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1
Frantzi, Danai, and Anastasia Zabaniotou. "Waste-Based Intermediate Bioenergy Carriers: Syngas Production via Coupling Slow Pyrolysis with Gasification under a Circular Economy Model." Energies 14, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 7366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14217366.
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Waste-based feedstocks and bioenergy intermediate carriers are key issues of the whole bioenergy value chain. Towards a circular economy, changing upcycling infra-structure systems takes time, while energy-from-waste (EfW) technologies like waste pyrolysis and gasification could play an integral part. Thus, the aim of this study is to propose a circular economy pathway for the waste to energy (WtE) thermochemical technologies, through which solid biomass waste can be slowly pyrolyzed to biochar (main product), in various regionally distributed small plants, and the pyro-oils, by-products of those plants could be used as an intermediate energy carrier to fuel a central gasification plant for syngas production. Through the performed review, the main parameters of the whole process chain, from waste to syngas, were discussed. The study develops a conceptual model that can be implemented for overcoming barriers to the broad deployment of WtE solutions. The proposed model of WtE facilities is changing the recycling economy into a circular economy, where nothing is wasted, while a carbon-negative energy carrier can be achieved. The downstream side of the process (cleaning of syngas) and the economic feasibility of the dual such system need optimization.
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Cedeño García, Galo, Hugo Soplín Villacorta, Jessica Cargua Chávez, and George Cedeño García. "Potencial de enraizamiento en agua y vigor de plántulas de banano obtenidas en cámara térmica." La Técnica: Revista de las Agrociencias. ISSN 2477-8982, no. 16 (July 1, 2016): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.33936/la_tecnica.v0i16.529.
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El uso de material de siembra de calidad es uno de los factores más importantes para la obtención de altos rendimientos en el cultivo de banano. En la granja experimental La Teodomira de la Universidad Técnica de Manabí, se condujo un experimento para evaluar el potencial de enraizamiento en agua y el vigor de dos tipos de plántulas (adventicias y procedentes de tejido calloso) y tres estados fenológicos (EF1, EF2, EF3) de plántulas de banano obtenidas en cámara térmica. Se empleó un diseño completamente al azar con tratamientos en un arreglo factorial 2 x 3 con seis repeticiones. El agua fue un medio eficaz para el enraizamiento, mientras que las plántulas procedentes de tejido calloso mostraron un mayor potencial rizogénico, desarrollo y vigor, independientemente de su estado fenológico. El estado fenológico EF3 (plántula con hoja bandera y más de una hoja normal formada) presentó mayor capacidad rizogénica, desarrollo y vigor, independientemente del tipo de plántula.
Palabras clave: desarrollo vegetal, macro-propagación, planta adventicia, rizogénesis en agua, tejido calloso
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Shao, Chenxi, Wenhao Lao, and Yingmei Liang. "Reference Genes Selection of Gymnosporangium yamadae during the Interaction with Apple Leaves." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8080830.
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Apple rust disease caused by Gymnosporangium yamadae is the one of the major threats to the development of the apple industry in China, but the pathogenic molecular mechanism of the disease remains unclear. It is imperative to screen out appropriate reference genes during the interaction between G. yamadae and apple leaves to analyze the gene expression patterns during the pathogenesis of G. yamadae. ACT, EF1, EF2, GAPDH, 40S, 60S, α-TUB, β-TUB and UBCE3 were selected as candidate reference genes based on the transcriptomic dataset of G. yamadae. The expression levels were tested by real-time quantitative PCR during time-course infection of apple leaves and the expression stabilities were evaluated by △Ct method as well as by three software (NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper) and one web-based analysis software (RefFinder). The expression stability of the candidate reference genes was further validated by using the effector candidate gene Cluster-3395.48660 as the target gene in RT-qPCR. According to the results by △Ct and BestKeeper, 40S, EF2 and EF1 were the most stable reference genes, while EF1, EF2 and GAPDH were the most stable reference genes based on the NormFinder analysis result. The geNorm recommended the most stable genes EF1, EF2 and α-TUB as reference genes. Comprehensive analysis results of the RefFinder indicated EF1, EF2 and α-TUB were the most suitable genes. Based on these results, EF1, EF2 and α-TUB were considered as reference genes for analyzing the gene expression profiles of Cluster-3395.48660 in different infection stages, and the results were consistent with the transcriptome data. All the results suggest that the combination of EF1, EF2 and α-TUB proved to be acceptable reference genes during the interaction between G. yamadae and apple leaves.
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Weingart, Helge, Henriette Ullrich, Klaus Geider, and Beate Völksch. "The Role of Ethylene Production in Virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola." Phytopathology® 91, no. 5 (May 2001): 511–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2001.91.5.511.
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The importance of ethylene production for virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pvs. glycinea and phaseolicola was assayed by comparing bacterial multiplication and symptom development in bean and soybean plants inoculated with ethylene-negative (efe) mutants and wild-type strains. The efe mutants of Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea were significantly reduced in their ability to grow in planta. However, the degree of reduction was strain-dependent. Population sizes of efe mutant 16/83-E1 that did not produce the phototoxin coronatine were 10- and 15-fold lower than those of the wild-type strain on soybean and on bean, and 16/83-E1 produced very weak symptoms compared with the wild-type strain. The coronatine-producing efe mutant 7a/90-E1 reached fourfold and twofold lower population sizes compared with the wild-type strain on soybean and bean, respectively, and caused disease symptoms typical of the wild-type strain. Experiments with ethylene-insensitive soybeans confirmed these results. The virulence of the wild-type strains was reduced to the same extent in ethylene-insensitive soybean plants as the virulence of the efe mutants in ethylene-susceptible soybeans. In contrast, the virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola was not affected by disruption of the efe gene.
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Brigotti, M., F. Rambelli, M. Zamboni, L. Montanaro, and S. Sperti. "Effect of α-sarcin and ribosome-inactivating proteins on the interaction of elongation factors with ribosomes." Biochemical Journal 257, no. 3 (February 1, 1989): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2570723.
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alpha-Sarcin from Aspergillus giganteus and the ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from higher plants inactivate the 60 S ribosomal subunit. The former is an RNAase, whereas RIPs are N-glycosidases. The site of cleavage of RNA and that of N-glycosidic depurinization are at one nucleotide distance in 28 S rRNA [Endo & Tsurugi (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 8128-8130]. The effect of alpha-sarcin and that of RIPs on the interaction of elongation factors with Artemia salina (brine shrimp) ribosomes have been investigated. alpha-Sarcin inhibits both the EF1 (elongation factor 1)-dependent binding of aminoacyl-tRNA and the GTP-dependent binding of EF2 (elongation factor 2) to ribosomes, whereas two of the RIPs tested, ricin from Ricinus communis (castor bean) and volkensin from Adenia volkensii (kilyambiti), inhibit only the latter reaction. EF2 protects ribosomes from inactivation by both alpha-sarcin and ricin. The EF1-binding site is affected only by alpha-sarcin. The sensitivity of this site to alpha-sarcin is increased by pretreatment of ribosomes with ricin. A. salina ribosomes were highly resistant to the third RIP tested, namely gelonin from Gelonium multiflorum. All four proteins tested have, however, a comparable activity on the rabbit reticulocyte-lysate system.
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da Silva, Carlos Henrique Félix, Xavier Arnan, Alan N. Andersen, and Inara R. Leal. "Extrafloral nectar as a driver of ant community spatial structure along disturbance and rainfall gradients in Brazilian dry forest." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 6 (October 11, 2019): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467419000245.
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AbstractAlthough extrafloral nectar (EFN) is a key food resource for arboreal ants, its role in structuring ground-nesting ant communities has received little attention, despite these ants also being frequent EFN-attendants. We investigated the role of EFN as a driver of the spatial structure of ground-nesting ant communities occurring in dry forest in north-eastern Brazil. We examined the effects on this relationship of two global drivers of biodiversity decline, chronic anthropogenic disturbance and climate change (through decreasing rainfall). We mapped EFN-producing plants and ant nests in 20 plots distributed along independent gradients of disturbance and rainfall. We categorized ant species into three types according to their dependence on EFN: heavy users, occasional users and non-users. We found a strong relationship between ant dependence on EFN and nest proximity to EFN-producing plants: heavy-users (mean distance 1.1 m) nested closer to EFN-producing plants than did occasional users (1.7 m), which in turn nested closer to EFN-producing plants than did non-users (2.3 m). Neither disturbance nor rainfall affected the proximity of heavy-user nests to EFN-producing plants. Our study shows for the first time that EFN is a key driver of the spatial structure of entire communities of ground-nesting ants.
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Soppe, W. J., L. Bentsink, and M. Koornneef. "The early-flowering mutant efs is involved in the autonomous promotion pathway of Arabidopsis thaliana." Development 126, no. 21 (November 1, 1999): 4763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.21.4763.
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The transition to flowering is a crucial moment in a plant's life cycle of which the mechanism has only been partly revealed. In a screen for early flowering, after mutagenesis of the late-flowering fwa mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, the early flowering in short days (efs) mutant was identified. Under long-day light conditions, the recessive monogenic efs mutant flowers at the same time as wild type but, under short-day conditions, the mutant flowers much earlier. In addition to its early-flowering phenotype, efs has several pleiotropic effects such as a reduction in plant size, fertility and apical dominance. Double mutant analysis with several late-flowering mutants from the autonomous promotion (fca and fve) and the photoperiod promotion (co, fwa and gi) pathways of flowering showed that efs reduces the flowering time of all these mutants. However, efs is completely epistatic to fca and fve but additive to co, fwa and gi, indicating that EFS is an inhibitor of flowering specifically involved in the autonomous promotion pathway. A vernalisation treatment does not further reduce the flowering time of the efs mutant, suggesting that vernalisation promotes flowering through EFS. By comparing the length of the juvenile and adult phases of vegetative growth for wild-type, efs and the double mutant plants, it is apparent that efs mainly reduces the length of the adult phase.
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Ignjatov, Maja, Dragana Milosevic, Zorica Nikolic, Jelica Gvozdanovic-Varga, Dusica Jovicic, and Gordana Zdjelar. "Fusarium oxysporum as causal agent of tomato wilt and fruit rot." Pesticidi i fitomedicina 27, no. 1 (2012): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1201025i.
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Tomatoes are parasitized by a number of pathogens, including Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, causal agent of fusarium wilt. Fresh vegetable fruits can be contaminated with various fungi that produce mycotoxins, which is an important issue for human health. The objective of this paper was to isolate, determine, and identify causal organisms of tomato wilt and fruit rot, based on the pathogens morphological and molecular characteristics. Samples of diseased plants showing symptoms of tomato wilt were collected from different localities in the production region of Vojvodina. Fruits with symptoms of fusarium rot were collected from storage and warehouses. The isolation and morphological determination of the fungus were performed on PDA and Czapek?s nutrient media. Isolates from diseased plants growing in field, designated as TFW1-TFW12 and seven isolates from diseased tomato fruits (TFM1-TFM7) were chosen for further investigation. For identification of the fungal isolates, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also used. The EF1/EF2 primer pair was used for molecular identification of Fusarium sp. Nine analyzed samples were found to contain DNA fragments 700 bp in size.
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Petry, Henrique Belmonte, Diego Adílio Da Silva, Edson Bertolini, Daniel Remor Moritz, Alexandre Mees, and Mauro Ferreira Bonfim Júnior. "Manejo da virose do endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro-azedo em Santa Catarina." Agropecuária Catarinense 35, no. 3 (December 26, 2022): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.52945/rac.v35i3.1561.
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O endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro (EFM), causado pelo Cowpea aphid-borne mosaic virus (CABMV), é uma das doenças mais importantes da cultura. Trata-se de uma doença endêmica nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil. A principal forma de controle do EFM é a utilização de diversas estratégias dentro do manejo integrado de doenças e exige uso de mudas sadias, com pelo menos 80cm de altura, produzidas em ambiente protegido sob telado antiafideo, cuidados nas operações de poda e desbaste, eliminação sistemática de plantas com sintomas até o início do florescimento, utilização dequebra-ventos, a realização do planto em períodos de menor incidência de afídeos no campo e a realização de cultivo anual associado à adoção de vazio sanitário.
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Cavalcante, Lourival F., Ítalo H. L. Cavalcante, Kátia S. N. Pereira, Francisco A. de Oliveira, Saulo C. Gondim, and Fernanda A. R. de Araújo. "Germination and initial growth of guava plants irrigated with saline water." Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental 9, no. 4 (December 2005): 515–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-43662005000400012.
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The present study was carried in order to evaluate the effect of saline water irrigation with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.5; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1, on germination and some growth variables during the seedling formation process of four guava cultivars (Psidium guajava L.): Pentecoste, Paluma, Surubim and IPA B-38. Water salinity inhibited the germination process, plant height, stem diameter, leaf area and dry matter production of roots, stems and leaves, independently of cultivar. After germination, the seedlings did not survive due to saline water effects of ECw 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1. After 180 days of sowing, the seedlings irrigated with ECw more than 1.5 dS m-1 did not present agronomic quality for planting. Dry matter production sequence of different parts of plants was as follows: leaves > roots > stems, without significant differences among cultivars especially when irrigated with saline water of ECw > 3.0 dS m-1.
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Mondor, Edward B., Michelle N. Tremblay, and Russell H. Messing. "Extrafloral nectary phenotypic plasticity is damage- and resource-dependent in Vicia faba." Biology Letters 2, no. 4 (August 9, 2006): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2006.0527.
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Phenotypic plasticity enables many damaged plants to increase nectar secretion rates from extrafloral nectaries (EFNs), or in the case of broad bean, Vicia faba L., to produce additional EFNs, to attract natural enemies of herbivores. While plants benefit greatly from these defensive mutualisms, the costs of producing EFNs are largely unknown. We hypothesized that if EFN production is costly, then damaged plants with high resource levels would be able to produce more EFNs than plants that are resource-limited. Here, we show that this indirect inducible defence does follow this general pattern. Vicia faba enriched with 6 or 12 g of 14 : 14 : 14 NPK fertilizer increased EFN numbers after leaf damage by 46 and 60%, respectively, compared with nutrient-poor plants. Thus, EFN production is both damage- and resource-dependent. Analogous to direct defences, production of EFNs may limit the overall loss of leaf tissue when risk of herbivory increases.
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Lia, Andrea, Antonia Gallo, Lucia Marti, Pietro Roversi, and Angelo Santino. "EFR-Mediated Innate Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana is a Useful Tool for Identification of Novel ERQC Modulators." Genes 10, no. 1 (December 27, 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010015.
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Plants offer a simpler and cheaper alternative to mammalian animal models for the study of endoplasmic reticulum glycoprotein folding quality control (ERQC). In particular, the Arabidopsis thaliana (At) innate immune response to bacterial peptides provides an easy means of assaying ERQC function in vivo. A number of mutants that are useful to study ERQC in planta have been described in the literature, but only for a subset of these mutants the innate immune response to bacterial elicitors has been measured beyond monitoring plant weight and some physio-pathological parameters related to the plant immune response. In order to probe deeper into the role of ERQC in the plant immune response, we monitored expression levels of the Phosphate-induced 1 (PHI-1) and reticulin-oxidase homologue (RET-OX) genes in the At ER α-Glu II rsw3 and the At UGGT uggt1-1 mutant plants, in response to bacterial peptides elf18 and flg22. The elf18 response was impaired in the rsw3 but not completely abrogated in the uggt1-1 mutant plants, raising the possibility that the latter enzyme is partly dispensable for EF-Tu receptor (EFR) signaling. In the rsw3 mutant, seedling growth was impaired only by concomitant application of the At ER α-Glu II NB-DNJ inhibitor at concentrations above 500 nM, compatibly with residual activity in this mutant. The study highlights the need for extending plant innate immune response studies to assays sampling EFR signaling at the molecular level.
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Gustavsson, D. J. I., and S. Tumlin. "Carbon footprints of Scandinavian wastewater treatment plants." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 4 (August 1, 2013): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.318.
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This study estimates the carbon footprints of 16 municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), all situated in Scandinavian countries, by using a simple model. The carbon footprint calculations were based on operational data, literature emission factors (efs) and measurements of greenhouse gas emissions at some of the studied WWTPs. No carbon neutral WWTPs were found. The carbon footprints ranged between 7 and 108 kg CO2e P.E.−1 year−1. Generally, the major positive contributors to the carbon footprint were direct emissions of nitrous oxide from wastewater treatment. Whether heat pumps for effluents have high coefficient of performance or not is extremely important for the carbon footprint. The choice of efs largely influenced the carbon footprint. Increased biogas production, efficient biogas usage, and decreased addition of external fossil carbon source for denitrification are important activities to decrease the carbon footprint of a WWTP.
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Nogueira, Anselmo, Pedro J. Rey, Julio M. Alcántara, and Lúcia G. Lohmann. "Evidence of between-population differences in natural selection on extra-floral nectaries of the shrub Anemopaegma album (Bignoniaceae)." Botany 94, no. 3 (March 2016): 201–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjb-2015-0201.
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Extra-floral nectaries (EFNs) are thought to represent protective adaptations against herbivory, but studies on the evolutionary ecology of EFNs have seldom been conducted. Here we investigate the patterns of natural selection and genetic variation in EFN traits in two wild populations of Anemopaegma album Mart. ex DC. (Bignoniaceae) that have been previously described as contrasting EFN – ant adapted localities in the Neotropical savanna (Cristália and Grão Mogol). In each population, four EFN descriptors, foliar damage, and reproductive success variables were measured per plant (100–120 plants per population). To estimate the heritability of EFN traits, we crossed reproductive plants in the field, and grew offspring plants in a common garden. The results showed that ant assemblages differed between populations, as did the range of foliar herbivory. Genetic variation and positive phenotypic selection in EFN abundance were only detected in the Cristália population, in which plants with more EFNs were more likely to reproduce. An evaluation of putative causal links conducted by path analysis corroborated the existence of phenotypic selection on EFNs, which was mediated by the herbivory process in the Cristália population. While EFNs could be currently under selection in Cristália, it is possible that past selection may have driven EFN traits to become locally adapted to the local ant assemblage in the Grão Mogol population.
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Ríos, P., S. Obregón, M. González, A. de Haro, and M. E. Sánchez. "Screening brassicaceous plants as biofumigants for management of Phytophthora cinnamomi oak disease." Forest Pathology 46, no. 6 (June 21, 2016): 652–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12287.
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Zarpelon, Talyta G., André C. da Silva, André F. Santos, Camila da S. Freitas, Marcelo M. Coutinho, Nairam F. de Barros, Rodrigo G. de Freitas, and Acelino C. Alfenas. "Phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium nutrition on Calonectria leaf blight in eucalypt plants." Forest Pathology 49, no. 6 (October 6, 2019): e12561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12561.
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Jones, Asher G., Kelli Hoover, Kirsten Pearsons, John F. Tooker, and Gary W. Felton. "Potential Impacts of Translocation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides to Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum (Malvales: Malvaceae)) Extrafloral Nectar on Parasitoids." Environmental Entomology 49, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz157.
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Abstract Neonicotinoid seed treatments are frequently used in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. [Malvales: Malvaceae]) production to provide protection against early-season herbivory. However, there is little known about how these applications affect extrafloral nectar (EFN), an important food resource for arthropod natural enemies. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, we found that neonicotinoids were translocated to the EFN of clothianidin- and imidacloprid-treated, greenhouse-grown cotton plants at concentrations of 77.3 ± 17.3 and 122.6 ± 11.5 ppb, respectively. We did not find differences in the quantity of EFN produced by neonicotinoid-treated cotton plants compared to untreated controls, either constitutively or after mechanical damage. Metabolomic analysis of sugars and amino acids from treated and untreated plants did not detect differences in overall composition of EFN. In bioassays, female Cotesia marginiventris (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoid wasps that fed on EFN from untreated, clothianidin-treated, or imidacloprid-treated plants demonstrated no difference in mortality or parasitization success. We also conducted acute toxicity assays for C. marginiventris fed on honey spiked with clothianidin and imidacloprid and established LC50 values for male and female wasps. Although LC50 values were substantially higher than neonicotinoid concentrations detected in EFN, caution should be used when translating these results to the field where other stressors could alter the effects of neonicotinoids. Moreover, there are a wide range of possible sublethal impacts of neonicotinoids, none of which were explored here. Our results suggest that EFN is a potential route of exposure of neonicotinoids to beneficial insects and that further field-based studies are warranted.
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Silva, E. M., R. G. Nobre, L. P. Souza, F. W. A. Pinheiro, and A. B. A. Andrade. "Efeito da adubação nitrogenada na formação de mudas de goiabeira irrigadas com águas salinizadas." Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 10, no. 4 (October 16, 2015): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v10i4.3735.
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<p>Além de favorecer o desenvolvimento e a produção das culturas, a adubação tem sido considerada uma técnica capaz de reduzir o efeito da salinidade nas plantas. Neste sentido, desenvolveu-se o trabalho<strong> </strong>para avaliar a influência de doses de nitrogênio na formação de mudas de goiabeira cv. Paluma irrigadas com águas de diferentes salinidades. O experimento foi desenvolvido em casa de vegetação do Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimetar da UFCG, Pombal, PB com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, sendo os tratamentos correspondentes aos níveis de condutividade elétrica da água (CEa) de 0,3; 1,1; 1,9; 2,7 e 3,5 dS m<sup>-1</sup> associados a 70, 100, 130 e 160% da dose recomendada de nitrogênio (N) para mudas de goiabeira cv. Paluma, com quatro repetições, e cinco plantas por unidade experimental. Aos 180 dias após a emergência, a adubação nitrogenada na dose de 773 mg de N dm<sup>-3</sup> reduz o efeito da salinidade da água de irrigação sobre o diâmetro do caule das mudas. As plantas adubadas com as doses variando de 541 a 618,4 mg de N dm<sup>-3</sup> atingem maior crescimento em altura de planta, número de folhas e área foliar. A área foliar e a massa seca total de mudas de goiabeira atingem maiores valores no nível de CEa de 1,3 dS m<sup>-1</sup>.</p><p align="center"><strong>Effect of nitrogen fertilization in the formation of guava seedlings irrigated with salted water</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>In addition to favoring the development and production of crops, the fertilizer has been considered a technique capable to reduce the effect of salinity on plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the ‘Centro de Ciências e Tecnologia Agroalimentar’ of UFCG, Pombal, PB in a randomized block design a 5 x 4 factorial, with the treatments corresponding to the electrical conductivity of irrigation water (ECw) 0.3; 1.1; 1.9; 2.7 and 3.5 dS m<sup>-1</sup> associated with doses of 70, 100, 130 and 160% of recommended nitrogen (N) for guava seedlings Paluma, with four replications, using five plants per experimental unit. At 180 days after emergence, the nitrogen fertilization at a dose of 773 mg N dm<sup>-3</sup> reduces the effect of irrigation water salinity on the stem diameter of seedlings. The plants fertilized with doses ranging from 541 at 618.4 mg of the N dm<sup>-3</sup> reach higher growth in plant height, leaf number and leaf area. The leaf area and total dry mass of guava seedlings reach higher values at the ECw level of 1.3 dS m<sup>-1</sup>.</p>
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Zabalgogeazcoa, I., J. Pedro, and R. M. Canals. "Biscogniauxia nummulariainfecting beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees and sympatric plants of the sedgeCarex brevicollis." Forest Pathology 45, no. 4 (May 28, 2015): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12202.
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Hatterman-Valenti, H., A. Pitty, and M. Owen. "Environmental Effects on Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Epicuticular Wax Deposition and Herbicide Absorption." Weed Science 59, no. 1 (March 2011): 14–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-10-00061.1.
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Controlled environment experiments showed that velvetleaf plants grown under drought stress or low temperature (LT) treatments had greater leaf epicuticular wax (ECW) deposition compared to plants grown in soil with moisture at field capacity (FC) or a high temperature (HT) regime. Light intensity did not affect ECW deposition; however, increasing light intensity decreased the leaf ECW ester content and increased the secondary alcohol content. Plants grown at an LT regime or under FC had leaf ECW with fewer hydrocarbons and more esters than those grown at an HT or drought stress regime. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen increased as light intensity decreased for plants grown in adequate soil water content, while the opposite was true for drought-stressed plants. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen was approximately 3 and 10 times greater, respectively, with the addition of 28% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) in comparison to crop oil concentrate (COC) or no adjuvant, regardless of the environmental treatments. Plants absorbed more acifluorfen when subjected to the LT regime in comparison to the HT regime when UAN was the adjuvant, while the opposite was true when COC was the adjuvant. Velvetleaf absorption of acifluorfen was not affected by drought stress when COC or no adjuvant was used and varied between studies when UAN was used. Velvetleaf absorption of bentazon was greatest for plants grown under HT/FC or high light/FC treatments and least with plants grown under HT/drought stress or low light/drought stress treatments, regardless of the adjuvant. However, bentazon absorption was higher with the addition of an adjuvant and for plants grown at a high light intensity or FC condition compared with medium to low light intensity or drought stress treatments.
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Gai, Y., R. Pan, D. Xu, M. Deng, W. Chen, and W. Liu. "First Report of Nectria haematococca Causing Stem Rot of Soybean in China." Plant Disease 96, no. 3 (March 2012): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-11-0626.
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In October 2010, soybean (Glycine max) plants growing in commercial soybean fields in Zengcheng City, Guangdong Province developed symptoms consisting of stem and root rot, yellowing, and defoliation of leaves. Reddish, spherical fruiting bodies appeared in lesions that developed on stems. Plants with symptoms were sampled from fields. Fruiting bodies were excised from diseased tissues. Microscopic examination revealed that they were perithecia, globose to pyriform, and measured 197 to 260 μm in diameter and 226 to 358 μm long. When squeezed gently, cylindrical to clavate asci, 7.2 to 9.6 μm in diameter and 75.4 to 92.0 μm long, containing eight ascospores were exuded from the perithecia. Ascospores were ellipsoid to obovate, two celled, slightly constricted at the septum, had longitudinal striations, and measured 4.9 to 6.0 μm in diameter and 10.6 to 15.0 μm long. The fungus was isolated from the basal stem tissues of diseased soybean plants and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with streptomycin sulfate. On PDA, the culture developed into blue-pigmented colonies with whitish mycelium that produced oval to cylindrical microconidia. Microconidia had 0 to 1 septum, ranged from 2.5 to 5.2 × 7.6 to 29.4 μm, and were produced on monophialides. Macroconidia were cylindrical to falcate, thick walled, 2 to 5 septa, and 3.5 to 6.0 × 25.4 to 66.8 μm. Chlamydospores were present and ranged from 6.8 to 13.6 × 5.5 to 9.5 μm. Orange-to-reddish perithecia were readily formed in old culture. These morphological characteristics were consistent with descriptions of Nectria haematococca (anamorph Fusarium solani) (1). The rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the fragment of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1-α) genes of the fungus were amplified, respectively, with universal primers ITS1/ITS4 and ef1/ef2 primers and sequenced. BLAST searches showed that the ITS sequences of three isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. JN015069, JN190942, and JN190943) had 99% similarity with those of N. haematococca(GenBank Accession Nos. DQ535186, DQ535185, and DQ535183) and the EF1-α sequences of three isolates (GenBank Accession Nos. JN874641, JN874642, and JN874643) had 100% similarity with those of F. solani (GenBank Accession Nos. DQ247265 and DQ247327). Completion of Koch's postulates confirmed the pathogenicity of the isolates in a replicated experiment. Thirty-day-old soybean seedlings of cultivar Huaxia No. 3 were inoculated by soaking their root systems in a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml) for 30 min and then transplanted in plastic pots (20 cm in diameter) and incubated at 25 ± 2°C in a greenhouse. Control plants were treated with sterile water in the same way. There were four plants per pot and there were six replicates for each treatment. Within 3 weeks, more than 70% of the inoculated plants exhibited symptoms of leaf yellowing, stem rot, and root rots while control plants were symptomless. N. haematococca was reisolated from the diseased plants. To our knowledge, this is the first report of N. haematococca causing stem rot of soybean in China and the first description of sexual reproduction of F. solani causing soybean stem rot in nature. This pathogen may pose a serious threat to soybean production in China where soybean is a main crop. Reference: (1) C. Booth. The Genus Fusarium. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1971.
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Spears, Benjamin J., T. C. Howton, Fei Gao, Christopher M. Garner, M. Shahid Mukhtar, and Walter Gassmann. "Direct Regulation of the EFR-Dependent Immune Response by Arabidopsis TCP Transcription Factors." Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 32, no. 5 (May 2019): 540–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0201-fi.
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One layer of the innate immune system allows plants to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS), activating a defense response known as PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI). Maintaining an active immune response, however, comes at the cost of plant growth and development; accordingly, optimization of the balance between defense and development is critical to plant fitness. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR (TCP) transcription factor family consists of well-characterized transcriptional regulators of plant development and morphogenesis. The three closely related class I TCP transcription factors TCP8, TCP14, and TCP15 have also been implicated in the regulation of effector-triggered immunity, but there has been no previous characterization of PTI-related phenotypes. To identify TCP targets involved in PTI, we screened a PAMP-induced gene promoter library in a yeast one-hybrid assay and identified interactions of these three TCPs with the EF-Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) promoter. The direct interactions between TCP8 and EFR were confirmed to require an intact TCP binding site in planta. A tcp8 tcp14 tcp15 triple mutant was impaired in EFR-dependent PTI and exhibited reduced levels of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN 2 and induction of EFR expression after elicitation with elf18 but also increased production of reactive oxygen species relative to Col-0. Our data support an increasingly complex role for TCPs at the nexus of plant development and defense.
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Knott, Josef, Melanie Mueller, Joachim Pander, and Juergen Geist. "Seasonal and diurnal variation of downstream fish movement at four small‐scale hydropower plants." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 29, no. 1 (May 22, 2019): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eff.12489.
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E Nóbrega, Jaldair Araújo, Lucilene dos Santos Rosa, Josiane Cristina De Carvalho, Poliane da Silva Paixão Guerrino, and Eriton Rodrigo Botero. "Efeitos da interação entre hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos contaminantes e o sistema fotossintético da alface (lactuca sativa, l) / Effects of the interaction between contaminating polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and the photosynthetic system in lettuce (lactuca sativa, l)." Brazilian Journal of Animal and Environmental Research 4, no. 2 (April 5, 2021): 1582–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.34188/bjaerv4n2-002.
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Hidrocarbonetos Policíclicos Aromáticos (HPAs) são compostos orgânicos apolares, formados a partir da combustão incompleta e/ou pirólise da matéria orgânica e são considerados poluentes carcinogênicos quando dispersos de forma descontrolada. O presente estudo avaliou possíveis interações entre um HPA, o benzo(a)pireno, e a alface (Lactuca sativa, L.) e as possíveis influências em sua estrutura fisiológica e aparato fotossintético, bem como a biometria da planta. Escolheu-se como técnica de prova a espectroscopia de fluorescência sincronizada (EFS), para identificação e quantificação do HPA. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que o benzo(a)pireno é capaz de induzir alterações significativas no comportamento fisiológico e morfológico das plantas, tais como raízes. Por outro lado, com relação as folhas da planta, não mostraram diferença expressiva no crescimento.
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Cosic, J., K. Vrandecic, D. Jurkovic, J. Postic, L. Orzali, and L. Riccioni. "First Report of Lavender Wilt Caused by Fusarium sporotrichioides in Croatia." Plant Disease 96, no. 4 (April 2012): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-11-1046-pdn.
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In May 2011, samples of lavender plants (Lavandula × intermedia) showing wilt symptoms were collected from two commercial plantings in Slavonia County. Disease was observed on 20 to 30% of the plants. Symptoms of the disease consisted of chlorosis, stunting, wilting, and death. Vascular tissue of stems and roots exhibited brown discoloration. Isolations of the pathogen were made from the discolored tissues on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Colonies were initially white, but with age became red, and red pigments were produced in agar. Microconidia were pear shaped, oval, and fusoid, and ranged from 4.5 to 14.0 × 2.8 to 4.7 μm. Macroconidia were curved, mostly three septate, and ranged from 21.8 to 24.3 × 2.9 to 3.9 μm. Morphology of colonies and conidia matched the description of Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. (1). Identity of the fungus was confirmed by examining a portion of the EF1-α gene using the degenerated primers EF1 and EF2 (2). BLAST searches of the obtained sequences showed a 100% homology with several isolates of F. sporotrichioides from GenBank. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on 20 4-month-old rooted cuttings under greenhouse conditions. Each plant was planted in a separate pot containing 0.7 liter of sterile soil. Inoculum for artificial infection was prepared with sterilized mixtures of wheat and barley seeds (10 g of each). Seeds were inoculated with a F. sporotrichioides spore suspension (106 conidia/ml) and incubated at 22°C for 10 days. Noninoculated seeds served as controls. Ten seeds were placed under the soil surface around the root of each plant. Plants were irrigated and placed in a greenhouse (22°C and a 12-h day/night photoperiod). Sixteen days after inoculation, 80% of inoculated plants were wilted. Symptoms on infected plants were similar to those observed in the field. The pathogen was reisolated and confirmed from the infected vascular tissue, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. A previous paper reported lavender as host of F. solani in China (4) and F. oxysporum in Saudi Arabia (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt of lavender caused by F. sporotrichioides. References: (1) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. Page 256 in: The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing Professional, Hoboken, NJ, 2006. (2) K. O'Donnell et al. Appl Biol. Sci. 95:2044, 1998. (3) K. Perveen and N. Bokhari. Plant Dis. 94:1163, 2010. (4) Y. Z. Ren et al. New Dis. Rep. 15:55, 2007.
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Martín Celis, Yudith Milena, and Melba Libia Cárdenas. "Promoting adolescent EFL students’ decision-making through work plans gathered in their portfolios." Folios, no. 39 (January 15, 2014): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17227/01234870.39folios89.105.
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Benejam, Lluís, Sandra Saura-Mas, Mònica Bardina, Carolina Solà, Antoni Munné, and Emili García-Berthou. "Ecological impacts of small hydropower plants on headwater stream fish: from individual to community effects." Ecology of Freshwater Fish 25, no. 2 (December 17, 2014): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eff.12210.
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Moghaddas, Alireza, and S. M. Hassan Hosseini. "Short-term scheduling of hybrid thermal, pumped-storage, and wind plants using firefly optimization algorithm." International Journal of Industrial Optimization 3, no. 2 (September 20, 2022): 80–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/ijio.v3i2.5994.
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This paper presents a novel method based on an enhanced firefly algorithm (EFA) to solve scheduling hybrid thermal, pumped-storage, and wind plants. Since the scheduling problem is inherently discrete, basic EFA and binary encoding/decoding techniques are used in the proposed EFA approach. Optimal power values of thermal and pumped-storage units are determined separately in the presence of uncertainty caused by wind speed. The proposed method is applied to a real plant, including four pumped-storage units, 34 thermal units with different characteristics, and one wind turbine plant. In addition, dynamic constraints of upstream and downstream sources and constraints regarding thermal and wind units are also considered for finding the optimal solution. In addition, the proposed EFA is successfully applied to a real plant, and the results are compared with those of the three available methods. The results show that the proposed method has converted to a more optimal cost than the other methods.
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Alcarraz Curi, Mario, and Jorge Inche Mitma. "Tratamiento de efl uentes de una planta procesadora de frutas." Industrial Data 13, no. 2 (March 22, 2014): 099. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/idata.v13i2.6199.
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Existe un crecimiento preocupante en los niveles de contaminación ambiental de los ecosistemas aledaños a la planta procesadora de frutas por la descarga de sus efl uentes industriales sin tratamiento previo ni control adecuado de las autoridades correspondientes, debido a que muchas de ellas no han considerado la gestión de sus efl uentes en el diseño de la planta. El objetivo de la presente investigación es caracterizar y gestionar los efl uentes de la procesadora. Se concluye que los efl uentes de la procesadora poseen un alto potencial contaminante por la abundante carga orgánica que poseen y que el tratamiento primario logra la reducción de dicho potencial a límites aceptados por la legislación peruana (remoción de turbidez 98.1% y reducción de la demanda bioquímica de oxígeno 96.58%), permitiendo la disminución del consumo de agua, liberación de penalidades y su constitución como una empresa amigable al medio ambiente para beneplácito de las autoridades ambientales y la comunidad en su conjunto
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Valdez-Aguilar, Luis A., Catherine M. Grieve, and James Poss. "Salinity and Alkaline pH in Irrigation Water Affect Marigold Plants: I. Growth and Shoot Dry Weight Partitioning." HortScience 44, no. 6 (October 2009): 1719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.44.6.1719.
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Marigolds are one of the most popular annual ornamental plants; both, the short-stature cultivars (Tagetes patula L.) and the taller cultivars (T. erecta L.) are used as container plants in landscape and garden settings. Tagetes erecta varieties can also make excellent cut and dried flowers for the florists' market. The present study was conducted to evaluate the response of T. patula ‘French Vanilla’ and T. erecta ‘Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’ to irrigation with saline water with and without pH control. Marigold plugs were transplanted into greenhouse sand tanks and established for 1 week under nonsaline conditions. Ten treatments were then applied with electrical conductivities of irrigation water (ECw) of 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 dS·m−1 and pH levels of 6.4 and 7.8. Growth of all three cultivars decreased in response to irrigation with saline waters at pH 6.4. Compared with the nonsaline controls, ‘French Vanilla’ exhibited a 20% to 25% decrease in plant height, leaf dry weight (DW), and shoot DW when irrigated with 4 dS·m−1 water. However, the number of flowering shoots and the diameter and number of flowers were not significantly affected until the ECw exceeded 8 dS·m−1. Growth of ‘Flagstaff’ and ‘Yellow Climax’ also decreased as ECw increased. Shoot DW of the tall cultivars decreased by 30% and 24%, respectively, in response to the 4 dS·m−1 treatment, but additional salt stress had no further effect on DW production. Marigolds were highly sensitive to high pH. Plants irrigated with nonsaline water with pH at 7.8 exhibited a 50%, 89%, and 84% reduction in shoot DW in ‘French Vanilla’, ‘Flagstaff’, and ‘Yellow Climax’, respectively, compared with plants irrigated with water with pH 6.4. Marigold cultivars were rated as moderately tolerant to salinity because growth was affected when water ECw exceeded 8 dS·m−1. Salinity tended to reduce internode elongation, resulting in attractive plants. Compactness was not increased as a result of a decrease in DW, resulting in attractive plants, which show great promise as bedding or landscape plants in salt-affected sites provided that the pH of the soil solutions remains acidic. Under our experimental conditions in the sand tank system, the ECw was essentially equivalent to those of the sand soil solution; however, considering that the EC of the sand soil solution is ≈2.2 times the EC of the saturated soil extract (ECe), our salinity treatments may be estimated as 0.91, 1.82. 2.73, 3.64, and 4.55 dS·m−1. Thus, the threshold ECw at which marigold cultivars exhibited acceptable growth, 8 dS·m−1, would be equivalent to ECe of 3.64 dS·m−1.
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Brito, Cleiton Fernando Barbosa, Varley Andrade Fonseca, Marcelo Rocha dos Santos, Sérgio Luiz Rodrigues Donato, Alessandro De Magalhães Arantes, and Aloísio José dos Santos. "Photochemical efficiency in pineapple plants under saline water irrigation." Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 15, no. 5 (September 3, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2564.
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Studies determining physiological characteristics of field-grown pineapples irrigated with low-quality water are lacking. This work evaluated the photochemical efficiency of ‘Pérola’ pineapple irrigated with saline water in the semiarid region of Bahia, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in randomized blocks with five treatments consisting of the following irrigation depths: 100% of ETc using water with electrical conductivity (ECw) of 0.75 dS m-1; and 50, 75, 100 and 125% of ETc using water with ECw of 3.6 dS m-1. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were made over the course of 13 months using a pulse-modulated fluorometer, in all treatments. Quantum efficiency (Fv/Fm) fluctuated throughout the cycle of the pineapple with values below the ideal, especially at the end of the crop cycle. Quantum yield of photosystem II (Yield), photochemical quenching (qP), non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) and chlorophyll fluorescence decrease ratio (RFd) were not influenced by irrigation depths. Therefore, energy used for photosynthetic processes in pineapple plants is not affected by irrigation using saline water with electrical conductivity of 3.6 dS m-1.
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Thomas, Nicholas C., Nir Oksenberg, Furong Liu, Daniel Caddell, Alina Nalyvayko, Yen Nguyen, Benjamin Schwessinger, and Pamela C. Ronald. "The rice XA21 ectodomain fused to the Arabidopsis EFR cytoplasmic domain confers resistance to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae." PeerJ 6 (May 9, 2018): e4456. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4456.
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Rice (Oryza sativa) plants expressing the XA21 cell-surface receptor kinase are resistant to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) infection. We previously demonstrated that expressing a chimeric protein containing the ELONGATION FACTOR Tu RECEPTOR (EFR) ectodomain and the XA21 endodomain (EFR:XA21) in rice does not confer robust resistance to Xoo. To test if the XA21 ectodomain is required for Xoo resistance, we produced transgenic rice lines expressing a chimeric protein consisting of the XA21 ectodomain and EFR endodomain (XA21:EFR) and inoculated these lines with Xoo. We also tested if the XA21:EFR rice plants respond to a synthetic sulfated 21 amino acid derivative (RaxX21-sY) of the activator of XA21-mediated immunity, RaxX. We found that five independently transformed XA21:EFR rice lines displayed resistance to Xoo as measured by lesion length analysis, and showed that five lines share characteristic markers of the XA21 defense response (generation of reactive oxygen species and defense response gene expression) after treatment with RaxX21-sY. Our results indicate that expression of the XA21:EFR chimeric receptor in rice confers resistance to Xoo. These results suggest that the endodomain of the EFR and XA21 immune receptors are interchangeable and the XA21 ectodomain is the key determinant conferring robust resistance to Xoo.
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Revord, Ronald S., Sarah T. Lovell, John M. Capik, Shawn A. Mehlenbacher, and Thomas J. Molnar. "Eastern Filbert Blight Resistance in American and Interspecific Hybrid Hazelnuts." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 145, no. 3 (May 2020): 162–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs04732-19.
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Eastern filbert blight (EFB), caused by the fungus Anisogramma anomala, is a primary limitation to european hazelnut (Corylus avellana) cultivation in eastern North America. American hazelnut (Corylus americana) is the endemic host of A. anomala and, despite its tiny, thick-shelled nuts, is a potentially valuable source of EFB resistance and climatic adaptation. Interspecific hybrids (Corylus americana × C. avellana) have been explored for nearly a century as a means to combine EFB resistance with wider adaptability and larger nuts. Although significant progress was made in the past, the genetic diversity of the starting material was limited and additional improvements are needed for expansion of hazelnut (Corylus sp.) production outside of Oregon, where 99% of the U.S. crop is currently produced. Our objective was to determine if C. americana can be a donor of EFB resistance. We crossed 29 diverse EFB-resistant C. americana accessions to EFB-susceptible C. avellana selections (31 total progenies) to produce 2031 F1 plants. In addition, new C. americana germplasm was procured from across the native range of the species. The new collection of 1335 plants from 122 seed lots represents 72 counties and 22 states. The interspecific hybrid progenies and a subset of the American collection (616 trees from 62 seed lots) were field planted and evaluated for EFB response following field inoculations and natural disease spread over seven growing seasons. EFB was rated on a scale of 0 (no EFB) to 5 (all stems containing cankers). Results showed that progeny means of the interspecific hybrids ranged from 0.96 to 4.72. Fourteen of the 31 progenies were composed of at least one-third EFB-free or highly tolerant offspring (i.e., ratings 0–2), transmitting a significant level of resistance/tolerance. Several corresponding C. americana accessions that imparted a greater degree of resistance to their hybrid offspring were also identified. In addition, results showed that 587 (95.3%) of the 616 C. americana plants evaluated remained completely free of EFB. These findings confirm reports that the species rarely expresses signs or symptoms of the disease and should be robustly studied and exploited in breeding.
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Plaza, Blanca M., Juan Reca, Juan Martínez, Francisco Alex, and Maria Teresa Lao. "Sustainable Irrigation Management of Ornamental Cordyline Fruticosa “Red Edge” Plants with Saline Water." Sustainability 11, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11133751.
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The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of the salinity of the nutrient solution on the transpiration and growth of Cordyline fruticosa var. “Red Edge” plants. A specific irrigation management model was calibrated with the experimental data. An experiment was performed with four treatments. These treatments consisted of the application of four nutrient solutions with different electrical conductivity (ECw) levels ranging from 1.5 dS m−1 (control treatment) to 4.5 dS m−1. The results showed that day-time transpiration decreases when salt concentration in the nutrient solution increases. The transpiration of the plant in the control treatment was modelled by applying a combination method while the effect of the salinity of the nutrient solution was modelled by deriving a saline stress coefficient from the experimental data. The results showed that significant reductions in plant transpiration were observed for increasing values of ECw. The crop development and yield were also affected by the increasing salinity of the nutrient solution. A relationship between the ECw and the relative crop yield was derived.
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Vergun, Olena, Liudmyla Svydenko, Olga Grygorieva, Oksana Shymanska, Dzhamal Rakhmetov, Ján Brindza, and Eva Ivanišová. "Antioxidant capacity of plant raw material of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 13, no. 1 (June 28, 2019): 614–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1090.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant capacity of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi from two regions of Ukraine: Kyiv city (M. M. Gryshko National Botanical Garden of NAS of Ukraine (NBG)) and Kherson region (Experimental Facility “Novokakhovska” of Rice Research Institute of Ukrainian Academy of Agrarian Sciences (EFN of RRI)). Observation of plants and biochemical analyses conducted with plants collected in the stage of flowering. In study investigated and compared above-ground part of plants and separated organs: inflorescences, stems, leaves. Measured morphometric parameters (height of plants, length, and width of leaves, length, and diameter of inflorescence, the diameter of the stem) showed that the most variable was the length of inflorescence (12.79%) for NBG sample and diameter of the stem (33.33%) for EFN of RRI sample. Ethanolic extracts were screened for the antioxidant capacity. As standards were used gallic acid for polyphenol content (GAE), quercetin for flavonoids (QE), caffeic acid for phenolic acids (CAE), Trolox for antioxidant capacity (TE). The total content of polyphenol compounds was 42.43 – 86.13 mg GAE.g-1 DW (dry weight) (NBG sample) and 28.06 – 96.76 mg GAE.g-1 DW (EFN of RRI sample). The content of flavonoids was 9.39 – 62.97 mg QE.g-1 DW (NBG sample) and 10.64 – 66.07 mg QE.g-1 DW (EFN of RRI sample). The concentration of phenolic acids was 2.60 – 16.13 mg CA.g-1 DW (NBG sample) and 12.02 – 30.12 CA.g-1 DW (EFN of RRI sample). Antioxidant activity of plant extracts was measured by DPPH assay and reducing power method. The first method indicated an antioxidant ability 8.24 – 8.56 mg TE.g-1 DW (NBG sample) and 7.63 – 8.83 mg TE.g-1 DW (EFN of RRI sample). Reducing power of extracts was 51.48 – 306.09 mg TE.g-1 DW (NBG sample) and 63.33 – 260.24 mg TE.g-1 DW (EFN of RRI sample). Very strong positive correlation identified between total polyphenol content, total flavonoid content and reducing power. Scutellaria baicalensis is a rich source of antioxidants and potential raw of further pharmacological study in Ukraine as well as in other regions for improving and enrichment of relevant production.
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Ryabchinskaya, T., and T. Zimina. "The influence of biological growth regulator Stivin on the productivity of agricultural crops." Kormlenie sel'skohozjajstvennyh zhivotnyh i kormoproizvodstvo (Feeding of agricultural animals and feed production), no. 4 (April 1, 2020): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-05-2004-07.
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In order to further increase the productivity of crop production under modern environments, there is a need to change the overall strategy of agronomic and phytosanitary technologies, such as strengthening their environmental orientation with a constant increase in the adaptive capabilities of plants. The purpose of the research was to study the features of the action of the new multifunctional plant growth regulator Stivin created on the basis of components of plant origin, and to evaluate its eff ectiveness when used on major crops such as: winter wheat, spring barley, corn, soy, sugar beet, potatoes and sunfl ower. A multifunctional drug based on a complex of plant-derived elicitors (extracts of active substances from the fruit elements of grapes and sugar beet) has been created. The main active physiologically active substances of the drug have been established: 16 proteinogenic amino acids, resveratrol, abscisic acid, macro- and microelements in dosages typical for signaling substances. On the base of assessment of biochemical predictors of immunity and the establishment of its prolonged eff ect on the immune status of plants, the elicitor principle of the new growth regulator has been established. When processing vegetative plants with Stivin in the spring during the tillering phase, high values of the approximation coeffi cient (from 0,67 to 0,92) of the dependencies of the studied indicators on the norm of use of the drug have been established for 11 signs out of 15 (73 %). New knowledge has been obtained that the main factor determining the direction and eff ects of the drug Stivin on plants is the rate of its use. On the example of the created drug, the methodological basis for evaluating the eff ect of growth regulators on plants has been developed.
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Adhikari, Shuvadip, Sudin Pal, Anandamay Barik, Sanjoy Chakraborty, and Subhra Kumar Mukhopadhyay. "Carbon sequestration by horticultural plants in East Calcutta Wetlands ecosystem, a Ramsar Site in India." International Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences 2, no. 2 (March 1, 2021): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijcaes.2202.
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East Calcutta Wetlands (ECW) located at the eastern fringe of Kolkata metropolitan, India designated as a Ramsar Site (No. 1208). ECW receives municipal solid wastes and composite wastewater from the city and local artisans use this for horticulture, agriculture and pisciculture practices. Horticulture designated as ‘green industry’ sequester significant amount of carbon (C) in plant biomass and in soil, therefore, helps to mitigate greenhouse gases and combat against global climate change. Six horticultural plant species commonly cultivated in ECW ecosystems were selected for present study. C sequestration potential of horticultural plants depends on plant biomass and plant density in cultivation fields. Highest amount of C was sequestered (40.76±6.73 ton ha-1) by ixora, a perennial plant in plant biomass. In case of basil, also a perennial plant, significant portion of the living plant biomass was exported from ECW as economically important parts which constitute 5.79±0.96 ton ha-1 C. Highest amount of soil organic carbon (SOC) was recorded from marigold fields (50.36±24.88 ton ha-1) which also constitute highest amount of C (34.37±5.67 ton ha-1) in residual parts (RP). Horticulture practices can sequester more amount of C in the ecosystem either by residual parts or remaining living plant biomass than agricultural practices.
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Sari, Lala Novita, Sylvia Madusari, and Vira Irma Sari. "Application of oil palm empty bunches as organic mulch in oil palm plantation (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.): an evaluation and SWOT analysis." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1041, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012053. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1041/1/012053.
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Abstract Palm oil waste management must be done as a form of implementing zero waste palm oil industry. Oil palm Empty Fruit Bunches (EFB) are one of the solid wastes produced from processing Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB). PT ABC manages EFB waste by utilizing it as organic fertilizer with the mulching method. EFB is organic material containing nutrients and can improve soil physical properties when applied to plant cultivation areas. This study was conducted to determine the impact of EFB application on plantation land on the level of oil palm production and the potential for pests that can be caused and to analyze the implementation of EFB application at PT ABC, Bengkulu. The study method used is descriptive, using primary data obtained through observation, interviews, literature studies and documentation, and secondary data obtained by identifying organisms at the spot of EFB application and observing oil palm plants for symptoms of horn beetle attack. Then, data analysis was carried out using descriptive statistical methods and SWOT analysis methods. The results showed that the application of EFB with a single layer mulching method at PT ABC could reduce the risk of the appearance of horn beetle pests and could potentially increase the productivity of oil palm plants, although not too high. PT ABC has the opportunity to carry out a comprehensive EFB application to have a good impact on the company by considering the recommended SWOT analysis strategy.
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Holopainen, Jarmo, James Blande, and Jouni Sorvari. "Functional Role of Extrafloral Nectar in Boreal Forest Ecosystems under Climate Change." Forests 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010067.
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Carbohydrate-rich extrafloral nectar (EFN) is produced in nectaries on the leaves, stipules, and stems of plants and provides a significant energy source for ants and other plant mutualists outside of the flowering period. Our review of literature on EFN indicates that only a few forest plant species in cool boreal environments bear EFN-producing nectaries and that EFN production in many boreal and subarctic plant species is poorly studied. Boreal forest, the world’s largest land biome, is dominated by coniferous trees, which, like most gymnosperms, do not produce EFN. Notably, common deciduous tree species that can be dominant in boreal forest stands, such as Betula and Alnus species, do not produce EFN, while Prunus and Populus species are the most important EFN-producing tree species. EFN together with aphid honeydew is known to play a main role in shaping ant communities. Ants are considered to be keystone species in mixed and conifer-dominated boreal and mountain forests because they transfer a significant amount of carbon from the canopy to the soil. Our review suggests that in boreal forests aphid honeydew is a more important carbohydrate source for ants than in many warmer ecosystems and that EFN-bearing plant species might not have a competitive advantage against herbivores. However, this hypothesis needs to be tested in the future. Warming of northern ecosystems under climate change might drastically promote the invasion of many EFN-producing plants and the associated insect species that consume EFN as their major carbohydrate source. This may result in substantial changes in the diet preferences of ant communities, the preventative roles of ants against insect pest outbreaks, and the ecosystem services they provide. However, wood ants have adapted to using tree sap that leaks from bark cracks in spring, which may mitigate the effects of improved EFN availability.
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Ellis, M. L., M. M. Díaz Arias, D. R. Cruz Jimenez, G. P. Munkvold, and L. F. Leandro. "First Report of Fusarium commune Causing Damping-off, Seed Rot, and Seedling Root Rot on Soybean (Glycine max) in the United States." Plant Disease 97, no. 2 (February 2013): 284. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-07-12-0644-pdn.
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During 2007 to 2009, symptomatic and asymptomatic soybean plants were collected from fields in 18 Iowa counties. Fusarium isolates were recovered from surface-sterilized root tissue on peptone PCNB agar (2). Single-spore isolates were transferred to synthetic low nutrient agar (SNA) overlain with pieces (1 × 2 cm) of sterile filter paper, and to potato dextrose agar (PDA), and placed in the dark for 10 to 14 days for morphological identification (4). Twenty-three isolates were identified as Fusarium commune K. Skovg., O'Donnell & Nirenberg, previously in the F. oxysporum species complex (4). Colonies on PDA had white, fluffy, aerial mycelium with magenta to violet pigmentation in the medium. On SNA, macroconidia, chlamydospores, and microconidia on monophialides and polyphialides were consistent with the species description (4). Identification of all 23 isolates was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the translation elongation factor (EF1-α) gene, using ef1 and ef2 primers, and the mitochondrial small subunit (mtSSU), using primers MS1 and MS2 (4) [GenBank accessions for two representative isolates: EF1-α (JX289892 and JX289893), and mtSSU (JX289894 and, JX289895)]. Pathogenicity of two representative isolates of F. commune was tested on soybean (cv. AG2403) in a greenhouse, in water baths set at 18°C, using autoclaved soil mixed with infested sand-cornmeal inoculum (3). The experiment entailed a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications (single plant/150 ml cone) per treatment, and was conducted three times. Dry root and shoot weights, and root rot severity (visual estimate of percent root rot on the entire root system) were evaluated after 6 weeks. Mean seedling emergence in soil infested with F. commune was 47 and 40% for the two isolates; in contrast, non-inoculated control plants had 100% emergence. There were significant differences in root (P < 0.0001) and shoot (P < 0.0001) weights, and root rot severity (P < 0.0001), between inoculated and non-inoculated plants. Seedlings that emerged were severely stunted and had dark brown lesions. F. commune was reisolated from infected roots of inoculated plants, but not from non-inoculated plants. Pathogenicity of both isolates to soybean (cv. MN1805) was also tested using a petri dish assay, in which eight seeds were placed on a plate with a 4-day-old culture growing on 2% water agar (1). Plates were rated 7 days later for seed germination, seed rot, and lesion development, using an ordinal scale (1). The experiment entailed a CRD with three replicate plates/treatment, and was conducted three times. Germination of inoculated seeds ranged from 37.5 to 75.0%, and germinated seedlings had dark brown lesions on the taproots. There was a significant difference between isolates in the petri dish assay (P = 0.0030); one isolate was less aggressive, but both isolates resulted in significantly more disease than on the non-inoculated control plants, which had 100% germination and no symptoms (P < 0.0001). F. oxysporum is a known soybean pathogen (1), but isolates of F. commune may have been misidentified as F. oxysporum in previous studies. To our knowledge, this is the first report of F. commune as a pathogen on soybean in the U.S.A. References: (1) K. E. Broders et al. Plant Dis. 91:727, 2007. (2) J. F. Leslie and B. A. Summerell. The Fusarium Laboratory Manual. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK, 2006. (3) G. P. Munkvold and J. K. O'Mara. Plant Dis. 86:143, 2002. (4) K. Skovgaard et al. Mycologia. 94:630, 2003.
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Takikawa, Yoshihiro, Teruo Nonomura, Takahiro Sonoda, and Yoshinori Matsuda. "Developing a Phototactic Electrostatic Insect Trap Targeting Whiteflies, Leafminers, and Thrips in Greenhouses." Insects 12, no. 11 (October 21, 2021): 960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12110960.
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Our aim was to develop an electrostatic apparatus to lure and capture silverleaf whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci), vegetable leafminers (Liriomyza sativae), and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) that invade tomato greenhouses. A double-charged dipolar electric field producer (DD-EFP) was constructed by filling water in two identical transparent soft polyvinyl chloride tubes arrayed in parallel with fixed separation, and then, inserting the probes of grounded negative and positive voltage generators into the water of the two tubes to generate negatively and positively charged waters, respectively. These charged waters electrified the outer surfaces of the opposite tubes via dielectric polarization. An electric field formed between the oppositely charged tubes. To lure these phototactic insects, the water was colored yellow using watercolor paste, then introduced into the transparent insulator tubes to construct the yellow-colored DD-EFP. This apparatus lured insects in a manner similar to commercially available yellow sticky traps. The yellow-colored DD-EFP was easily placed as a movable upright screen along the plants, such that invading pests were preferentially attracted to the trap before reaching the plants. Furthermore, pests settling on the plants were attracted to the apparatus, which used a plant-tapping method to drive them off the plants. Our study provided an experimental basis for developing an electrostatic device to attract and capture insects that enter greenhouses.
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Hatterman-Valenti, Harlene M., Abelino Pitty, and Micheal D. K. Owen. "Effect of environment on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) leaf wax and fluazifop-P absorption." Weed Science 54, no. 4 (August 2006): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-158r2.1.
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Controlled-environment experiments were conducted to determine giant foxtail epicuticular wax (ECW) deposition and fluazifop-P absorption under different environmental conditions and with two adjuvants. Drought stress and low temperature increased leaf ECW content, whereas low light intensity decreased ECW content compared with medium light intensity. Drought stress conditions decreased the fatty acid and primary alcohol content of ECW and increased the hydrocarbon content compared with field capacity. Compositional changes would make the ECW more hydrophobic and reduce leaf wetting by herbicide spray. Increasing air temperature decreased the aldehyde content of ECW, whereas decreasing light intensity increased ECW fatty acid and aldehyde content while decreasing primary alcohols and esters. Compositional changes under low light intensity would make the ECW more hydrophilic and increase leaf wetting by a herbicide spray. Drought stress reduced fluazifop-P absorption regardless of the temperature but could not further reduce fluazifop-P absorption under low light intensity. Fluazifop-P absorption by plants under low light and drought stress conditions was similar to plants under low or medium light intensity and field capacity conditions. Similarly, the rate of fluazifop-P absorption was less under drought stress and low light conditions. Fluazifop-P absorption was greater when crop oil concentrate was added compared with 28% urea ammonium nitrate or no additive. Crop oil concentrate, added to the herbicide solution, overcame reduced fluazifop-P absorption under the low light conditions and in one of the two drought stress regimes but could not overcome reduced fluazifop-P absorption with the high temperature regime.
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da Silva, A. C., P. E. de Souza, M. L. V. de Resende, M. B. da Silva, P. M. Ribeiro, and W. M. Zeviani. "Local and systemic control of powdery mildew in eucalyptus using essential oils and decoctions from traditional Brazilian medicinal plants." Forest Pathology 44, no. 2 (December 17, 2013): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/efp.12079.
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Rangel-Castillo, A. Eugenia, Ernestina Valadez-Moctezuma, and Héctor Lozoya-Saldaña. "CARACTERIZACIÓN MOLECULAR Y PATOGÉNESIS DE Fusarium ASOCIADO AL AMARILLAMIENTO DEL TRIGO." Revista Fitotecnia Mexicana 40, no. 4 (December 8, 2017): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2017.4.439-450.
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El amarillamiento o madurez prematura del trigo (Triticum aestivum L.) es una enfermedad causada por un complejo de especies del género Fusarium que ataca cualquier parte de la planta. Este problema se ha reportado en diversos municipios del estado de Guanajuato, México desde el año 2000. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue aislar, caracterizar e identificar especies de Fusarium asociadas al amarillamiento del cultivo de trigo en ocho localidades de Guanajuato y cuantificar su patogenicidad. Se obtuvieron 116 aislamientos de diferentes órganos de plantas con síntomas que fueron caracterizados molecularmente con ITS-RFLP, ISSR e identificados con las secuencias del gen EF1-α. Los fragmentos RFLP de la región ITS y la técnica ISSR conformaron distintos agrupamientos. Las secuencias del gen EF1-α identificaron cercanamente a los aislamientos con las especies F. proliferatum, F. subglutinans, F. oxysporum, F. thapsinum y F. andiyazi. Se observó gran amplitud de severidad en las pruebas de patogenicidad (de 2.2 a 39.7 %). La mayor agresividad se identificó en la cepa T5.10 (F. proliferatum), así como en efecto conjunto de las cepas R8.5 (F. proliferatum) y E5.3 (no identificada).
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Nogueira, Rodrigo R., Danilo Ferreira Borges Santos, Eduardo S. Calixto, Helena Maura Torezan-Silingardi, and Kleber Del-Claro. "Negative effects of ant-plant interaction on pollination: costs of a mutualism." Sociobiology 68, no. 4 (December 17, 2021): e7259. http://dx.doi.org/10.13102/sociobiology.v68i4.7259.
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The mutualism of ants and extrafloral nectary (EFN)-bearing plants is known to reduce rates of herbivory. However, ants may have negative impacts on other mutualisms such as pollination, constituting an indirect cost of a facultative mutualism. For instance, when foraging on or close to reproductive plant parts ants might attack pollinators or inhibit their visits. We tested the hypothesis that ants on EFN-bearing plants may negatively influence pollinator behavior, ultimately reducing plant fitness (fruit set). The study was done in a reserve at Brazilian savannah using the EFN-bearing plant Banisteriopsis malifolia (Malpighiaceae). The experimental manipulation was carried out with four groups: control (free visitation of ants), without ants (ant-free branches), artificial ants (isolated branches with artificial ants on flowers) and plastic circles (isolated branches with plastic circles on flowers). We made observations on flower visitors and their interactions, and measured fruit formation as a proxy for plant fitness. Our results showed that pollinators hesitated to visit flowers with artificial ants, negatively affecting pollination, but did not hesitate to visit flowers with plastic circles, suggesting that they recognize the specific morphology of the ants. Pollinators spent more time per flower on the ant-free branches, and the fruiting rate was lower in the group with artificial ants. Our results confirm an indirect cost in this facultative mutualism, where the balance between these negative and positive effects of ants on EFN-bearing plants are not well known.
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Flores Carrera, Laura Stephanie, Delfina de Jesús Pérez López, Dora Ma Sangerman-Jarquín, Martín Rubí Arriaga, Andrés González Huerta, and José Francisco Ramírez Dávila. "Densidad de población y fertilización orgánica en habas del centro mexiquense." Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 13, no. 2 (March 23, 2022): 317–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v13i2.3131.
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Dos experimentos se establecieron en 2017 y 2018 en San Nicolás Guadalupe, San Felipe del Progreso, Estado de México, para evaluar los efectos del distanciamiento entre plantas a 20, 30, 40 y 50 cm con la aplicación de gallinaza, lombricomposta, composta de champiñón y 30N-60P-60K en los cultivares identificados como Xalatlaco, Calimaya y San Felipe. Los 48 tratamientos fueron evaluados en una serie de experimentos en diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones por año en un arreglo de parcelas subdivididas. En el análisis combinado se observó que en ambos años (A) hubo diferencias altamente significativas (p= 0.01) en 13 variables. En 2017 se favoreció la mejor expresión fenotípica en altura de planta (AP), floración (DF), vainas por planta (NVP), peso de vaina por planta (PVP), semillas por vaina (NSV), semillas limpias (NSL) y peso de semilla limpia (PSL), en comparación con 2018, pero el rendimiento (RTO) en ambos años fue de 1.5 t ha-1. En densidades (D) hubo diferencias significativas (p= 0.01) en 13 variables y se detectó que a un distanciamiento entre plantas de 20 cm hubo más NVP (18.5 cm), AP (1.4 cm) y APV (47.5 cm); a 40 y 50 cm entre plantas hubo más NR y NRP. En las características NSL, PSL y el RTO se presentó el mismo comportamiento a 20, 40 y 50 cm. En abonos orgánicos (F) hubo una diferenciación fenotípica significativa (p= 0.01) en AP, NVP, PVP, PSL y RTO; con gallinaza se obtuvo mayor AP y APV. La composta de champiñón favoreció PVP, NSM y peso de 100 semillas (P100S) y la lombricomposta lo hizo en NVP, PVP y PSL. Los tres cultivares (C) fueron diferentes significativamente (p= 0.01): Xalatlaco fue mejor en eficiencia (EFI), PVP, PSL, P100S y RTO (1.74 t ha-1).
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Nóbrega, Jackson Silva, Francisco Romário Andrade Figueiredo, Toshik Iarley da Silva, João Everthon da Silva Ribeiro, Reynaldo Teodoro de Fátima, Jean Telvio Andrade Ferreira, Manoel Bandeira de Albuquerque, Thiago Jardelino Dias, and Riselane de Lucena Alcântara Bruno. "Salinidade da água e ácido salicílico no crescimento de plantas de tomate." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): e41210716630. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i7.16630.
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The tomato is one of the most important vegetables in Brazilian market. The production of this vegetable can be limited by the excess of salts in the water used for irrigation. The use of phytohormones, such as salicylic acid (SA), is used to minimize the negative effects of excess salts on plants. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the attenuating effect of salicylic acid on tomato plants growth irrigated with saline water. The experimental design was the randomized blocks in an incomplete factorial scheme 5 (SA doses: 0.0, 0.29, 1.0, 1.71 and 2.0 mM) x 5 (electrical conductivities of irrigation water - ECw: 0.5, 1.3, 3.25, 5.2 and 6 dS m-1), combined according to the experimental matrix Central Compound of Box, with four replicates and two plants per experimental plot. Growth evaluations were performed 45 days after the beginning of irrigation with saline water. Plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, absolute and relative growth rate for plant height, root dry mass, shoot dry mass, total dry mass, Dickson's quality index, leaf area, specific leaf area and specific leaf weight were evaluated. The tomato plants growth was reduced by the increase in ECw. Salicylic acid, applied exogenously up to 2.0 mM, did not promote attenuating effect of salinity on tomato plants.
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Norton, Lin, Rebecca Clifford, Laurence Hopkins, Istra Toner, and Bill (J C. W. ). Norton. "Helping Psychology Students Write Better Essays." Psychology Learning & Teaching 2, no. 2 (June 2002): 116–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2304/plat.2002.2.2.116.
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The paper reports on an intervention to help psychology students write better essays by using an Essay Feedback Checklist (EFC). A sample of first year and third year psychology students were asked to rate their own essays in terms of how confident they felt they had been in meeting the departmental assessment criteria. Tutors used the same rating scale when marking the essays and used any mismatches between their rating and that of the student to target their feedback. The aims of the study were to look at the effects of using the EFC in i) writing an essay and ii) clarifying written tutor feedback. Findings showed some mismatches between students and their tutors particularly in the third year. Students were mainly positive about the EFC, although some comments indicated that more help was needed. The implications of these findings are discussed in terms of an action research framework and student self-assessment.
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Wahi, Rafeah, and Izzatul 'Adilah Yusup. "Empty Fruit Bunches Compost and Germination of Raphanus sativs L." Borneo Journal of Resource Science and Technology 6, no. 1 (June 29, 2016): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/bjrst.210.2016.
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Overabundance of empty fruit bunches (EFB) from palm oil industries has opened opportunity for its exploitationfor agricultural use as compost. In this study, palm oil EFB compost was prepared by the addition of wood chipsas a bulking agent and chicken manure to enhance the composting rate. Moisture was maintained at 50-70%during the 2-month composting. Results showed that the EFB compost containing high mineralisation indexcompared to the initial EFB samples after two months of the composting process. The important macronutrients;N, P, K, Ca and Mg and micronutrients Fe, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu and B were found present in the EFB composts. Thefinal stage of EFB compost B showed high nutrient content with N, P, and K values of 2.21%, 3.65%, and 0.49%,respectively. Fe was the most outstanding element in the EFB compost as high as 9000 ppm. Germination resultsshowed that EFB compost with EFB:wood chips at 1:3 ratio exhibited better growth of leaves and root ofRaphanus sativs L. compared to 1:2 ratio. This indicated that the EFB compost is capable in improving soilfertility and growth of plants.
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Wijayani, Suprih, and Herry Wirianata. "KONTRIBUSI TANDAN KOSONG DALAM MENINGKATKAN PENGARUH PUPUK ANORGANIK TERHADAP PRODUKSI KELAPA SAWIT." AGROISTA : Jurnal Agroteknologi 6, no. 1 (August 3, 2022): 42–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55180/agi.v6i1.242.
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Sustainable intensification of oil palm plantations faces the challenge of decreasing soil fertility and increasing the price of inorganic fertilizers. Organic matter plays an important role in maintaining soil fertility. Empty fruit bunches (EFB) are the main co-product of palm oil mills that have the potential to be used as a source of organic matter and nutrient sources. This study aims to reveal the effect of the application of empty fruit bunches in increasing the effectiveness and substituting inorganic fertilizers for the components of oil palm production. The number of female inflorescence, the number of FFB and the average weight of FFB were observed for 3 years on palm aged 8, 9 and 10 years. Application of EFB + 70% recommended inorganic fertilizer. The recommended fertilizer is 8 kg per tree (N P K Mg 14-28-6-2 +0.5 B). EFB are applied as one layer of mulch with a size of 3x4 m on a dead net. The results showed that the application of empty bunches could increase the number of female flowers and the number of FFB in plants aged 9 and 10 years (1-2 years after application), while inorganic fertilizer EFB was only at the age of 8 years (0 years after application) for both production components. FFB weight one year after application of EFB+70% inorganic fertilizer (age 9 years ) was higher than 8 and 10 year aged plants. The application of EFB+70% inorganic fertilizer can increase the contribution of nutrients from fertilizers compared to the application of inorganic fertilizers solely.