Relevant bibliographies by topics / EFR

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'EFR'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 April 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "EFR"

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Kunwar, Sanju, Fanny Iriarte, Qiurong Fan, Eduardo Evaristo da Silva, Laura Ritchie, Nghi Song Nguyen, Joshua H. Freeman, et al. "Transgenic Expression of EFR and Bs2 Genes for Field Management of Bacterial Wilt and Bacterial Spot of Tomato." Phytopathology® 108, no. 12 (December 2018): 1402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-17-0424-r.

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Field trials were conducted at two locations in Florida to evaluate transgenic tomato expressing the ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, the Bs2 gene from pepper, or both Bs2 and EFR (Bs2/EFR) for managing bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans. Expression of EFR or Bs2/EFR in the susceptible genotype Fla. 8000 significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence (50 to 100%) and increased total yield (57 to 114%) relative to lines expressing only Bs2 or the nontransformed Fla. 8000 control, although the marketable yield was not significantly affected. Following harvest, surviving symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants were assessed for colonization by R. solanacearum. There were no significant differences in the population at the lower stem. Interestingly, in the middle stem, no bacteria could be recovered from EFR or Bs2/EFR lines but viable bacterial populations were recovered from Bs2 and nontransformed control lines at 102 to 105 CFU/g of stem tissue. In growth-chamber experiments, the EFR transgenic tomato lines were found to be effective against seven different R. solanacearum strains isolated from the southeastern United States, indicating utility across the southeastern United States. In all of the bacterial spot trials, EFR and Bs2/EFR lines had significantly reduced disease severity (22 to 98%) compared with the Fla. 8000 control. The marketable and total yield of Bs2/EFR were significantly higher (43 to 170%) than Fla. 8000 control in three of four field trials. These results demonstrate for the first time the potential of using the EFR gene for field management of bacterial wilt and bacterial spot diseases of tomato.
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Bramhall, Naomi F., Kelly M. Reavis, M. Patrick Feeney, and Sean D. Kampel. "The Impacts of Noise Exposure on the Middle Ear Muscle Reflex in a Veteran Population." American Journal of Audiology 31, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_aja-21-00133.

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Purpose: Human studies of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy using physiological indicators identified in animal models (auditory brainstem response [ABR] Wave I amplitude, envelope following response [EFR], and middle ear muscle reflex [MEMR]) have yielded mixed findings. Differences in the population studied may have contributed to the differing results. For example, due to differences in the intensity level of the noise exposure, noise-induced synaptopathy may be easier to detect in a military Veteran population than in populations with recreational noise exposure. We previously demonstrated a reduction in ABR Wave I amplitude and EFR magnitude for young Veterans with normal audiograms reporting high levels of noise exposure compared to non-Veteran controls. In this article, we expand on the previous analysis in the same population to determine if MEMR magnitude is similarly reduced. Method: Contralateral MEMR growth functions were obtained in 92 young Veterans and non-Veterans with normal audiograms, and the relationship between noise exposure history and MEMR magnitude was assessed. Associations between MEMR magnitude and distortion product otoacoustic emission, EFR, and ABR measurements collected in the same sample were also evaluated. Results: The results of the statistical analysis, although not conventionally statistically significant, suggest a reduction in mean MEMR magnitude for Veterans reporting high noise exposure compared with non-Veteran controls. In addition, the MEMR appears relatively insensitive to subclinical outer hair cell dysfunction, as measured by distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and is not well correlated with ABR and EFR measurements. Conclusions: When combined with our previous ABR and EFR findings in the same population, these results suggest that noise-induced synaptopathy occurs in humans. In addition, the findings indicate that the MEMR may be a good candidate for noninvasive diagnosis of cochlear synaptopathy/deafferentation and that the MEMR may reflect the integrity of different neural populations than the ABR and EFR. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.18665645
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Easwar, Vijayalakshmi, Susan Scollie, Michael Lasarev, Matthew Urichuk, Steven J. Aiken, and David W. Purcell. "Characteristics of Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses in Infancy." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211004331.

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Envelope following responses (EFRs) may be a useful tool for evaluating the audibility of speech sounds in infants. The present study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of speech-evoked EFRs in infants with normal hearing, relative to adults, and identify age-dependent changes in EFR characteristics during infancy. In 42 infants and 21 young adults, EFRs were elicited by the first (F1) and the second and higher formants (F2+) of the vowels /u/, /a/, and /i/, dominant in low and mid frequencies, respectively, and by amplitude-modulated fricatives /s/ and /∫/, dominant in high frequencies. In a subset of 20 infants, the in-ear stimulus level was adjusted to match that of an average adult ear (65 dB sound pressure level [SPL]). We found that (a) adult–infant differences in EFR amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, and intertrial phase coherence were larger and spread across the frequency range when in-ear stimulus level was adjusted in infants, (b) adult–infant differences in EFR characteristics were the largest for low-frequency stimuli, (c) infants demonstrated adult-like phase coherence when they received a higher (i.e., unadjusted) stimulus level, and (d) EFR phase coherence and signal-to-noise ratio changed with age in the first year of life for a few F2+ vowel stimuli in a level-specific manner. Together, our findings reveal that development-related changes in EFRs during infancy likely vary by stimulus frequency, with low-frequency stimuli demonstrating the largest adult–infant differences. Consistent with previous research, our findings emphasize the significant role of stimulus level calibration methods while investigating developmental trends in EFRs.
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Fujimoto, Takaaki. "Evaluation of wood variation based on the eigenvalue distribution of near infrared spectral matrix." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 2 (November 18, 2018): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518812894.

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A method to evaluate the wood variation based on the eigenvalue analysis for the near infrared spectral matrix is presented. The set of eigenvalues calculated from the variance-covariance matrix is treated as the Hamiltonian, which represents the energy eigenstate of the wood, and the wood variation is discussed from the viewpoints of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. To determine the validity of this idea, two sample groups, one having a high and the other having a low modulus of elasticity ( Efr), are prepared, because they obviously have different molecular configurations in the cell wall. The eigenvalues of the high Efr group are widely distributed compared with those of the low Efr group. The probability corresponding to each energy eigenstate of the low Efr group is flatly distributed compared with that of the high Efr group. These results indicate that the low Efr wood has a more disordered structure than the high Efr wood. The Helmholtz free energy is higher in the high Efr group; in contrast, the entropy is higher in the low Efr group. The results obtained in this study are consistent with the previous knowledge with regard to the relationship between the mechanical properties and the microscopic structure of wood. Hence, the eigenvalues obtained from the NIR spectral matrix provide useful information to assess the variation and stability of wood.
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Thomas, Nicholas C., Nir Oksenberg, Furong Liu, Daniel Caddell, Alina Nalyvayko, Yen Nguyen, Benjamin Schwessinger, and Pamela C. Ronald. "The rice XA21 ectodomain fused to the Arabidopsis EFR cytoplasmic domain confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae." PeerJ 6 (May 9, 2018): e4456. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4456.

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Rice (Oryza sativa) plants expressing the XA21 cell-surface receptor kinase are resistant to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection. We previously demonstrated that expressing a chimeric protein containing the ELONGATION FACTOR Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) ectodomain and the XA21 endodomain (EFR:XA21) in rice does not confer robust resistance to Xoo. To test if the XA21 ectodomain is required for Xoo resistance, we produced transgenic rice lines expressing a chimeric protein consisting of the XA21 ectodomain and EFR endodomain (XA21:EFR) and inoculated these lines with Xoo. We also tested if the XA21:EFR rice plants respond to a synthetic sulfated 21 amino acid derivative (RaxX21-sY) of the activator of XA21-mediated immunity, RaxX. We found that five independently transformed XA21:EFR rice lines displayed resistance to Xoo as measured by lesion length analysis, and showed that five lines share characteristic markers of the XA21 defense response (generation of reactive oxygen species and defense response gene expression) after treatment with RaxX21-sY. Our results indicate that expression of the XA21:EFR chimeric receptor in rice confers resistance to Xoo. These results suggest that the endodomain of the EFR and XA21 immune receptors are interchangeable and the XA21 ectodomain is the key determinant conferring robust resistance to Xoo.
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Huang, Ju, Xiang-Shu Xian, Liu-Ye Huang, Bo Zhang, Cheng-Rong Wu, and Jun Cui. "Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor originating from the muscularis propria." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 64, no. 11 (November 2018): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.11.1002.

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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study retrospectively reviewed 46 cases of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated by endoluminal endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) microsurgery in our gastrointestinal endoscopy center. We aimed to evaluate the EFR for the treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria. METHODS: A total of 46 patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from the muscularis propria layer from January 2012 to June 2015 were treated with EFR. The patients were followed up with gastroscope and computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of therapeutic effect and safety. RESULTS: EFR was successfully accomplished to remove all tumors in 46 patients. The mean procedure time was 82.5±39.8min (56-188min). Except in 3 leiomyomas, pathological examination confirmed gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in 43 cases. None of the patients had occurred bleeding, peritonitis and other complications after EFR. Thereafter, all patients were followed up with gastro-scope after 1, 6,12 months. CONCLUSIONS: EFR is effective and safe for patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from muscularis propria layer and has the advantage of less invasive treatment and higher tumor resection rate. It should be considered for further application.
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do Nascimento, Thiago F., Evandro A. D. F. Nunes, Elmer R. L. Villarreal, Ricardo F. Pinheiro, and Andrés O. Salazar. "Performance Analysis of an Electromagnetic Frequency Regulator under Parametric Variations for Wind System Applications." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 2873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082873.

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The electromagnetic frequency regulator (EFR) device has proven to be an attractive solution for driving grid-connected electrical generators in distributed generation (DG) systems based on renewable energy sources (RES). However, the dynamic characteristic of the EFR has not yet been discussed for cases where its parameters vary from the nominal values. To evaluate this issue, this paper proposes a method for transient and steady-state performance analysis applied to the EFR device considering parametric variations. To perform this analysis, a dynamic model of the EFR device is derived, and its dynamic characteristics are discussed. Based on this model, the system’s controller gains are designed by using the root-locus method (RLM) to obtain the desired dynamic performance. Then, a sensitivity analysis of the closed-loop poles under the effect of parameters variation is performed. In addition, the paper also presents an analysis of the EFR-based system operating with the designed controllers. The proposed theoretical analysis is assessed using simulation and experimental results. The simulation program was developed using a Matlab/Simulink platform, while the experimental results were obtained through a laboratory setup emulating the EFR-based system.
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Anikin, lgor, and lgor Zinoviev. "New Type of Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System as Universal Approximator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.453.

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A new type of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) is presenting. It is based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system. New FIS has been called the enhanced fuzzy regression (EFR). In opposition to the Takagi-Sugeno, new type of FIS has fuzzy coefficients in right parts of the fuzzy rules. Fuzzy approximation theorem has been proved for the EFR. We have suggested learning procedure for EFR inference system.
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Kurokawa, Hiroki, and Goro Kawai. "Hα Surge Activity at the First Stage of Magnetic Flux Emergence." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 141 (1993): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100029730.

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AbstractWe present a new observational evidence of the magnetic field reconnection in emerging flux regions (EFR). Our observations show that Hα surges are the first active manifestation of emerging magnetic field in some EFRs. We call them EFR-surges. Examining their morphological and evolutionary characteristics, we conclude that they are produced by the magnetic field reconnection between the EFR and the pre-existing surrounding region.
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Castiglioni, P., R. Tommasini, M. Morpurgo, and M. Di Rienzo. "Modulation of pulmonary arterial input impedance during transition from inspiration to expiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 2123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2123.

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Castiglioni, P., R. Tommasini, M. Morpurgo, and M. Di Rienzo. Modulation of pulmonary arterial input impedance during transition from inspiration to expiration. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 2123–2130, 1997.—We investigated whether respiration influences pulmonary arterial input impedance during transition from inspiration to expiration in five anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Impedance (Z) was separately assessed for heart beats occurring in inspiration, in expiration, and during the transition from inspiration to expiration (transitional beat). Transitional beats were scored by the ratio between the fraction of beat falling in expiration and the total beat duration [expiratory fraction (Efr)] to quantify their position within the transition. In transitional beats, input resistance linearly increased with Efr; Z modulus at the heart-rate frequency (fHR) decreased up to −50% for Efr = 50%. Z phase at fHR was greater than in inspiration for Efr<40% and lower for Efr >50%. Unlike blood flow velocity, mean value and first harmonic of pulmonary arterial pressure were correlated to Efr and paralleled the changes of input resistance and Z at fHR. This indicates that respiration influences Z through modifications in arterial pressure. The evidence of important respiratory influences on Z function may help the pathophysiological interpretation of dysfunctions of the right heart pumping action, such as the so-called cor pulmonale.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "EFR"

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Roux, Milena. "Identification and characterization of EFR-interacting proteins." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/26674/.

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Fantini, Irene Heleonora Seda Pinto. "Otimização dos codificadores VSELP e EFR por refinamento na modelagem autoregressiva." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/260154.

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Orientador : Luis Geraldo Pedroso Meloni
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T18:00:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fantini_IreneHeleonoraSedaPinto_M.pdf: 422802 bytes, checksum: 2af12bc93454d9bc1a63115a843727ee (MD5) Previous issue date: 2000
Mestrado
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Nef, Annliese. "L'élément islamique dans la Sicile normande : identités culturelles et construction d'une nouvelle royauté (XIe - XIIe siècles)." Paris 10, 2001. http://books.openedition.org/efr/5336.

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En 1061, lorsque les Normands entreprennent la conquête de la Sicile, la population insulaire est majoritairement arabo-musulmane, même si la partie orientale demeure profondément hellénisée. Malgré ces difficultés, l'île s'offre comme un terrain de choix pour l'affirmation de la dynastie des Hauteville et la construction d'un pouvoir sans partage. Minoritaires tant d'un point de vue démographique que culturel, ces hommes du nord ont à faire face à un véritable défi. En quelques générations, le comte Roger et ses descendants réussissent à instaurer une royauté qui, pour durer, doit faire l'objet d'un consensus en Sicile même et jouir d'une reconnaissance à l'extérieur. Cette quête de légitimité, qui passe par la mobilisation des héritages latin, islamique et grec (byzantin) qui sont aussi bien ceux des conquérants que des conquis, fait de la Sicile un véritable laboratoire où sont mises à l'épreuve de nouvelles conceptions liées à la royauté. Ce problème politique se pose essentiellement en termes culturels. Comment dire, par exemple, le pouvoir politique dans un contexte trilingue ? Les Normands adoptent ici une position paradoxale. Utilisant le grec, le latin et l'arabe dans l'administration, ils se servent de ces idiomes autant pour reprendre à leur compte les deux traditions insulaires que pour tenir à distance leurs sujets. La référence religieuse n'est pas moins délicate à manier à une époque où la dimension religieuse est étroitement liée à la légitimation du pouvoir royal à Byzance, en Occident et dans les pays islamiques. De la fondation d'évêchés latins à la fin du XIe siècle, on passe à la promotion d'un milieu melkite (chrétien hellénophone et arabophone de Syrie) et mozarabe, puis à l'exaltation d'un monothéisme souple. L'échec de cette tentative unique qui associe trois traditions culturelles découle de l'écart qui se crée peu à peu entre des souverains dont l'identité culturelle mêle des éléments de plus en plus divers et des groupes culturels qui, entre effacement et résistance, ne se retrouvent guère dans cette convergence partielle et limitée au milieu de cour
In 1061, when the Normans begin their conquest of Sicily, the insular population is for the main part of Islamic culture, even if the Oriental regions remain hellenized in depth. In spite of these difficulties, the island offers a perfect ground for the affirmation of the Hautevilles' dynasty and for the construction of an unshared power. Nonetheless, a representing a cultural minority Sicily, these men from the North face a real challenge. Within a few generations, Count Roger and his descent will set up a kingship which, in order to last, must be supported by a consensus in the island and be acknowledged legitimacy outside of it. Such a quest for legitimacy requires the mobilization of Latin, Islamic and Greek (Byzantine) legacies which belong to the conquerors and to the insular population. It transforms Sicily in a true laboratory where new conceptions linked to Kingship are tested. This political problem presents itself essentially in cultural terms. How can, for example, political power be expressed in a trilingual context ? The Norman adopt on this issue a paradoxical position. They use Greek, Latin and Arabic in their administration as much in order to resume with the insular traditions as in order to put distance between themselves and their subjects. Handling the religious reference is no less difficult at a time when the religious dimension is linked straightly to the legitimation of royal power, at Constantinople, as well as in Occident and in the Islamic countries. From the foundation of Latin bishoprics, they go on with the promotion of a Melkite (Christian Hellenophone and Arabophone from Syria) and Mozarabic milieu, ending up with the exaltation of a flexible monotheism. The failure of this unique attempt which associates three cultural traditions is due to the gap that appears little by little between kings whose cultural identity put together more and more diverse elements and cultural groups which, oscillating between disappearance and resistance, do not perceive much of themselves in this partial convergence, limited to the royal Court
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Fenet, Annick. "Caractères et cultes marins des divinités olympiennes dans le monde grec d'Homère à la fin de l'époque hellénistique : contribution à l'étude de la religion des marins grecs." Paris 10, 1998. http://books.openedition.org/efr/5550.

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L'approche religieuse de la mer par les grecs est communément assimilée aux seules figures de Poséidon et des divinités dites + marines, telles les néréides, ino ou les Dioscures. Or, dans la pratique, il s'avère que la majorité des cultes réalisés dans un contexte maritime ou lors d'un voyage en mer s'adressent aux divinités olympiennes ou douze dieux. L'ensemble du travail tend à définir les pratiques religieuses des marins grecs et à considérer la place primordiale qu'y occupent les dieux olympiens. Dans une premiere partie, sont ainsi passées en revue les relations de chacun de ces dieux avec la mer : à travers les récits mythologiques et épiques, puis géographiquement à travers tout le monde grec, région par région, sanctuaire par sanctuaire. Dans une seconde partie, sont décrites les pratiques religieuses spécifiques au monde maritime. En mer, la présence des dieux se manifeste à bord du bateau de differentes manières : par l'ornementation navale, par les noms théophores du navire, par les ancres portant inscriptions ou décors. A terre, en relation avec un voyage maritime, sont consacrés dans des sanctuaires des bateaux sous differentes formes, ainsi que des ancres et des ex-voto de pêche. L'étendue de la période étudiée permet de discerner des évolutions dans les caractères prêtés aux dieux et dans les cultes maritimes, et l'importance de ceux-ci à l'époque archaïque. Leur répartition et la topographie des sanctuaires présentent des cohérences liées aux méthodes et conditions de navigation antique. Le culte marin des divinités olympiennes manifeste de la grande souplesse de la religion grecque - adaptation de personnalités divines a un contexte géographique ou social - tout en formant un ensemble ordonne
The religious approach of the sea by Greeks is commonly classed as the figure of Poseidon and deities so said + marine; like nereids, ino or Dioscuri. But, in the reality it turns out that the majority of worships make in maritime context or in travel by sea address to the Olympian deities or twelve gods. All this study aims to define the religious practices of Greek sailors and to consider the primordial place of the Olympian deities. In the first part, are reviewed relationships of all these gods with the sea : by the mythological and epic words, then geographically through all Greek world, region by region, sanctuary by sanctuary. In the second part, are described the religious practices specific to maritime world. By sea, the presence of gods emerge aboard ships by different ways : by nautical ornamentation, by theophoric names, by anchors with inscriptions or decorations by land, in connection with nautical travel, are dedicated in sanctuaries boats in different forms, anchors and fishing gifts. The duration of period examined permit to discern evolutions in the features of gods and in the maritime worships, and importance of these in the archaic time. There repartition and the topography of sanctuaries present coherences connected to methods and conditions of ancient seamanship. The worship of Olympian deities demonstrate a large adaptability of Greek religion - adaptation of sacred personalities in a geographical or social context - making an arranged whole
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Chen, Amber Marie. "Developing and Studying the Effectiveness of EFR Annotations for Chinese Language Learners." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2299.

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This project is intended to take the film To Live, directed by Zhang Yimou, and apply the Electronic Film Review (EFR) approach to it in a Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) setting. The Electronic Film Review project, developed by Alan K. Melby, is aimed at providing a superior language learning experience for Americans learning Chinese. Using feature films as a teaching tool has been found to stimulate and motivate students to achieve higher language levels, but in order for optimal learning to occur the material must be challenging yet accessible to the student. Most feature films, by themselves, are too advanced for the average language learner. The EFR approach provides annotations designed specifically for the feature film with the language learner in mind. These annotations can include access to vocabulary helps, grammar and cultural notes in order to bridge the gap between the learner and the film. It does not alter the film itself. This approach has been used with ESL students (English annotations), French language learners, and with Korean ESL learners (Korean annotations), but has not been developed for students learning Chinese. The purpose of this project is not only to apply the technology of the Electronic Film Review program to a Chinese film for the purpose of aiding Chinese language learners, but also to critique whether or not the tool is effective in helping students to gain better listening comprehensions skills and therefore ultimately better language skills. Previous studies have not shown clear results on this issue. This thesis will briefly review what the EFR project is and how it has been used with other films and languages as well as the findings up to this point. Then it will look at the effects of annotations on several aspects of listening comprehension as well as student preferences and reactions. It will then evaluate the results collectively to determine whether students watching the film without the help of EFR annotations show differing levels of listening comprehension achievement when compared with those using the EFR tools. Suggestions will be made for further improvements.
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Keeler, Farrah Dawn. "Developing an Electronic Film Review for October Sky." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd800.pdf.

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Chmayssani, Toufic. "Modulation sur les canaux vocodés." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587629.

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Les canaux vocodés sont les canaux de communications dédiés à la voix et dans lesquels le signal traverse divers équipements destinés au transport de la voix tels que des codeurs de parole, des détecteurs d'activité vocale (VAD), des systèmes de transmission discontinue (DTX). Il peut s'agir de systèmes de communications téléphoniques filaires ou mobiles (réseaux cellulaires 2G/3G, satellites INMARSAT...) ou de voix sur IP. Les codeurs de parole dans les normes récentes pour les réseaux de téléphonie mobiles ou de voix sur IP font appel à des algorithmes de compression dérivés de la technique CELP (Code Excited Linear Prediction) qui permettent d'atteindre des débits de l'ordre de la dizaine de Kb/s bien inférieurs aux codeurs des réseaux téléphoniques filaires (typiquement 64 ou 32 Kb/s). Ces codeurs tirent leur efficacité de l'utilisation de caractéristiques spécifiques aux signaux de parole et à l'audition humaine. Aussi les signaux autres que la parole sont-ils généralement fortement distordus par ces codeurs. La transmission de données sur les canaux vocodés peut être intéressante pour des raisons liées à la grande disponibilité des canaux dédiés à la voix et pour des raisons de discrétion de la communication (sécurité). Mais le signal modulé transmis sur ces canaux vocodés est soumis aux dégradations causées par les codeurs de parole, ce qui impose des contraintes sur le type de modulation utilisé. Cette thèse a porté sur la conception et l'évaluation de modulations permettant la transmission de données sur les canaux vocodés. Deux approches de modulations ont été proposées pour des applications correspondant à des débits de transmission possibles assez différents. La principale application visée par la thèse concerne la transmission de parole chiffrée, transmission pour laquelle le signal de parole est numérisé, comprimé à bas débit par un codeur de parole puis sécurisé par un algorithme de cryptage. Pour cette application, nous nous sommes focalisés sur les réseaux de communications utilisant des codeurs CELP de débits supérieurs à la dizaine de Kb/s typiquement les canaux de communication mobiles de deuxième ou troisième génération. La première approche de modulation proposée concerne cette application. Elle consiste à utiliser des modulations numériques après optimisation de leurs paramètres de façon à prendre en compte les contraintes imposées par le canal et à permettre des débits et des performances en probabilité d'erreur compatibles avec la transmission de parole chiffrée (typiquement un débit supérieur à 1200 b/s avec un BER de l'ordre de 10-3). Nous avons montré que la modulation QPSK optimisée permet d'atteindre ces performances. Un système de synchronisation est aussi étudié et adapté aux besoins et aux contraintes du canal vocodé. Les performances atteintes par la modulation QPSK avec le système de synchronisation proposé, ainsi que la qualité de la parole sécurisée transmise ont été évalués par simulation et validés expérimentalement sur un canal GSM réel grâce à un banc de test développé dans la thèse.La deuxième approche de modulation a privilégié la robustesse du signal modulé lors de la transmission à travers un codeur de parole quelconque, même un codeur à bas débit tels que les codeurs MELP à 2400 ou 1200 b/s. Dans ce but, nous avons proposé une modulation effectuée par concaténation de segments de parole naturelle associée à une technique de démodulation qui segmente le signal reçu et identifie les segments de parole par programmation dynamique avec taux de reconnaissance élevé. Cette modulation a été évaluée par simulation sur différents codeurs de parole. Elle a aussi été testée sur des canaux GSM réels. Les résultats obtenus montrent une probabilité d'erreur très faible quelque soit le canal vocodé et le débit des codeurs de parole utilisés mais pour des débits possibles relativement faibles. Les applications envisageables sont restreintes à des débits typiquement inférieurs à 200 b/s.Enfin nous nous sommes intéressés aux détecteurs d'activité vocale dont l'effet peut-être très dommageable pour les signaux de données. Nous avons proposé une méthode permettant de contrer les VAD utilisés dans les réseaux GSM. Son principe consiste à rompre la stationnarité du spectre du signal modulé, stationnarité sur laquelle s'appuie le VAD pour décider que le signal n'est pas de la parole
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Veaux, Christophe. "Étude de traitements en réception pour l'amélioration de la qualité de la parole : application au GSM." Paris, ENST, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENST0006.

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Dans les communications radio-mobiles, la qualité de la parole est fortement impactée par les erreurs résiduelles en sortie du décodeur canal. Celles-ci résultent des paquets d'erreurs introduits par le canal radio alors que les contraintes de complexité limitent les performances du codage canal. Parallèlement, ces mêmes contraintes font qu'il subsiste une redondance résiduelle en sortie du codeur de parole. Cette redondance résiduelle fournit une information a priori qui peut être exploitée au niveau du décodeur de parole pour minimiser l'erreur d'estimation des paramètres transmis, ou au niveau du décodeur canal pour minimiser le taux d'erreurs résiduelles. Nous étudions chacune de ces approches ainsi que leur combinaison dans le cas du GSM EFR. Au niveau du décodeur parole, nous modélisons la redondance résiduelle des paramètres du codeur à l'aide de mélanges de gaussiennes ce qui permet de réduire la complexité de l'estimation par rapport aux méthodes existantes et délivre une information plus riche sur la redondance résiduelle. Au décodeur canal, nous améliorons la prise en compte de la redondance résiduelle entre les bits d'une même trame par une technique de prédiction le long des chemins du treillis. Ces approches sont évaluées sur des simulations de transmission par l'algorithme PESQ de mesure objective de la qualité vocale. Le décodeur de parole exploitant la redondance résiduelle apparaît supérieur au décodeur classique du GSM EFR avec masquage d'erreur. En revanche, les performances du décodeur canal exploitant la redondance résiduelle sont sensibles à la correspondance choisie ente les éléments du dictionnaire de quantification et leur étiquetage binaire
In digital mobile radio systems, the speech quality can be severly degraded if the channel decoder produces residual bit errors due to heavy burst errors on the radio path. On the other hand, in most speech coding schemes some residual redundancy remains because of complexity and delay limitations. A solution for improving the speech quality consists in using a priori information based on source residual redundancy at the receiver side. In one approach, a priori information is used at the source decoder to perform optimal estimation of transmitted codec parameters. In another approach, a priori information is used at the channel decoder in oder to minimize the residual bit errors rate. We study both approaches and apply them to the GSM EFR. At the speech decoder level, we model the residual redundancy of speech codec parameters by using Gaussian mixtures. This model reduces the complexity when compared to state-of-art methods and provides a better representation of residual redundancy. At the channel decoder level, we introduce an efficient method to exploit intra-frame bit redundancy during the channel decoding process. In this method, the value of the bit being decoded is predicted from the bits already decoded along the treillis path. These methods are evaluated on simulations of radio transmission by an objective measure of speech quality. In all cases, the performance of the speech decoder using our residual redundancy model turns out to be better than the GSM EFR decoder with standard error concealment procedure. The performance of the channel decoder using residual redundancy is strongly dependent of the index assignment used by the quantifier
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Castañeda, Nakano Natahlie Yahaida, and Mestanza Andrea Elizabeth Olano. "Diagnóstico de las empresas familiares de la ciudad de Chiclayo en cuanto a aplicar un modelo de empresas familiarmente responsables (EFR). Un estudio exploratorio." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12423/74.

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En la actualidad lograr un equilibrio entre las diversas actividades de un individuo podría resultar complicado. La conciliación entre la vida personal, familiar y laboral es un tema de novedad, que debería empezar a ser de gran importancia en las empresas y en consecuencia en su gestión. La presente tesis se fundamenta en los indicadores de Empresa Familiarmente Responsable (EFR), estudiado en sus inicios en España por la Dra. Nuria Chinchilla, con base en escalas previamente validadas que forman parte del IESE, se realizó un diagnóstico empírico situacional en las empresas familiares de Chiclayo, comprendidas en este estudio acerca de su nivel de desarrollo en cuanto a aplicar un modelo de empresa familiarmente responsable, mostrando los diferentes aspectos que intervienen en el desarrollo de la conciliación entre vida familiar y laboral. Los resultados muestran que solo una empresa aplica en su totalidad estos parámetros, es decir más del 80 %, a pesar de que por su naturaleza debería añadir más interés por sus trabajadores ya que se constituyen como familiares, estas no están fomentando una conciliación entre vida laboral y familiar en su totalidad. El principal aporte de la tesis es que a través de este diagnóstico se puede obtener información referencial acerca de la situación actual de las empresas familiares de la ciudad de Chiclayo comprendidas en este estudio, en cuanto a aplicar el modelo de empresa familiarmente responsable.
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Castañeda, Nakano Natahlie Yahaida, Mestanza Andrea Elizabeth Olano, Nakano Natahlie Yahaida Castañeda, and Mestanza Andrea Elizabeth Olano. "Diagnóstico de las empresas familiares de la ciudad de Chiclayo en cuanto a aplicar un modelo de empresas familiarmente responsables (EFR). Un estudio exploratorio." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Católica Santo Toribio de Mogrovejo, 2015. http://tesis.usat.edu.pe/jspui/handle/123456789/497.

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Trabajo de suficiencia profesional
En la actualidad lograr un equilibrio entre las diversas actividades de un individuo podría resultar complicado. La conciliación entre la vida personal, familiar y laboral es un tema de novedad, que debería empezar a ser de gran importancia en las empresas y en consecuencia en su gestión. La presente tesis se fundamenta en los indicadores de Empresa Familiarmente Responsable (EFR), estudiado en sus inicios en España por la Dra. Nuria Chinchilla, con base en escalas previamente validadas que forman parte del IESE, se realizó un diagnóstico empírico situacional en las empresas familiares de Chiclayo, comprendidas en este estudio acerca de su nivel de desarrollo en cuanto a aplicar un modelo de empresa familiarmente responsable, mostrando los diferentes aspectos que intervienen en el desarrollo de la conciliación entre vida familiar y laboral. Los resultados muestran que solo una empresa aplica en su totalidad estos parámetros, es decir más del 80 %, a pesar de que por su naturaleza debería añadir más interés por sus trabajadores ya que se constituyen como familiares, estas no están fomentando una conciliación entre vida laboral y familiar en su totalidad. El principal aporte de la tesis es que a través de este diagnóstico se puede obtener información referencial acerca de la situación actual de las empresas familiares de la ciudad de Chiclayo comprendidas en este estudio, en cuanto a aplicar el modelo de empresa familiarmente responsable.
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Books on the topic "EFR"

1

Emergency First Response (EFR) primary and secondary care participant manual. Rancho Santa Margarita, CA, USA: Emergency First Response Corp., 2012.

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service), SpringerLink (Online, ed. Pervasive Healthcare Computing: EMR/EHR, Wireless and Health Monitoring. Boston, MA: Springer-Verlag US, 2009.

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Keys to EMR/EHR success: Selecting and implementing an electronic medical record. 2nd ed. Phoenix, MD: Greenbranch Pub., 2010.

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Josep Maria Benet i Jornet. E.R. Barcelona: Edicions 62, 1994.

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Imas, Gilʻad. Efi. [Tel Aviv]: A.G Sefarim, 2006.

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An ear is not an ear. Edina, Minn: Abdo Pub., 2002.

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Levy, Kurt L. Efe Gómez. Bogotá: Procultura, 1992.

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Vaccari Mazzetti, Marcelo Paulo, author, ed. Ear reconstruction. Heidelberg: Springer, 2013.

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Candela, Tony. EFI conversions. North Branch, MN: CarTech, 2014.

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Hamer, Forrest. Middle ear. Berkeley, CA: Roundhouse Press, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "EFR"

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Pamme, Hartmut. "Comparative Availability and Reliability Assessment of Design Options for the Secondary Sodium Loops of the EFR." In Reliability Data Collection and Use in Risk and Availability Assessment, 563–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83721-0_45.

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Minges, J., and W. Schütz. "NACOWA Experiments on Release and Transfer Of Cesium, Zinc, and Iodine from a Sodium Pool Under EFR Conditions." In Liquid Metal Systems, 399–406. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1977-5_44.

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Berliner, Lawrence J., and Harold M. Swartz. "Introduction to in Vivo EPR." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 1–20. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_1.

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Gallez, Bernard. "Packaging of Paramagnetic Materials in Oximetry and Other Applications." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 259–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_10.

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Timmins, Graham S., and Ke Jian Liu. "Spin Trapping in Vivo: Facts and Artifacts." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 285–308. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_11.

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Mason, Ronald P., and Maria B. Kadiiska. "Ex Vivo Detection of Free Radical Metabolites of Toxic Chemicals and Drugs by Spin Trapping." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 309–23. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_12.

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Komarov, Andrei M. "Chemistry and Biology of Nitric Oxide." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 325–79. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_13.

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Fujii, Hirotada, and Lawrence J. Berliner. "In Vivo and in Vitro Detection of NO by EPR." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 381–402. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_14.

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Swartz, Harold M. "The Measurement of Oxygen in Vivo Using EPR Techniques." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 403–40. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_15.

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Zweier, Jay L., Alexandre Samouilov, and Periannan Kuppusamy. "Cardiac Applications of in Vivo EPR Spectroscopy and Imaging." In In Vivo EPR (ESR), 441–68. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0061-2_16.

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Conference papers on the topic "EFR"

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Sung-Kyo Jung, Stephane Ragot, Claude Lamblin, and Stephane Proust. "An embedded variable bit-rate coder based on GSM EFR: EFR-EV." In ICASSP 2008 - 2008 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.2008.4518722.

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Cai, Kaiwei, Xiaolong Li, Bin Yang, and Xiaoqing Lu. "Blind Tampering Identification by Incorporating EFR and Calibration." In 2010 International Conference on Multimedia Information Networking and Security. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mines.2010.85.

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Junchen Du, G. Warner, E. Vallow, P. Breyer, and T. Hollenbach. "GSM EFR implementation for TRAU application on DSP16000." In 1999 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. Proceedings. ICASSP99 (Cat. No.99CH36258). IEEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp.1999.758374.

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Sbick, Bernhard, Klaus Katzmann, Egle Staliuniene, Dirk Piester, and Andreas Bauch. "Monitoring of time signals broadcast by EFR long-wave transmitters at PTB." In 2017 Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium ((EFTF/IFC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fcs.2017.8089006.

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Kelen, E. M. A., A. M. Chudzinski, L. R. C. Goncalves, and Z. Rothschild. "INHIBITORS OF FIBRINOLYSIS IN THE EUGLOBULIN FRACTION OF SNAKE PLASMA (Bothrops j araraca)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644833.

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Blood of most Reptilia has a naturally occurring circulating anticoagulant which inhibits thrombin activity. Besides, the intrinsic thromboplastin formation is deficient in snakes, and contact phase factors were not detected when measured on heterologous substrates. No records on fibrinolytic activity were found. The fibrinolytic activity of the euglobulin fraction of snake plasma (B, jararaca) in standard conditions is here reported. Nembutal anesthetized male and female animals were used for blood collection from the aorta artery and/or a vein after surgical exposure. Euglobulin fractions (EF) of plasma were obtained by dilution (1:10) and isoelectric precipitation (5.9). Activity was tested on human fibrin plates, immediately after preparation (EF1), after 24 hours at 4°C (EF2), and in both cases, in the presence of 2.1 m>: flufenamil-beta-alanine (Flu-beta-Ala)(EF3, EF4). Euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) was also determined. Fibrinolytic activity on the heterologous fibrin plate was obtained with EF1 of male plasma but the range of variation was high (23 to 100 mm2). Activity increased from EF1 to EF4 but never reached human EF values. They were much lower in female EF1 with about 70% negative results. On the other hand, ECLT of EF3 from both male and female plasma was markedly shortened when compared to the long and extremely variable results obtained with EF1. Also, snake EF1 prolonged the ECLT of human EF1. Results suggest that snake plasma contains high levels of inhibitors of fibrinolysis that are coprecipitated with the EF, and this is more intense with female plasma. The nature of such inhibitors has to be investigated.
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Barroso, Jose Morales, and Guillermo Ibanez Fernandez. "Ethernet Fabric Routing (UETS/EFR) - A Hierarchical, Scalable and Secure Ultrahigh Speed Switching Architecture." In Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2006. 25TH IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infocom.2006.26.

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Barzin, Yalda, and Louis Mattar. "Limitations of Current Type Curves in Characterizing SRV; and Development of EFR Type Curves." In SPE Unconventional Resources Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185038-ms.

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Degtjarjova, Irina, and Inga Lapiņa. "Factors Affecting Students’ Understanding of the Quality of Higher Education." In 79th International Scientific Conference of University of Latvia. University of Latvia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/htqe.2021.63.

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Students are the main stakeholders in the higher education area so their involvement is closely related to the quality of higher education. There are a lot of factors that affect the understanding of the quality of higher education. Factors are used for quality planning, assessment, assurance, control, improvement etc. The research question is: what factors affect students’ understanding of the quality of higher education? The research was conducted in two stages. During the first stage of the research, the concept of the quality of higher education was analysed by using literature review and focus group discussion. During the second stage, a questionnaire was developed and students of the Faculty of Engineering Economics and Management of Riga Technical University (RTU FEEM) were surveyed, the results of students’ survey were analysed by using Spearman rank correlation. The research shows that there are three groups of factors that affect students’ understanding of the quality of higher education: factors related to the study process (SP), support and resources (SR), and external factors and results (EFR). As a result of correlation analysis, SP factors have more internal correlations within the group, while SR and EFR factors more correlate with each other. The most significant factors that affect students’ understanding of the quality of higher education are the quality of educational content and professors’ competence. Some trends were observed: (1) factors with a small number of correlations have more internal correlations than intergroup correlations; (2) the more important is the factor, the greater is the number of relationships, and vice versa; (3) the more important is the factor, the closer are relationships, and vice versa. There is one exception recognised in the research: although the factor ‘Quality of educational content’, according to the students, is the most important factor, the correlation analysis shows that it has no statistically significant correlations with other factors.
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"Simulating impacts of EFR consideration on reservoir operation policy and irrigation management in the Hari Rod River Basin, Afghanistan." In 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation. Modelling and Simulation Society of Australia and New Zealand (MSSANZ), Inc., 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36334/modsim.2011.i12.adhikary.

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Lamidi, Abdul-Latif Benson, and Christopher R. Clarkson. "A Rigorous Coupled Flow-Geomechanics Semianalytical Approach for Analyzing Early Flowback Data from Multifractured Horizontal Wells with Complex Fracture Geometry." In SPE Hydraulic Fracturing Technology Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209174-ms.

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Abstract In this study, a rigorous coupled flow-geomechanics semianalytical approach is presented to analyze flowback data and forecast production performance in multifractured horizontal wells. Hydraulic fracture characterization using post-stimulation flowback data is of critical importance to the quantification of early-time well performance and for efficient development of unconventional reservoirs. However, conventional reservoir (flow) simulators can be challenging to setup for flowback analysis. Further, flow simulators usually approximate stress-dependence of fracture and reservoir parameters, the former of which is particularly important to capture for both the flowback and forward modeling problem, using porosity and transmissibility multipliers. However, in order to apply this approach, transmissibility multipliers must be estimated from laboratory experiments, or used as a history-match parameter, possibly resulting in large errors in performance predictions. The goal of this study is to provide a rigorous, coupled semianalytical workflow for hydraulic fracture characterization from flowback data, that utilizes a 3D coupled flow-geomechanics semi-analytical model as its basis. A 3D semi-analytical coupled flow-geomechanical model is developed to capture the complexities of stress-dependence in order to forecast production performance from multifractured horizontal wells. The model can also be used to derive hydraulic fracture properties from early post-stimulation flowback data. An enhanced fracture region (EFR) conceptual model is applied for approximating complex fracture geometries. The fully-analytical fluid flow and semi-analytical geomechanical models are coupled for both the fracture and reservoir regions. The proposed approach requires simultaneous solutions of the fluid flow model (reservoir simulation) and geomechanics model, the latter capturing the stress and deformation behavior of the fracture and reservoir. Coupling between fluid flow and geomechanics is achieved by updating the pressure and stress-dependent properties through a porosity function (coupling parameter) in the flow model for each region (hydraulic fracture and reservoir) at each iteration step. The coupled flow-geomechanics EFR model is validated with fully-numerical simulation. Fracture properties are estimated by using the proposed inverse model for analyzing flowback (water) data. The new flowback analysis approach is applied to synthetic field data and the results compared with the inputs of the synthetic model. With this model, combined with the semi-analytical coupled flow-geomechanics workflow, a more confident estimate of hydraulic fracture properties is obtained.
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Reports on the topic "EFR"

1

Kopp, Gregory A., David Sills, Emilio S. Hong, and Joanne Kennell. Northern Tornadoes Project. Northern Tornadoes Flyover Project: Summary Technical Report of the Year 1 Pilot Study. Western Libraries, Western University, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/ntpr181.

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12 January 2018 The objectives of the Year 1 Pilot Study were to (i) develop a methodology for determining tornado occurrence in Northern Ontario, and (ii) obtain research quality data for at least one event. Because of the isolation of many regions, the approach assumed the use of radar data analysis combined with aerial surveys. These objectives were achieved. Aerial surveys were conducted for a total of seven events in Ontario and southern Quebec and 15 confirmed or probable tornadoes identified. Archival geo-tagged imagery was obtained for six of these events. Ten confirmed or probable tornadoes were identified in Ontario, five of which were not in the OSPC database. In addition, 5 tornadoes were confirmed in Quebec. For the 2017 season, the OSPC had a list of 10 verified tornadoes, as of December 21, 2017. The pilot project raises this number to 15. In total, 4 EF2 tornadoes and 1 EF3 tornado were identified via aerial photography. The remainder were EF1 or EF0. UPDATE – 23 April 2018 Based on the analysis of newly available Planet.com high-resolution satellite imagery and related tools, several events were reassessed and a number of additional tornadoes were discovered. Overall, an additional three tornadoes were added to 2017 count. The updated events are listed in a revised 2017 summary table appended at the end of this document.
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Vadlamudi, Ratna K. Role of PELP1 in EGFR-ER Signaling Crosstalk in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada517092.

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Vadlamudl, Ratna K. Role of PELP1 in EGFR-ER Signaling Crosstalk in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada509750.

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Vadlamudi, Ratna K. Role of PELP1 in EGFR-ER Signaling Crosstalk in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada509754.

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Reyes, Ricardo A. Study of EPR/ESR Dosimetry in Fingernails as a Method for Assessing Dose of Victims of Radiological Accidents/Incidents. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1013777.

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Wise, Kiersten, Tom Allen, Martin Chilvers, Travis Faske, Anna Freije, Tom Isakeit, Daren Mueller, et al. Ear Rots. United States: Crop Protection Netework, August 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/cpn-20190620-001.

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Brown, Ashleigh. Ear mutilation. Brooke, April 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.46746/gaw.2020.abi.mut.ear.

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Billquist, P. J., R. Harkewicz, and R. C. Pardo. ECR ion source. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/166403.

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9

O'Toole, Greg. Prominent Ear Correction. Touch Surgery Simulations, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18556/touchsurgery/2014.s0037.

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10

Barr, W. L., C. G. Bathke, J. N. Brooks, R. H. Bulmer, A. Busigin, P. F. DuBois, M. E. Fenstermacher, et al. ETR/ITER systems code. Edited by R. L. Reid. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/7043719.

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