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1
Kunwar, Sanju, Fanny Iriarte, Qiurong Fan, Eduardo Evaristo da Silva, Laura Ritchie, Nghi Song Nguyen, Joshua H. Freeman, et al. "Transgenic Expression of EFR and Bs2 Genes for Field Management of Bacterial Wilt and Bacterial Spot of Tomato." Phytopathology® 108, no. 12 (December 2018): 1402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-12-17-0424-r.
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Field trials were conducted at two locations in Florida to evaluate transgenic tomato expressing the ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, the Bs2 gene from pepper, or both Bs2 and EFR (Bs2/EFR) for managing bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and bacterial spot caused by Xanthomonas perforans. Expression of EFR or Bs2/EFR in the susceptible genotype Fla. 8000 significantly reduced bacterial wilt incidence (50 to 100%) and increased total yield (57 to 114%) relative to lines expressing only Bs2 or the nontransformed Fla. 8000 control, although the marketable yield was not significantly affected. Following harvest, surviving symptomatic and nonsymptomatic plants were assessed for colonization by R. solanacearum. There were no significant differences in the population at the lower stem. Interestingly, in the middle stem, no bacteria could be recovered from EFR or Bs2/EFR lines but viable bacterial populations were recovered from Bs2 and nontransformed control lines at 102 to 105 CFU/g of stem tissue. In growth-chamber experiments, the EFR transgenic tomato lines were found to be effective against seven different R. solanacearum strains isolated from the southeastern United States, indicating utility across the southeastern United States. In all of the bacterial spot trials, EFR and Bs2/EFR lines had significantly reduced disease severity (22 to 98%) compared with the Fla. 8000 control. The marketable and total yield of Bs2/EFR were significantly higher (43 to 170%) than Fla. 8000 control in three of four field trials. These results demonstrate for the first time the potential of using the EFR gene for field management of bacterial wilt and bacterial spot diseases of tomato.
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Bramhall, Naomi F., Kelly M. Reavis, M. Patrick Feeney, and Sean D. Kampel. "The Impacts of Noise Exposure on the Middle Ear Muscle Reflex in a Veteran Population." American Journal of Audiology 31, no. 1 (March 3, 2022): 126–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_aja-21-00133.
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Purpose: Human studies of noise-induced cochlear synaptopathy using physiological indicators identified in animal models (auditory brainstem response [ABR] Wave I amplitude, envelope following response [EFR], and middle ear muscle reflex [MEMR]) have yielded mixed findings. Differences in the population studied may have contributed to the differing results. For example, due to differences in the intensity level of the noise exposure, noise-induced synaptopathy may be easier to detect in a military Veteran population than in populations with recreational noise exposure. We previously demonstrated a reduction in ABR Wave I amplitude and EFR magnitude for young Veterans with normal audiograms reporting high levels of noise exposure compared to non-Veteran controls. In this article, we expand on the previous analysis in the same population to determine if MEMR magnitude is similarly reduced. Method: Contralateral MEMR growth functions were obtained in 92 young Veterans and non-Veterans with normal audiograms, and the relationship between noise exposure history and MEMR magnitude was assessed. Associations between MEMR magnitude and distortion product otoacoustic emission, EFR, and ABR measurements collected in the same sample were also evaluated. Results: The results of the statistical analysis, although not conventionally statistically significant, suggest a reduction in mean MEMR magnitude for Veterans reporting high noise exposure compared with non-Veteran controls. In addition, the MEMR appears relatively insensitive to subclinical outer hair cell dysfunction, as measured by distortion product otoacoustic emissions, and is not well correlated with ABR and EFR measurements. Conclusions: When combined with our previous ABR and EFR findings in the same population, these results suggest that noise-induced synaptopathy occurs in humans. In addition, the findings indicate that the MEMR may be a good candidate for noninvasive diagnosis of cochlear synaptopathy/deafferentation and that the MEMR may reflect the integrity of different neural populations than the ABR and EFR. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.18665645
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Easwar, Vijayalakshmi, Susan Scollie, Michael Lasarev, Matthew Urichuk, Steven J. Aiken, and David W. Purcell. "Characteristics of Speech-Evoked Envelope Following Responses in Infancy." Trends in Hearing 25 (January 2021): 233121652110043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23312165211004331.
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Envelope following responses (EFRs) may be a useful tool for evaluating the audibility of speech sounds in infants. The present study aimed to evaluate the characteristics of speech-evoked EFRs in infants with normal hearing, relative to adults, and identify age-dependent changes in EFR characteristics during infancy. In 42 infants and 21 young adults, EFRs were elicited by the first (F1) and the second and higher formants (F2+) of the vowels /u/, /a/, and /i/, dominant in low and mid frequencies, respectively, and by amplitude-modulated fricatives /s/ and /∫/, dominant in high frequencies. In a subset of 20 infants, the in-ear stimulus level was adjusted to match that of an average adult ear (65 dB sound pressure level [SPL]). We found that (a) adult–infant differences in EFR amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, and intertrial phase coherence were larger and spread across the frequency range when in-ear stimulus level was adjusted in infants, (b) adult–infant differences in EFR characteristics were the largest for low-frequency stimuli, (c) infants demonstrated adult-like phase coherence when they received a higher (i.e., unadjusted) stimulus level, and (d) EFR phase coherence and signal-to-noise ratio changed with age in the first year of life for a few F2+ vowel stimuli in a level-specific manner. Together, our findings reveal that development-related changes in EFRs during infancy likely vary by stimulus frequency, with low-frequency stimuli demonstrating the largest adult–infant differences. Consistent with previous research, our findings emphasize the significant role of stimulus level calibration methods while investigating developmental trends in EFRs.
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Fujimoto, Takaaki. "Evaluation of wood variation based on the eigenvalue distribution of near infrared spectral matrix." Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy 27, no. 2 (November 18, 2018): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967033518812894.
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A method to evaluate the wood variation based on the eigenvalue analysis for the near infrared spectral matrix is presented. The set of eigenvalues calculated from the variance-covariance matrix is treated as the Hamiltonian, which represents the energy eigenstate of the wood, and the wood variation is discussed from the viewpoints of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. To determine the validity of this idea, two sample groups, one having a high and the other having a low modulus of elasticity ( Efr), are prepared, because they obviously have different molecular configurations in the cell wall. The eigenvalues of the high Efr group are widely distributed compared with those of the low Efr group. The probability corresponding to each energy eigenstate of the low Efr group is flatly distributed compared with that of the high Efr group. These results indicate that the low Efr wood has a more disordered structure than the high Efr wood. The Helmholtz free energy is higher in the high Efr group; in contrast, the entropy is higher in the low Efr group. The results obtained in this study are consistent with the previous knowledge with regard to the relationship between the mechanical properties and the microscopic structure of wood. Hence, the eigenvalues obtained from the NIR spectral matrix provide useful information to assess the variation and stability of wood.
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Thomas, Nicholas C., Nir Oksenberg, Furong Liu, Daniel Caddell, Alina Nalyvayko, Yen Nguyen, Benjamin Schwessinger, and Pamela C. Ronald. "The rice XA21 ectodomain fused to the Arabidopsis EFR cytoplasmic domain confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae." PeerJ 6 (May 9, 2018): e4456. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4456.
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Rice (Oryza sativa) plants expressing the XA21 cell-surface receptor kinase are resistant to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection. We previously demonstrated that expressing a chimeric protein containing the ELONGATION FACTOR Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) ectodomain and the XA21 endodomain (EFR:XA21) in rice does not confer robust resistance to Xoo. To test if the XA21 ectodomain is required for Xoo resistance, we produced transgenic rice lines expressing a chimeric protein consisting of the XA21 ectodomain and EFR endodomain (XA21:EFR) and inoculated these lines with Xoo. We also tested if the XA21:EFR rice plants respond to a synthetic sulfated 21 amino acid derivative (RaxX21-sY) of the activator of XA21-mediated immunity, RaxX. We found that five independently transformed XA21:EFR rice lines displayed resistance to Xoo as measured by lesion length analysis, and showed that five lines share characteristic markers of the XA21 defense response (generation of reactive oxygen species and defense response gene expression) after treatment with RaxX21-sY. Our results indicate that expression of the XA21:EFR chimeric receptor in rice confers resistance to Xoo. These results suggest that the endodomain of the EFR and XA21 immune receptors are interchangeable and the XA21 ectodomain is the key determinant conferring robust resistance to Xoo.
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Huang, Ju, Xiang-Shu Xian, Liu-Ye Huang, Bo Zhang, Cheng-Rong Wu, and Jun Cui. "Endoscopic full-thickness resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor originating from the muscularis propria." Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira 64, no. 11 (November 2018): 1002–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.64.11.1002.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study retrospectively reviewed 46 cases of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated by endoluminal endoscopic full-thickness resection (EFR) microsurgery in our gastrointestinal endoscopy center. We aimed to evaluate the EFR for the treatment of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originating from the muscularis propria. METHODS: A total of 46 patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from the muscularis propria layer from January 2012 to June 2015 were treated with EFR. The patients were followed up with gastroscope and computed tomography (CT) for evaluation of therapeutic effect and safety. RESULTS: EFR was successfully accomplished to remove all tumors in 46 patients. The mean procedure time was 82.5±39.8min (56-188min). Except in 3 leiomyomas, pathological examination confirmed gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in 43 cases. None of the patients had occurred bleeding, peritonitis and other complications after EFR. Thereafter, all patients were followed up with gastro-scope after 1, 6,12 months. CONCLUSIONS: EFR is effective and safe for patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors originated from muscularis propria layer and has the advantage of less invasive treatment and higher tumor resection rate. It should be considered for further application.
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do Nascimento, Thiago F., Evandro A. D. F. Nunes, Elmer R. L. Villarreal, Ricardo F. Pinheiro, and Andrés O. Salazar. "Performance Analysis of an Electromagnetic Frequency Regulator under Parametric Variations for Wind System Applications." Energies 15, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 2873. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15082873.
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The electromagnetic frequency regulator (EFR) device has proven to be an attractive solution for driving grid-connected electrical generators in distributed generation (DG) systems based on renewable energy sources (RES). However, the dynamic characteristic of the EFR has not yet been discussed for cases where its parameters vary from the nominal values. To evaluate this issue, this paper proposes a method for transient and steady-state performance analysis applied to the EFR device considering parametric variations. To perform this analysis, a dynamic model of the EFR device is derived, and its dynamic characteristics are discussed. Based on this model, the system’s controller gains are designed by using the root-locus method (RLM) to obtain the desired dynamic performance. Then, a sensitivity analysis of the closed-loop poles under the effect of parameters variation is performed. In addition, the paper also presents an analysis of the EFR-based system operating with the designed controllers. The proposed theoretical analysis is assessed using simulation and experimental results. The simulation program was developed using a Matlab/Simulink platform, while the experimental results were obtained through a laboratory setup emulating the EFR-based system.
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Anikin, lgor, and lgor Zinoviev. "New Type of Takagi-Sugeno Fuzzy Inference System as Universal Approximator." Applied Mechanics and Materials 598 (July 2014): 453–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.598.453.
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A new type of fuzzy inference systems (FIS) is presenting. It is based on Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system. New FIS has been called the enhanced fuzzy regression (EFR). In opposition to the Takagi-Sugeno, new type of FIS has fuzzy coefficients in right parts of the fuzzy rules. Fuzzy approximation theorem has been proved for the EFR. We have suggested learning procedure for EFR inference system.
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Kurokawa, Hiroki, and Goro Kawai. "Hα Surge Activity at the First Stage of Magnetic Flux Emergence." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 141 (1993): 507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100029730.
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AbstractWe present a new observational evidence of the magnetic field reconnection in emerging flux regions (EFR). Our observations show that Hα surges are the first active manifestation of emerging magnetic field in some EFRs. We call them EFR-surges. Examining their morphological and evolutionary characteristics, we conclude that they are produced by the magnetic field reconnection between the EFR and the pre-existing surrounding region.
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Castiglioni, P., R. Tommasini, M. Morpurgo, and M. Di Rienzo. "Modulation of pulmonary arterial input impedance during transition from inspiration to expiration." Journal of Applied Physiology 83, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): 2123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1997.83.6.2123.
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Castiglioni, P., R. Tommasini, M. Morpurgo, and M. Di Rienzo. Modulation of pulmonary arterial input impedance during transition from inspiration to expiration. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(6): 2123–2130, 1997.—We investigated whether respiration influences pulmonary arterial input impedance during transition from inspiration to expiration in five anesthetized, spontaneously breathing dogs. Impedance (Z) was separately assessed for heart beats occurring in inspiration, in expiration, and during the transition from inspiration to expiration (transitional beat). Transitional beats were scored by the ratio between the fraction of beat falling in expiration and the total beat duration [expiratory fraction (Efr)] to quantify their position within the transition. In transitional beats, input resistance linearly increased with Efr; Z modulus at the heart-rate frequency (fHR) decreased up to −50% for Efr = 50%. Z phase at fHR was greater than in inspiration for Efr<40% and lower for Efr >50%. Unlike blood flow velocity, mean value and first harmonic of pulmonary arterial pressure were correlated to Efr and paralleled the changes of input resistance and Z at fHR. This indicates that respiration influences Z through modifications in arterial pressure. The evidence of important respiratory influences on Z function may help the pathophysiological interpretation of dysfunctions of the right heart pumping action, such as the so-called cor pulmonale.
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Cheng, Guo, Annett Hilbig, Claudia Drossard, Ute Alexy, and Mathilde Kersting. "Relative validity of a 3 d estimated food record in German toddlers." Public Health Nutrition 16, no. 4 (July 5, 2012): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012003230.
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AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relative validity of a 3 d estimated food record (EFR) used to assess energy and nutrient intakes in toddlers, using a 3 d weighed food record (WDR) as the reference method.DesignParents reported the food and beverage intakes of their children using an EFR concurrently with a WDR over three consecutive days. Estimation of mean differences, Spearman correlation coefficients, cross-classifications and Bland–Altman plots were used to assess the agreement between the intakes of energy and fourteen nutrients obtained from the EFR and the WDR.SettingData obtained from a representative sample of infants or toddlers in Germany.SubjectsSixty-seven toddlers aged 10–36 months who had completed an EFR for a 3 d recording period that corresponded to the WDR were included in the present analysis.ResultsEnergy and nutrient intakes did not differ between the EFR and the WDR, except for linoleic acid and retinol. For all dietary intakes, Spearman rank correlation coefficients between the EFR and the WDR ranged from 0·35 to 0·80 (P ≤ 0·004). The proportion of participants correctly classified into quartiles ranged from 75 % for ascorbic acid intake to 96 % for Fe intake, and the percentage of misclassification was 9 % or less. The weighed κ values ranking the participants ranged from 0·23 for ascorbic acid intake to 0·59 for Fe intake. The Bland–Altman plots indicated a good agreement for all dietary intakes estimated from the EFR.ConclusionsOur study suggests that this EFR is a valid assessment instrument for estimating the energy and nutrient intakes among toddlers at the group level.
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Hatmoko, Waluyo, Levina, Radhika, Amirwandi, and Rendy. "Quantification of Environmental Flow Requirement for some Rivers in West Java." E3S Web of Conferences 148 (2020): 07003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014807003.
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Sustainable Development Goal (SDG). Water management is making a balance between water for livelihood and water as a resource. Environmental Flow Requirement (EFR) is water conservation, on the side of the water for livelihood, to sustain the river ecosystem. In Indonesia, the common quantification of EFR is dependable flow Q95%. However, there are alternative quantities: a) Guideline of irrigation states that 5% from the available water in the river is for environmental purposes; b) Adoption of the Tennant Method of using 10% of the mean flow; and recently Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) in the framework of SDG proposed that in Java Island the EFR is from 40% to 50% of the mean annual flow. This paper discusses several ways of quantification of the EFR in Indonesia, and apply the different EFR quantities to Citarum, Cimanuk, and Cimandiri Rivers in West Java. It is concluded that EFR quantity according to FAO that might be suitable for the rivers in the pristine catchments in the southern part of West Java is too high for the rivers in the northern part of West Java which is heavily populated and maturely developed. Furthermore, the dependable flow of Q95% is found to be close to the quantity of FAO, but in the dry season, Q95% is more suitable. It is recommended using a modified FAO that combine with Q95% during the dry season.
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Şorodoc, V., G. Rusu-Zota, P. Nechita, C. Moraru, and O. M. Manole. "Effects of imidazoline agents in a rat conditioned place preference model of addiction." Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 395, no. 3 (January 8, 2022): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-021-02194-z.
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AbstractAgmatine (AG), idazoxan (IDZ), and efaroxan (EFR) are imidazoline receptor ligands with beneficial effects in central nervous system disorders. The present study aimed to evaluate the interaction between AG, IDZ, and EFR with an opiate, tramadol (TR), in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In the experiment, we used five groups with 8 adult male Wistar rats each. During the condition session, on days 2, 4, 6, and 8, the rats received the drugs (saline, or TR, or IDZ and TR, or EFR and TR, or AG and TR) and were placed in their least preferred compartment. On days 1, 3, 5, and 7, the rats received saline in the preferred compartment. In the preconditioning, the preferred compartment was determined. In the postconditioning, the preference for one of the compartments was reevaluated. TR increased the time spent in the non-preferred compartment. AG decreased time spent in the TR-paired compartment. EFR, more than IDZ, reduced the time spent in the TR-paired compartment, but without statistical significance. AG reversed the TR-induced CPP, while EFR and IDZ only decreased the time spent in the TR-paired compartment, without statistical significance.
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Dieck-Assad, Graciano, Omar Israel González Peña, and José Manuel Rodríguez-Delgado. "Evaluation of Emergency First Response’s Competency in Undergraduate College Students: Enhancing Sustainable Medical Education in the Community for Work Occupational Safety." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 23, 2021): 7814. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157814.
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Worldwide, people’s quality of health has been decreasing due to bad eating habits that have generated an increase in diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, overweight, as well as an increase in hours of the daily workday and stress. This situation can generate sudden illness and work accidents where the need to have knowledge in emergency first response (EFR) is necessary for all. Unfortunately, workshops and courses to certify EFR individuals are usually taught only to healthcare professionals. Therefore, to address this need a EFR project has been developed at the Tecnológico de Monterrey (TEC) which consists of a multidisciplinary challenge to train, certify, and evaluate students’ competency as “emergency first responders” in medical emergencies and healthcare awareness. This EFR project has been performed for one week, every year since 2015, and constitutes a joint venture among academic departments, faculty, and industrial/government institutions, which work together in multidisciplinary projects, providing a source of innovative proposals. The EFR project at TEC has provided instruction and certification for 966 students between 2015 to 2019 and this study has analyzed results considering a sample size of 197 participants. The combination of exam evaluation, medical emergency skills verification, and project proposal results indicate that most students reach skill levels between 2 and 3 in EFR competency after successfully completing the program, regardless of their year of study or the undergraduate program they are enrolled on. This evaluation emphasizes the compromise of the institution and its students in preparation for new living under sanitary conditions for pandemic conditions such as COVID-19.
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Bender, Kyle W., Daniel Couto, Yasuhiro Kadota, Alberto P. Macho, Jan Sklenar, Paul Derbyshire, Marta Bjornson, et al. "Activation loop phosphorylaton of a non-RD receptor kinase initiates plant innate immune signaling." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 38 (September 16, 2021): e2108242118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2108242118.
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Receptor kinases (RKs) are fundamental for extracellular sensing and regulate development and stress responses across kingdoms. In plants, leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) are primarily peptide receptors that regulate responses to myriad internal and external stimuli. Phosphorylation of LRR-RK cytoplasmic domains is among the earliest responses following ligand perception, and reciprocal transphosphorylation between a receptor and its coreceptor is thought to activate the receptor complex. Originally proposed based on characterization of the brassinosteroid receptor, the prevalence of complex activation via reciprocal transphosphorylation across the plant RK family has not been tested. Using the LRR-RK ELONGATION FACTOR TU RECEPTOR (EFR) as a model, we set out to understand the steps critical for activating RK complexes. While the EFR cytoplasmic domain is an active protein kinase in vitro and is phosphorylated in a ligand-dependent manner in vivo, catalytically deficient EFR variants are functional in antibacterial immunity. These results reveal a noncatalytic role for EFR in triggering immune signaling and indicate that reciprocal transphoshorylation is not a ubiquitous requirement for LRR-RK complex activation. Rather, our analysis of EFR along with a detailed survey of the literature suggests a distinction between LRR-RKs with RD- versus non-RD protein kinase domains. Based on newly identified phosphorylation sites that regulate the activation state of the EFR complex in vivo, we propose that LRR-RK complexes containing a non-RD protein kinase may be regulated by phosphorylation-dependent conformational changes of the ligand-binding receptor, which could initiate signaling either allosterically or through driving the dissociation of negative regulators of the complex.
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Cantillo-Luna, Sergio, Ricardo Moreno-Chuquen, Francisco Gonzalez-Longatt, and Harold R. Chamorro. "A Type-2 Fuzzy Controller to Enable the EFR Service from a Battery Energy Storage System." Energies 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15072389.
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The increased use of distributed energy resources, especially electrical energy storage systems (EESS), has led to greater flexibility and complexity in power grids, which has led to new challenges in the operation of these systems, with particular emphasis on frequency regulation. To this end, the transmission system operator in Great Britain has designed a control scheme known as Enhanced Frequency Response (EFR) that is especially attractive for its implementation in EESS. This paper proposes a Type-2 fuzzy control system that enables the provision of EFR service from a battery energy storage system in order to improve the state-of-charge (SoC) management while providing EFR service from operating scenarios during working and off-duty days. The performance of the proposed controller is compared with a conventional FLC and PID controllers with similar features. The results showed that in all scenarios, but especially under large frequency deviations, the proposed controller presents a better SoC management in comparison without neglecting the EFR service provision.
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Li, Jing, Chu Zhao-Hui, Martine Batoux, Vladimir Nekrasov, Milena Roux, Delphine Chinchilla, Cyril Zipfel, and Jonathan D. G. Jones. "Specific ER quality control components required for biogenesis of the plant innate immune receptor EFR." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 37 (August 26, 2009): 15973–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0905532106.
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Plant innate immunity depends in part on recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), such as bacterial flagellin, EF-Tu, and fungal chitin. Recognition is mediated by pattern-recogntition receptors (PRRs) and results in PAMP-triggered immunity. EF-Tu and flagellin, and the derived peptides elf18 and flg22, are recognized in Arabidopsis by the leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RK), EFR and FLS2, respectively. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying PTI, we investigated EFR-mediated PTI using genetics. A forward-genetic screen for Arabidopsis elf18-insensitive (elfin) mutants revealed multiple alleles of calreticulin3 (CRT3), UDP-glucose glycoprotein glucosyl transferase (UGGT), and an HDEL receptor family member (ERD2b), potentially involved in endoplasmic reticulum quality control (ER-QC). Strikingly, FLS2-mediated responses were not impaired in crt3, uggt, and erd2b null mutants, revealing that the identified mutations are specific to EFR. A crt3 null mutant did not accumulate EFR protein, suggesting that EFR is a substrate for CRT3. Interestingly, Erd2b did not accumulate CRT3 protein, although they accumulate wild-type levels of other ER proteins. ERD2B seems therefore to be a specific HDEL receptor for CRT3 that allows its retro-translocation from the Golgi to the ER. These data reveal a previously unsuspected role of a specific subset of ER-QC machinery components for PRR accumulation in plant innate immunity.
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Chinnock, Anne. "Validation of an estimated food record." Public Health Nutrition 9, no. 7 (October 2006): 934–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/phn2005922.
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AbstractObjectiveTo validate an estimated food record (EFR), using a weighed food record (WFR) as the reference method, for the determination of food consumption and nutrient intakes in a group of Costa Rican adults.DesignFor the WFR, all foods consumed by subjects during seven consecutive days were weighed and recorded by nutrition students. Two EFRs (a 4-day and a 3-day record) were recorded by subjects with the use of home measures and photographs to estimate amounts.SettingCosta Rica.SubjectsSixty adults: 30 men and 30 women; 30 living in urban and 30 in rural areas.ResultsThe EFR gave statistically significant lower average intake estimates for energy and 12 of the 22 nutrients examined. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0.68 (polyunsaturated fats) to 0.87 (calcium). The percentage of subjects classified into the same quartile ranged from 45.0% (polyunsaturated fats) to 68.3% (vitamin B12). For all nutrients except vitamin C, 0 or 1.7% were misclassified into extreme quartiles. For food group consumption, the EFR gave statistically significant lower estimates for six of the 17 groups and correlation coefficients ranged from 0.22 (fish) to 0.93 (beverages). Greater differences in estimates of mean energy and nutrient intakes were detected among subjects from rural areas, caused in part by a tendency to underestimate the amounts of rice and beans consumed.ConclusionValidation of the EFR using a WFR as the reference method gave results that compare favourably with those reported by other authors, and support the use of the EFR for dietary surveys among Costa Rican adults.
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McLean, Errol J., and Jon B. Hinwood. "Response of the Snowy River Estuary to two environmental flows." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 127, no. 2 (2015): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15016.
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The Snowy River is a major river in south-eastern Australia, discharging to the Tasman Sea via a barrier estuary, with its entrance constricted by marine sands. Since the construction of the Snowy Mountains Scheme, river flows have not been sufficient to maintain the river channel. A program of environmental flow releases (EFR) is returning water to the river to restore the fluvial reaches and is now trialling flow regimes that may also benefit the estuarine reaches. This paper documents the response of the estuarine segments of the Snowy River to two EFRs; the release in 2010 was designed to scour the upper reaches of the Snowy River while the larger 2011 release was intended to extend the scouring downstream. For each release, the effects on the entrance morphology, tides and salinity through the flow peak and recovery are described. Each EFR caused minor increases in depth and very minor longshore movement of the entrance channel, although each EFR had been preceded by a larger fresh flow that would have scoured the channels. The small increase in fresh water inflow in the 2010 EFR pushed salinity contours seawards and steepened vertical salinity gradients. The larger inflow in the 2011 EFR purged the upper estuary of saltwater. After the peak flow, salinity recovery was rapid in the principal estuarine channels but took weeks where poorly connected wetlands could store fresh flood waters. Critical flows for scouring the entrance and purging salinity are estimated.
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Albertini, Jean-Noël, Maria-Angela DeMasi, Jan Macierewicz, Redouane El Idrissi, Brian R. Hopkinson, Claude Clément, and Alain Branchereau. "Aorfix Stent Graft for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms Reduces the Risk of Proximal Type 1 Endoleak in Angulated Necks: Bench-Test Study." Vascular 13, no. 6 (November 1, 2005): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmvasc.13.6.321.
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Neck angulation (NA) is an important risk factor for type 1 proximal endoleaks following stenting of abdominal aortic aneurysms. The Aorfix (Lombard Medical, Oxon, UK) is a new flexible stent graft designed to overcome this issue. The aim of this study was to compare the endoleak flow rate (EFR) in relation to NA between the Aorfix and other manufactured stent grafts. A flow model with silicone proximal and distal necks was used. EFRs corresponding to 10 neck angles between 0 and 70° were measured. Eight stent grafts were tested: Aorfix, Ancure (Guidant, Indianapolis, IN), Powerlink (Endologix, Irvine, CA), AneuRx (Medtronic, Sunnyvale, CA), Excluder (W.L. Gore & Associates, Flagstaff, AZ), Zenith and Zenith-Flex (Cook Inc., Bloomington, IN), and Lifepath (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine, CA). For all stent grafts except the Aorfix, the EFR was greater than at baseline for NA ≥ 30° ( p < .01). The EFR at NA ≥ 30° was lower with the Aorfix compared with the other stent grafts ( p < .01). NA had no influence on the EFR with the Aorfix. The Aorfix may decrease the incidence of proximal type 1 endoleak in patients with a severely angulated aortic neck.
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Vanhauter, N., A. Van Erck, M. Anciaux, A. Pollefliet, and E. Joos. "Isometric and isokinetic muscle strength measurements of the lumbar flexors and extensors with BioniX Sim3 Pro in patients with chronic low back pain: A pilot study." Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation 34, no. 3 (May 24, 2021): 381–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bmr-200225.
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BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization states that low back pain is the leading cause for disability worldwide. Patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP) show important decreases in lumbar strength and can now be assessed by using the new isokinetic dynamometer BioniX Sim3 Pro which offers very detailed measurements. OBJECTIVE: To compare lumbar flexion and extension strength values, as well as extension-flexion ratio (EFR) based on isokinetic velocity and gender, for patients with CLBP on the BioniX Sim3 Pro. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed on data from 20 men and 22 women with CLBP. Maximum torque in flexion and extension was measured isometrically and isokinetically. Statistical analysis was performed on these parameters. RESULTS: EFR shows a downward trend with increasing speed of measurement (isometric to isokinetic 30∘/s and isokinetic 30∘/s to isokinetic 90∘/s, respectively): in men from 1.21 to 1.04 (p< 0.001) and from 1.04 to 0.93 (p= 0.207). In women, EFR decreased from 1.41 to 1.13 (p< 0.001) and from 1.13 to 1.00 (p= 0.144). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with CLBP have a decreased strength in lumbar extension and flexion compared to the age-corrected normal values of Bionix Sim3 Pro. With increasing speed of testing protocol, a decrease in EFR is observed in this population.
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Yan, Zhongcheng, Feng Wei, Xin Deng, Chuan Li, Qiang He, and Yanbin Qi. "Does the Policy of Ecological Forest Rangers (EFRs) for the Impoverished Populations Reduce Forest Disasters?—Empirical Evidence from China." Forests 13, no. 1 (January 7, 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13010080.
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The effective prevention and control of forest disasters is important for forest resources and the well-being of those living in forested areas. This study evaluates the impact of a policy that employs a rural impoverished population as ecological forest rangers (EFRs) for the incidence of forest disasters. We estimate a generalized difference in differences (DID) model using nationwide provincial-level forest disaster data combined with regional data in all policy pilot areas. There are three primary findings. (1) The implementation of the EFR policy failed to effectively reduce the incidence of forest fires, forest pests, forest diseases, forest rodents and other forest disasters, which shows that the EFR policy has not achieved the goal of “forest protection”. (2) The effect of the EFR policy on forest disaster control is not significantly different among provinces with different forest resource endowments and different levels of social and economic development. This shows that there is no significant difference in the implementation of EFR policies between different forest resource endowments and different socioeconomic development areas. (3) The EFR policy failed to achieve the effective coordination of the dual goals of “poverty reduction” and “ecological protection”; this is the main reason for the failure to reduce the incidence of forest disasters while reducing poverty. The pressure of this policy neglected the “forest management and protection” function of the policy and the corresponding assessment requirements. At the same time, the central government also neglected the assessment of the prevention and control of “forest disasters” by local governments when implementing this policy. Ultimately, the opportunism of local governments and ecological rangers was strengthened. Therefore, the goals of environmental service payment items and the corresponding evaluation index settings need to be matched to truly achieve the established goals.
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Spears, Benjamin J., T. C. Howton, Fei Gao, Christopher M. Garner, M. Shahid Mukhtar, and Walter Gassmann. "Direct Regulation of the EFR-Dependent Immune Response by Arabidopsis TCP Transcription Factors." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 5 (May 2019): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0201-fi.
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One layer of the innate immune system allows plants to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), activating a defense response known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Maintaining an active immune response, however, comes at the cost of plant growth and development; accordingly, optimization of the balance between defense and development is critical to plant fitness. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor family consists of well-characterized transcriptional regulators of plant development and morphogenesis. The three closely related class I TCP transcription factors TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 have also been implicated in the regulation of effector-triggered immunity, but there has been no previous characterization of PTI-related phenotypes. To identify TCP targets involved in PTI, we screened a PAMP-induced gene promoter library in a yeast one-hybrid assay and identified interactions of these three TCPs with the EF-Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) promoter. The direct interactions between TCP8 and EFR were confirmed to require an intact TCP binding site in planta. A tcp8 tcp14 tcp15 triple mutant was impaired in EFR-dependent PTI and exhibited reduced levels of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN 2 and induction of EFR expression after elicitation with elf18 but also increased production of reactive oxygen species relative to Col-0. Our data support an increasingly complex role for TCPs at the nexus of plant development and defense.
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Ma, Xiaona, Yanhui Wu, Bingbing Li, Zheng Wang, Xiujuan Zhu, Jing Jia, and Yanfeng Liu. "Effect of amber powder on endometrial ultrastructure and MAPK pathway in endometriosis model rats." Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 18, no. 9 (June 24, 2021): 1845–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/tjpr.v18i9.9.
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Purpose: To explore the therapeutic role of amber powder in endometriosis by investigating its effect on endometrial ultrastructure, ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and NF-κB mRNA pathways and CSRC/EFR/ERK1/2 proteins.
Methods: Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into blank group, disease model group (untreated), amber powder high-dose group, amber powder medium-dose group, amber powder lowdose group and danazol group. Morphological changes in endometrial cells were studied using transmission electron microscopy. The expression of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and NF-κB mRNA in endometrial tissues of each group was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry was utilized for the measurement of C-SRC/EFR/ERK1/2 pathway protein expression.
Results: The endometriosis rats treated with a high-, medium- and low-dose amber powder showed a decrease in the volume of ectopic lesions, compared with the untreated disease model group. The expressions of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, NF-κB mRNA, and C-SRC/EFR/ERK1/2 protein were higher in the eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues in untreated disease group than those in normal control group. Moreover, treatment of endometriosis rats with amber powder revealed a reduction in the expressions of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, NF-κB mRNA and C-SRC/EFR/ERK1/2 proteins in eutopic and ectopic endometrium tissues.
Conclusion: Amber powder reduces ectopic lesions and slows down the development of endometriosis, probably via inhibition of MAPK pathway genes in eutopic and ectopic endometrial tissues.
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Kim, Jinuk, Jiwan Lee, Jongyoon Park, Sehoon Kim, and Seongjoon Kim. "Improvement of Downstream Flow by Modifying SWAT Reservoir Operation Considering Irrigation Water and Environmental Flow from Agricultural Reservoirs in South Korea." Water 13, no. 18 (September 16, 2021): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182543.
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This study aims to develop a reservoir operation rule adding downstream environmental flow release (EFR) to the exclusive use of irrigation water supply (IWS) from agricultural reservoirs through canals to rice paddy areas. A reservoir operation option was added in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to handle both EFR and IWS. For a 366.5 km2 watershed including three agricultural reservoirs and a rice paddy irrigation area of 4744.7 ha, the SWAT was calibrated and validated using 21 years (1998–2018) of daily reservoir water levels and downstream flow data at Gongdo (GD) station. For reservoir water level and streamflow, the average root means square error (RMSE) ranged from 19.70 mm to 19.54 mm, and the coefficient of determination (R2) and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) had no effect on the improved SWAT. By applying the new reservoir option, the EFR amount for a day was controlled by keeping the reservoir water level up in order to ensure that the IWS was definitely satisfied in any case. The downstream mean wet streamflow (Q95) decreased to 5.70 m3/sec from 5.71 m3/sec and the mean minimum flow (Q355) increased to 1.05 m3/sec from 0.94 m3/sec. Through the development of a SWAT reservoir operation module that satisfies multiple water supply needs such as IWR and EFR, it is possible to manage agricultural water in the irrigation period and control the environmental flow in non-irrigation periods. This study provides useful information to evaluate and understand the future impacts of various changes in climate and environmental flows at other sites.
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Perez, T. h., and A. Couillard. "EFR dans la BPCO : Quoi de neuf ?" Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités 2, no. 6 (November 2010): 631–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1877-1203(10)70165-8.
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Rusu-Zota, Gabriela, Daniel Vasile Timofte, Elena Albu, Petronela Nechita, and Victorita Sorodoc. "The Effects of Idazoxan and Efaroxan Improves Memory and Cognitive Functions in Rats Experimental research." Revista de Chimie 70, no. 4 (May 15, 2019): 1411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.19.4.7139.
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Investigating the effects of idazoxan and efaroxan imidazoline receptor antagonists on cognitive functions with the rat Y-maze test; an internationally recognized experimental pattern of behavior, is to be used in order to evaluate the effects of test substances on the simple spatial memory of the laboratory animals. Our experimental evaluation tested the influence induced by idazoxan and efaroxan on the short-term memory on rats. In the experiment were used eighteen (18) male Wistar rats which were randomly divided into three groups (I - Control, II - IDZ and III - EFR) comprising of 6 animals each, treated intraperitoneally according to the following protocol: group I (Control): distilled water 0.5 mL/100 g body weight; group II (IDZ): idazoxan 3 mg/kg body weight; group III (EFR): efaroxan 1 mg/kg body weight. The purpose of this research was to assess the eligibility using the Y-maze test, involving: latency of the first arm visited, the number of arms visited, and the time spent into the arms, the number of returns of the experimental animals in the same arm, the number of alternations, percentage of spontaneous alternation. In this work, manifestations of the natural behavior of the animals tested was expressed by their choice of goal arm alternation. Statistical data processing reveals that: the administration of IDZ, as well as of EFR was accompanied by a tendency to enter a less recently visited arm and reduced the total number of arms visited, statistically significant (p[0.05) compared to control group. In this experiment, the use of these two imidazoline receptor antagonists did not considerably influence the reference memory, when pursuing the latency of the first arm visited, compared to the group treated with distilled water. The effects of IDZ and EFR on the percentage of time spent in the arms were sorted in descending order in this behavioral experimental model (IDZ]Control]EFR). The results demonstrate that the treatment with imidazoline agents optimizes the cognitive function of the animals, improving their learning ability, in the rat Y-maze Test. Regular exercise can reduce depression-, anxiety-, and impaired cognitive-like behaviors, and in conclusion these substances would be a useful pharmacological agents for the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.
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Heidari Sureshjani, M., and C. R. Clarkson. "An Analytical Model for Analyzing and Forecasting Production From Multifractured Horizontal Wells With Complex Branched-Fracture Geometry." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 18, no. 03 (August 6, 2015): 356–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/176025-pa.
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Summary Analytical methods for analyzing and forecasting production from multifractured horizontal wells completed in unconventional reservoirs are in their infancy. Among the difficulties in modeling such systems is the incorporation of fracture-network complexity as a result of the hydraulic-fracturing process. Along with a primary propped-hydraulic-fracture network, a secondary fracture network, which may or may not contain proppant, may be activated during the stimulation process, creating a “branched-fracture” network. These secondary fractures can be the result of reactivation of healed natural fractures, for example. In the current work, we develop a fully analytical enhanced-fracture-region (EFR) model for analyzing and forecasting multifractured horizontal wells with complex fracture geometry that is more-general, -rigorous, and -flexible than those previously developed. Specifically, our new model allows nonsymmetric placement of a well within its area of drainage, to reflect unequal horizontal-lateral spacing; this is a very real scenario observed in the field, particularly for the external laterals on a pad. The solutions also can be reduced to be applicable for homogeneous systems without branch fractures. In addition to the general EFR solution, we have provided local solutions that can be used to analyze individual flow regimes in sequence. We provide practical examples of the application (and sometimes misapplication) of local solutions by use of simulated and field cases. One important observation is that a negative intercept obtained from a straight line drawn through data on a square-root-of-time plot (commonly used to analyze transient linear flow) may indicate EFR behavior, but this straight line should not be interpreted as linear flow because it represents transitional flow from one linear-flow period to another. Our general EFR solution therefore provides a powerful tool to improve both forecasting and flow-regime interpretation for hydraulic-fracture/reservoir characterization.
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Xiang, Tingting, Na Zong, Jie Zhang, Jinfeng Chen, Mingsheng Chen, and Jian-Min Zhou. "BAK1 Is Not a Target of the Pseudomonas syringae Effector AvrPto." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 24, no. 1 (January 2011): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-04-10-0096.
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Plant cell surface-localized receptor kinases such as FLS2, EFR, and CERK1 play a crucial role in detecting invading pathogenic bacteria. Upon stimulation by bacterium-derived ligands, FLS2 and EFR interact with BAK1, a receptor-like kinase, to activate immune responses. A number of Pseudomonas syringae effector proteins are known to block immune responses mediated by these receptors. Previous reports suggested that both FLS2 and BAK1 could be targeted by the P. syringae effector AvrPto to inhibit plant defenses. Here, we provide new evidence further supporting that FLS2 but not BAK1 is targeted by AvrPto in plants. The AvrPto-FLS2 interaction prevented the phosphorylation of BIK1, a downstream component of the FLS2 pathway.
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Nugroho, Adam Rus. "Application of a hydrological method for determining monthly environmental flow in Code River, Indonesia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 933, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/933/1/012015.
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Abstract The declining groundwater in Yogyakarta could potentially affect the Code River baseflow, thus lowering the river streamflow. Consequently, the riverine ecosystem would suffer from a low quantity of streamflow. The quantity standard of streamflow can be determined by calculating the environmental flow. In this study, the environmental flow requirement (EFR) for the Code River is determined by applying an enhanced version of the most-used hydrological method, namely the Modified Tennant Method based on Multilevel Habitat Conditions III (MTMMHC-III). The EFR in the Code River could be calculated successfully by the MTMMHC-III with a satisfactory temporal variability. The EFRs are the lowest during July to October in the normal years, July to September in the wet years, and July to December in the dry years. The EFRs are highest during January to April in the normal and dry years and January to May in the wet years. However, the EFR might become too low in the dry years, especially from the beginning of the dry season (May) until the early wet season (December), with only 4-11% of the average annual flow. Ultimately, the MTMMHC-III method is a better hydrological method than the original Tennant Method and Q95 method.
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Chace, A. "Etude Efr Et Questionnaire Chez 65 Ados Asthmatiques." Archives de Pédiatrie 6 (January 1999): S511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0929-693x(99)81540-1.
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Vibert, J. F. "Assurance et management de la qualité en EFR." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 24, no. 8 (October 2007): 1025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0761-8425(07)92766-7.
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Mathew, Shibu K., and Ashok Ambastha. "A Rapidly Evolving Active Region NOAA 8032 observed on April 15th, 1997." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 179 (2000): 233–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100064551.
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AbstractThe active region NOAA 8032 of April 15, 1997 was observed to evolve rapidly. The GOES X-ray data showed a number of sub-flares and two C-class flares during the 8–9 hours of its evolution. The magnetic evolution of this region is studied to ascertain its role in flare production. Large changes were observed in magnetic field configuration due to the emergence of new magnetic flux regions (EFR). Most of the new emergence occured very close to the existing magnetic regions, which resulted in strong magnetic field gradients in this region. EFR driven reconnection of the field lines and subsequent flux cancellation might be the reason for the continuous occurrence of sub-flares and other related activities.
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Burgess, Donald, Kiel Ortega, Greg Stumpf, Gabe Garfield, Chris Karstens, Tiffany Meyer, Brandon Smith, et al. "20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado: Damage Survey and Analysis." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-14-00039.1.
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Abstract The tornado that affected Moore, Oklahoma, and the surrounding area on 20 May 2013 was an extreme event. It traveled 23 km and damage was up to 1.7 km wide. The tornado killed 24 people, injured over 200 others, and damaged many structures. A team of surveyors from the Norman, Oklahoma, National Weather Center and two private companies performed a detailed survey (all objects/structures) of the tornado to provide better documentation than is normally done, in part to aid future studies of the event. The team began surveying tornado damage on the morning of 21 May and continued the survey process for the next several weeks. Extensive ground surveys were performed. The surveys were aided by use of high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery. The survey process utilized the enhanced Fujita (EF) scale and was facilitated by use of a National Weather Service (NWS) software package: the Damage Assessment Toolkit (DAT). The survey team defined a “well built” house that qualified for an EF5 rating. Survey results document 4253 objects damaged by the tornado, 4222 of them EF-scale damage indicators (DIs). Of the total DIs, about 50% were associated with EF0 ratings. Excluding EF0 damage, 38% were associated with EF1, 24% with EF2, 21% with EF3, 17% with EF4, and only 0.4% associated with EF5. For the strongest level of damage (EF5), only nine homes were found. Survey results are similar to other documented tornadoes, but the amount of EF1 damage is greater than in other cases. Also discussed is the use of non-DI objects that are damaged and ways in which to improve future surveys.
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da Silva, Juliano C. L., Thales Ramos, and Manoel F. Medeiros Júnior. "Modeling and Harmonic Impact Mitigation of Grid-Connected SCIG Driven by an Electromagnetic Frequency Regulator." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 4524. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154524.
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The power quality analysis is an essential issue in the integration of distributed energy resources to the grid. Recent standards regulate the harmonics disturbances due to the increasing penetration of intermittent energy sources interconnected with the grid employing power converters. This paper aims to analyze the power quality of an interconnected wind turbine system based on a Squirrel Cage Induction Generator (SCIG) driven by an Electromagnetic Frequency Regulator (EFR). The steady state of the EFR harmonic model is developed in the stationary frame based on the conventional induction generator modeling, which allows the study of the harmonic disturbances in the electrical and mechanical variables due to the PWM inverter of the EFR’s armature voltage. There is no electrical connection between the EFR and SCIG, and the results show that the inherent system inertia contributes to the mitigation of the harmonic content at the grid side generated by the switching. In addition to the steady-state results, the Total Rated Distortion (TRD), which considers the harmonics and interharmonics components, was computed and presented a good performance compared to the IEEE 1547 standard and real data extracted of a single Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG). Finally, the harmonic performance of the proposed system was evaluated considering the impact of the equivalent Thevenin impedance of the grid at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).
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Zhang, Zhenzihao, Christopher Clarkson, Jesse D. Williams-Kovacs, Bin Yuan, and Amin Ghanizadeh. "Rigorous Estimation of the Initial Conditions of Flowback Using a Coupled Hydraulic-Fracture/Dynamic-Drainage-Area Leakoff Model Constrained by Laboratory Geomechanical Data." SPE Journal 25, no. 06 (April 21, 2020): 3051–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201095-pa.
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Summary The application of rate-transient-analysis (RTA) concepts to flowback data gathered from multifractured horizontal wells (MFHWs) completed in tight/shale reservoirs has recently been proposed as an independent method for quantitatively evaluating hydraulic-fracture volume/conductivity. However, the initial fluid pressures and saturation in the fracture network and adjacent reservoir matrix are generally unknown at the start of flowback, creating significant uncertainty in the quantitative analysis of flowback data. In this study, we present a semianalytical flow model, coupled with a hydraulic-fracture (fracture) model and constrained with laboratory-based geomechanical data, for evaluating the initial conditions of flowback. In previous work, a semianalytical model based on the dynamic-drainage-area (DDA) concept was used to simulate water-based fluid leakoff from an MFHW into a tight oil reservoir (Montney Formation, western Canada), with minimal mobile water, during and after fracturing operations. The model assumed that each fracturing stage can be represented by a primary hydraulic fracture (PHF) containing the majority of the proppant, and an adjacent nonstimulated reservoir (NSR) or enhanced fracture region (EFR), which is an area of elevated permeability in the reservoir caused by the stimulation treatment. Each region was represented by a single-porosity system. The DDA propagation speed within the PHF during the stimulation treatment was constrained through using a simple analytical fracture model. Although this approach was considered novel, several improvements and additional laboratory constraints were considered necessary to yield more accurate predictions of initial flowback conditions. In the current work, the modeling approach described previously was improved by representing the EFR with a dual-porosity system; fully coupling the fracture model (used for PHF creation and propagation) with the DDA model for fluid-leakoff simulation into the EFR and adding a proppant-transport model; and modeling the shut-in period. Finally, to ensure that model geomechanics were properly constrained, a comprehensive suite of previously gathered laboratory data was used. Laboratory-derived propped (PHF) and unpropped (EFR) fracture-permeability/conductivity data as a function of pore pressure, as well as fracture-compressibility data, were used as constraints for the model. It should be noted that our model assumes that fracture closure has no effect on the pressure/saturation of the PHF/EFR/matrix. The improved model was reapplied to the tight oil field case and yielded more realistic estimates of initial flowback conditions, enabling more confident history matching of flowback data. The results of this study will be important to those petroleum engineers interested in quantitative analysis of flowback data to accurately obtain fracture properties by ensuring proper model creation.
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Amsallem, F., R. Gauthier, M. Ramonatxo, F. Counil, M. Voisin, A. Denjean, and S. Matecki. "EFR du nourrisson : le point sur les valeurs normales." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires 25, no. 4 (April 2008): 405–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0761-8425(08)71583-3.
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Sitbon, O., J. L. Vachiery, and G. Garcia. "Explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires (EFR) et épreuves d’exercice dans l’HTAP." Revue des Maladies Respiratoires Actualités 1, no. 3 (June 2009): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1877-1203(09)72463-2.
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Bardina, Mònica, Jordi Honey-Rosés, and Antoni Munné. "Implementation strategies and a cost/benefit comparison for compliance with an environmental flow regime in a Mediterranean river affected by hydropower." Water Policy 18, no. 1 (June 20, 2015): 197–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.169.
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Compliance with the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union requires water managers to establish environmental flow regimes (EFR) in rivers across the continent. Few water agencies have examined the economic and social welfare impacts of implementing environmental flow requirements. We present the approach used by the Catalan Water Agency to calculate an EFR and estimate the economic implications of its implementation in the Ter River (Catalonia, NE Spain), altered by weirs for hydro-electric production. We analyze various implementation strategies and their associated economic costs and benefits, concluding that the restoration of environmental flows in the Ter River has reasonable costs and is likely to be a socially desirable policy with economic benefits exceeding costs. This paper provides an example of how a water agency can generate policy-relevant information on the social welfare impacts of implementing environmental flow policies as mandated by the WFD.
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Rusu-Zota, Gabriela, Alexandra Burlui, Elena Rezus, Luminita Paduraru, and Victorita Sorodoc. "Idazoxan and Efaroxan Potentiate the Endurance Performances and the Antioxidant Activity of Ephedrine in Rats." Medicina 57, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030194.
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Background and objectives: The connections between the imidazoline system and multiple other neurotransmitter systems in the brain (adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic, glutamatergic, opioid) indicate the complexity of the mechanisms underlying motor activity and behavior. The aim of the present research was to investigate the effects of the combination of ephedrine (EPD) and imidazoline antagonists idazoxan (IDZ) and efaroxan (EFR) on the endurance performance in the treadmill test in rats. Materials and Methods: We used Wistar rats distributed as follows: Group 1 (Control) receiving distilled water 0.3 mL/100 g body weight; Group 2 (EPD) receiving 20 mg/kg ephedrine; Group 3 (EPD + IDZ) receiving 20 mg/kg ephedrine + 3 mg/kg idazoxan; Group 4 (EPD + EFR) receiving 20 mg/kg ephedrine + 1 mg/kg efaroxan. An additional group (C) of animals receiving 0.3 mL/100 g body weight distilled water (but not subjected to effort) was used. Endurance capacity was evaluated using a treadmill running PanLAB assay. The evaluation of the substances’ influence on oxidative stress was performed by spectrophotometric determination of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity. Results: Treatment with EPD-IDZ and EPD-EFR were correlated with a longer distance traveled on the belt and with a decrease in the necessary electric shocks to motivate the animal to continue running in the forced locomotion test. Additionally, an increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes was found. Conclusions: Idazoxan and efaroxan potentiated the physical effort-related effects of ephedrine with regard to endurance capacity and antioxidant activity in rats.
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Nyika, Joan. "Situational analysis of Nairobi River Basin (NRB)." Water Practice and Technology 12, no. 3 (August 1, 2017): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2017.061.
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Nairobi River Basin (NRB) remains an important ecosystem owing to its endowment with natural resources and its socio-economic value to Kenyans. However, it is vulnerable due to poor resource management, pollution and an increase in the rising population. Environmental flow is thus necessary to assess and plan on how best to maintain adequate quality and quantity of water resources that people in the area depend on. The study used the Tennant and Tessman methods in EF assessment and recommended an annual environmental flow requirement (EFR) of 291 m3/sec equivalent to 37% of mean annual flow. It also recommends an EFR range of 148–577 m3/sec equivalent to 28% and 108% of LF and HF, respectively and a flushing flow of 1,580 m3/sec to be released in October to maintain the river basin's ecological integrity. EF flows in NRB should be corrected using appropriate management measures derived from this study.
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Guglielmino, Salvo L., Peter R. Young, Francesca Zuccarello, Paolo Romano, and Mariarita Murabito. "Impact of small-scale emerging flux from the photosphere to the corona: a case study from IRIS." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 15, S354 (June 2019): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921319009724.
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AbstractWe report on multi-wavelength ultraviolet (UV) high-resolution observations taken with the IRIS satellite during the emergence phase of an emerging flux region embedded in the unipolar plage of active region NOAA 12529. These data are complemented by measurements taken with the spectropolarimeter aboard the Hinode satellite and by observations from SDO.In the photosphere, we observe the appearance of opposite emerging polarities, separating from each other, and cancellation with a pre-existing flux concentration of the plage.In the upper atmospheric layers, recurrent brightenings resembling UV bursts, with counterparts in all UV/EUV filtergrams, are identified in the EFR site. In addition, plasma ejections are observed at chromospheric level. Most important, we unravel a signature of plasma heated up to 1 MK detecting Fe XII emission in the core of the brightening sites.Comparing these findings with previous observations and numerical models, we suggest evidence of several long-lasting, small-scale magnetic reconnection episodes between the new bipolar EFR and the ambient field.
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Ana, Miguel Perez-Fontan, F. Zamorano, Emma Huarte, Mercedes F. De Castro, and Rafael Selgas. "Effect of Transfer of Erythrocytes to a Nonuremic Medium on Corpuscular Parameters and Red Blood Cell Deformability in Patients Treated with CAPD and Hemodialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 7, no. 4 (October 1987): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686088700700404.
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We studied the effect produced on corpuscular parameters and erythrocyte deformability by transfer of red blood cells to a nontoxic isoosmotic medium. The study groups were uremic patients treated with hemodialysis (HD) and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). Erythrocyte deformability was estimated by the erythrocyte filtration rate (EFR). Transfer resulted in a significant decrease in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and an increase in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), in comparison with healthy controls. The principal cause for this may be an improvement in erythrotycte membrane function. The change was more marked in the CAPD than in the HD patients; CAPD patients displayed a clear tendency to microcytosis after changing media, not directly attributable to iron deficiency or aluminum intoxication. Erythrocyte deformability was decreased markedly in all the patients, but study of the EFR of washed erythrocytes suggested that there was more impairment in HD. These differences could have some effect on the response of the hemolytic component of the anemia of uremia to HD and CAPD.
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Lenburg, Marc E., and Erin K. O’Shea. "Genetic Evidence for a Morphogenetic Function of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pho85 Cyclin-Dependent Kinase." Genetics 157, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.1.39.
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Abstract The Saccharomyces cerevisiae PHO85 gene encodes a nonessential cyclin-dependent kinase that associates with 10 cyclin subunits. To survey the functions provided by Pho85, we identified mutants that require PHO85 for viability. We identified mutations that define seven Pho Eighty-Five Requiring or Efr loci, six of which are previously identified genes—BEM2 (YER155C), SPT7 (YBR081C), GCR1 (YPL075W), SRB5 (YGR104C), HFI1 (YPL254W), and BCK1 (YJL095W)—with one novel gene (YMR212C). We found that mutations in the EFR genes involved in morphogenesis are specifically inviable when the Pho85-associated G1 cyclins encoded by PCL1 and PCL2 are absent. pcl1Δ bem2, pcl1Δ pcl2Δ cla4Δ, and pcl1Δ pcl2Δ cdc42-1 strains are inviable. pcl1Δ pcl2Δ mpk1Δ, pcl1Δ pcl2Δ bck1, and pcl1Δ pcl2Δ cln1Δ cln2Δ strains are also inviable, but are rescued by osmotic stabilization with 1 m sorbitol. We propose that the G1 cyclins encoded by PCL1 and PCL2 positively regulate CDC42 or another morphogenesis promoting function.
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Caliseo, Caio Tosato, Stênio Roberto Castro Lima Santos, Climério Pereira do Nascimento Jr, Sérgio Samir Arap, Lenine Garcia Brandão, and Fábio Luiz de Menezes Montenegro. "Resultados funcionais do auto-implante de paratireóides em loja única no tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo secundário." Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 38, no. 2 (April 2011): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69912011000200003.
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar o funcionamento e tempo cirúrgico do auto-implante de paratireóide em loja única comparando-o ao implante realizado em cinco e vinte lojas. MÉTODOS: Pacientes submetidos à parotidectomia total com auto implante (Ptx-AI) por hiperparatireoidismo secundário e terciário foram avaliados em grupos de implantes em 20 lojas (A), cinco lojas (B) e loja única (C), em relação ao Estado Funcional (EF) do implante e ao tempo cirúrgico deste. Foram determinados quatro Estados Funcionais de acordo com o nível sistêmico de PTH: 1-abaixo do normal; 2-normal; 3- elevado não mais que três vezes; 4- elevado mais que três vezes. RESULTADOS: Foram submetidos a Ptx-AI 349 pacientes, por hiperparatireoidismo renal, entre 1994 a 2009. Para o estudo funcional foram elegíveis 101 pacientes com as seguintes observações: grupo A (n=30) - EF1 16,6%, EF2 50%, EF3 23,3% e EF4 10%; grupo B (n=41) - EF1 14,6%, EF2 58,5%, EF3 22% e EF4 4,9%; Grupo C (n=30) - EF1 17%, EF2 57%, EF3 20% e EF4 6% (p=0,9, x²). Porém no grupo C, o tempo cirúrgico médio do implante foi estatisticamente mais rápida (7,9 minutos) em relação à média em cinco lojas (18,6 minutos) e 20 lojas (44 minutos), em 66 pacientes avaliados (p<0,0001, ANOVA). CONCLUSÃO: O auto-implante em loja única diminui o tempo cirúrgico sem alterar a funcionalidade do mesmo.
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Paulikas, Marius J., Thomas W. Schmidlin, and Timothy P. Marshall. "The Stability of Passenger Vehicles at Tornado Wind Intensities of the (Enhanced) Fujita Scale." Weather, Climate, and Society 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-15-0051.1.
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Abstract Two independent datasets (total n = 959) of tornado-stricken passenger vehicles collected from 12 tornado events over a 15-yr time span are combined and tested to determine whether vehicle movement and/or upset are consistent at various wind speed intensities. Impacted vehicles are classified into three categories of upset motions (no movement, lateral shifting, rolling and lofting motions) for each wind intensity category of the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales. Vehicles observed by Schmidlin exposed to F1 and F2 winds are statistically assessed to determine if upset distribution values are consistent with those assessed by Marshall at these respective wind speeds; this same approach is subsequently conducted for vehicles at F3/EF3 and F4/EF4 winds. No statistical differences are found between the two sets of field survey data, which are therefore considered to be of the same population. Passenger vehicles are currently not utilized as damage indicators for rating tornado wind intensities, although the results of this study suggest that only 10% of vehicles are typically shifted at EF0 wind speeds, 36% are displaced at EF1 and EF2 winds (5% are rolled or lofted), 63% are displaced at EF3 and EF4 winds (15% are rolled and lofted), and all vehicles exhibit some form of movement or upset at the EF5 wind speed. The results of this study may potentially serve as a basis for providing better tornado safety protocols, designing safer vehicles and infrastructure, and estimating tornado wind speeds where few EF-scale damage indicators are available.
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López Vergara, María Piedad, Pámela Leiva Townsend, and María del Pilar Sepúlveda. "Influencia de los elementos del modelo EFR® en la actividad empresarial liderada por mujeres: análisis comparativo entre empresas familiares y no familiares." Cuadernos Latinoamericanos de Administración 8, no. 14 (February 7, 2016): 51–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18270/cuaderlam.v8i14.1231.
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El objetivo de esta investigación es identificar si la presencia o ausencia del Modelo EFR ® en las organizaciones puede generar comportamientos empresariales en las mujeres, realizando un análisis comparativo entre empresas familiares y empresas no - familiares, con el fin de identificar y potenciar los factores desencadenantes de estas empresas. Esta investigación se basó en la metodología cualitativa, con la creación de modelos. Así que esta investigación seguirá el proceso lógico-experimental, mediante el establecimiento a priori, un modelo que será validado a través de estudios de caso tipo IV, que puede determinar las generalizaciones analíticas. Doce empresas fueron seleccionadas, de las cuales 6 fueron FBs y 6 eran NFBs. Estos casos se encuentran en los diferentes sectores económicos y eran de diferentes tamaños. Las entrevistas se aplicaron a las mujeres que iniciaron este tipo de empresas, utilizando un muestreo intencional, la realización de una clasificación basada en la integración del análisis deductivo e inductivo de la información. Con base en el Modelo EFR® tres se presentan como no coherentes con los resultados presentados. En cuanto a los 6 casos FBs se concluye que los conductores para iniciar sus empresas fueron: el deseo de construir un patrimonio para ser entregado a la familia como un legado de la familia, sabiendo que tenían la capacidad profesional para iniciar una empresa y, por último, que desean tener mejores condiciones económicas. Con respecto a la iniciativa empresarial femenina en los seis casos de NFBs es una convicción motivada por el deseo de ser independiente, de lograr el desarrollo profesional y la intención de mejorar económicamente su calidad de vida. Con respecto a los factores comunes entre los doce casos, aunque se hicieron observaciones de la presencia o ausencia de ciertos elementos del Modelo EFR ® estos factores no fueron decisivos para tomar la decisión de iniciar la empresa.
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Albert, Markus, and Georg Felix. "Chimeric receptors of theArabidopsis thalianapattern recognition receptors EFR and FLS2." Plant Signaling & Behavior 5, no. 11 (November 2010): 1430–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/psb.5.11.13312.
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Fan, Fulin, Giorgio Zorzi, David Campos-Gaona, Graeme Burt, Olimpo Anaya-Lara, John Nwobu, and Ander Madariaga. "Sizing and Coordination Strategies of Battery Energy Storage System Co-Located with Wind Farm: The UK Perspective." Energies 14, no. 5 (March 6, 2021): 1439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14051439.
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The rapid development and growth of battery storage have heightened an interest in the co-location of battery energy storage systems (BESS) with renewable energy projects which enables the stacking of multiple revenue streams while reducing connection charges of BESS. To help wind energy industries better understand the coordinated operation of BESS and wind farms and its associated profits, this paper develops a simulation model to implement a number of coordination strategies where the BESS supplies enhanced frequency response (EFR) service and enables the time shift of wind generation based on the UK perspective. The proposed model also simulates the degradation of Lithium-Ion battery and incorporates a state of charge (SOC) dependent limit on the charge rate derived from a constant current-constant voltage charging profile. In addition, a particle swarm optimisation-based battery sizing algorithm is developed here on the basis of the simulation model to determine the optimal size of the co-located BESS along with SOC-related strategy variables that maximise the net present value of the wind + BESS system at the end of the EFR contract.
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Rusu-Zota, Gabriela, Andrei Luca, Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu, Victorita Sorodoc, Maria Magdalena Leon-Constantin, Bogdan Stoica, Cristina Gales, and Teodora Alexa-Stratulat. "The Imidazoline Receptor Antagonists Idazoxan and Efaroxan Improve the Spatial and Reference Memory in Rats." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (January 15, 2019): 3577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6796.
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Experimental studies and clinical trials revealed the complex interconnections between imidazoline system and various other mediators such as epinephrine, norepinephrine; thus, explain their involvement in the pathophysiological mechanisms of different motor, behavioral and cognitive disturbances. In this study, we tested the influence induced by idazoxan and efaroxan on the cognitive performances in rats. Groups of 6 adult male Wistar rats were treated intraperitoneally according to the following protocol: group I (Control): distilled water 0.3 ml/100g; group II (IDZ): 3 mg/kg idazoxan and group III (EFR): 1 mg/kg efaroxan. The effects of the imidazoline receptor antagonists on the rats cognitive functions were assessed using the radial-arm maze, in order to count the time spent into the arms, the number of baited arms visited, but previously explored (working memory errors); the time taken to consume all baits and the number of entering in non-baited arms (reference memory errors). The data were expressed as mean +/- standard deviation, and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 Software for Windows, followed by ANOVA one-way method. The administration of IDZ, as well as of EFR was accompanied by a substantial diminution in the number of working memory errors, and the period of time to consume all baits, statistically significant (p[0.01) compared to control group. The use of these two imidazoline receptors antagonists resulted in a considerable decrease in the reference memory errors number, statistically significant (p[0.01) compared to the group treated with distilled water. The influence of IDZ on the evaluated parameters was more accentuated than the effects induced by EFR in all sessions of testing, in this behavioral experimental model. Our findings indicate that treatment with both imidazoline receptor antagonists, idazoxan and efaroxan was associated by a facilitation of the short-term memory retention, an enhancement of discriminative spatial learning, and an improvement of long-term memory performance in radial arm maze in rats.