Academic literature on the topic 'EfW'
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Journal articles on the topic "EfW"
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Islam, Mahfuzul, Seon-Ho Kim, A.-Rang Son, Sung-Sill Lee, and Sang-Suk Lee. "Breed and Season-Specific Methane Conversion Factors Influence Methane Emission Factor for Enteric Methane of Dairy Steers." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 7030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127030.
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This study determined the breed and the season-specific methane (CH4) conversion factor (Ym) and the emission factor (EF) for the enteric CH4 of dairy steers. The Ym values for Holstein and Jersey steers at different seasons were calculated using the IPCC 2006 equations by incorporating the input and/or output value of the chemical composition of feed, methane production, methane yield, dry matter intake, and methane energy emission. EFs were categorized into five types depending on the 2019 refinement to the IPCC 2006 Tier 2 equations used. EFA was calculated from Equation 10.21A (New), while other EFs were estimated from the Equation 10.21 which were designated according to the gross energy intake (GEI) and Ym as EFB (GEIi and Ym), EFC (GEIii and Ym), EFD (GEIii and Ym (6.3)), and EFE (GEIii and Ym (4.0)). The calculated overall Ym for Holstein and Jersey steers were 4.90 and 7.49, while the recorded EF of group EFA were 56.44 and 67.42 kg CH4/head/year for Holstein and Jersey steers, respectively. For Holstein steers, EFD was overestimated (75.91 vs. 48.20~58.15), while in Jersey steers, the EFF underestimated the EF (kg CH4/head/year) compared to others (40.15 vs. 63.24~73.28) (p < 0.05). Mixed analysis revealed that the breed influenced EFs of all the EF groups, while the season, and the breed × the season influenced EFs of group EFC, EFD, and EFF. The overall results recommended using the breed-specific Ym for the estimation of the EF for enteric methane in dairy steers.
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Pimdee, Paitoon, Sirinthorn Meekhobtong, Suwanna Bengthong, and Aukkapong Sukkamart. "Antecedents to Thai pre-service teacher eco-friendly behavior: A confirmatory factor analysis." Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 18, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): em2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12709.
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The research aimed to analyze the <i>eco-friendly behavior</i> (EFB) of Thai undergraduate pre-service teachers (PSTs). Multi-stage random sampling was used to select 211 individuals majoring in industrial education from four Thai universities. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis used LISREL 9.10 and SPSS for Windows 21 was used for the descriptive statistics. Furthermore, five elements were perceived to influence PST EFB positively. This included the product’s <i>eco-friendly price</i> (EFP), <i>eco-friendly safety</i> (EFS), <i>eco-friendly image</i> (EFI), <i>eco-friendly environment</i> (EFE), and finally <i>eco-friendly quality</i> (EFQ). Moreover, it was determined that a product’s EFI was most important to the PSTs, followed by its EFQ, EFS, EFE, and EFP. Moreover, of the 20 items the PSTs were asked about, they believed that non-plastic bag use for EFB was judged most important. However, at the other end of EFB was a product’s price importance.
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Dude, Annie, Berkley Davis, Katie Delaney, and Lynn Yee. "Sonographic Estimated Fetal Weight and Cesarean Delivery among Nulliparous Women with Obesity." American Journal of Perinatology Reports 09, no. 02 (April 2019): e127-e132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1684035.
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Objective This study was aimed to examine the association between having an ultrasound estimate of fetal weight (US-EFW) and mode of delivery among obese women. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with a body mass index of ≥ 35 kg/m2 who delivered term singleton gestations. We examined whether having had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery, or an US-EFW ≥ 90th percentile for gestational age, was associated with intrapartum cesarean delivery. Results Of 2,826 women, 22.5% (n = 636) had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery. Having an US-EFW was associated with increased frequency of cesarean (43.1% for those with an US-EFW versus 30.0% for those without, p < 0.001); this finding persisted when controlling for confounders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–1.81). Of the 636 women with an US-EFW, 22.5% (n = 143) had an US-EFW ≥ 90th percentile for gestational age, which was associated with increased frequency of an intrapartum cesarean (60.8% for those with an US-EFW ≥ 90th percentile vs. 37.9% for those with an US-EFW of < 90th percentile, p < 0.001), even when accounting for confounders (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.10–2.87). Conclusion The presence of an US-EFW among nulliparous obese women was associated with undergoing intrapartum cesarean delivery.
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Gao, Teng, Mingye Zhang, and Chunzi Zhao. "An Evaluation of the Sustainability of the Urban Water Resources of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021646.
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The availability of water resources is crucial to maintaining the sustainability of urbanization. Calculating the ecological footprint of water (EFW) is one of the ways to realize the protection of water resources in the process of urbanization. The minor settlements in border areas have been the focus of China’s urbanization development but have rarely received research attention. The objective of this study was to develop an improved model of the ecological footprint of water (EFW) to assess the water security status of urban areas in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YKAP), and to demonstrate its authenticity compared with the traditional ecological footprint of water (EFW). The results showed that water pollution is the main reason for the increase in the EFW in each city, and the ecological water carrying capacity (ECW) showed strong fluctuations with the interannual variation in precipitation. Although the overall availability and quality of water resources are within safe limits, there are significant differences among cities, and water pollution poses a direct threat to the health and well-being of urban dwellers in some cities. Therefore, it is recommended that water resource management agencies adjust their water supply strategies based on the data from the EFW model, control wastewater discharge, improve their management systems and take urban economic development into account. This will significantly improve the sustainable management of water resources and ensure the health and well-being of urban residents.
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Himes, Katherine, and Adriane Haragan. "Accuracy of Ultrasound Estimated Fetal Weight in Small for Gestational Age and Appropriate for Gestational Age Grown Periviable Neonates." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 08 (December 29, 2017): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617433.
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Objective Clinicians use estimated fetal weight (EFW) as a proxy for birth weight (BW) in the antenatal period. Our objective was to compare the accuracy of EFW obtained by ultrasound to BW among infants born during the periviable period and determine if accuracy of EFW varied among small for gestational age (SGA) versus appropriate for gestational age (AGA) grown neonates. Study Design We included women who delivered between 230/7 and 256/7 weeks' gestation and had an EFW within 7 days of delivery. Mean percentage difference and median absolute percentage difference between EFW and BW were calculated. Results Our cohort included 226 neonates with a mean gestational age of 241/7 ± 0.8 weeks and median BW of 653 g (interquartile range [IQR]: 580–750 g). The median absolute percentage difference between EFW and BW of fetal weight estimates was 9.2% (IQR: 3.6–17.2). EFW overestimated BW for 75% (n = 171) of the cohort. Among SGA infants, the mean percentage difference in EFW and BW was 16.2 ± 19.4% versus 6.9% ± 13.1% in AGA infants (p = 0.019). Conclusion EFW overestimated BW in this cohort. In addition, ultrasound was less accurate among infants born SGA. These data are important to consider when counseling families facing periviable delivery.
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Yordan, José, Bradley Holbrook, Pranita Nirgudkar, Ellen Mozurkewich, and Nathan Blue. "Abdominal Circumference Alone versus Estimated Fetal Weight after 24 Weeks to Predict Small or Large for Gestational Age at Birth: A Meta-Analysis." American Journal of Perinatology 34, no. 11 (July 3, 2017): 1115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604059.
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Objective We compared the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal circumference (AC) alone versus estimated fetal weight (EFW) to predict small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) at birth. Study Design We searched the literature for studies assessing an ultrasonographic AC or EFW after 24 weeks to predict SGA or LGA at birth. Case series or studies including anomalous fetuses or multiple gestations were excluded. We computed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of any AC or EFW cutoff analyzed by at least two studies. Results We identified 2,460 studies, of which 40 met inclusion criteria (n = 36,519). Four studies assessed AC alone to predict SGA (n = 5,119), and six assessed AC to predict LGA (n = 6,110). Sixteen assessed EFW to predict SGA (n = 13,825), and 22 evaluated EFW to predict LGA (n = 18,896). To predict SGA, AC and EFW < 10th percentile have similar ability to predict SGA. To predict LGA, AC cutoffs were comparable to all EFW cutoffs, except that AC > 35 cm had better sensitivity. Conclusion After 24 weeks, AC is comparable to EFW to predict both SGA and LGA. In settings where serial EFWs are inaccessible, a simpler screening method with AC alone may suffice.
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MacDonald, Teresa M., Alice J. Robinson, Richard J. Hiscock, Lisa Hui, Kirsten M. Dane, Anna L. Middleton, Lucy M. Kennedy, Stephen Tong, and Susan P. Walker. "Accelerated fetal growth velocity across the third trimester is associated with increased shoulder dystocia risk among fetuses who are not large-for-gestational-age: A prospective observational cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): e0258634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258634.
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Objective To investigate whether fetuses with accelerated third trimester growth velocity are at increased risk of shoulder dystocia, even when they are not large-for-gestational-age (LGA; estimated fetal weight (EFW) >95th centile). Methods Fetal growth velocity and birth outcome data were prospectively collected from 347 nulliparous women. Each had blinded ultrasound biometry performed at 28 and 36 weeks’ gestation. Change in EFW and abdominal circumference (AC) centiles between 28–36 weeks were calculated, standardised over exactly eight weeks. We examined the odds of shoulder dystocia with increasing EFW and AC growth velocities among women with 36-week EFW ≤95th centile (non-LGA), who went on to have a vaginal birth. We then examined the relative risk (RR) of shoulder dystocia in cases of accelerated EFW and AC growth velocities (>30 centiles gained). Finally, we compared the predictive performances of accelerated fetal growth velocities to 36-week EFW >95th centile for shoulder dystocia among the cohort planned for vaginal birth. Results Of the 226 participants who had EFW ≤95th centile at 36-week ultrasound and birthed vaginally, six (2.7%) had shoulder dystocia. For each one centile increase in EFW between 28–36 weeks, the odds of shoulder dystocia increased by 8% (odds ratio (OR [95% Confidence Interval (CI)]) = 1.08 [1.04–1.12], p<0.001). For each one centile increase in AC between 28–36 weeks, the odds of shoulder dystocia increased by 9% (OR[95%CI] = 1.09 [1.05–1.12], p<0.001). When compared to the rest of the cohort with normal growth velocity, accelerated EFW and AC velocities were associated with increased relative risks of shoulder dystocia (RR[95%CI] = 7.3 [1.9–20.6], p = 0.03 and 4.8 [1.7–9.4], p = 0.02 respectively). Accelerated EFW or AC velocities predicted shoulder dystocia with higher sensitivity and positive predictive value than 36-week EFW >95th centile. Conclusions Accelerated fetal growth velocities between 28–36 weeks’ gestation are associated with increased risk of shoulder dystocia, and may predict shoulder dystocia risk better than the commonly used threshold of 36-week EFW >95th centile.
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Schreiber, Hanoch, Gal Cohen, Sivan Farladansky-Gershnabel, Maya Sharon-Weiner, Gil Shechter Maor, Tal Biron-Shental, and Ofer Markovitch. "Vacuum-Assisted Delivery Complication Rates Based on Ultrasound-Estimated Fetal Weight." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 3480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123480.
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This retrospective cohort study investigated the association between ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes after vacuum-assisted delivery (VAD). It included women with singleton pregnancies at 34–41 weeks gestation, who underwent ultrasonographic pre-labor EFW and VAD in an academic institution, over 6 years. Adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes included shoulder dystocia, clavicular fracture, or third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. A receiver–operator characteristic curve was used to identify the optimal weight cut-off value to predict adverse outcomes. Fetuses above and below this point were compared. Multivariate analysis was used to control for factors that could lead to adverse outcomes. Eight-hundred and fifty women met the inclusion criteria and had sonographic EFW within two-weeks before delivery. Receiver–operator characteristic curve analysis found that ultrasonographic EFW 3666 g is the optimal threshold for adverse outcomes. Based on these results, outcomes were compared using EFW 3700 g. The average EFW in the ≥3700 g group (n = 220, 25.9%) was 3898 ± 154 g (average birthweight 3710 ± 324 g). In the group <3700 g (n = 630, 74.1%), average EFW was 3064 ± 411 g (birthweight 3120 ± 464 g). Shoulder dystocia and clavicular fractures were more frequent in the higher EFW group (6.4% and 2.3% vs. 1.6% and 0.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Women in the ≥3700 g group experienced more third- and fourth-degree perineal tears (3.2% vs. 1%, p = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found maternal age, diabetes and sonographic EFW ≥ 3700 g as independent risk-factors for adverse outcomes. Sonographic EFW ≥ 3700 g is an independent risk-factor for adverse outcomes in VAD. This should be considered when choosing the optimal mode of delivery.
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Rochelson, Burton, Leah Stork, Stephanie Augustine, Meir Greenberg, Cristina Sison, Nidhi Vohra, and Matthew Blitz. "Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index and Amniotic Fluid Index on the Accuracy of Sonographic Estimation of Fetal Weight in Late Gestation." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 13 (January 10, 2018): 1235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1618588.
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Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effect, if any, of maternal body mass index (BMI) and amniotic fluid index (AFI) on the accuracy of sonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 40 to 42 weeks' gestation. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of singleton gestations with ultrasound performed at 40 to 42 weeks from 2010 to 2013. In this study, patients with documented BMI and sonographic EFW and AFI, concurrently, within 7 days of delivery were included. Chronic medical conditions and fetal anomalies were excluded from this study. The primary variable of interest was the rate of substantial error in EFW, defined as absolute percentage error (APE) >10%. Results A total of 1,000 pregnancies were included. Overall, the APE was 6.0 ± 4.5% and the rate of substantial error was 17.4% (n = 174). There was no significant difference in APE or rate of substantial error between BMI groups. In the final multivariable logistic regression model, the rate of substantial error was increased in women with oligohydramnios (OR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.10–2.92). Furthermore, oligohydramnios was significantly more likely to overestimate EFW while polyhydramnios was more likely to underestimate EFW. Maternal BMI did not affect the accuracy of sonographic EFW. Conclusion Sonographic EFW may be affected by extremes of AFI in the postdates period. Maternal BMI does not affect EFW accuracy at 40 to 42 weeks.
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Zdanowicz, Jarmila A., Muriel Disler, Roland Gerull, Luigi Raio, and Daniel Surbek. "Is the Cerebro-Placental Ratio Sufficient to Predict Adverse Neonatal Outcome in Small for Gestational Age Fetuses > 34 Weeks of Gestation?" Reproductive Medicine 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed2010002.
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Fetuses with an estimated weight (EFW) below the 10th percentile are at risk for adverse perinatal outcome and clinical management remains a challenge. We examined EFW and cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) with regard to their predictive capability in the management and outcome of such cases. Fetuses were first diagnosed as small after 34 weeks of gestation with an actual EFW below the 10th percentile at our tertiary academic center. We determined the optimum cutoff value for CPR and EFW in predicting adverse neonatal outcome. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 36 weeks. One hundred and two cases were included in our study. We determined a CPR of 1.4 and an EFW of 2152 g to be the best cutoff value for predicting adverse fetal outcome, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.65 (95% CI 0.54–0.76); p = 0.009, and 0.76 (95% CI 0.66–0.86); p < 0.0001, respectively. However, when comparing EFW with CPR, EFW seems to be slightly better in predicting adverse fetal outcome in our group. While the use of CPR alone for the management of small fetuses is not sufficient, it is an important additional tool that may be of value in the clinical setting.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "EfW"
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Stenberg, Joel. "Fuskbank för hantering av e-fakturaflöden." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi och medier, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-17031.
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Internet som är något som de flesta använder sig av, blir allt mer populärt att kombinera internetanvändning när det gäller att betala räkningar. Elektronisk faktura är ett sätt att presentera faktura elektroniskt. Syftet med detta projekt har varit att skapa en fuskbank som kan interagera med e-fakturaflöden och motsvara en certifierad teknisk distributör samt presentatörsbank. Fuskbanken tar emot filer av filformatet EFB som bland annat innehåller betalrader med tillhörande länkar till fakturaspecifikation. EFB-filen innehåller information som visas i en internetbank för en privatpersons e-faktura. Fuskbanken ska kunna skapa två filer av filformatet EFBR och EFA. EFBR är en återredovisningsfil för EFB, och EFA används till avanmälning av e-faktura. Fuskbankens uppgift är att parsa en EFB-fil för att sedan sätta in den i en databas. Därefter ska en parsad fil visas i ett webbgränssnitt. Utifrån ett webbgränssnitt ska det vara möjligt att skapa EFBR- och EFA-filer. Vid skapandet av fuskbanken användes Java 6 som programmeringsspråk och en applikationsserver vid namn JBoss application server 7. MySQL användes för databas och för webbgränssnitt användes Primefaces. Resultatet är en fuskbank som kan interagera med e-fakturaflöden och visa var i en parsad EFB-fil ett formatfel uppstod. Av de mätningar som gjorts framkommer det att tiden det tar att parsa en EFB-fil är skäligt. Fuskbanken kommer endast användas i testmiljö varför den information som sätts in i en databas reflekterar inte riktiga efakturakunders fakturor.
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Kamal, A. S. Mohammad Mustafa. "Novel heading time genes ef2 and Efx regulating the duration of pre-flowering photoperiod-insensitive growth phase in rice." Kyoto University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/157704.
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Kyoto University (京都大学)0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第16913号
農博第1929号
新制||農||1000(附属図書館)
学位論文||H24||N4674(農学部図書室)
29588
京都大学大学院農学研究科農学専攻
(主査)教授 奥本 裕, 教授 稲村 達也, 教授 白岩 立彦
学位規則第4条第1項該当
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Keeler, Farrah Dawn. "Developing an Electronic Film Review for October Sky." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd800.pdf.
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Min, Chan K. "The effects of assignments in EFL/EFL compositions." Virtual Press, 1989. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/720135.
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In ESL writing, a controversy has existed on whether or not an assignment plays an important role when students produce their writings. Plausible arguments have been also made on the matter of amount of information given in a writing assignment. But so far, there have been no convincing data to show a favor of either side in any case.This study is designed to examine the importance of assignment and the relationship between information load and the quality of ESL student writings by analyzing compositions written by ESL students. For the collection of data, 150 students who were randomly selected from two Korean universities. They were asked to write an essay in response to three different types of writing assignments in information load and topic kind.The data were analyzed by two well trained ESL teachers with the method of holistic evaluation. The data were evaluated in nine areas of quality with a binary scale (Yes and No) and in general quality with a 1 to 6 scale. The result of data evaluation was analyzed statistically using SPSS-X. Cross tabulations were used to check for relationship between information load and general impression score, between information load and binary question scores, and between binary question scores and general impression scores. Regression techniques were used to characterize the significant relationships. In performing all calculations, a paper's score will be the sum of the individual graders' scores.The results of data analysis demonstrate that ESL students prefer a subjective topic despite the level of information load. Nevertheless, their preference is not directly related to the quality of their writings. ESL students produce higher quality of writings as they are given less information. Finally, the importance of an assignment in ESL writing classes is supported by the marking of students' higher scores in dichotomous questions.The study also discusses problems and causes of difficulties, in Korean ESL, for utilizing the method of writing education as a means of teaching the English language. The study also points out the importance of a teacher training program and suggests variables which should be considered for producing a better quality teacher training program in the Korean ESL situation.Department of English
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Cruz, Mário Augusto da. "A EFF." Florianópolis, SC, 2001. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/80164.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico.Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-18T11:09:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0Bitstream added on 2014-09-26T00:21:34Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 185454.pdf: 6738733 bytes, checksum: 137dec8bfdfda3a092f64c90d79de646 (MD5)
O objetivo geral do trabalho consistiu em apresentar um estudo comparativo entre o crédito rural formal e a proposta da EFF, como um novo instrumento de financiamento agrícola no Brasil. Quanto à metodologia empregada, trata-se de pesquisa exploratória, de natureza qualitativa, com dados obtidos através de pesquisas documental e bibliográfica, e de entrevistas, além da observação participante. Os resultados confirmam a possibilidade de financiar a atividade agropecuária utilizando como fonte de recursos o mercado financeiro, através da EFF. Foram feitas duas análises da EFF, uma nas condições da época em que foi feita a proposta e outra nas condições de dezembro de 2001. Na época da proposta o seu custo era próximo ao do Crédito Rural formal para o produtor rural - 0,8625% ao mês contra os 0,7015% ao mês do Crédito Rural formal -, menor para o Governo - 4% contra os 10% do Crédito Rural formal - e permitiria 2,5 vezes mais alavancagem de recursos para o setor rural. Nesta análise, concluiu-se que a equalização de 4% era adequada, pois tornava semelhantes os custos para o produtor rural nas duas modalidades de crédito. Nas condições de dezembro de 2001, embora mantivesse menor custo para o Governo e mais capacidade de alavancar recursos para o setor rural, a elevação das taxas de juros no mercado financeiro tornou o seu custo para o produtor rural 1,6 vez maior do que o Crédito Rural formal, inviabilizando o instrumento para a atividade agropecuária. Nesta análise, concluiu-se que a equalização de 4% não era adequada, pois não tornava semelhantes os custos para o produtor rural nas duas modalidades de crédito. Haveria necessidade, portanto, de equalizações variáveis para a EFF, acompanhando as taxas de juros do mercado e mantendo seus custos para o produtor rural próximo aos do Crédito Rural formal, como forma de torná-la viável. Observou-se que seria vantajoso para o Governo, pois também os seus custos com o Crédito Rural formal oscilam com as taxas de juros do mercado financeiro. A equalização variaria, então, conforme a taxa de juros do mercado e as intenções do Governo de incentivar mais ou menos a atividade. Através desse sistema, o Governo poderia determinar quanto investiria na equalização de taxas do Crédito Rural e manteria a situação sob controle, pois, ao contrário do Crédito Rural formal, conheceria previamente os seus custos. Para a implantação da EFF seriam necessárias apenas adaptações a documentos já existentes, que inclusive já foram estudadas pelo Sindicato Rural de Londrina. As conclusões do estudo foram que a EFF viabilizaria o financiamento da produção agropecuária com recursos do mercado financeiro, seria menos dispendiosa para o Governo, alavancaria mais recursos para o setor rural, permitiria que o Governo mantivesse maior controle sobre os gastos com equalização do Crédito Rural e não admitiria prorrogação de dívidas.
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Nef, Annliese. "L'élément islamique dans la Sicile normande : identités culturelles et construction d'une nouvelle royauté (XIe - XIIe siècles)." Paris 10, 2001. http://books.openedition.org/efr/5336.
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En 1061, lorsque les Normands entreprennent la conquête de la Sicile, la population insulaire est majoritairement arabo-musulmane, même si la partie orientale demeure profondément hellénisée. Malgré ces difficultés, l'île s'offre comme un terrain de choix pour l'affirmation de la dynastie des Hauteville et la construction d'un pouvoir sans partage. Minoritaires tant d'un point de vue démographique que culturel, ces hommes du nord ont à faire face à un véritable défi. En quelques générations, le comte Roger et ses descendants réussissent à instaurer une royauté qui, pour durer, doit faire l'objet d'un consensus en Sicile même et jouir d'une reconnaissance à l'extérieur. Cette quête de légitimité, qui passe par la mobilisation des héritages latin, islamique et grec (byzantin) qui sont aussi bien ceux des conquérants que des conquis, fait de la Sicile un véritable laboratoire où sont mises à l'épreuve de nouvelles conceptions liées à la royauté. Ce problème politique se pose essentiellement en termes culturels. Comment dire, par exemple, le pouvoir politique dans un contexte trilingue ? Les Normands adoptent ici une position paradoxale. Utilisant le grec, le latin et l'arabe dans l'administration, ils se servent de ces idiomes autant pour reprendre à leur compte les deux traditions insulaires que pour tenir à distance leurs sujets. La référence religieuse n'est pas moins délicate à manier à une époque où la dimension religieuse est étroitement liée à la légitimation du pouvoir royal à Byzance, en Occident et dans les pays islamiques. De la fondation d'évêchés latins à la fin du XIe siècle, on passe à la promotion d'un milieu melkite (chrétien hellénophone et arabophone de Syrie) et mozarabe, puis à l'exaltation d'un monothéisme souple. L'échec de cette tentative unique qui associe trois traditions culturelles découle de l'écart qui se crée peu à peu entre des souverains dont l'identité culturelle mêle des éléments de plus en plus divers et des groupes culturels qui, entre effacement et résistance, ne se retrouvent guère dans cette convergence partielle et limitée au milieu de courIn 1061, when the Normans begin their conquest of Sicily, the insular population is for the main part of Islamic culture, even if the Oriental regions remain hellenized in depth. In spite of these difficulties, the island offers a perfect ground for the affirmation of the Hautevilles' dynasty and for the construction of an unshared power. Nonetheless, a representing a cultural minority Sicily, these men from the North face a real challenge. Within a few generations, Count Roger and his descent will set up a kingship which, in order to last, must be supported by a consensus in the island and be acknowledged legitimacy outside of it. Such a quest for legitimacy requires the mobilization of Latin, Islamic and Greek (Byzantine) legacies which belong to the conquerors and to the insular population. It transforms Sicily in a true laboratory where new conceptions linked to Kingship are tested. This political problem presents itself essentially in cultural terms. How can, for example, political power be expressed in a trilingual context ? The Norman adopt on this issue a paradoxical position. They use Greek, Latin and Arabic in their administration as much in order to resume with the insular traditions as in order to put distance between themselves and their subjects. Handling the religious reference is no less difficult at a time when the religious dimension is linked straightly to the legitimation of royal power, at Constantinople, as well as in Occident and in the Islamic countries. From the foundation of Latin bishoprics, they go on with the promotion of a Melkite (Christian Hellenophone and Arabophone from Syria) and Mozarabic milieu, ending up with the exaltation of a flexible monotheism. The failure of this unique attempt which associates three cultural traditions is due to the gap that appears little by little between kings whose cultural identity put together more and more diverse elements and cultural groups which, oscillating between disappearance and resistance, do not perceive much of themselves in this partial convergence, limited to the royal Court
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Fenet, Annick. "Caractères et cultes marins des divinités olympiennes dans le monde grec d'Homère à la fin de l'époque hellénistique : contribution à l'étude de la religion des marins grecs." Paris 10, 1998. http://books.openedition.org/efr/5550.
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L'approche religieuse de la mer par les grecs est communément assimilée aux seules figures de Poséidon et des divinités dites + marines, telles les néréides, ino ou les Dioscures. Or, dans la pratique, il s'avère que la majorité des cultes réalisés dans un contexte maritime ou lors d'un voyage en mer s'adressent aux divinités olympiennes ou douze dieux. L'ensemble du travail tend à définir les pratiques religieuses des marins grecs et à considérer la place primordiale qu'y occupent les dieux olympiens. Dans une premiere partie, sont ainsi passées en revue les relations de chacun de ces dieux avec la mer : à travers les récits mythologiques et épiques, puis géographiquement à travers tout le monde grec, région par région, sanctuaire par sanctuaire. Dans une seconde partie, sont décrites les pratiques religieuses spécifiques au monde maritime. En mer, la présence des dieux se manifeste à bord du bateau de differentes manières : par l'ornementation navale, par les noms théophores du navire, par les ancres portant inscriptions ou décors. A terre, en relation avec un voyage maritime, sont consacrés dans des sanctuaires des bateaux sous differentes formes, ainsi que des ancres et des ex-voto de pêche. L'étendue de la période étudiée permet de discerner des évolutions dans les caractères prêtés aux dieux et dans les cultes maritimes, et l'importance de ceux-ci à l'époque archaïque. Leur répartition et la topographie des sanctuaires présentent des cohérences liées aux méthodes et conditions de navigation antique. Le culte marin des divinités olympiennes manifeste de la grande souplesse de la religion grecque - adaptation de personnalités divines a un contexte géographique ou social - tout en formant un ensemble ordonneThe religious approach of the sea by Greeks is commonly classed as the figure of Poseidon and deities so said + marine; like nereids, ino or Dioscuri. But, in the reality it turns out that the majority of worships make in maritime context or in travel by sea address to the Olympian deities or twelve gods. All this study aims to define the religious practices of Greek sailors and to consider the primordial place of the Olympian deities. In the first part, are reviewed relationships of all these gods with the sea : by the mythological and epic words, then geographically through all Greek world, region by region, sanctuary by sanctuary. In the second part, are described the religious practices specific to maritime world. By sea, the presence of gods emerge aboard ships by different ways : by nautical ornamentation, by theophoric names, by anchors with inscriptions or decorations by land, in connection with nautical travel, are dedicated in sanctuaries boats in different forms, anchors and fishing gifts. The duration of period examined permit to discern evolutions in the features of gods and in the maritime worships, and importance of these in the archaic time. There repartition and the topography of sanctuaries present coherences connected to methods and conditions of ancient seamanship. The worship of Olympian deities demonstrate a large adaptability of Greek religion - adaptation of sacred personalities in a geographical or social context - making an arranged whole
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Kamil, Intissar Sami Abdul-Hafid. "Perceptions of Kuwaiti EFL student-teachers towards EFL writing and methods of teaching and learning EFL writing." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3203.
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This thesis focuses on the perceptions of Kuwaiti EFL student-teachers to methods of teaching and learning EFL writing in Kuwait, and the extent to which their perceptions of EFL writing may be affected by these methods. It draws on the finding of ten interviews with student-teachers from one of the higher educational colleges in Kuwait. Students were asked to describe how they perceive EFL writing and methods of teaching and learning practices in their EFL writing classrooms. They were invited to discuss the nature of their teachers’ role in their classrooms and assess the extent to which that role enhanced or undermined their attitudes to EFL writing. Students discussed how they felt about EFL writing and their teaching practices. They discussed ways in which their perceptions of EFL writing could be enhanced and explained how their teaching practices influenced their views of themselves as writers. In the literature, there are no theories for L2 writing to date and L2 researchers have tended to assume that the models of L1 would apply equally to L2 writers, with appropriate modifications. This, it is argued, is not necessarily the case as cultural and language differences between L1 and L2 create difficulties that are not accounted for by L1 research, as L2 writers use their identity and their way of making meaning when they write in L2. The study addresses the gap in L2 writing literature, and more research is needed to understand how to support L2 writers in achieving writing fluency. This research suggests that change is needed in pedagogical practices in the teaching of EFL writing. EFL writing teachers in this study demonstrated little awareness, both of how to acknowledge their students’ out-of-school experiencs of writing and of writing as a social practice. The study recommends that the teaching of writing takes more account of the ‘writing process’ approach, with attention given to pre-writing activities and to revision processes, and that more attention is paid to genres in writing, as socially-constructed forms of meaning-making. It also recommends that teacher feedback is developed to be more purposeful and formative. Writing needs implicit learning and intensive practice and it cannot be acquired like speaking. Through learning EFL learners will be more familier with the structure of EFL language and they will understand how use this structure to acheive different social purposes in particular context of use. Well-rained EFL writing teachers will have the ability to help EFL learners write more efficiently. Thus, this research suggests that the students’ pre-service training programme and teachers’ in-service professional developmental programme for EFL writing need to be seriously improved to cope with the social needs of their students, the needs of their society and the needs of developing education internationally. EFL writing needs to be viewed as a vital communicative medium and students should be taught in a way that helps them interact with others by that medium. This research recommends further studies to explore methods of teaching and learning EFL writing and EFL in general to develop a strong voice in debate, to listen to the voice of EFL students, to enhance the methods of teaching practices, and to increase students’ self-efficacy in their ability to be efficient in their EFL writing in particular, and EFL in general.
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Ekengren, Johan, and Zahid Hassan. "Utvärdering av Elektronisk fakturahantering inom Banverket." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Informatik, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-398.
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Vår uppdragsgivare Banverket efterfrågade en utvärdering av elektronisk fakturahantering(EFH) vid Banverket som infördes för cirka två år sedan. Det finns några olika verktyg för EFH, skanning av pappersfakturor är ett av de verktygen som Banverket använder för att hantera pappersfakturor från olika leverantörer. Vårt mål med uppsatsen var att analysera vilken effekt användningen av EFH får för Banverket.I vår analys studerades effekter av det införda systemet för elektronisk fakturahantering. Uppsatsen har gjorts med hjälp av en kvalitativ undersöknings metod, analysmetoden FA/SIM samt litteraturstudier inom ämnet. Vi har intervjuat personal vid Banverket Produktion och Banregioner i Malmö samt Stockholm. Vi har även intervjuat personal vid HK, Projektering och Telenät i Borlänge.Efter vår analys har vi kommit fram till att det finns stora ekonomiska vinster med elektronisk fakturahantering, men även vinster som inte är direkt mätbara. De viktigaste effekterna är att inga fakturor kommer bort efter de har skannats in och systemet har hela tiden reda på var i flödet fakturan befinner sig, det vill säga bättre kontroll har vunnits. Genom införandet av EFH har flera arbetsmoment försvunnit eller automatiserats och hanteringen av fakturor har förenklats, vilket bidrar till mindre kostnader för hantering av fakturor. Med EFH behöver användarna inte ta kopior av fakturor eftersom de hela tiden finns i systemet. När det gäller minskad dröjsmålsränta har vi kommit fram till att Banverket bör ha minskat kostnaderna för dröjsmålsränta.
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Lemes, Gabriela de Almeida. "EFL CD-ROMs." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/91415.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T22:38:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 267115.pdf: 3956890 bytes, checksum: bdcea27722abbcdeee7396e876c437ca (MD5)
The study aimed at mapping the types of language activities of two CD-ROMs, one that accompanies the EFL/ ESL coursebook Interchange Third Edition 1 and one that accompanies the EFL/ ESL coursebook Touchstone 2. To achieve this aim, a framework of types of language activities, based on Hughes and Weir, was created. The analysis of the language activities of the CDs consisted of identifying the main features of each activity, comparing them to the features of the activity types described in the framework and finally, categorizing each activity of each CD as one of the activity types of the framework. The results of the analysis showed that the framework was insufficient because some activities in the CDs did not fit any of the types listed. Also, the results showed that Interchange CD-ROM offers more variety in terms of types of language activities, even though there are more activities in Touchstone CD-ROM. Another finding is that in spite of the variety of types of activities, there are an expressive number of Multiple choice activities in Interchange. Finally, neither of the CDs offers writing activities.
Este estudo teve como objetivo mapear os tipos de atividade de língua encontrados em dois CD-ROMs, um que acompanha o livro didático de inglês como língua estrangeira Interchange Third Edition 1 e outro que acompanha o livro didático de inglês como língua estrangeira Touchstone 2. Para atingir este objetivo, uma taxonomia de tipos de atividades de língua, com base em Hughes e Weir, foi criada. A análise das atividades de língua dos CDs consistiu da identificação das principais características de cada atividade, da comparação dessas características com as dos tipos de atividade descritos na taxonomia e finalmente, da categorização de cada atividade dos CDs como pertencente a um certo tipo de atividade dentre aqueles listados na taxonomia. Os resultados da análise mostraram que a taxonomia foi insuficiente porque algumas atividades encontradas nos CDs não puderam ser encaixadas em nenhum dos tipos listados. Além disso, os resultados mostraram que o CD-ROM da série Interchange oferece uma variedade maior de tipos de atividades, apesar de haver mais atividades no CD da série Touchstone. Outra conclusão é que apesar da variedade encontrada na série Interchange, há um expressivo número de atividades de múltipla escolha. Finalmente, nenhum dos CDs traz atividades de produção escrita.
Books on the topic "EfW"
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Nichols, A. N. Energy from waste (EFW) incineration in England and Wales. Oxford: Oxford Brookes University, 1993.
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Kinch, James Craig. Phytotoxicology surveys in the vicinity of the Victoria Hospital Energy From Waste (EFW) power plant, London, Ontario, 1984-1990: Report. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1992.
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Olmos, Víctor. Historia de la Agencia EFE: El mundo en español. Madrid: Espasa, 1997.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "EfW"
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Khotyaintsev, Y., P. A. Lindqvist, A. Eriksson, and M. André. "The EFW Data in the CAA." In Astrophysics and Space Science Proceedings, 97–108. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3499-1_6.
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Rohr, Jeanette, Bram Verschuere, Alexia Duten, Benedikt Krollpfeifer, Alex Murdock, Renée A. Irvin, Martin Hölz, et al. "EFC." In International Encyclopedia of Civil Society, 626. New York, NY: Springer US, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-93996-4_9085.
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Rastier, François. "Linguistique et science de la littérature." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 21–32. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch1.
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Vujović, Ana. "Le Français sur Objectifs universitaires pour les professeurs des écoles." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 148–57. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch10.
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Brajović, Jelena. "Interactions et Français sur Objectif Universitaire (FOU)." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 158–69. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch11.
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Đurić, Ljiljana. "L’évolution de la notion de médiation linguistique et (inter)culturelle." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 170–82. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch12.
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Chmiel-Bożek, Halina. "La traduction dans la didactique ou la didactique de la traduction — quelques réflexions sur les programmes universitaires en Pologne." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 183–94. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch13.
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Radusin-Bardić, Nataša. "Analyse de l’interrogation totale directe dans l’interlangue des apprenants serbophones de FLE." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 195–205. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch14.
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Simović, Vesna. "Lire en classe de FLE." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 206–15. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch15.
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Martinot, Claire, and Tomislava Bošnjak Botica. "L’acquisition de la langue maternelle." In Interactions dans les Sciences du Langage. Interactions disciplinaires dans les Études littéraires, 216–28. Београд: Универзитет у Београду, Филолошки факултет, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18485/efa.2019.11.ch16.
Full textConference papers on the topic "EfW"
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Kania, Richard, Ralf Weber, and Stefan Klein. "Investigation and Assessment of Low-Frequency ERW Seam Imperfections by EMAT and CMFL ILI." In 2014 10th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2014-33294.
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The occurrence of low-frequency Electric Resistance Welded (LF-ERW) or Electric Flash Welded (EFW) line pipe imperfections has been the root cause of many integrity management initiatives to minimize and mitigate the risk of pipeline failure across the oil & gas pipeline industry. Since their first appearance in the 1920s, defects in or near the LF-ERW and EFW seam repeatedly lead to either hydrostatic test or in-service failures. Where in the past In-Line Inspection (ILI) technologies might have experienced limitations in addressing vintage ERW line pipe defects, modern smart ILI technologies show enhanced capabilities. High resolution Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT) and Circumferential Magnetic Flux Leakage (CMFL) ILI technologies have advanced in the recent years enabling more challenging inspections. This paper summarizes the inspection results of 22″ ERW line pipe defects detected and reported by EMAT and CMFL. Correlation of ILI and manual NDE data enables evaluation of current ILI capabilities and improvement of current defect assessment methods.
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Kelen, E. M. A., A. M. Chudzinski, L. R. C. Goncalves, and Z. Rothschild. "INHIBITORS OF FIBRINOLYSIS IN THE EUGLOBULIN FRACTION OF SNAKE PLASMA (Bothrops j araraca)." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644833.
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Blood of most Reptilia has a naturally occurring circulating anticoagulant which inhibits thrombin activity. Besides, the intrinsic thromboplastin formation is deficient in snakes, and contact phase factors were not detected when measured on heterologous substrates. No records on fibrinolytic activity were found. The fibrinolytic activity of the euglobulin fraction of snake plasma (B, jararaca) in standard conditions is here reported. Nembutal anesthetized male and female animals were used for blood collection from the aorta artery and/or a vein after surgical exposure. Euglobulin fractions (EF) of plasma were obtained by dilution (1:10) and isoelectric precipitation (5.9). Activity was tested on human fibrin plates, immediately after preparation (EF1), after 24 hours at 4°C (EF2), and in both cases, in the presence of 2.1 m>: flufenamil-beta-alanine (Flu-beta-Ala)(EF3, EF4). Euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT) was also determined. Fibrinolytic activity on the heterologous fibrin plate was obtained with EF1 of male plasma but the range of variation was high (23 to 100 mm2). Activity increased from EF1 to EF4 but never reached human EF values. They were much lower in female EF1 with about 70% negative results. On the other hand, ECLT of EF3 from both male and female plasma was markedly shortened when compared to the long and extremely variable results obtained with EF1. Also, snake EF1 prolonged the ECLT of human EF1. Results suggest that snake plasma contains high levels of inhibitors of fibrinolysis that are coprecipitated with the EF, and this is more intense with female plasma. The nature of such inhibitors has to be investigated.
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Chromec, Peter R., and Raymond J. Burelle. "Integration of an Energy From Waste Facility Into an Urban Environment." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2320.
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The maximum environmental benefits from a new Energy from Waste (EFW) facility may require locating the new plant close to both the source of the waste and the potential energy customers. This paper will present design features that were incorporated into several new EFW facilities to allow them to be located directly into urban environments while minimizing their impact on the community and often improving the quality of life for the surrounding communities. Locating the EFW facility directly into an urban community: • Minimizes the cost and the environmental impact of waste transport. • Allows electrical power to be generated at the point of consumption. • Provides thermal energy for district heating and cooling. • Reduces the dependence on imported fossil fuel for electrical generation and for heating / cooling. • Provides secure and well paying jobs for members of the community. • Reduces the carbon foot print of the community. • An EFW plant typically leads to higher recycling rate, both pre and post combustion. Some of the specific measures that have been considered for EFW plants in urban environment have included architectural enhancements, more stringent noise and odor control, significant reduction or even elimination of visible plumes. The two case studies included in this paper will be the new Isse´ane EFW plant in Paris and the recently awarded Riverside EFW plant in London.
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Lee, Shang-Hsiu (Mike). "Catalytic Dedioxin System Demonstration at Covanta’s Wallingford Plant." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7056.
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Although the Energy from Waste (EfW) industry has made dramatic improvements in reducing dioxin emissions over the last two decades, the presence of any dioxins in the stack gases from EfW plants continues to be a negative to the acceptance and growth of the EfW industry in the United States. Covanta Energy owns and operates 40 EfW facilities in the U.S. with average dioxin emissions 10 times below the EPA MACT standard of 30 ng/dscm. This emission standard is expected to be reduced in the coming years as the EPA implements new MACT standards. Covanta has taken the position of being in the forefront of the legislation and has an ongoing commitment to continuously lower the emissions of existing plants below regulatory requirements. This commitment has led Covanta to team with CRI Catalyst Company (CRI) to evaluate the application of CRI’s dedioxin technology (SDDS®) in Covanta’s EfW plants.
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Chromec, Peter. "SCR DeNOx Systems in Hitachi Zosen Inova’s European EfW Facilities." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5414.
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Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions of new Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities, especially in ozone non-attainment zones, are coming under increased scrutiny by permitting agencies in the US as new EfW projects are permitted. While the EPA national technology based limits for EfW plants under the New Source Performance Standards are still at 150 ppmdv at 7% O2, many permitting authorities are requiring substantially lower limits for new EfW plants in their states or air quality regions under EPA’s New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration air quality permitting program. This trend is directly related to the question, how the Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) and Best Available Control Technology (BACT) limits for NOx in EfW plants should be defined in ozone nonattainment and attainment areas respectively. Since lower NOx limits increase the cost of EfW as a sustainable waste management method, too stringent emission limits may have the adverse effect that more waste is landfilled due to the economic competition between these waste management methods which will actually lead to higher overall emissions and lower sustainability. Like other technology suppliers, Hitachi Zosen Inova (HZI, earlier AE&E Inova), a worldwide leader in EfW technology, has used various NOx control options. Apart from standard SNCR systems which can safely meet the EPA NSPS limits, there is DyNOR™, the advanced SNCR-based technology which can safely reach values below 100 ppmdv at 7% O2, and the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technology, which can reach values down to far below 50 ppmdv at 7% O2. However, once a certain emission limit is determined, the question is how this limit can be safely and continuously achieved with the lowest possible cost per ton of waste treated.
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Venezia, Domenico, Samuel Joshi, Michael Van Brunt, and Andrew Szurgot. "Energy-From-Waste and Dioxin Emission Control: Is There a Role for PVC Separation?" In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3539.
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The role that chlorine and polyvinyl chlorine (PVC) plays in dioxin emissions from municipal solid waste (MSW) combustion has been studied and debated for 25 years. Despite energy-from-waste (EfW) facilities’ dramatic emission reductions following implementation of USEPA’s Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) Guidelines, the PVC/dioxin relationship remains a source of controversy. The issue is whether removal of PVC from waste to be combusted will result in further dioxin emission reductions, as waste separation proponents allege. This paper uses the large volume of post-MACT emission testing data to describe the relationship between MSW chlorine content and dioxin emissions at operating EfW facilities and thereby determines whether PVC separation is likely to be an effective component of a dioxin emission reduction strategy. The paper also shows chlorine and PVC contents and trends in MSW, reviews dioxin formation/destruction/collection mechanisms in EfW facilities, and presents emission data as a function of EfW facility designs. The paper concludes that dioxin emissions at existing EfW facilities are insensitive to MSW chlorine content and that pre-combustion PVC removal offers no discernable emission reduction benefit.
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Main, Armin, and Thomas Maghon. "Concepts and Experiences for Higher Plant Efficiency With Modern Advanced Boiler and Incineration Technology." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3541.
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The efforts for reducing CO2 Emissions into atmosphere and increasing costs for fossil fuels concepts are the drivers for Energy from Waste (EfW) facilities with higher plant efficiency. In the past steam parameters for EfW were requested mainly at 40 bars and 400 °C (580 psi and 752 F). In case of coal fired power plants at the same location as the EfW facilities higher steam parameters at 90 bar, 520 °C (1305 psi, 968 F) have been used for the design of stoker and boiler. This long-term experience with higher steam parameters is the platform for the todays and future demand in higher plant efficiency. Increase in EfW plant efficiency is achievable by increasing temperature and pressure of live steam going along with optimized combustion conditions when using well proven grate technology for waste incineration. On the other hand higher steam parameters result in higher corrosion rates on the boiler tubes and the optimization of the combustion conditions are limited by the burn out quality requirements of slag and flue gas. Advantages and disadvantages have therefore to be balanced carefully. This paper will present different measures for optimized boiler and combustion conditions compared to an EfW plant with live steam at 40 bars and 400 °C (580 psi and 752 F) and 60% excess of combustion air. Plants operated at these conditions have very low maintenance costs created by corrosion of boiler tubes and show performance with very high availability. The following parameters and experiences will be evaluated: - reduction of excess air; - flue gas temperature at boiler outlet; - higher steam parameters (pressure and temperature); - heating surfaces for steam superheating in the radiation boiler section; - steam reheating; - external superheaters using auxiliary fuels. The comparison of the different methods for increasing the efficiency together with resulting technology challenges incorporates the experiences from modern EfW reference facilities built in Naples/Italy, Ruedersdorf (Berlin)/Germany and Heringen/Germany.
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Koralewska, Ralf. "Innovative Concepts of High-Efficiency EfW Plants." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1947.
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Municipal waste has characteristics that make it particularly suitable for the generation of heat and power. Waste is generally available close to the location of heat and power consumption in towns and densely populated areas. The technology used in modern Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plants is such that the waste is transformed into a reusable ash and that the flue gases are no longer a significant source of emissions. These points have been assured by the European Waste Incineration directive since 2005.
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Deduck, Stephen G., and David Suplicki. "Advanced Technologies Provide New Insights for Assisting Energy from Waste (EfW) Boiler Combustion Monitoring, Operations and Maintenance." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1918.
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This paper focuses on recent advancements in the areas of imaging technology and flue gas temperature measurement which are providing new insights for plant engineers into combustion conditions and operation in Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities. The paper describes how Covanta Energy, an operator of over 30 EfW facilities and Enertechnix, a manufacturer of advanced combustion products and services, are developing new technologies in these following areas: Infra-red (IR) imaging using a mobile camera to provide active viewing of the boiler and combustion conditions; Digital recording of images of slagging, waste stream movement, and refractory inspection; Online inspection in back pass convection areas with a video camera that extends up to 20 feet into boiler. Furnace Exit Gas Temperature (FEGT) measurement integrating proven acoustic pyrometer technology to replace inherently inaccurate contact temperature methods such as thermocouples. The paper examines how each of these technologies is being introduced into EfW facilities operated by Covanta Energy. Actual results are used to evaluate the potential these new methods have for improving combustion, reducing maintenance costs and providing plant operators with useful tools for operating EfW facilities. Video images of the furnace and convection sections will be provided and discussed. FEGT data from comparative technologies is presented. The data is interpreted in order to compare the accuracy of the acoustic pyrometer measurement against other methods. Potential and determined benefits are presented and outlined. The paper attempts to provide a framework to help facilities understand the importance and impact of accurate FEGT measurement in the combustion process.
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Van Brunt, Michael, and Brian Bahor. "Potential for Energy-From-Waste Carbon Offsets in North America." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3540.
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A carbon offset program is likely to be part of any future federal cap-and-trade program and is included in both the U.S. House of Representatives passed American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 and the Kerry-Boxer Senate draft greenhouse gas legislation. Internationally, Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities in emerging economies are eligible for carbon offset credits under the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol. These carbon offset credits can be purchased by developed countries, such as those in Western Europe, to help comply with their obligations under the Kyoto Protocol. Although a similar mandatory market does not yet exist in the United States, there is a growing voluntary market in carbon offsets and a set of standards designed to provide some order to this market. One of the key players in the voluntary market is the Voluntary Carbon Standard (VCS). Project types, such as EfW, that are eligible for credits under the Clean Development Mechanism are also eligible to generate voluntary carbon credits under the VCS. This paper reviews the current methodology for calculating offsets from EfW projects. The current methodology is very conservative, severely restricts the accounting for avoided landfill methane, and significantly underestimates greenhouse gas savings relative to life cycle assessments performed on waste management practices. The current methodology for offsets is compared and contrasted with a more realistic methodology more in line with life cycle assessment calculations. A review of the potential for EfW offsets under evolving state and federal programs and precedents for offsets generated based on avoided landfill methane is also completed.
Reports on the topic "EfW"
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Kopp, Gregory A., David Sills, Emilio S. Hong, and Joanne Kennell. Northern Tornadoes Project. Northern Tornadoes Flyover Project: Summary Technical Report of the Year 1 Pilot Study. Western Libraries, Western University, January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5206/ntpr181.
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12 January 2018 The objectives of the Year 1 Pilot Study were to (i) develop a methodology for determining tornado occurrence in Northern Ontario, and (ii) obtain research quality data for at least one event. Because of the isolation of many regions, the approach assumed the use of radar data analysis combined with aerial surveys. These objectives were achieved. Aerial surveys were conducted for a total of seven events in Ontario and southern Quebec and 15 confirmed or probable tornadoes identified. Archival geo-tagged imagery was obtained for six of these events. Ten confirmed or probable tornadoes were identified in Ontario, five of which were not in the OSPC database. In addition, 5 tornadoes were confirmed in Quebec. For the 2017 season, the OSPC had a list of 10 verified tornadoes, as of December 21, 2017. The pilot project raises this number to 15. In total, 4 EF2 tornadoes and 1 EF3 tornado were identified via aerial photography. The remainder were EF1 or EF0. UPDATE – 23 April 2018 Based on the analysis of newly available Planet.com high-resolution satellite imagery and related tools, several events were reassessed and a number of additional tornadoes were discovered. Overall, an additional three tornadoes were added to 2017 count. The updated events are listed in a revised 2017 summary table appended at the end of this document.
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CHEN, KENNETH C., and WILLIAM P. BRIGHAM. EBW Gapping Study. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/810620.
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Gregory, Debra. The Preferred Learning Styles of Greek EFL Students and Greek EFL Teachers. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6712.
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Greer, G. S. Vindicator ETW-250 test report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6570384.
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Swinhoe, Martyn T., Carlos D. Rael, Howard O. Menlove, and Paul De Baere. Euratom Fast Collar (EFC) Calibration Report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1131009.
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Linda Vahala. EBW PHYSICS OF ECE IN NSTX. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1044043.
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Indovina, M., R. A. Hicklin, and G. I. Kiebuzinski. ELFT-EFS Evaluation of Latent Fingerprint Technologies :. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.7775.
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Neal, William. PETN Exploding Bridgewire (EBW) Detonators: A Review. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1663169.
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Davies, Imogen, Anam Parvez Butt, Thalia Kidder, and Ben Cislaghi. Social Norms Diagnostic Tool: Young Women's Economic Justice. Oxfam, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8427.
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The tool’s methodology is rooted in a feminist and youth-led participatory action research approach to diagnosing social norms. It uses participatory and transformative methods to engage young people and other community members not just as research participants, but as agents of change identifying solutions to arising issues. The exercises recognize and examine unequal power inequalities through questions around who makes key decisions, whose opinions matter the most, who the most influential people are and the nature of their influence. hese exercises were developed for Oxfam’s Empower Youth for Work (EYW) programme for primary research from 2017-2019. This version of the tool was originally developed for use in the EYW programme in Bangladesh.
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Pérez, Francisco, and Alejandro Pérez. Journey through Colombian Co-Teaching Experiences. Institucion Universitaria Colombo Americana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26817/paper.18.
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Co-teaching is defined as a collaborative method of instruction (Murawski & Hughes, 2009), which implies co-teaching partnerships where educators make and effort in terms of joint instructional decisions and share responsibility as well as accountability for student learning (Shumway et all., 2011). This working paper is intended to illustrate the state-of-the-art concerning the implementation of co-teaching in EFL settings in Colombia over the last two decades. This manuscript is based on documentary research, in which primary source data were collected from data bases, university repositories, journals, and official reports. As an outcome, we expect to unveil co-teaching strategies, co-teachers' roles as well as collaborative teaching benefits in EFL in general, and foreign language student-teachers’ education, in particular.