Relevant bibliographies by topics / EfW plants

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'EfW plants'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 January 2023
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "EfW plants"

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Frantzi, Danai, and Anastasia Zabaniotou. "Waste-Based Intermediate Bioenergy Carriers: Syngas Production via Coupling Slow Pyrolysis with Gasification under a Circular Economy Model." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 7366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217366.

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Waste-based feedstocks and bioenergy intermediate carriers are key issues of the whole bioenergy value chain. Towards a circular economy, changing upcycling infra-structure systems takes time, while energy-from-waste (EfW) technologies like waste pyrolysis and gasification could play an integral part. Thus, the aim of this study is to propose a circular economy pathway for the waste to energy (WtE) thermochemical technologies, through which solid biomass waste can be slowly pyrolyzed to biochar (main product), in various regionally distributed small plants, and the pyro-oils, by-products of those plants could be used as an intermediate energy carrier to fuel a central gasification plant for syngas production. Through the performed review, the main parameters of the whole process chain, from waste to syngas, were discussed. The study develops a conceptual model that can be implemented for overcoming barriers to the broad deployment of WtE solutions. The proposed model of WtE facilities is changing the recycling economy into a circular economy, where nothing is wasted, while a carbon-negative energy carrier can be achieved. The downstream side of the process (cleaning of syngas) and the economic feasibility of the dual such system need optimization.
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Cedeño García, Galo, Hugo Soplín Villacorta, Jessica Cargua Chávez, and George Cedeño García. "Potencial de enraizamiento en agua y vigor de plántulas de banano obtenidas en cámara térmica." La Técnica: Revista de las Agrociencias. ISSN 2477-8982, no. 16 (July 1, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/la_tecnica.v0i16.529.

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El uso de material de siembra de calidad es uno de los factores más importantes para la obtención de altos rendimientos en el cultivo de banano. En la granja experimental La Teodomira de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, se condujo un experimento para evaluar el potencial de enraizamiento en agua y el vigor de dos tipos de plántulas (adventicias y procedentes de tejido calloso) y tres estados fenológicos (EF1, EF2, EF3) de plántulas de banano obtenidas en cámara térmica. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con tratamientos en un arreglo factorial 2 x 3 con seis repeticiones. El agua fue un medio eficaz para el enraizamiento, mientras que las plántulas procedentes de tejido calloso mostraron un mayor potencial rizogénico, desarrollo y vigor, independientemente de su estado fenológico. El estado fenológico EF3 (plántula con hoja bandera y más de una hoja normal formada) presentó mayor capacidad rizogénica, desarrollo y vigor, independientemente del tipo de plántula. Palabras clave: desarrollo vegetal, macro-propagación, planta adventicia, rizogénesis en agua, tejido calloso
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Shao, Chenxi, Wenhao Lao, and Yingmei Liang. "Reference Genes Selection of Gymnosporangium yamadae during the Interaction with Apple Leaves." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080830.

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Apple rust disease caused by Gymnosporangium yamadae is the one of the major threats to the development of the apple industry in China, but the pathogenic molecular mechanism of the disease remains unclear. It is imperative to screen out appropriate reference genes during the interaction between G. yamadae and apple leaves to analyze the gene expression patterns during the pathogenesis of G. yamadae. ACT, EF1, EF2, GAPDH, 40S, 60S, α-TUB, β-TUB and UBCE3 were selected as candidate reference genes based on the transcriptomic dataset of G. yamadae. The expression levels were tested by real-time quantitative PCR during time-course infection of apple leaves and the expression stabilities were evaluated by △Ct method as well as by three software (NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper) and one web-based analysis software (RefFinder). The expression stability of the candidate reference genes was further validated by using the effector candidate gene Cluster-3395.48660 as the target gene in RT-qPCR. According to the results by △Ct and BestKeeper, 40S, EF2 and EF1 were the most stable reference genes, while EF1, EF2 and GAPDH were the most stable reference genes based on the NormFinder analysis result. The geNorm recommended the most stable genes EF1, EF2 and α-TUB as reference genes. Comprehensive analysis results of the RefFinder indicated EF1, EF2 and α-TUB were the most suitable genes. Based on these results, EF1, EF2 and α-TUB were considered as reference genes for analyzing the gene expression profiles of Cluster-3395.48660 in different infection stages, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data. All the results suggest that the combination of EF1, EF2 and α-TUB proved to be acceptable reference genes during the interaction between G. yamadae and apple leaves.
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Weingart, Helge, Henriette Ullrich, Klaus Geider, and Beate Völksch. "The Role of Ethylene Production in Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola." Phytopathology® 91, no. 5 (May 2001): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.5.511.

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The importance of ethylene production for virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola was assayed by comparing bacterial multiplication and symptom development in bean and soybean plants inoculated with ethylene-negative (efe) mutants and wild-type strains. The efe mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were significantly reduced in their ability to grow in planta. However, the degree of reduction was strain-dependent. Population sizes of efe mutant 16/83-E1 that did not produce the phototoxin coronatine were 10- and 15-fold lower than those of the wild-type strain on soybean and on bean, and 16/83-E1 produced very weak symptoms compared with the wild-type strain. The coronatine-producing efe mutant 7a/90-E1 reached fourfold and twofold lower population sizes compared with the wild-type strain on soybean and bean, respectively, and caused disease symptoms typical of the wild-type strain. Experiments with ethylene-insensitive soybeans confirmed these results. The virulence of the wild-type strains was reduced to the same extent in ethylene-insensitive soybean plants as the virulence of the efe mutants in ethylene-susceptible soybeans. In contrast, the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola was not affected by disruption of the efe gene.
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Brigotti, M., F. Rambelli, M. Zamboni, L. Montanaro, and S. Sperti. "Effect of α-sarcin and ribosome-inactivating proteins on the interaction of elongation factors with ribosomes." Biochemical Journal 257, no. 3 (February 1, 1989): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2570723.

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alpha-Sarcin from Aspergillus giganteus and the ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from higher plants inactivate the 60 S ribosomal subunit. The former is an RNAase, whereas RIPs are N-glycosidases. The site of cleavage of RNA and that of N-glycosidic depurinization are at one nucleotide distance in 28 S rRNA [Endo & Tsurugi (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8128-8130]. The effect of alpha-sarcin and that of RIPs on the interaction of elongation factors with Artemia salina (brine shrimp) ribosomes have been investigated. alpha-Sarcin inhibits both the EF1 (elongation factor 1)-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and the GTP-dependent binding of EF2 (elongation factor 2) to ribosomes, whereas two of the RIPs tested, ricin from Ricinus communis (castor bean) and volkensin from Adenia volkensii (kilyambiti), inhibit only the latter reaction. EF2 protects ribosomes from inactivation by both alpha-sarcin and ricin. The EF1-binding site is affected only by alpha-sarcin. The sensitivity of this site to alpha-sarcin is increased by pretreatment of ribosomes with ricin. A. salina ribosomes were highly resistant to the third RIP tested, namely gelonin from Gelonium multiflorum. All four proteins tested have, however, a comparable activity on the rabbit reticulocyte-lysate system.
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da Silva, Carlos Henrique Félix, Xavier Arnan, Alan N. Andersen, and Inara R. Leal. "Extrafloral nectar as a driver of ant community spatial structure along disturbance and rainfall gradients in Brazilian dry forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 6 (October 11, 2019): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000245.

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AbstractAlthough extrafloral nectar (EFN) is a key food resource for arboreal ants, its role in structuring ground-nesting ant communities has received little attention, despite these ants also being frequent EFN-attendants. We investigated the role of EFN as a driver of the spatial structure of ground-nesting ant communities occurring in dry forest in north-eastern Brazil. We examined the effects on this relationship of two global drivers of biodiversity decline, chronic anthropogenic disturbance and climate change (through decreasing rainfall). We mapped EFN-producing plants and ant nests in 20 plots distributed along independent gradients of disturbance and rainfall. We categorized ant species into three types according to their dependence on EFN: heavy users, occasional users and non-users. We found a strong relationship between ant dependence on EFN and nest proximity to EFN-producing plants: heavy-users (mean distance 1.1 m) nested closer to EFN-producing plants than did occasional users (1.7 m), which in turn nested closer to EFN-producing plants than did non-users (2.3 m). Neither disturbance nor rainfall affected the proximity of heavy-user nests to EFN-producing plants. Our study shows for the first time that EFN is a key driver of the spatial structure of entire communities of ground-nesting ants.
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Soppe, W. J., L. Bentsink, and M. Koornneef. "The early-flowering mutant efs is involved in the autonomous promotion pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana." Development 126, no. 21 (November 1, 1999): 4763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.21.4763.

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The transition to flowering is a crucial moment in a plant's life cycle of which the mechanism has only been partly revealed. In a screen for early flowering, after mutagenesis of the late-flowering fwa mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, the early flowering in short days (efs) mutant was identified. Under long-day light conditions, the recessive monogenic efs mutant flowers at the same time as wild type but, under short-day conditions, the mutant flowers much earlier. In addition to its early-flowering phenotype, efs has several pleiotropic effects such as a reduction in plant size, fertility and apical dominance. Double mutant analysis with several late-flowering mutants from the autonomous promotion (fca and fve) and the photoperiod promotion (co, fwa and gi) pathways of flowering showed that efs reduces the flowering time of all these mutants. However, efs is completely epistatic to fca and fve but additive to co, fwa and gi, indicating that EFS is an inhibitor of flowering specifically involved in the autonomous promotion pathway. A vernalisation treatment does not further reduce the flowering time of the efs mutant, suggesting that vernalisation promotes flowering through EFS. By comparing the length of the juvenile and adult phases of vegetative growth for wild-type, efs and the double mutant plants, it is apparent that efs mainly reduces the length of the adult phase.
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Ignjatov, Maja, Dragana Milosevic, Zorica Nikolic, Jelica Gvozdanovic-Varga, Dusica Jovicic, and Gordana Zdjelar. "Fusarium oxysporum as causal agent of tomato wilt and fruit rot." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 27, no. 1 (2012): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1201025i.

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Tomatoes are parasitized by a number of pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causal agent of fusarium wilt. Fresh vegetable fruits can be contaminated with various fungi that produce mycotoxins, which is an important issue for human health. The objective of this paper was to isolate, determine, and identify causal organisms of tomato wilt and fruit rot, based on the pathogens morphological and molecular characteristics. Samples of diseased plants showing symptoms of tomato wilt were collected from different localities in the production region of Vojvodina. Fruits with symptoms of fusarium rot were collected from storage and warehouses. The isolation and morphological determination of the fungus were performed on PDA and Czapek?s nutrient media. Isolates from diseased plants growing in field, designated as TFW1-TFW12 and seven isolates from diseased tomato fruits (TFM1-TFM7) were chosen for further investigation. For identification of the fungal isolates, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also used. The EF1/EF2 primer pair was used for molecular identification of Fusarium sp. Nine analyzed samples were found to contain DNA fragments 700 bp in size.
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Petry, Henrique Belmonte, Diego Adílio Da Silva, Edson Bertolini, Daniel Remor Moritz, Alexandre Mees, and Mauro Ferreira Bonfim Júnior. "Manejo da virose do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro-azedo em Santa Catarina." Agropecuária Catarinense 35, no. 3 (December 26, 2022): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52945/rac.v35i3.1561.

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O endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro (EFM), causado pelo Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), é uma das doenças mais importantes da cultura. Trata-se de uma doença endêmica nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil. A principal forma de controle do EFM é a utilização de diversas estratégias dentro do manejo integrado de doenças e exige uso de mudas sadias, com pelo menos 80cm de altura, produzidas em ambiente protegido sob telado antiafideo, cuidados nas operações de poda e desbaste, eliminação sistemática de plantas com sintomas até o início do florescimento, utilização dequebra-ventos, a realização do planto em períodos de menor incidência de afídeos no campo e a realização de cultivo anual associado à adoção de vazio sanitário.
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Cavalcante, Lourival F., Ítalo H. L. Cavalcante, Kátia S. N. Pereira, Francisco A. de Oliveira, Saulo C. Gondim, and Fernanda A. R. de Araújo. "Germination and initial growth of guava plants irrigated with saline water." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 9, no. 4 (December 2005): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662005000400012.

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The present study was carried in order to evaluate the effect of saline water irrigation with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, on germination and some growth variables during the seedling formation process of four guava cultivars (Psidium guajava L.): Pentecoste, Paluma, Surubim and IPA B-38. Water salinity inhibited the germination process, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and dry matter production of roots, stems and leaves, independently of cultivar. After germination, the seedlings did not survive due to saline water effects of ECw 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1. After 180 days of sowing, the seedlings irrigated with ECw more than 1.5 dS m-1 did not present agronomic quality for planting. Dry matter production sequence of different parts of plants was as follows: leaves > roots > stems, without significant differences among cultivars especially when irrigated with saline water of ECw > 3.0 dS m-1.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "EfW plants"

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Rethwisch, Michael D., and Jessica L. Grudovich. "Evaluation of Mustang Max 0.8 EW on insects associated with bermudagrass seed production, 2003." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203875.

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Two rates of the insect active ingredient zetacypermethrin (MustangMax) were evaluated for control of summer insect pests on bermudagrass, with application made about one month prior to harvest. Crop was 22 inches tall when treatments were applied and had a dense stand, which also intercepted much of the treatment. Little difference existed between the two rates of zetacypermethrin in this study. Treatments reduced planthopper numbers by slightly over 50% for the first 9 days after application. Reduction of bermudagrass mirid populations was 45% at two days post treatment, but numbers of this insect were numerically higher in MustangMax treated plants than in untreated plots at subsequent sample dates. Treatments also resulted in significantly lower numbers of damsel bugs and minute pirate bugs at two days post treatment, while only reducing grass thrips numbers by about 20% through 13 days after application. Bark lice were more prevalent in the treated plots, thought due to a reduction of predatory beneficial insects. More effectiveness from this chemistry would be expected earlier in the growing season when plants are shorter, therefore allowing greater coverage and contact with insects as this chemistry is not systemic.
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Carreno, Galdame Sofia Laura. "A Motivational, Online Guide to Help English Language Learners with the Development,Implementation, and Evaluation of their Individual Pronunciation Improvement Plans." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5659.

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Intelligibility is one of the major concerns among ESL learners due to its impact on their ability to communicate with native speakers of English (Derwing & Munro, 2005). Even though pronunciation is often addressed in classrooms, it is difficult to tackle all intelligibility issues relevant for each student. Therefore, it is crucial for ESL learners to spend some extra time outside of class improving their pronunciation. Faced with a daunting task of regulating and taking charge of their own learning, they often have questions with respect to what exactly they need to work on, what activities will help them achieve their goals, how they need to organize those activities, and how long they should practice until they can see results. In such an endeavor, issues like motivation to persist and put forth great effort arise and influence outcomes. In sum, many factors are in play when ESL learners strive to improve their intelligibility. The main purpose of creating Sofia’s ESL Pronunciation Lab is to guide ESL learners in improving intelligibility, while helping them feel confident and motivated about what they are doing. Thirty students participated in the pilot-testing phase of this project. They participated in six weeks of self-regulated instruction followed by the completion of a survey at the end of that period. The results show that Sofia’s ESL Pronunciation Lab accomplished its purpose. Students thought that the website guided them well in the creation and implementation of their own improvement plan. They also thought that the online guide was professional and informative. Several students gave constructive feedback to further enhance the website. Most suggestions were related to including more graphics and visuals as well as adding more content, such as examples and activities. Overall, students believed that the online guide was a helpful addition to the current instruction they were receiving as part of an intensive English language program of study.
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Shao, Danyang. "Generating Molecular Biology Tools to Investigate the Ca2+ Binding Ability of Arabidopsis TON2." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1011832/.

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The position of the cell division plane in plants is determined by the position of the preprophase band. The pre prophase band (PPB) is a ring of microtubules centered around the nucleus on the inner side of plasma membrane that establishes the cortical division site. The PPB forms at the end of G2 and breaks down at the end of prophase leaving behind protein markers of its position that are collectively called the cortical division site. During cytokinesis the phragmoplast expands towards the cortical division site and mediates the fusion of the new cell plate with the mother cell at that position. Several proteins necessary for PPB formation in plants have been identified, including maize DCD1 and ADD1 and Arabidopsis TON2, which are all type 2A protein phosphatase (PP2A)B" regulatory subunits. DCD1, ADD1, and TON2 localize to the PPB and the cortical division site through metaphase. The PP2A subunits each have two EF-hand domains, which are predicted to bind calcium ions. Since calcium ions are important for some aspects of cell division, we designed a series of constructs to test if TON2 binds calcium. TON2 protein was cloned into expression vectors, pET42a, and expression of TON2 protein was confirmed via Western blotting and immunodetection using a GST antibody. Site directed mutagenesis was used to mutate the TON2 EF-hand domains and mutated cDNAs were also cloned into expression vectors. These were then expressed in bacterial systems. Finally, the GST tagged proteins were purified. In the future, wild-type and mutated proteins TON2 proteins will used in calcium binding assays to determine if TON2 binds calcium.
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Soto, Ogaz Magdalena de los Angeles Aurora. "Diseño de una Metodología para el Apoyo del Despacho de Concentrado de Cobre desde la Lixiviación in Situ en la Planta SX EW." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/104231.

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CODELCO, en su afán de aumentar su valor como empresa y sus reservas de minerales, está en una búsqueda constante de nuevos yacimientos y métodos de explotación. Por esto en la actualidad, se encuentra estudiando en conjunto con el Centro de Modelamiento Matemático de la Universidad de Chile (CMM) la lixiviación in situ (ISL), método de explotación para yacimientos de óxido de cobre ubicados a baja profundidad y de baja ley, los cuales no son rentables de extraer con los procedimientos utilizados en la actualidad. La problemática de éste proyecto se basa en que para realizar un debido análisis de pre factibilidad, de cualquier yacimiento, no se cuenta con una herramienta que organice el despacho óptimo de concentrado de cobre (PLS) producido por las distintas celdas de explotación hacia el depósito en la planta. Dado lo anterior, el objetivo de ésta memoria es construir y desarrollar un modelo y una metodología de resolución que permita realizar una planificación de explotación para un yacimiento por medio de ISL. El yacimiento es modelado como un conjunto de celdas explotación, cada una caracterizada por su ley promedio, tonelaje, potencial de mineralización y parámetros de recuperación. El planificador decide el instante en que se debe comenzar la explotación de cada celda, considerando la capacidad de operación de la planta y piscina de PLS. El problema es abordado mediante un modelo de optimización no lineal en tiempo discreto, que minimiza las distancias euclidianas entre las concentraciones deseada y depositada cuyo valor óptimo es, en general, difícil de calcular. Para la búsqueda de la solución se construyó una heurística, principalmente por su alta flexibilidad y que permite primero buscar una solución inicial factible, basándose en los criterios actualmente utilizados para la planificación, y que luego se mejora haciendo intercambios en las variables de decisión. Los resultados evidencian que la concentración depositada por las celdas se ajusta a la deseada por la planta con un pequeño margen error, el cual es significativamente menor con respecto a la planificación manual. Sin embargo, la calidad de la solución se ve directamente afectada por la calidad del yacimiento y los requerimientos de la planta. Actualmente, existen alrededor de 1.000 millones de toneladas de recursos probados extraíbles por ISL equivalentes a MMUS$ 4,79 y cuyos costos de operación directos promedio son rentables. La aplicación de la metodología desarrollada en este proyecto para la planificación disminuye alrededor de un 70% los costos de superar la concentración deseada, y en un 60% cuando es menor; asimismo, permite producir alrededor de 17% más de cátodos de cobre para todo el horizonte de evaluación, ya que se aprovechan mejor la capacidad de la planta SX EW. A partir el desarrollo del presente estudio, se puede determinar que hay fuertes incentivos para la inversión en investigación y desarrollo de la ISL. Además, deja abiertas líneas futuras de investigación que permiten mejorar la calidad del modelo desarrollado y ampliar sus aplicaciones.
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Blank, Fredrik. "Handlingsplaner och diskussion : Samarbetsverktyg." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för informationssystem och –teknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36303.

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This report discloses the implementation of a collaboration tool in the form of action plans and discussion functionality in behalf of the company ZonderaCom AB (Zondera). The current tool used for this purpose is inflexible, have a hard time meeting customer requirements and therefore needs to be replaced. The new application is part of a larger entity where user management and database schemas are already in place. The functionality of this application consists of issue management, chat/discussion, document management, notes, sharing and printing. For users with higher permissions a summary view will also be available. The application is implemented using ASP.NET Core MVC, Entity Framework (EF) and SQL Server as the database engine. A SPA-based approach is used where the UI (User Interface) is dynamically rendered and loaded via Ajax and partial views. The source code for the application is largely omitted from this report due to business reasons. Interface’s and database schemas are used to display code and database structure.
Denna rapport behandlar implementeringen av ett samarbetsverktyg i form av handlingsplaner och diskussion till företaget ZonderaCom AB (Zondera). Det verktyg som använts tidigare i detta syfta är oflexibelt, har svårt att uppnå återkommande kundkrav och behöver därför bytas ut. Applikationen är en del av en större helhet där användarhantering och databas redan finns på plats. I applikationen ska funktionalitet för aktivitetshantering, chatt/diskussion, dokumentuppladdning, anteckningar, delning och utskrift implementeras. För användare med högre behörighet ska även en administrativ översikt finnas tillgänglig. Applikationen implementeras med hjälp av ASP.NET Core MVC, Entity Framework (EF) och SQL Server som databasmotor. Ett SPA-baserat angreppsätt används där gränssnitt laddas dynamiskt via Ajax och partial views. Källkod för applikationen och implementering på detaljnivå har till största del utelämnats ur denna rapport av affärsmässiga skäl. Interface och databasscheman används för att visa kod- och databasstruktur.
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Puente, Rodríguez Adán Edmundo. "Optimización del sistema de tratamiento y disposición sanitaria de aguas residuales industriales para vertimiento clase III, provenientes de la boca mina del nivel 250 (EF 03) al río San José." Master's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/10782.

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Estudia las habilidades blandas obtenidas por los profesionales PSP y las compara con la industria mediante portales de anuncios de trabajo y encuestas, notándose como resultado la importancia de este método. Se suma una propuesta de integración a la malla curricular de una carrera de Ingeniería de Software a modo de caso. Cada persona que participa en el proceso de software debe hacerlo con procesos maduros, de manera que pueda competir en una industria que solicita calidad en sus productos, para ello el SEI propuso una metodología personal denominada PSP. En Latinoamérica existen más de 1200 profesionales certificados en esta metodología, pero el número debería ser mayor ya que según la teoría son las formas fundamentales bajo las que debería proceder un ingeniero de software en su profesión.
Tesis
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Hoque, Kazi Mohammed Rayatul. "Investigations into the Impacts of Prevailing Climate and Size on the Thermal Energy Efficiency of Energy from Waste Plants." Thesis, 2018. https://vuir.vu.edu.au/42235/.

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Energy from Waste (EfW) is increasingly becoming an essential part of the contemporary mix of sustainable energy systems. EfW technologies consist of waste treatment processes that create energy in the form of electricity, heat or transport fuels (e.g. diesel) from a waste source. There exists a global movement towards reduction of dependence on fossil fuels and focus on exploiting renewable energy resources. Waste is available in abundance and recent studies only suggest an increasing tonnage of waste with a growing global population and diverse industries. Thermal treatment of waste has been around for over a century, with the first incinerator built in Great Britain. The social acceptance of an EfW facility has come a long way since then, with a conscious shift away from a waste landfill as a feasible solution. Generating usable EfW resources, which would otherwise go to landfill, has unquestionable environmental and economic benefits. With a large number of waste disposal operations, establishing itself amongst key solutions as part of waste management in European cities, an efficiency scaling method was developed by the European Commission to incentivize energy recovery operations. This essentially differentiates between waste disposal and energy recovery operation. The efficiency scaling method, known as R1 thermal efficiency, has been adopted by Australian Environment Protection Agencies as well. The R1 energy-efficiency formula is widely used in the assessment of the thermal energy efficiency of an EfW facility. The R1 metric amongst other efficiency indicators is a means to assess the overall useful energy extraction process from waste. This thesis addresses potential gaps that exist in the R1 formula, particularly addressing a bias in the formula towards EfW plants of larger capacity and located in cooler climate zones. An analysis on the use of the R1 formula is presented to determine the recovery status of some EfW plants. Detailed R1 computations are provided to demonstrate the application of R1 guidelines to specific EfW technologies, incineration and gasification. The study proposes the application of climate and size correction methods in consideration of the disadvantage faced by smaller-sized EfW plants or those located in warmer regions in meeting the set threshold. A key highlight is the case based application of external variants, climate and size correction factors to EfW plants in different locations in Europe, in scaling the R1 value. The proposed size and climate correction factors are compared with the Climate Correction Factor (CCF) defined in the Waste Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Union. The application of the proposed correction factors lead to conservative R1 scaling when compared with the application of the WFD CCF. The introduction of the size correction factor addresses an important gap in the current WFD. Combined heat and power (CHP) modes of EfW plants have proven to be more efficient, given there is substantial demand of thermal energy. The research analyses CHP modes and relates the outcome to the R1 criterion for the select case studies. The work is novel and the proposed analytical model makes significant contributions to knowledge by demonstrating the impacts of external variants on the outcome of R1 thermal efficiency of EfW plants. The proposed calculation tool would enable engineers, site managers, system auditors with a methodology that can be applied for the initial assessment of R1 thermal efficiency of an EfW. The comparative analysis with European WFD formula and CHP mode provides a broader spectrum to gauge the efficiency of an EfW facility. A follow-on benefit of this work is the fact that it would enable a predictive assessment on a proposed EfW facility and hence assist in addressing concerns of environmental groups.
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Fleming-Davies, Arietta Elise. "The Ecology of Sharing Mutualists: Consequences for Plant Performance and Population Dynamics." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/3085.

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Although we often study mutualisms (interactions in which both species benefit) at the level of the individual partners, mutualistic interactions take place in the context of populations and communities. Sharing mutualists with others in a population could result in indirect interactions in the form of mutualist-mediated competition or facilitation. In my dissertation work I asked whether intraspecific competition or facilitation for ants might occur in an extrafloral nectary-bearing (EFN) plant, and what the consequences would be for long-term population dynamics of the plant. My focal species was Colubrina spinosa (Rhamnaceae), a neotropical treelet on which I observed 69 ant species at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica.

Demonstrating intraspecific competition for mutualists requires that 1) neighbor densities affect mutualist visits to an individual, and 2) change in mutualist visits results in reduced benefit. To determine how mutualist density affects plant benefit, I experimentally manipulated ant abundances on plants over two years and measured growth and survival. To assess competition for mutualists, I excluded ants from conspecific neighbors and followed ant abundance on focal plants. To consider long-term facilitation, in which greater local nectar resources increase local ant abundance, I manipulated nectar resources in a two-year field experiment and estimated ant abundance on C. spinosa plants and on baits.

Considering local neighbor density both within a 1m radius and in 5x5 m plots, ant densities on C. spinosa plants showed evidence for a small-scale competition effect and a contrasting plot-level facilitation effect. The small-scale competition was sized-based; smaller plants lost ants to larger plants. Ant benefit to plants also depended on plant size. For larger plants, those with greater size-adjusted ant density had higher growth and survival than those with fewer ants than expected for their size.

To determine whether these contrasting competition and facilitation effects could impact population growth or densities, I modeled population dynamics with an integral projection model (IPM). Growth and survival were functions of ant density, which in turn depended on conspecific neighbors, plant size, and mean background ants. Results suggest that larger-scale facilitation of mutualists impacts long-term population growth more than small-scale competition. Population growth rate increased with increasing background ant density, which depended on facilitation at the 5x5m plot scale. In contrast, small-scale competition caused a redistribution of mutualist ants among plants of different sizes, but had very little effect on long-term population growth.

I thus conclude that on the scale of individuals there is evidence of intraspecific competition for ants as well as facilitation in the EFN plant C. spinosa, but only facilitation effects lead to appreciable changes in population dynamics. If mutualist-mediated facilitation effects tend to occur over long time scales in other systems as well, facilitation might prove to be more important than competition in other mutualisms.


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Mesquita, Tatiana De Castro. "A curriculum proposal for elementary EFL students in a bilingual-immersion school in Brazil." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2009-12-412.

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This paper is a curriculum proposal for students from grades 2 – 5 at the Elementary level in a bilingual-immersion school in Brasilia, Brazil, who are enrolled in the English Adaptation (EA) program. The curriculum is based on the SIOP Model, an approach to teaching language through content in strategic ways to enhance students’ development in both content and language. The paper also provides detailed lesson plans as an example and assessment processes that can be carried throughout the school year.
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Books on the topic "EfW plants"

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Kinch, James Craig. Phytotoxicology surveys in the vicinity of the Victoria Hospital Energy From Waste (EFW) power plant, London, Ontario, 1984-1990: Report. [Toronto]: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, 1992.

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Ash sampling methods at three Ontario Energy From Waste (EFW) plants as part of the National Incineration Testing and Evaluation Program. [Ottawa]: Ontario, Ministry of Environment and Energy, 1993.

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UNESCO. Guidelines for Iimplementing, Monitoring and Evaluating Gender Responsive EFA Plans. UNESCO Bangkok, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "EfW plants"

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Bouzayen, M., W. Cooper, C. Barry, H. Zegzouti, A. J. Hamilton, and D. Grierson. "EFE Multigene Family in Tomato Plants: Expression and Characterization." In Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, 76–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1003-9_14.

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Hamilton, A. J., M. Bouzayen, and D. Grierson. "Identification of Genes Encoding EFE in Tomato." In Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, 71–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1003-9_13.

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Iengo, Ilenia, Panagiota Kotsila, and Ingrid L. Nelson. "Ouch! Eew! Blech! A Trialogue on Porous Technologies, Places and Embodiments." In Contours of Feminist Political Ecology, 75–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-20928-4_4.

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AbstractIn this chapter, we bring political ecologies of health and the body into conversation with environmental justice and crip theory, science, technology and society studies (STS) and biopolitics. We present a trialogue that highlights three cases of health and embodiment examining the crosscutting themes of porosity and technologies as they offer us ways to insist on the right to be and signal a politics of health in FPE: (a) the lived experience of chronic pain as a catalyst for learning about environmental injustice in Naples, southern Italy, and the epistemic activism of crip communities producing counter-knowledge and mutual aid; (b) the spread of malaria among immigrant farmworkers in southern Greece as invisibilised intersectional and embodied injustice; and (c) embracing pharmaceuticals and vlogs with ambivalence while living with the temporary condition, hyperemesis gravidarum (HG) in the northeastern United States. We bring to the fore questions around bodies, harm, care and power, as those were brought about by our own situatedness in, and response-ability towards, embodied experiences of chronic pain, infection and nausea.
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Gray, J. E., S. Picton, R. Fray, A. J. Hamilton, H. Smith, S. Barton, and D. Grierson. "Altered Gene Expression, Leaf Senescence, and Fruit Ripening by Inhibiting Ethylene Synthesis with EFE-Antisense Genes." In Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, 82–89. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1003-9_15.

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Murray, A. J., G. E. Hobson, W. Schuch, and C. R. Bird. "Expression of EFE Antisense RNA in Tomato Causes Retardation of Leaf Senescence and Most Fruit Ripening Characteristics." In Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the Plant Hormone Ethylene, 327–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1003-9_74.

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"Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future." In Pacific Salmon Environmental and Life History Models: Advancing Science for Sustainable Salmon in the Future, edited by Mark D. Scheuerell and Ray Hilborn. American Fisheries Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874097.ch11.

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<em>Abstract.</em>—The 1996 Sustainable Fisheries Act states that all federal fisheries management plans should contain a description of essential fish habitat (EFH). While much emphasis has been placed on estimating EFH for marine stocks, very little attention has been paid to doing so for Pacific salmon <em>Oncorhynchus </em>spp., in part due to their complex life histories. An earlier assessment of EFH for Pacific salmon across the west coast of the United States focused on the freshwater component of EFH due to limited knowledge about marine distributions. That analysis concluded that a more in-depth and smaller-scale examination was needed to assess how freshwater habitat affects the various life stages. Here we use a detailed life history model for Pacific salmon to estimate the freshwater component of EFH for two threatened populations of Chinook salmon within a large watershed draining into Puget Sound, Washington, USA. By accounting for proposed harvest rates, hatchery practices, and habitat structure, we identified 23 of 50 subbasins as EFH for ensuring no significant decrease in the total number of spawners relative to current average escapement. Our analytical framework could be easily applied to other populations or species of salmon to aid in developing recovery and management plans.
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Rene, Eldon R., Shishir Kumar Behera, and Hung Suck Park. "Predicting Adsorption Behavior in Engineered Floodplain Filtration System Using Backpropagation Neural Networks." In Machine Learning Algorithms for Problem Solving in Computational Applications, 179–94. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1833-6.ch011.

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Engineered floodplain filtration (EFF) system is an eco-friendly low-cost water treatment process wherein water contaminants can be removed, by adsorption and-or degraded by microorganisms, as the infiltrating water moves from the wastewater treatment plants to the rivers. An artificial neural network (ANN) based approach was used in this study to approximate and interpret the complex input/output relationships, essentially to understand the breakthrough times in EFF. The input parameters to the ANN model were inlet concentration of a pharmaceutical, ibuprofen (ppm) and flow rate (md– 1), and the output parameters were six concentration-time pairs (C, t). These C, t pairs were the times in the breakthrough profile, when 1%, 5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 95% of the pollutant was present at the outlet of the system. The most dependable condition for the network was selected by a trial and error approach and by estimating the determination coefficient (R2) value (>0.99) achieved during prediction of the testing set. The proposed ANN model for EFF operation could be used as a potential alternative for knowledge-based models through proper training and testing of variables.
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"TOWNLEY, E.W. (fl. 1780s–1790s)." In Dictionary Of British And Irish Botantists And Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers, 3029–30. CRC Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b12560-1568.

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Georgiou, George. "Executive Functions." In Executive Functions and Writing, 276–87. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198863564.003.0012.

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Over the last decade a plethora of studies has explored the role of executive functions (EF) in academic achievement. The majority of these studies has focused on three subcomponents of EF: inhibition, shifting, and updating in working memory. As a result, much less attention has been paid to other subcomponents of EF, such as planning that is considered the pinnacle of EF. Thus, in this chapter, we turn to the origins of EF describing planning and how it fits within a broader model of writing. Finally, we describe a writing task (the Predicament Test) that allows individuals to integrate their plans of action with their feelings. In view of arguments that the nature of EF is ‘elusive’, planning is giving us a first-hand opportunity to rediscover EF by putting theory before factor analytic approaches.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Cynthia M. Sarthou. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch3.

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<em>Abstract.—</em> It cannot be denied that habitat is essential to healthy fish populations. A significant number of fish species in the Gulf of Mexico and around the country depends on estuaries during some stage of their life cycles. Despite this fact, fish habitats are increasingly destroyed and degraded by pollution, dredging, freshwater influx, and other human activities. If healthy fish populations are to be maintained, threats to fish habitat must be addressed. However, traditional management practices have neglected and continue to ignore threats to important fish habitat. The essential fish habitat (EFH) provisions of the 1996 Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson-Stevens Act) present an unprecedented opportunity to develop habitat-based management approaches to protect and restore important fish habitats in the ocean and in vital estuarine areas. This is not to say the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act are a panacea for habitat protection. For example, there is no enforceable mechanism for preventing activities that destroy areas of EFH. Nonetheless, the EFH provisions of the Magnuson-Stevens Act can go far in achieving the intended results if the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) promulgates guidelines requiring ecosystem-based management, if regional EFH amendments go beyond minimalist requirements to address threats to habitat through comprehensive habitat management plans, and if regional fishery management councils become important players in the host of federal decisions that affect fish habitat. The NMFS and the regional fishery management councils must be required to take full advantage of this unique opportunity.
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Conference papers on the topic "EfW plants"

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Koralewska, Ralf. "Innovative Concepts of High-Efficiency EfW Plants." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1947.

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Municipal waste has characteristics that make it particularly suitable for the generation of heat and power. Waste is generally available close to the location of heat and power consumption in towns and densely populated areas. The technology used in modern Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plants is such that the waste is transformed into a reusable ash and that the flue gases are no longer a significant source of emissions. These points have been assured by the European Waste Incineration directive since 2005.
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Lee, Shang-Hsiu (Mike). "Catalytic Dedioxin System Demonstration at Covanta’s Wallingford Plant." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7056.

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Although the Energy from Waste (EfW) industry has made dramatic improvements in reducing dioxin emissions over the last two decades, the presence of any dioxins in the stack gases from EfW plants continues to be a negative to the acceptance and growth of the EfW industry in the United States. Covanta Energy owns and operates 40 EfW facilities in the U.S. with average dioxin emissions 10 times below the EPA MACT standard of 30 ng/dscm. This emission standard is expected to be reduced in the coming years as the EPA implements new MACT standards. Covanta has taken the position of being in the forefront of the legislation and has an ongoing commitment to continuously lower the emissions of existing plants below regulatory requirements. This commitment has led Covanta to team with CRI Catalyst Company (CRI) to evaluate the application of CRI’s dedioxin technology (SDDS®) in Covanta’s EfW plants.
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Chromec, Peter R., and Raymond J. Burelle. "Integration of an Energy From Waste Facility Into an Urban Environment." In 17th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec17-2320.

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The maximum environmental benefits from a new Energy from Waste (EFW) facility may require locating the new plant close to both the source of the waste and the potential energy customers. This paper will present design features that were incorporated into several new EFW facilities to allow them to be located directly into urban environments while minimizing their impact on the community and often improving the quality of life for the surrounding communities. Locating the EFW facility directly into an urban community: • Minimizes the cost and the environmental impact of waste transport. • Allows electrical power to be generated at the point of consumption. • Provides thermal energy for district heating and cooling. • Reduces the dependence on imported fossil fuel for electrical generation and for heating / cooling. • Provides secure and well paying jobs for members of the community. • Reduces the carbon foot print of the community. • An EFW plant typically leads to higher recycling rate, both pre and post combustion. Some of the specific measures that have been considered for EFW plants in urban environment have included architectural enhancements, more stringent noise and odor control, significant reduction or even elimination of visible plumes. The two case studies included in this paper will be the new Isse´ane EFW plant in Paris and the recently awarded Riverside EFW plant in London.
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Main, Armin, and Thomas Maghon. "Concepts and Experiences for Higher Plant Efficiency With Modern Advanced Boiler and Incineration Technology." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3541.

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The efforts for reducing CO2 Emissions into atmosphere and increasing costs for fossil fuels concepts are the drivers for Energy from Waste (EfW) facilities with higher plant efficiency. In the past steam parameters for EfW were requested mainly at 40 bars and 400 °C (580 psi and 752 F). In case of coal fired power plants at the same location as the EfW facilities higher steam parameters at 90 bar, 520 °C (1305 psi, 968 F) have been used for the design of stoker and boiler. This long-term experience with higher steam parameters is the platform for the todays and future demand in higher plant efficiency. Increase in EfW plant efficiency is achievable by increasing temperature and pressure of live steam going along with optimized combustion conditions when using well proven grate technology for waste incineration. On the other hand higher steam parameters result in higher corrosion rates on the boiler tubes and the optimization of the combustion conditions are limited by the burn out quality requirements of slag and flue gas. Advantages and disadvantages have therefore to be balanced carefully. This paper will present different measures for optimized boiler and combustion conditions compared to an EfW plant with live steam at 40 bars and 400 °C (580 psi and 752 F) and 60% excess of combustion air. Plants operated at these conditions have very low maintenance costs created by corrosion of boiler tubes and show performance with very high availability. The following parameters and experiences will be evaluated: - reduction of excess air; - flue gas temperature at boiler outlet; - higher steam parameters (pressure and temperature); - heating surfaces for steam superheating in the radiation boiler section; - steam reheating; - external superheaters using auxiliary fuels. The comparison of the different methods for increasing the efficiency together with resulting technology challenges incorporates the experiences from modern EfW reference facilities built in Naples/Italy, Ruedersdorf (Berlin)/Germany and Heringen/Germany.
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Chromec, Peter. "SCR DeNOx Systems in Hitachi Zosen Inova’s European EfW Facilities." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5414.

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Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions of new Energy-from-Waste (EfW) facilities, especially in ozone non-attainment zones, are coming under increased scrutiny by permitting agencies in the US as new EfW projects are permitted. While the EPA national technology based limits for EfW plants under the New Source Performance Standards are still at 150 ppmdv at 7% O2, many permitting authorities are requiring substantially lower limits for new EfW plants in their states or air quality regions under EPA’s New Source Review/Prevention of Significant Deterioration air quality permitting program. This trend is directly related to the question, how the Lowest Achievable Emission Rate (LAER) and Best Available Control Technology (BACT) limits for NOx in EfW plants should be defined in ozone nonattainment and attainment areas respectively. Since lower NOx limits increase the cost of EfW as a sustainable waste management method, too stringent emission limits may have the adverse effect that more waste is landfilled due to the economic competition between these waste management methods which will actually lead to higher overall emissions and lower sustainability. Like other technology suppliers, Hitachi Zosen Inova (HZI, earlier AE&E Inova), a worldwide leader in EfW technology, has used various NOx control options. Apart from standard SNCR systems which can safely meet the EPA NSPS limits, there is DyNOR™, the advanced SNCR-based technology which can safely reach values below 100 ppmdv at 7% O2, and the SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) technology, which can reach values down to far below 50 ppmdv at 7% O2. However, once a certain emission limit is determined, the question is how this limit can be safely and continuously achieved with the lowest possible cost per ton of waste treated.
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Sohnemann, Jens, Walter Schäfers, and Armin Main. "Waste Combustion Technology Developments for Large Scale Plants." In 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec20-7035.

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For the waste disposal of urban areas and major cities at the North American market place rather large scale energy from waste (EfW) plants are needed. This implies a mechanical input of approx. 40 Mg/h [39.36 tn l./h] and thermal input by waste per unit of 110 MW [375.3 MBTU/h] and more. There are basic design criteria that feature large scale EfW plants: - Layout of boiler with horizontal or vertical orientation of convective part. - Top or bottom suspension of boiler. - Flexible design of stoker regarding large throughput figures and heating values of waste with water or air cooled grate bars. - Design and geometry of combustion furnace in order to optimize the flow pattern. - Optimization of boiler steel structure: integrated steel structure for boiler and boiler house enclosure. - Optimization of corrosion protection and maintainability of large scale boilers: cladding versus refractory lining. - Maintenance aspects of the boiler. The paper gives information on the pros and cons regarding the design features with special focus on optimized solutions for large scale EfW plants. For the core component of the combustion system — the grate — Fisia Babcock Environment (FBE) is using forward moving grates as well as roller grates. The moving grate in STEINMÜLLER design, which is used in the great majority of all our plants, has specific characteristics for providing uniform combustion and optimal burnout. The automatic combustion rate control system is the key component in the combustion process in order to receive good burn out quality in slag and flue gas as well as constant steam production and oxygen content of flue gas. This paper includes a detailed report on a modern control system with focus on a simple and efficient control structure. Besides these measures regarding the combustion process, this paper also reports about the respective aspects and concepts for the flue gas cleaning systems. In this field the FBE CIRCUSORB® process was presented in previous papers and is now compared with a multistage wet flue gas cleaning system. The latter is relevant in case of very low emission requirements.
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Epelbaum, Greg, Eric Hanson, and Michael Seitz. "New Generation of Tube Surface Treatments Help Improve EFW Boiler Reliability." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3580.

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Surface treatments, such as weld overlays, thermal sprays, laser claddings and fused coatings have been used for many years to protect boiler tubes operating in corrosive and erosive conditions. Several variables are typically identified that influence the choice of the technology selected, and the materials used to upgrade the boiler elements. Specifically, operating conditions such as corrosive species present, tube and gas temperatures, and the presence of erosive processes such as fly ash impingement and soot blowing significantly influence the severity of the wastage mechanisms. Given the many options available, and the uncertainty in determining reliable operating data, most selections need to be based on a “fit for all” solution. Case studies for applications of protective coatings in severe applications are useful to indicate relative performance of each system. From such results, limitations and some indication of performance can be established. As an example, AmStar cladding was field applied for EfW boiler water walls protection at 4 EfW plants. A number of superheater tube samples, cladded in the AmStar shop, were installed at another 4 EfW plants. The AmStar 888® cladding material is a development specifically geared to environments that may see erosion, corrosion, or a combination of both mechanisms. The material is a Nickel Chrome alloy, with carbide and boride additions. The coating is applied (field or shop) using a high velocity spray system, and requires no post treatment. The material is also easily repaired if defects occur in the future. The presented field trials at EfW plants have brought very positive results for all carbon steel water wall applications and have shown some good potential for salvaging old poor quality Inconel weld overlay by spraying AmStar 888® cladding over it. The superheater tube trials are more complex due to the variety of boiler designs which may significantly affect environmental variables. Not surprisingly, these trials have shown a range of results so far: from very good at one plant to not satisfactory at another. Testing is ongoing, so more results will be coming. Although such field tests do not provide quantitative results, they do provide comparative performance guidelines for generally aggressive boiler environments. This data is very useful to both design and maintenance engineers, who are often faced with limited options.
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Chromec, Peter R., and Francis A. Ferraro. "Waste-to-Energy in the Context of Global Warming." In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1954.

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In December 2007 the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) took place in Bali. It was based on the IPCC report no. 4 presented in Barcelona on November 2007. The messages are briefly: • Warming of the climate system is unequivocal; • Global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions due to human activities have grown since pre-industrial times; • Continued GHG emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming and induce many changes in the global climate system during the 21st century that would very likely be larger than those observed during the 20th century; • Key mitigation technologies in the waste sector: Landfill Gas (LFG) methane recovery; waste incineration with energy recovery; composting of organic waste; controlled waste water treatment; recycling and waste minimisation; biocovers and biofilters to optimise methane oxidation. The above by the IPCC proposed mitigation technologies for the waste sector can be categorized regarding specific waste treatment scenarios and their efficiency expressed in kg CO2 equivalent emitted per ton of waste. • Landfill w/o LFG recovery 1850 kg CO2-eq; • Landfill with LFG recovery 250–775 kg CO2-eq; • Energy-from-Waste plant −1000..−100 kg CO2-eq. With a population of little over 300 million people and a per capita municipal waste generation rate of 760 kg/person.year, the total waste generated in the USA is about 230 million Mg/year (OECD). With the treatment scenarios discussed above, the following can be stated: • If all wastes were landfilled waste disposal would correspond to 425 million tons of CO2 equivalents. • If all wastes were incinerated in Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plants, the emissions could be reduced by about 500 million tons of CO2 equivalents (about 9% of today’s US CO2 output) and make the waste management sector a GHG emissions sink. • The total electricity generated from EfW plants could be as high as 15,000 MW replacing about 50 standard 300 MW power plant units. To an average US 4 person household about 3 t/year of municipal solid wastes can be allocated, corresponding to an annual difference between landfilling without LFG recovery and EfW treatment of about 6.9 Mg CO2-eq /year. If this household wanted to achieve the same reduction of CO2 equivalent emissions by other means than having these wastes burnt in a modern EfW plant, they have the following options: • Remove one automobile from use (EPA: 6.0 Mg CO2-eq /year); • Cut household electricity consumption by 80% (EIA: 7.8 Mg CO2-eq /year). The European parliament commission has proposed to reduce CO2 emissions in Europe to 20–30% below 1990 levels. In comparison with Europe, annual GHG emissions (CO2-eq/person year) in the U.S. today are on a level about double that of the Europe. In order to achieve a similar reduction in the U.S., significant efforts have to be done on all energy fronts. Energy-from-Waste (EfW) is one of them, which at the same time solves a space and pollution problem and does not leave these issues to future generations.
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Koralewska, Ralf. "NOx Reduction: The Challenge for Innovative Concepts in Europe." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5438.

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During combustion, most of the waste’s nitrogen content is transferred to the flue gases as nitrogen oxide, NOx. The EU Waste Incineration Directive defines a maximum emission limit value for NOx of 200 mg/Nm3 as a daily average value referred to 11% O2. Based on National Emission Ceilings (NEC) defined by the Gothenburg Protocol, it can be expected that the limit values for NOx in the EU will become even more stringent. In some European countries (e.g. The Netherlands, Austria, Switzerland) a lower emission limit has already been introduced. Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) technologies are used in many cases to achieve the above-mentioned NOx limits. However, there are drawbacks to SCR systems such as high investment cost. Operation cost is also quite high due to the energy consumption necessary for the reheating of the flue gas as well as the increased pressure loss. Innovative technologies are therefore required to make it possible to reconcile both requirements: reduced emissions and increased energy efficiency. Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction (SNCR) systems are based on the selective reaction of ammonia or urea injected into the upper furnace. In many cases SNCR technologies are limited by the ammonia slip which increases in case of more stringent NOx requirements. According to the relevant BREF document, an ammonia slip limit of 10 mg/Nm3 is generally required at the stack. In order to achieve reduced NOx values, it is necessary to implement measures to reduce ammonia slip, by means of either a wet scrubber or a High-dust catalytic converter. EfW plants in Mainz (Germany) and Brescia (Italy) are examples of operational plants combining SNCR with such a catalytic converter type. In addition R&D activities are carried out on the development of simplified reaction mechanisms to be implemented in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. With these tools it will be possible to describe the interaction between turbulent mixing, radiation and chemical reaction rates. Another option to achieve low NOx values (below 100 mg/Nm3) is the reduction of NOx by so-called primary measures, e.g. the Very Low NOx process (VLN), which has been developed by MARTIN jointly with its cooperation partners. The VLN process is based on a grate-based combustion system. The “VLN gas” is drawn off at the rear end of the grate and is reintroduced into the upper furnace in the vicinity of the SNCR injection positions. NOx will be reduced significantly, ensuring low NOx emission values at the stack as required, at low values for ammonia slip. The new EfW plant in Honolulu (USA) will be equipped with the VLN process. In Coburg (Germany), the VLN process will be retrofitted in an existing installation. This paper documents the potential and the limitations of different measures for NOx reduction as well as examples of recent innovative EfW plants in Europe using MARTIN technologies successfully.
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Koralewska, Ralf. "Innovative Concepts of Conversion and High Efficiency Using MARTIN Technology." In 2013 21st Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec21-2706.

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Thermal treatment of waste using grate-based systems has gained world-wide acceptance as the preferred method for sustainable management of residual waste. However, in order to maintain this position and respond to new challenges and/or priorities, it is necessary to further develop innovative concepts that use safe process engineering technology in terms of climate and resource protection as well as reduction of environmental impacts. MARTIN, in collaboration with research institutes, successfully developed and optimized a multi-stage combustion process in the 1990s. Various pilot and full-scale studies and tests followed. Based on this knowledge, MARTIN and its cooperation partners COVANTA ENERGY (USA), CNIM (F) and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (JP) developed the Very Low NOx (VLN) process as a large-scale primary measure for NOx reduction. MARTIN’s next step was to develop the Very Low NOx gasification mode (VLN-GM) process. This process has been implemented directly in continuous operation at an industrial-scale Energy-from-Waste (EfW) plant in Switzerland. In VLN-GM operation, the excess air rate in the gas above the grate is decreased from λ = 1.2 to about 0.8. The characteristics of municipal solid waste make it suitable for the generation of heat and power. While boiler concepts implemented in the past often focused on factors such as high availability, reduced downtimes and minimized maintenance costs, measures to increase the efficiency of the overall process are also growing in importance. Energy efficiency can be increased by optimizing boiler efficiency itself on the one hand, and on the other hand by improving peripheral plant devices, in particular by improving energy recovery through changes in the steam parameters. MARTIN has developed corrosion-protected wall and radiant superheater solutions, located in the upper furnace area, and installed these as prototypes in full-scale plants. As a result, steam can be heated about 35 °C (90 °F) in excess of the current state-of-the-art parameters without adversely affecting plant operation due to superheater corrosion. This paper documents that innovative concepts using MARTIN technology successfully provide solutions for a grate-based conversion technology (VLN-GM) as well as measures for increasing the energy efficiency of Energy-from-Waste plants.
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Reports on the topic "EfW plants"

1

Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.

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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.
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