypertension

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ (MOCs’) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of Global Memorandum of Understandings (GMOUs) on rural young people involved in non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for sustainable livelihood in Niger Delta, Nigeria. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study were collected from primary sources, using participatory rural appraisal technique of semi-structured interview questionnaire. The use of participatory research techniques in collecting CSR impact data especially as it concerns the rural young people is because it involves the people being studied, and their views on all the issues are paramount. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data. Inferential statistical tool – estimation of logit model was used to test the two research hypothesis. Findings The results indicate that GMoUs have not given adequate attention to young people as a special target sub-group who live in rural areas and depend mostly on NTFPs. Results also show that a number of factors hindering rural young people from the use and development of NTFPs include a policy vacuum, non-destructive harvesting, and destruction of natural habitats, bushfires, population growths and high demands. Research limitations/implications The semi-structured interview questionnaire was directly administered by the researchers with the help of research assistants. The use of local research assistants was because of the inability of the researchers to speak the different local languages and dialects of the many ethnic groups of Ijaws, Ogonis, Ikweres, Etches, Ekpeyes, Ogbas, Engennes, Obolos, Isokos, Nembes, Okirikas, Kalabaris, Urhobos, Iteskiris, Igbos, Ika-Igbos, Ndonis, Orons, Ibenos, Yorubas, Ibibios, Anangs, Efiks, Bekwarras, Binis, Eshans, Etsakos, Owans, Itigidis, Epies, Akokoedos, Yakkurs, etc., in the sampled rural communities. Practical implications An appropriate GMoU-intervention framework for sustainable promotion of NTFPs, domestication of NFTPs, improving harvesting and processing techniques are necessary to facilitate good security, reduction of poverty and improved livelihoods, particularly for the economically-marginalized and forest-dependent rural young people is imperative. Social implications Sustainable livelihoods of the forest-dependent rural young people in sub-Saharan Africa would require some focussed CSR interventions on the NTFPs for sustainable livelihood. Facilities pertaining to storage, grading, processing and value addition through the convergence of existing schemes and programmes should be promoted and created. MOCs are in a position to empower the rural young people with information about the market, policy and products to enable the rural people strategizing and accessing returns from NTFPs in sub-Saharan Africa. Originality/value This research adds to the literature on multinational enterprises’ CSR initiatives in developing countries and rationale for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of sustainable livelihood.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to critically examine the multinational oil companies’ (MOCs) corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Nigeria. Its special focus is to investigate the impact of the global memorandum of understanding (GMoU) on rural women livestock keepers in the oil producing communities. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a quantitative methodology. Data were collected from primary sources using participatory rural appraisal technique. The use of participatory research technique in collecting CSR impact data especially as it concerns the small-scale women livestock keeper is based on the fact that it involves the people being studied, and their views on all the issues are paramount. The primary tool used for household survey (collection of the primary data) is a structured questionnaire which is divided into two sections. Section one of the instrument elicited information on the socio-economic characteristics of respondent, while the other section elicited information on the research questions. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data so as to answer the research questions and test the hypothesis. To answer the research questions, descriptive statistics of measurement of central tendency was used, and the results were presented in tables and charts. While in testing the hypothesis, inferential statistical tool-estimation of logit model (of receipt and non-receipt of MOCs CSR through the GMoU by rural women livestock keepers as function of selected socio-economic and domestic empowerment variables) was used. Findings The findings show that GMoU model is gender insensitive as rural women rarely have direct access to livestock interventions except through their husband or adult sons, which is attributed to the cultural and traditional context of the people, anchored in beliefs, norms and practices that breed discrimination and gender gap in the rural societies. Research limitations/implications The structured questionnaire was directly administered by the researchers with the help of local research assistants. The use of local research assistants was because of the inability of the researchers to speak the different local languages and dialects of the many ethnic groups of Ijaws, Ogonis, Ikweres, Etches, Ekpeyes, Ogbas, Engennes, Obolos, Isokos, Nembes, Okirikas, Kalabaris, Urhobos, Iteskiris, Igbos, Ika-Igbos, Ndonis, Orons, Ibenos, Yorubas, Ibibios, Anangs, Efiks, Bekwarras, Binis, Eshans, Etsakos, Owans, Itigidis, Epies, Akokoedos, Yakkurs, etc., in the sampled rural communities. Practical implications If the rural women do not feel GMoUs efforts to eliminate discrimination and promote equality in the livestock sector, feminized poverty would create a hostile environment for MOCs in the region. Social implications The livestock development in Nigeria can only succeed if CSR is able to draw on all the resources and talents and if rural women are able to participate fully in the GMoUs intervention plans and programs. Originality/value This research contributes to gender debate in livestock keeping from CSR perspectives in developing countries and rational for demands for social projects by host communities. It concludes that business has an obligation to help in solving problems of public concern, and that CSR priorities in Africa should be aimed toward addressing the peculiarity of the socio-economic development challenges of the country and be informed by socio-cultural influences.

ABSTRAKTujuan penelitian ini menganalisa dampak masing-masing Variabel DPK, BOPO, Asset Size dan Inflasi secara parsial, simultan terhadap Profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia tahun 2015-2019. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif. Teknik analisis yang digunakan yaitu analisis regresi data panel menggunakan alat statistik Eviews-10. Hasil temuan dalam penelitian ini adalah DPK secara parsial berpengaruh positif tidak signifikan. Asset Size dan Inflasi secara parsial berpengaruh negatif tidak signifikan, BOPO berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah tahun 2015-2019. Secara Simultan DPK, Asset Size, BOPO dan Inflasi berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap profitabilitas Bank Umum Syariah tahun 2015-2019. Penelitian ini berguna untuk penentuan kebijakan dan penelitian perbankan syariah di indonesia. Bagi Bank Umum Syariah diharapkan dapat lebih mendorong nasabah untuk melakukan simpanan di bank Juga diharapkan dapat menjaga efisiensi perusahaan secara rutin dan optimal serta dalam mengelola aset dengan jumlah yang besar. Jika pada tahap inflasi Bank Umum Syariah harus bisa mendorong masyarakat untuk menabung atau berinvestasi dengan produk-produk yang menguntungkan. Kata Kunci: Faktor Internal Bank, Makroekonomi, Profitabilitas, Bank Umum Syariah, Indonesia. ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze the effect of each of the variables of TPF, OEOI, Asset Size and Inflation partially, simultaneously on the Profitability of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia in 2015-2019. The method used is quantitative research. The analysis technique used is panel data regression analysis uses the Eviews-10 statistical tool. The findings in this study are partially the third party funds have a positive and insignificant effect. Asset Size and Inflation partially have a negative and insignificant effect, OEOI have a positive and significant effect on the profitability of Islamic Commercial Banks in 2015-2019. Simultaneously, Third Party Funds, Asset Size, OEOI and Inflation have a negative and significant effect on the profitability of Islamic Commercial Banks in 2015-2019. This research is useful for policy determination and research on Islamic banking in Indonesia. Sharia Commercial Banks are expected to further encourage customers to deposit at the bank. It is also hoped that they can maintain company efficiency regularly and optimally and in managing large amounts of assets. If at the inflation stage, Islamic Commercial Banks must be able to encourage people to save or invest in profitable products.Keywords: Internal Bank Factors, Macroeconomics, Profitability, Islamic Commercial Banks, Indonesia.DAFTAR PUSTAKAAlim, S. (2014). Analisis pengaruh inflasi dan BI rate terhadap Return on Assets (ROA) bank syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Modernisasi, 10(3), 201–220.Aliyu, S., & Yusof, R. M. (2016). Profitability and cost efficiency of islamic banks: A panel analysis of some selected countries. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(4), 1736–1743.Almazari, A. (2014). Impact of internal factors on bank profitability: Case study of East Africa. Journal of Applied Finance and Banking, 4(17).Anbar, A., & Alper, D. (2011). Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of commercial bank profitability: Empirical evidence from Turkey. Business and economics research journal, 2(2), 139–152.Avrita, R. D., & Pangestuti, I. R. D. (2016). Analisis pengaruh CAR, NPL, LDR, NIM, dan BOPO terhadap profitabilitas bank (perbandingan bank umum go public dan bank umum non go public di Indonesia periode tahun 2011-2014). Diponegoro Journal of Management, 5(2), 366–378.Basyaib, F. (2007). Manajemen resiko. Jakarta: Grasindo.Bramandita, B., & Harun, H. (2020). The Impact of ROA, BOPO, FDR, CAR, NPF on Mudharabah Profit Sharing Rate. Journal of Islamic Economic Laws, 3(2), 86–107.Frianto, P. (2012). Manajemen dana dan kesehatan bank. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Hariyanti, D. (2019). Pengaruh makro ekonomi dan fundamental perusahaan terhadap kinerja perbankan syariah di Indonesia. Jurnal Akuntansi, Keuangan, dan Manajemen, 1(1), 1–8.Husain, A., Affandi, S., & Shukur, N. A. (2015). The internal determinants of Islamic banks’ profitability in Malaysia. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, 5(7), 17–21.Izhar, H., & Asutay, M. (2007). Estimating the profitability of islamic banking: evidence from bank muamalat Indonesia. Review of Islamic Economics, 11(2), 17-29.Kasmir. (2011). Analisis laporan keuangan. Jakarta: PT. Raja Grafindo Persada.Kuncoro, M., & Suhardjono. (2000). Manajemen perbankan teori dan aplikasi. Yogyakarta: BPFEMahmudah, N., & Harjanti, R. S. (2016). Analisis capital adequacy ratio, financing to deposit ratio, non performing financing, dan dana pihak ketiga terhadap tingkat profitabilitas bank umum syariah periode 2011-2013. 1(1), 134-143.Marilin, D., & Rohmawati. (2012). Pengaruh inflasi, suku bunga, nilai tukar valas dan jumlah uang beredar terhadap profitabilitas pada perbankan syariah di Indonesia periode 2005-2009. Jurnal Akuntansi Akrual, 3(2), 147–166.Naceur, S. Ben, & Omran, M. (2011). The effects of bank regulations, competition, and financial reforms on banks’ performance. Emerging Markets Review, 12(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ememar.2010.08.002Natsir, M. (2014). Ekonomi moneter & kebanksentralan. Bogor: Mitra Wacana Media.Notoatmodjo, S. (2010). Metodologi penelitian kesehatan. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.Parenrengi, S., & Hendratni, T. W. (2018). Pengaruh dana pihak ketiga, kecukupan modal dan penyaluran kredit terhadap profitabilitas bank. Jurnal Manajemen Strategi Dan Aplikasi Bisnis, 1(1), 9–18.Peling, I. A. A., & Sedana, I. B. P. (2018). Pengaruh LDR, NPL, dan BOPO terhadap profitabilitas pada PT. BPD Bali periode tahun 2009-2016. E-Jurnal Manajemen Universitas Udayana, 7(6).Prasanjaya, A. Y., & Ramantha, I. W. (2013). Analisis pengaruh rasio CAR, BOPO, LDR dan ukuran perusahaan terhadap profitabilitas bank yang terdaftar di BEI. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 4(1), 230–245.Putra, R., & Ascarya. (2007). Akad dan produk bank syariah. Jakarta: RajaGrafindoSukma, Y. L. (2013). Pengaruh dana pihak ketiga, kecukupan modal dan risiko kredit terhadap profitabilitas (Perusahaan perbankan yang terdaftar di BEI). Jurnal Akuntansi, 1(2), 1-25.Tandelilin, E. (2001). Analisis investasi dan manajemen portofolio. Yogyakarta: BPFE.Vernanda, S. D., & Widyarti, E. T. (2016). Analisis pengaruh CAR, LDR, NPL, BOPO, dan SIZE terhadap ROA (Studi pada bank umum konvensional yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2010-2015). Diponegoro Journal of Management, 5(3), 1040-1052.Wibowo, E. S., & Syaichu, M. (2013). Analisis pengaruh suku bunga, inflasi, CAR, BOPO, NPF terhadap profitabilitas bank syariah (Studi kasus pada bank mega syariah, bank muamalat dan bank syariah mandiri periode tahun 2008-2011). Diponegoro Journal of Management, 2(2), 10-19.Widarjono, A. (2020). Does the volatility of macroeconomic variables depress the profitability of Islamic banking? Jejak, 13(1), 30–42. https://doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v13i1.19460

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menguji dan menganalisis implikasi dari praktek sumber daya manusia yang terdiri dari perencanaan karir, pelatihan dan penilaian kinerja terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan pada Kantor Distrik Navigasi Kelas III Pontianak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif dengan pendekatan korelasi, atau juga penelitian yang dirancang untuk menentukan tingkat hubungan variabel-variabel yang berbeda dalam suatu populasi. Sampel dari penelitian ini berjumlah 130 responden dari karyawan pada Kantor Distrik Navigasi Kelas III Pontianak. Metode pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan sampel jenuh. Data diperoleh melalui kuesioner, kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan model jalur (path) dengan menggunakan software SPSS versi 20.0 untuk windows. Berdasarkan temuan ini, disarankan kepada pimpinan untuk meningkatkan kepuasan kerja atau secara langsung dapat meningkatkan kinerja karyawan. 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Culture and religion are two important parts of human life that are highly emotional. People do everything to protect, defend, and keep their cultural and religious heritage no matter how primitive others may think it is. Failure to recognize the religious and cultural worldview of a people in the evangelization of such society often leads to a conflict of allegiance. This study is a critical appraisal of the Scottish missionary activities among the Efik people of Old Calabar, Nigeria. The effect of neglecting these cultural elements that would have acted as a bridge to the full acceptance of Christianity among the people was neglected. This rigid attitude was challenged by the emergence of some Independent African Churches that came as a substitute for the mission churches. The need for a new perspective on the interaction of culture and religion is therefore required if the world is to survive the current global religious conflicts.