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1
Islam, Mahfuzul, Seon-Ho Kim, A.-Rang Son, Sung-Sill Lee, and Sang-Suk Lee. "Breed and Season-Specific Methane Conversion Factors Influence Methane Emission Factor for Enteric Methane of Dairy Steers." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 8, 2022): 7030. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127030.
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This study determined the breed and the season-specific methane (CH4) conversion factor (Ym) and the emission factor (EF) for the enteric CH4 of dairy steers. The Ym values for Holstein and Jersey steers at different seasons were calculated using the IPCC 2006 equations by incorporating the input and/or output value of the chemical composition of feed, methane production, methane yield, dry matter intake, and methane energy emission. EFs were categorized into five types depending on the 2019 refinement to the IPCC 2006 Tier 2 equations used. EFA was calculated from Equation 10.21A (New), while other EFs were estimated from the Equation 10.21 which were designated according to the gross energy intake (GEI) and Ym as EFB (GEIi and Ym), EFC (GEIii and Ym), EFD (GEIii and Ym (6.3)), and EFE (GEIii and Ym (4.0)). The calculated overall Ym for Holstein and Jersey steers were 4.90 and 7.49, while the recorded EF of group EFA were 56.44 and 67.42 kg CH4/head/year for Holstein and Jersey steers, respectively. For Holstein steers, EFD was overestimated (75.91 vs. 48.20~58.15), while in Jersey steers, the EFF underestimated the EF (kg CH4/head/year) compared to others (40.15 vs. 63.24~73.28) (p < 0.05). Mixed analysis revealed that the breed influenced EFs of all the EF groups, while the season, and the breed × the season influenced EFs of group EFC, EFD, and EFF. The overall results recommended using the breed-specific Ym for the estimation of the EF for enteric methane in dairy steers.
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Pimdee, Paitoon, Sirinthorn Meekhobtong, Suwanna Bengthong, and Aukkapong Sukkamart. "Antecedents to Thai pre-service teacher eco-friendly behavior: A confirmatory factor analysis." Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education 18, no. 12 (December 12, 2022): em2200. http://dx.doi.org/10.29333/ejmste/12709.
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The research aimed to analyze the <i>eco-friendly behavior</i> (EFB) of Thai undergraduate pre-service teachers (PSTs). Multi-stage random sampling was used to select 211 individuals majoring in industrial education from four Thai universities. The second-order confirmatory factor analysis used LISREL 9.10 and SPSS for Windows 21 was used for the descriptive statistics. Furthermore, five elements were perceived to influence PST EFB positively. This included the product’s <i>eco-friendly price</i> (EFP), <i>eco-friendly safety</i> (EFS), <i>eco-friendly image</i> (EFI), <i>eco-friendly environment</i> (EFE), and finally <i>eco-friendly quality</i> (EFQ). Moreover, it was determined that a product’s EFI was most important to the PSTs, followed by its EFQ, EFS, EFE, and EFP. Moreover, of the 20 items the PSTs were asked about, they believed that non-plastic bag use for EFB was judged most important. However, at the other end of EFB was a product’s price importance.
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Dude, Annie, Berkley Davis, Katie Delaney, and Lynn Yee. "Sonographic Estimated Fetal Weight and Cesarean Delivery among Nulliparous Women with Obesity." American Journal of Perinatology Reports 09, no. 02 (April 2019): e127-e132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1684035.
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Objective This study was aimed to examine the association between having an ultrasound estimate of fetal weight (US-EFW) and mode of delivery among obese women. Study Design A retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with a body mass index of ≥ 35 kg/m2 who delivered term singleton gestations. We examined whether having had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery, or an US-EFW ≥ 90th percentile for gestational age, was associated with intrapartum cesarean delivery. Results Of 2,826 women, 22.5% (n = 636) had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery. Having an US-EFW was associated with increased frequency of cesarean (43.1% for those with an US-EFW versus 30.0% for those without, p < 0.001); this finding persisted when controlling for confounders (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21–1.81). Of the 636 women with an US-EFW, 22.5% (n = 143) had an US-EFW ≥ 90th percentile for gestational age, which was associated with increased frequency of an intrapartum cesarean (60.8% for those with an US-EFW ≥ 90th percentile vs. 37.9% for those with an US-EFW of < 90th percentile, p < 0.001), even when accounting for confounders (aOR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.10–2.87). Conclusion The presence of an US-EFW among nulliparous obese women was associated with undergoing intrapartum cesarean delivery.
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Gao, Teng, Mingye Zhang, and Chunzi Zhao. "An Evaluation of the Sustainability of the Urban Water Resources of Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture, China." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (January 14, 2023): 1646. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021646.
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The availability of water resources is crucial to maintaining the sustainability of urbanization. Calculating the ecological footprint of water (EFW) is one of the ways to realize the protection of water resources in the process of urbanization. The minor settlements in border areas have been the focus of China’s urbanization development but have rarely received research attention. The objective of this study was to develop an improved model of the ecological footprint of water (EFW) to assess the water security status of urban areas in Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture (YKAP), and to demonstrate its authenticity compared with the traditional ecological footprint of water (EFW). The results showed that water pollution is the main reason for the increase in the EFW in each city, and the ecological water carrying capacity (ECW) showed strong fluctuations with the interannual variation in precipitation. Although the overall availability and quality of water resources are within safe limits, there are significant differences among cities, and water pollution poses a direct threat to the health and well-being of urban dwellers in some cities. Therefore, it is recommended that water resource management agencies adjust their water supply strategies based on the data from the EFW model, control wastewater discharge, improve their management systems and take urban economic development into account. This will significantly improve the sustainable management of water resources and ensure the health and well-being of urban residents.
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Himes, Katherine, and Adriane Haragan. "Accuracy of Ultrasound Estimated Fetal Weight in Small for Gestational Age and Appropriate for Gestational Age Grown Periviable Neonates." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 08 (December 29, 2017): 703–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617433.
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Objective Clinicians use estimated fetal weight (EFW) as a proxy for birth weight (BW) in the antenatal period. Our objective was to compare the accuracy of EFW obtained by ultrasound to BW among infants born during the periviable period and determine if accuracy of EFW varied among small for gestational age (SGA) versus appropriate for gestational age (AGA) grown neonates. Study Design We included women who delivered between 230/7 and 256/7 weeks' gestation and had an EFW within 7 days of delivery. Mean percentage difference and median absolute percentage difference between EFW and BW were calculated. Results Our cohort included 226 neonates with a mean gestational age of 241/7 ± 0.8 weeks and median BW of 653 g (interquartile range [IQR]: 580–750 g). The median absolute percentage difference between EFW and BW of fetal weight estimates was 9.2% (IQR: 3.6–17.2). EFW overestimated BW for 75% (n = 171) of the cohort. Among SGA infants, the mean percentage difference in EFW and BW was 16.2 ± 19.4% versus 6.9% ± 13.1% in AGA infants (p = 0.019). Conclusion EFW overestimated BW in this cohort. In addition, ultrasound was less accurate among infants born SGA. These data are important to consider when counseling families facing periviable delivery.
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Yordan, José, Bradley Holbrook, Pranita Nirgudkar, Ellen Mozurkewich, and Nathan Blue. "Abdominal Circumference Alone versus Estimated Fetal Weight after 24 Weeks to Predict Small or Large for Gestational Age at Birth: A Meta-Analysis." American Journal of Perinatology 34, no. 11 (July 3, 2017): 1115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1604059.
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Objective We compared the sensitivity and specificity of abdominal circumference (AC) alone versus estimated fetal weight (EFW) to predict small for gestational age (SGA) or large for gestational age (LGA) at birth. Study Design We searched the literature for studies assessing an ultrasonographic AC or EFW after 24 weeks to predict SGA or LGA at birth. Case series or studies including anomalous fetuses or multiple gestations were excluded. We computed the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of any AC or EFW cutoff analyzed by at least two studies. Results We identified 2,460 studies, of which 40 met inclusion criteria (n = 36,519). Four studies assessed AC alone to predict SGA (n = 5,119), and six assessed AC to predict LGA (n = 6,110). Sixteen assessed EFW to predict SGA (n = 13,825), and 22 evaluated EFW to predict LGA (n = 18,896). To predict SGA, AC and EFW < 10th percentile have similar ability to predict SGA. To predict LGA, AC cutoffs were comparable to all EFW cutoffs, except that AC > 35 cm had better sensitivity. Conclusion After 24 weeks, AC is comparable to EFW to predict both SGA and LGA. In settings where serial EFWs are inaccessible, a simpler screening method with AC alone may suffice.
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MacDonald, Teresa M., Alice J. Robinson, Richard J. Hiscock, Lisa Hui, Kirsten M. Dane, Anna L. Middleton, Lucy M. Kennedy, Stephen Tong, and Susan P. Walker. "Accelerated fetal growth velocity across the third trimester is associated with increased shoulder dystocia risk among fetuses who are not large-for-gestational-age: A prospective observational cohort study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 10 (October 20, 2021): e0258634. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258634.
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Objective To investigate whether fetuses with accelerated third trimester growth velocity are at increased risk of shoulder dystocia, even when they are not large-for-gestational-age (LGA; estimated fetal weight (EFW) >95th centile). Methods Fetal growth velocity and birth outcome data were prospectively collected from 347 nulliparous women. Each had blinded ultrasound biometry performed at 28 and 36 weeks’ gestation. Change in EFW and abdominal circumference (AC) centiles between 28–36 weeks were calculated, standardised over exactly eight weeks. We examined the odds of shoulder dystocia with increasing EFW and AC growth velocities among women with 36-week EFW ≤95th centile (non-LGA), who went on to have a vaginal birth. We then examined the relative risk (RR) of shoulder dystocia in cases of accelerated EFW and AC growth velocities (>30 centiles gained). Finally, we compared the predictive performances of accelerated fetal growth velocities to 36-week EFW >95th centile for shoulder dystocia among the cohort planned for vaginal birth. Results Of the 226 participants who had EFW ≤95th centile at 36-week ultrasound and birthed vaginally, six (2.7%) had shoulder dystocia. For each one centile increase in EFW between 28–36 weeks, the odds of shoulder dystocia increased by 8% (odds ratio (OR [95% Confidence Interval (CI)]) = 1.08 [1.04–1.12], p<0.001). For each one centile increase in AC between 28–36 weeks, the odds of shoulder dystocia increased by 9% (OR[95%CI] = 1.09 [1.05–1.12], p<0.001). When compared to the rest of the cohort with normal growth velocity, accelerated EFW and AC velocities were associated with increased relative risks of shoulder dystocia (RR[95%CI] = 7.3 [1.9–20.6], p = 0.03 and 4.8 [1.7–9.4], p = 0.02 respectively). Accelerated EFW or AC velocities predicted shoulder dystocia with higher sensitivity and positive predictive value than 36-week EFW >95th centile. Conclusions Accelerated fetal growth velocities between 28–36 weeks’ gestation are associated with increased risk of shoulder dystocia, and may predict shoulder dystocia risk better than the commonly used threshold of 36-week EFW >95th centile.
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Schreiber, Hanoch, Gal Cohen, Sivan Farladansky-Gershnabel, Maya Sharon-Weiner, Gil Shechter Maor, Tal Biron-Shental, and Ofer Markovitch. "Vacuum-Assisted Delivery Complication Rates Based on Ultrasound-Estimated Fetal Weight." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2022): 3480. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123480.
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This retrospective cohort study investigated the association between ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) and adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes after vacuum-assisted delivery (VAD). It included women with singleton pregnancies at 34–41 weeks gestation, who underwent ultrasonographic pre-labor EFW and VAD in an academic institution, over 6 years. Adverse neonatal and maternal outcomes included shoulder dystocia, clavicular fracture, or third- and fourth-degree perineal tears. A receiver–operator characteristic curve was used to identify the optimal weight cut-off value to predict adverse outcomes. Fetuses above and below this point were compared. Multivariate analysis was used to control for factors that could lead to adverse outcomes. Eight-hundred and fifty women met the inclusion criteria and had sonographic EFW within two-weeks before delivery. Receiver–operator characteristic curve analysis found that ultrasonographic EFW 3666 g is the optimal threshold for adverse outcomes. Based on these results, outcomes were compared using EFW 3700 g. The average EFW in the ≥3700 g group (n = 220, 25.9%) was 3898 ± 154 g (average birthweight 3710 ± 324 g). In the group <3700 g (n = 630, 74.1%), average EFW was 3064 ± 411 g (birthweight 3120 ± 464 g). Shoulder dystocia and clavicular fractures were more frequent in the higher EFW group (6.4% and 2.3% vs. 1.6% and 0.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Women in the ≥3700 g group experienced more third- and fourth-degree perineal tears (3.2% vs. 1%, p = 0.02). Multivariate logistic regression analysis found maternal age, diabetes and sonographic EFW ≥ 3700 g as independent risk-factors for adverse outcomes. Sonographic EFW ≥ 3700 g is an independent risk-factor for adverse outcomes in VAD. This should be considered when choosing the optimal mode of delivery.
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Rochelson, Burton, Leah Stork, Stephanie Augustine, Meir Greenberg, Cristina Sison, Nidhi Vohra, and Matthew Blitz. "Effect of Maternal Body Mass Index and Amniotic Fluid Index on the Accuracy of Sonographic Estimation of Fetal Weight in Late Gestation." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 13 (January 10, 2018): 1235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1618588.
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Objective The objective of this study was to determine the effect, if any, of maternal body mass index (BMI) and amniotic fluid index (AFI) on the accuracy of sonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 40 to 42 weeks' gestation. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of singleton gestations with ultrasound performed at 40 to 42 weeks from 2010 to 2013. In this study, patients with documented BMI and sonographic EFW and AFI, concurrently, within 7 days of delivery were included. Chronic medical conditions and fetal anomalies were excluded from this study. The primary variable of interest was the rate of substantial error in EFW, defined as absolute percentage error (APE) >10%. Results A total of 1,000 pregnancies were included. Overall, the APE was 6.0 ± 4.5% and the rate of substantial error was 17.4% (n = 174). There was no significant difference in APE or rate of substantial error between BMI groups. In the final multivariable logistic regression model, the rate of substantial error was increased in women with oligohydramnios (OR 1.79; 95% CI: 1.10–2.92). Furthermore, oligohydramnios was significantly more likely to overestimate EFW while polyhydramnios was more likely to underestimate EFW. Maternal BMI did not affect the accuracy of sonographic EFW. Conclusion Sonographic EFW may be affected by extremes of AFI in the postdates period. Maternal BMI does not affect EFW accuracy at 40 to 42 weeks.
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Zdanowicz, Jarmila A., Muriel Disler, Roland Gerull, Luigi Raio, and Daniel Surbek. "Is the Cerebro-Placental Ratio Sufficient to Predict Adverse Neonatal Outcome in Small for Gestational Age Fetuses > 34 Weeks of Gestation?" Reproductive Medicine 2, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/reprodmed2010002.
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Fetuses with an estimated weight (EFW) below the 10th percentile are at risk for adverse perinatal outcome and clinical management remains a challenge. We examined EFW and cerebro-placental ratio (CPR) with regard to their predictive capability in the management and outcome of such cases. Fetuses were first diagnosed as small after 34 weeks of gestation with an actual EFW below the 10th percentile at our tertiary academic center. We determined the optimum cutoff value for CPR and EFW in predicting adverse neonatal outcome. Mean gestational age at diagnosis was 36 weeks. One hundred and two cases were included in our study. We determined a CPR of 1.4 and an EFW of 2152 g to be the best cutoff value for predicting adverse fetal outcome, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.65 (95% CI 0.54–0.76); p = 0.009, and 0.76 (95% CI 0.66–0.86); p < 0.0001, respectively. However, when comparing EFW with CPR, EFW seems to be slightly better in predicting adverse fetal outcome in our group. While the use of CPR alone for the management of small fetuses is not sufficient, it is an important additional tool that may be of value in the clinical setting.
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Khanagura, Raminder, Heather Kregel, Farah Amro, Baha Sibai, Suneet Chauhan, and Olaide Balogun. "Preterm Preeclampsia with Severe Features: Composite Maternal and Neonatal Morbidities Associated with Fetal Growth Restriction." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 08 (January 3, 2018): 785–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1617456.
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Objective The objective of this study was to compare adverse pregnancy outcomes between fetuses with estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10 to > 10% in women with preterm preeclampsia (PE) with severe features. Materials and Methods All women with preterm PE with severe features and nonanomalous singletons with EFW were identified at a tertiary center. Women with oligohydramnios or absent/reversed umbilical Doppler velocimetry were excluded. Using multivariable analysis, we compared the composite maternal and neonatal morbidities (CMM and CNM) between those with appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetal growth, defined as EFW at 10 to 90th versus those with fetal growth restriction (FGR), defined as EFW < 10th percentile for gestational age (GA). Results In this study, 165 patients were included; 112 had EFW at 10th to 90th percentile, and 53 had FGR. Of the 53 with FGR, 33 (62%) had EFW at 5 to 9% for GA and 20 (38%) had EFW < fifth percentile for GA. The CMM was significantly higher among women with FGR versus AGA (29 vs. 7%; p < 0.001). The CNM was significantly higher with FGR versus AGA (20 vs. 6%; p = 0.01). Conclusion Women with preterm PE with severe features and FGR, when compared with those with AGA, have significantly higher risk of CMM and CNM.
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Kapás, J., and P. Czeglédi. "Economic freedom in terms of kinds of government actions: An empirical investigation." Acta Oeconomica 58, no. 2 (June 1, 2008): 157–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.58.2008.2.2.
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This paper evaluates the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) Index on the basis of the Hayekian concept of freedom (Hayek 1960), more precisely on that of its conceptualisation in terms of the character of government actions developed in Kapás — Czeglédi (2007a). As a result of a detailed criticism, the components of the EFW index are regrouped in freedom-related, policy and other categories. Although the EFW index is not considered a good measure of economic freedom, its components and the index itself are used in empirical investigations. In these examinations the aim is to show that using freedom-related components of the EFW index (which is more in line with authors’ concept of economic freedom) instead of the index itself may lead to even more plausible propositions than those provided by the EFW index. The results provide support for this argument.
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Matthew, Jacqueline, Emily Skelton, Lisa Story, Alice Davidson, Caroline L. Knight, Chandni Gupta, Dharmintra Pasupathy, and Mary Rutherford. "MRI-Derived Fetal Weight Estimation in the Midpregnancy Fetus: A Method Comparison Study." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 48, no. 10 (2021): 708–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000519115.
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Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the standard ultrasound (US) estimated fetal weight (EFW) and MRI volume-derived methods for the midtrimester fetus. Methods: Twenty-five paired US and MRI scans had the EFW calculated (gestational age [GA] range = 20–26 weeks). The intra- and interobserver variability of each method was assessed (2 operators/modality). A small sub-analysis was performed on 5 fetuses who were delivered preterm (mean GA 29 +3 weeks) and compared to the actual birthweight. Results: Two MRI volumetry EFW formulae under-measured compared to US by −10.9% and −14.5% in the midpregnancy fetus (p < 0.001) but had excellent intra- and interobserver agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.998 and 0.993). In the preterm fetus, the mean relative difference (MRD) between the MRI volume-derived EFW (MRI-EFW) and actual expected birthweight (at the scan GA) was −13.7% (−159.0 g, 95% CI: −341.7 to 23.7 g) and −17.1% (−204.6 g, 95% CI: −380.4 to −28.8 g), for the 2 MRI formulae. The MRD was smaller for US at 5.3% (69.8 g, 95% CI: −34.3 to 173.9). Conclusions: MRI-EFW results should be interpreted with caution in midpregnancy. Despite excellent observer agreement with MRI volumetry, refinement of the EFW formula is needed in the second trimester, for the small and for the GA and preterm fetus to compensate for lower fetal densities.
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Grobman, William, Lynn Yee, and Annie Dude. "Association between Sonographic Estimated Fetal Weight and the Risk of Cesarean Delivery among Nulliparous Women with Diabetes in Pregnancy." American Journal of Perinatology 35, no. 13 (May 4, 2018): 1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1649482.
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Objective The objective of this study was to examine the association between an ultrasound-estimated fetal weight (US-EFW) and mode of delivery among nulliparous diabetic women. Study Design This is a retrospective cohort study of nulliparous women with medication-requiring gestational or pregestational diabetes who delivered term, singleton gestations following a trial of labor. We determined whether having had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery was associated with cesarean delivery. Results Of 304 women who met the eligibility criteria, 231 (76.0%) had an US-EFW within 35 days of delivery. An US-EFW was associated with increased likelihood of intrapartum cesarean (51.5% for those with an ultrasound vs. 27.4% for those without, p < 0.001); this finding persisted even when controlling for birth weight and other confounding factors (adjusted odds ratio: 2.23, 95% confidence interval: 1.16–4.28). Among women with a recent US-EFW, a diagnosis of a large-for-gestational-age (LGA) fetus was associated with overall intrapartum cesarean frequency (65.2% for women with an LGA fetus vs. 46.1% for those without, p = 0.009), but this association did not remain significant in multivariable models. Conclusion An US-EFW within 35 days of delivery among nulliparous women with medication-requiring diabetes was positively associated with intrapartum cesarean delivery.
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GRATACÓS, EDUARD, ELISENDA EIXARCH, and FATIMA CRISPI. "DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT OF SELECTIVE FETAL GROWTH RESTRICTION IN MONOCHORIONIC TWINS." Fetal and Maternal Medicine Review 20, no. 4 (October 12, 2009): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0965539509990106.
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Selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) has been reported to occur in about 10–15% of monochorionic (MC) twins. The diagnosis of sFGR has been based on variable criteria including estimated fetal weight (EFW), abdominal circumference and/or the degree of fetal weight discordance. Recent studies tend to use a simple definition which includes the presence of an EFW less than the 10th percentile in the smaller twin. Some would argue that the intertwin fetal weight discordance should be included in the definition. Indeed this factor plays a major role in the complications presented by these cases. While the majority of cases with one fetus below the 10th percentile usually will also present with a large intertwin EFW discordance, the contrary is not always true. Thus, it is possible to find MC twins with remarkable intertwin EFW discordance but the EFW of both fetuses are still within normal ranges. Although it appears to be common sense that a large intertwin discrepancy might represent a higher risk for some of the complications described later in this review, there is no consistent evidence to support this notion. Therefore, due to its simplicity, a definition based on an EFW below 10th percentile in one twin is probably the most useful for clinical and research purposes.
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Adam, Mohamed. "Predicting Fetal Weight by Ultrasonography Using Hadlock Formula 1." International Journal of Biomedicine 12, no. 1 (March 10, 2022): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21103/article12(1)_oa5.
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Background: Accurate fetal weight estimations by ultrasound are essential in determining the method and time of delivery. Hadlock formulas have been proposed for providing fetal weight estimations, including Hadlock 1, Hadlock 2, Hadlock 3, and Hadlock 4. Because none of the formulas have been verified, it is unknown which one can be best applied to the Saudi population. This study aims to determine the validity of the Hadlock formula 1 for EFW by using ultrasonography. Methods and Results: The study sample was 198 women with singleton pregnancies with gestational ages between 37 and 41 weeks, admitted for ultrasound evaluation. The FW was estimated by ultrasound using the Hadlock formula 1. After the ultrasound EFW, we followed up with the pregnant women within three days (from ultrasound scan to delivery date) and measured actual BW. The study found that the mean BW was 3179±387 g, ranging from 2500 g to 4290 g. The mean ultrasound EFW was 3055±378 g, ranging from 2500 g to 4100 g. The difference between the mean ultrasound EFW and actual BW (123.81±107.95 g) was significant (P=0.0014).The formula for prediction of birth weight is BW=0.9831EFW by ultrasound±175.55g. In addition, a significantly positive correlation was found between ultrasound EFW and BW (r=0.961, P=0.000). Conclusion: The significantly positive correlation between EFW by ultrasound and BW indicates that the Hadlock formula 1 for predicting FW is accurate, valid, and effective in the research environment.
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Duncan, Jose R., Katherine M. Dorsett, Michael M. Aziz, Zoran Bursac, Mario A. Cleves, Ajay J. Talati, Mauro H. Schenone, Nornan L. Meyer, and Giancarlo Mari. "Estimated fetal weight and severe neonatal outcomes in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 48, no. 7 (September 25, 2020): 687–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2019-0474.
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AbstractObjectivesOur aim was to study the association of clinical variables obtainable before delivery for severe neonatal outcomes (SNO) and develop a clinical tool to calculate the prediction probability of SNO in preterm prelabor rupture of membranes (PPROM).MethodsThis was a prospective study from October 2015 to May 2018. We included singleton pregnancies with PPROM and an estimated fetal weight (EFW) two weeks before delivery. We excluded those with fetal anomalies or fetal death. We examined the association between SNO and variables obtainable before delivery such as gestational age (GA) at PPROM, EFW, gender, race, body mass index, chorioamnioitis. SNO was defined as having at least one of the following: respiratory distress syndrome, intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, neonatal sepsis, or neonatal death. The most parsimonious logistic regression models was constructed using the best subset selection model approach, and receiver operator curves were utilized to evaluate the prognostic accuracy of these clinical variables for SNO.ResultsWe included 106 pregnancies, 42 had SNO (39.6%). The EFW (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC]=0.88) and GA at PPROM (AUC=0.83) were significant predictors of SNO. The addition of any of the other variables did not improve the predictive probability of EFW for the prediction of SNO.ConclusionsThe EFW had the strongest association with SNO in in our study among variables obtainable before delivery. Other variables had no significant effect on the prediction probability of the EFW. Our findings should be validated in larger studies.
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Xue, Cheng, and Ruan. "Enhanced Flat Window-Based Synchrophasor Measurement Algorithm for P Class PMUs." Energies 12, no. 21 (October 23, 2019): 4039. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214039.
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Accurate and fast synchrophasor measurement, especially under dynamics and distortions, is crucial for control and protection of power grid. The dynamics and distortions in the power grid may occur simultaneously, which increase the complexity of the problem. To address this issue, an enhanced flat window-based P class synchrophasor measurement algorithm (EFW-PSMA) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, an EFW is design based on the least square (LS) approach. Secondly, the EFWs are adopted as the low pass filters (LPFs) in the EFW-PSMA structure to extract the fundamental component. Finally, the frequency and rate of change of frequency (ROCOF) are estimated based on the LS approach. The EFW-PSMA has a simple implementation structure and low computation complexity. Theoretical analysis and simulation results verify the superiority of the method, especially under stressed grid conditions, where several types of disturbances occur simultaneously. The maximum total vector error (TVE) is 0.3% under the most stressed conditions that all the disturbances specified in the benchmark tests specified in the IEC/IEEE 60255-118-1 occur simultaneously. It means that the EFW-PSMA could be used for the protection applications of the synchrophasor measurement algorithm, which is important for PMUs to fast response in the control and protection actions in order to avert a possible collapse or other abnormal conditions.
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Souza, Marcus Vinícius Rodrigues de, Lívia Pinto e. Fróes, Pedro Afonso Cortez, Márcio Weissheimer Lauria, Regina Amélia Lopes de Aguiar, and Kamilla Maria Araújo Brandão Rajão. "Agreement Analysis between Sonographic Estimates and Birth Weight, by the WHO and Intergrowth-21st Tables, in Newborns of Diabetic Mothers." Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia / RBGO Gynecology and Obstetrics 43, no. 01 (January 2021): 020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1719146.
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Abstract Objective To analyze the agreement, in relation to the 90th percentile, of ultrasound measurements of abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW), between the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium for the 21st Century (intergrowth-21st) tables, as well as regarding birth weight in fetuses/newborns of diabetic mothers. Methods Retrospective study with data from medical records of 171 diabetic pregnant women, single pregnancies, followed between January 2017 and June 2018. Abdominal circumference and EFW data at admission (from 22 weeks) and predelivery (up to 3 weeks) were analyzed. These measures were classified in relation to the 90th percentile. The Kappa coefficient was used to analyze the agreement of these ultrasound variables between the WHO and intergrowth-21st tables, as well as, by reference table, these measurements and birth weight. Results The WHO study reported 21.6% large-for-gestational-age (LGA) newborns while the intergrowth-21st reported 32.2%. Both tables had strong concordances in the assessment of initial AC, final AC, and initial EFW (Kappa = 0.66, 0.72 and 0.63, respectively) and almost perfect concordance in relation to final EFW (Kappa = 0.91). Regarding birth weight, the best concordances were found for initial AC (WHO: Kappa = 0.35; intergrowth-21st: Kappa = 0.42) and with the final EFW (WHO: Kappa = 0.33; intergrowth- 21st: Kappa = 0.35). Conclusion The initial AC and final EFW were the parameters of best agreement regarding birth weight classification. The WHO and intergrowth-21st tables showed high agreement in the classification of ultrasound measurements in relation to the 90th percentile. Studies are needed to confirm whether any of these tables are superior in predicting short- and long-term negative outcomes in the LGA group.
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Yovo, Emmanuel, Manfred Accrombessi, Gino Agbota, Alice Hocquette, William Atade, Olaiitan T. Ladikpo, Murielle Mehoba, et al. "Assessing fetal growth in Africa: Application of the international WHO and INTERGROWTH-21st standards in a Beninese pregnancy cohort." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): e0262760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0262760.
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Background Fetal growth restriction is a major complication of pregnancy and is associated with stillbirth, infant death and child morbidity. Ultrasound monitoring of pregnancy is becoming more common in Africa for fetal growth monitoring in clinical care and research, but many countries have no national growth charts. We evaluated the new international fetal growth standards from INTERGROWTH-21st and WHO in a cohort from southern Benin. Methods Repeated ultrasound and clinical data were collected in women from the preconceptional RECIPAL cohort (241 women with singleton pregnancies, 964 ultrasounds). We modelled fetal biometric parameters including abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW) and compared centiles to INTERGROWTH-21st and WHO standards, using the Bland and Altman method to assess agreement. For EFW, we used INTERGROWTH-21st standards based on their EFW formula (IG21st) as well as a recent update using Hadlock’s EFW formula (IG21hl). Proportions of fetuses with measurements under the 10th percentile were compared. Results Maternal malaria and anaemia prevalence was 43% and 69% respectively and 11% of women were primigravid. Overall, the centiles in the RECIPAL cohort were higher than that of INTERGROWTH-21st and closer to that of WHO. Consequently, the proportion of fetuses under 10th percentile thresholds was systematically lower when applying IG21st compared to WHO standards. At 27–31 weeks and 33–38 weeks, respectively, 7.4% and 5.6% of fetuses had EFW <10th percentile using IG21hl standards versus 10.7% and 11.6% using WHO standards. Conclusion Despite high anemia and malaria prevalence in the cohort, IG21st and WHO standards did not identify higher than expected proportions of fetuses under the 10th percentiles of ultrasound parameters or EFW. The proportions of fetuses under the 10th percentile threshold for IG21st charts were particularly low, raising questions about its use to identify growth-restricted fetuses in Africa.
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Parveen, Rafia, Akhteruddin Ahmed, AS Mohiuddin, Shaikh Shofiur Rahman, and Tapesh Kumar Paul. "Correlation Between Amniotic Fluid Index and Estimated Fetal Weight in Third Trimester of Pregnancy." Bangladesh Medical Journal 40, no. 3 (April 23, 2014): 21–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v40i3.18669.
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This study was conducted to find out the correlation between amniotic fluid index (AFI) & estimated fetal weight (EFW) in third trimester of pregnancy. This cross sectional study was carried out on 105 women with normal singleton pregnancies at third trimester. The pregnant women were subdivided into three groups. The AFI & EFW were evaluated according to gestational age groups & fetal sex. Significant positive correlations were found between estimated fetal weight and amniotic fluid index in female fetuses of all three groups. In male fetuses, there was a significant positive correlation between AFI & EFW in group III (38 to 40 weeks), but insignificant correlation in other two groups. No study was conducted previously in Bangladesh to see the relationship between AFI & EFW. This study shows that amniotic fluid volume can be evaluated more precisely during third trimester of pregnancy by taking estimated fetal weight into consideration in third trimester of pregnancy. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmj.v40i3.18669 Bangladesh Medical Journal 2011 Vol.40(3):21-23
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Zare, H., Seid H. Pourtakdoust, and A. Bighashdel. "Analytical structural behaviour of elastic flapping wings under the actuator effect." Aeronautical Journal 122, no. 1254 (July 4, 2018): 1176–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.74.
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ABSTRACTThe effect of inertial forces on the Structural Dynamics (SD) behaviour of Elastic Flapping Wings (EFWs) is investigated. In this regard, an analytical modal-based SD solution of EFW undergoing a prescribed rigid body motion is initially derived. The formulated initial-value problem is solved analytically to study the EFW structural responses, and sensitivity with respect to EFWs’ key parameters. As a case study, a rectangular wing undergoing a prescribed sinusoidal motion is simulated. The analytical solution is derived for the first time and helps towards a conceptual understanding of the overall EFW's SD behaviour and its analysis required in their designs. Specifically, the EFW transient and steady response in on-off servo condition is also attended.
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Bushman, Elisa T., Norris Thompson, Meredith Gray, Robin Steele, Sheri M. Jenkins, Alan T. Tita, and Lorie M. Harper. "Influence of Estimated Fetal Weight on Labor Management." American Journal of Perinatology 37, no. 03 (August 20, 2019): 252–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1695011.
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Abstract Objective Prior studies suggest knowledge of estimated fetal weight (EFW), particularly by ultrasound (US), increases the risk for cesarean delivery. These same studies suggest that concern for macrosomia potentially alters labor management leading to increased rates of cesarean delivery. We aimed to assess if shortened labor management, as a result of suspected macrosomia (≥4,000 g), leads to an increased rate of cesarean delivery. Study Design This is a secondary analysis of a retrospective cohort study at a single tertiary center in 2015 of women with singleton pregnancies ≥36 weeks with documented EFW by US within 3 weeks or physical exam on admission. Women were excluded if an initial cervical exam was ≥6 cm or no attempt was made to labor. In addition, patients were excluded for the diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes, or prior cesarean delivery, as these comorbidities influence the use of US, labor management, and cesarean delivery independent of fetal weight. Patients were classified as EFW of ≥4,000 and <4,000 g. Secondary analysis examined the impact of US within 3 weeks of admission when compared with physical exam at the time of admission. The primary maternal outcomes were duration of labor and cesarean delivery. Duration of labor was evaluated as total time from 4 cm to delivery (with 4-cm dilation being a surrogate marker for active labor), length of time allowed from 4 cm until the first documented cervical change (or delivery), and time in second stage of labor (complete dilation to delivery). Cesarean delivery for arrest of labor was a secondary outcome. Student's t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, chi-squared test, and Fisher's exact test were used for univariate data analysis as appropriate. Results Of 1,506 patients included, 54 (3.5%) had EFW of ≥4,000 g. Women with EFW of ≥4,000 g had a larger body mass index, higher fetal birth weight, were more likely to be undergoing induction of labor, had a more advanced gestational age, and were more likely to have had an US within 3 weeks of delivery. They were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery (29.6 vs. 9.3%, adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3–5.5) despite not having shortened labor times. When analyzing this population by method of obtaining EFW, those with EFW based on US rather than external palpation were more likely to undergo cesarean delivery (13.1 vs. 7.9%, AOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.01–2.12), again without having shortened labor times. Conclusion EFW of ≥4,000 g and use of US to estimate fetal weight do not appear to shorten labor management despite being associated with an increased risk of cesarean delivery.
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Pretscher, Jutta, Eva Schwenke, Friederike Baier, Sven Kehl, Michael Schneider, Florian Stumpfe, Matthias Schmid, et al. "Can Sonographic Fetal Biometry Predict Adverse Perinatal Outcome?" Ultraschall in der Medizin - European Journal of Ultrasound 40, no. 02 (November 5, 2018): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0576-0143.
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Abstract Objective To evaluate the association of sonographic fetal biometry (sonographic head circumference (soHC), sonographic abdominal circumference (soAC), estimated fetal weight (EFW)) with mode of delivery and adverse perinatal outcome. Methods Singleton pregnancies with a gestational age ≥ 37 weeks and an ultrasound examination with complete biometric parameters within 7 days before delivery were retrospectively included. The association between soHC, soAC, EFW and fetal (5-min Apgar < 7, pH < 7.1, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, shoulder dystocia (ShD)) and maternal (obstetric intervention (OI): caesarean or vaginal operative delivery, obstetric anal sphincter injury syndrome (OASIS), postpartum hemorrhage (pph)) adverse outcomes were analyzed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results 12 396 women were included and 3479 (28.07 %) needed an OI. Multivariate analyses demonstrated significant contributions for the prediction of OI by soHC and soAC, whereas EFW did not reach significance. The highest OR was shown for soHC (1087, p < 0.001). ShD occurred in 73 (0.59 %) of the deliveries. Multivariate analyses showed that significant contributions for the prediction of ShD were provided only by soAC (OR 1460, p = 0.007). For the other maternal and neonatal adverse outcome parameters, no significant association with the biometric measurements could be demonstrated in the multivariate analyses. The overall detection rates for the prediction of adverse perinatal outcome by the different biometric parameters and EFW were poor. Conclusion Obstetric management decisions should not be based solely on measurements of biometric parameters or EFW.
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Burgess, Donald, Kiel Ortega, Greg Stumpf, Gabe Garfield, Chris Karstens, Tiffany Meyer, Brandon Smith, et al. "20 May 2013 Moore, Oklahoma, Tornado: Damage Survey and Analysis." Weather and Forecasting 29, no. 5 (October 1, 2014): 1229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-14-00039.1.
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Abstract The tornado that affected Moore, Oklahoma, and the surrounding area on 20 May 2013 was an extreme event. It traveled 23 km and damage was up to 1.7 km wide. The tornado killed 24 people, injured over 200 others, and damaged many structures. A team of surveyors from the Norman, Oklahoma, National Weather Center and two private companies performed a detailed survey (all objects/structures) of the tornado to provide better documentation than is normally done, in part to aid future studies of the event. The team began surveying tornado damage on the morning of 21 May and continued the survey process for the next several weeks. Extensive ground surveys were performed. The surveys were aided by use of high-resolution aerial and satellite imagery. The survey process utilized the enhanced Fujita (EF) scale and was facilitated by use of a National Weather Service (NWS) software package: the Damage Assessment Toolkit (DAT). The survey team defined a “well built” house that qualified for an EF5 rating. Survey results document 4253 objects damaged by the tornado, 4222 of them EF-scale damage indicators (DIs). Of the total DIs, about 50% were associated with EF0 ratings. Excluding EF0 damage, 38% were associated with EF1, 24% with EF2, 21% with EF3, 17% with EF4, and only 0.4% associated with EF5. For the strongest level of damage (EF5), only nine homes were found. Survey results are similar to other documented tornadoes, but the amount of EF1 damage is greater than in other cases. Also discussed is the use of non-DI objects that are damaged and ways in which to improve future surveys.
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Eriksson, A. I., M. André, B. Klecker, H. Laakso, P. A. Lindqvist, F. Mozer, G. Paschmann, et al. "Electric field measurements on Cluster: comparing the double-probe and electron drift techniques." Annales Geophysicae 24, no. 1 (March 7, 2006): 275–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-24-275-2006.
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Abstract. The four Cluster satellites each carry two instruments designed for measuring the electric field: a double-probe instrument (EFW) and an electron drift instrument (EDI). We compare data from the two instruments in a representative sample of plasma regions. The complementary merits and weaknesses of the two techniques are illustrated. EDI operations are confined to regions of magnetic fields above 30 nT and where wave activity and keV electron fluxes are not too high, while EFW can provide data everywhere, and can go far higher in sampling frequency than EDI. On the other hand, the EDI technique is immune to variations in the low energy plasma, while EFW sometimes detects significant nongeophysical electric fields, particularly in regions with drifting plasma, with ion energy (in eV) below the spacecraft potential (in volts). We show that the polar cap is a particularly intricate region for the double-probe technique, where large nongeophysical fields regularly contaminate EFW measurments of the DC electric field. We present a model explaining this in terms of enhanced cold plasma wake effects appearing when the ion flow energy is higher than the thermal energy but below the spacecraft potential multiplied by the ion charge. We suggest that these conditions, which are typical of the polar wind and occur sporadically in other regions containing a significant low energy ion population, cause a large cold plasma wake behind the spacecraft, resulting in spurious electric fields in EFW data. This interpretation is supported by an analysis of the direction of the spurious electric field, and by showing that use of active potential control alleviates the situation.
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Sánchez-Fernández, Mariola, Maria E. Corral, Longinos Aceituno, Marina Mazheika, Nicolás Mendoza, and Juan Mozas-Moreno. "Observer Influence with Other Variables on the Accuracy of Ultrasound Estimation of Fetal Weight at Term." Medicina 57, no. 3 (February 27, 2021): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030216.
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Background and Objectives: The accuracy with which the estimation of fetal weight (EFW) at term is determined is useful in order to address obstetric complications, since it is a parameter that represents an important prognostic factor for perinatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the role of the experienced observers with other variables that could influence the accuracy of the ultrasound used to calculate EFW at term, carried out within a period of seven days prior to delivery, in order to assess interobserver variability. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed including 1144 pregnancies at term. The validity of the ultrasound used to calculate EFW at term was analyzed using simple error, absolute error, percentage error and absolute percentage error, as well as the percentage of predictions with an error less than 10 and 15% in relation to maternal, obstetric and ultrasound variables. Results: Valid predictions with an error less than 10 and 15% were 74.7 and 89.7% respectively, with such precision decreasing according to the observer as well as in extreme fetal weights. The remaining variables were not significant in ultrasound EFW at term. The simple error, absolute error, percentage error and absolute percentage error were greater in cases of extreme fetal weights, with a tendency to overestimate the low weights and underestimate the high weights. Conclusions: The accuracy of EFW with ultrasound carried out within seven days prior to birth is not affected by maternal or obstetric variables, or by the time interval between the ultrasound and delivery. However, accuracy was reduced by the observers and in extreme fetal weights.
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Liu, Na, Wulin Jiang, Linjuan Huang, Yilong Li, Cicheng Zhang, Xiong Xiao, and Yimin Huang. "Evolution of Sustainable Water Resource Utilization in Hunan Province, China." Water 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 2477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14162477.
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The demand for social and economic development has promoted research into water resources. The combined effects of natural conditions and human activities on regional water resource usage are not well understood. The sustainable utilization of water resources was assessed in terms of supply (e.g., precipitation) and demand (e.g., ecological water resources footprint (EFw)) sides in Hunan Province, China, from 2010 to 2019. The results showed that: (1) on the supply side, water resources were increased across Hunan Province. The spatial patterns of total water resources are significantly heterogeneous, with high values in the east and south, which are mainly affected by precipitation; (2) on the demand side, evapotranspiration was great in areas with high vegetation coverage. The EFw was high in relatively developed areas. The mean percentage of agricultural EFw remained dominant at approximately 60% with a steady decreasing trend, while that of eco-environmental EFw increased; and (3) the sustainable utilization of water resources in Hunan Province is generally rational. Moreover, the potential for water resource development and utilization is really significant in eastern and southern Hunan Province. The findings are beneficial in providing an important scientific basis for policymaking relating to the efficient utilization of regional water resources.
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Chenboonthai, Haruthai, and Tsunemi Watanabe. "Organizational and Systemic Policy Capacity of Government Organizations Involved in Energy-From-Waste (EFW) Development in Thailand." Energies 11, no. 10 (September 20, 2018): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102501.
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This article studies the challenges of Thai energy-from-waste (EFW) development from an institutional perspective. Policy capacity, described as conditions for effective policy development and implementation, of the main government organizations involved in EFW development under the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) 2015 is examined. Adopting the variables used under the institutional analytical and development (IAD) approach, we modified the analytical framework for policy capacity by categorizing factors contributing to policy capacity into elements (skills, resources, and process) that affect the decisions and actions of actors of government organizations. Then, the results from the in-depth interview were interpreted through a modified analytical framework to examine policy capacity at the organizational and systemic level of government organizations involved in EFW development. We believe that a modified analytical framework for policy capacity is compatible with the IAD approach and can facilitate the utilization of policy capacity for further analysis under the IAD approach. Moreover, the modified framework can encourage a better understanding of current policy capacity and its impacts on other organizations, since an organization values its own policy capacity and others’ policy capacity differently. Consequently, this understanding can benefit the improvement of cooperation among Thai government organizations involved in EFW development.
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D'Antonio, Francesco, Asma Khalil, Maddalena Morlando, and Basky Thilaganathan. "Accuracy of Predicting Fetal Loss in Twin Pregnancies Using Gestational Age-Dependent Weight Discordance Cut-Offs: Analysis of the STORK Multiple Pregnancy Cohort." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 38, no. 1 (2015): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000369326.
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Objectives: A third-trimester fetal weight discordance of 25% has been proposed as an independent predictor of fetal loss in twin pregnancies. As fetal weight gain at this stage of pregnancy increases exponentially, it is not entirely certain whether a single cut-off for inter-twin weight discordance is appropriate. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a single weight discordance cut-off can be used or whether different cut-offs should be adopted according to the gestational age at assessment. Methods: This was a retrospective study of all twin pregnancies of known chorionicity from a large regional cohort over a 10-year period. Receiver operating characteristic curve and logistic regression analyses were used to explore the relation between estimated fetal weight (EFW) discordance detected within 4 weeks from the occurrence of the outcome and single fetal loss at different gestational age windows. Results: 957 twin pregnancies (173 monochorionic and 784 dichorionic) were included in the analysis. EFW discordance was independently associated with the occurrence of single fetal loss in twin pregnancies in each gestational age window. Ultrasound EFW discordance had an area under the curve of 0.77 (95% CI: 0.67-0.87) for the prediction of single fetal loss in the third trimester of pregnancy, with an optimal cut-off of around 25% (23.2%). The optimal cut-offs of EFW discordance for the prediction of single fetal loss were different in each gestational age window. Conclusion: The accuracy of EFW discordance in predicting single fetal loss in twin pregnancies varies during the third trimester of pregnancy. The degree of fetal weight discordance associated with fetal loss decreases during the third trimester, suggesting that the weight discordance threshold for intervention should vary according to gestational age.
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Ellam, Simon. "Helping the UK EfW industry succeed." Renewable Energy Focus 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1755-0084(10)70030-2.
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Jin, Danyao, Janet Wilson Rich-Edwards, Chunyi Chen, Yue Huang, Yinping Wang, Xiangrong Xu, Jue Liu, et al. "Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Predictive Value of Fetal Growth Measurements by Ultrasonography at 22–24 Weeks: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Medical Records." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 3645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123645.
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Early intervention of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is effective in reducing pregnancy disorders. Fetal growth, measured by routine ultrasound scan a few weeks earlier before GDM diagnosis, might be useful to identify women at high risk of GDM. In the study, generalized estimating equations were applied to examine the associations between ultrasonic indicators of abnormal fetal growth at 22–24 weeks and the risk of subsequent GDM diagnosis. Of 44,179 deliveries, 8324 (18.8%) were diagnosed with GDM between 24 and 28 weeks. At 22–24 weeks, fetal head circumference (HC) < 10th, fetal femur length (FL) < 10th, and estimated fetal weight (EFW) < 10th percentile were associated with 13% to 17% increased risks of maternal GDM diagnosis. Small fetal size appeared to be especially predictive of GDM among women who were parous. Fetal growth in the highest decile of abdominal circumference (AC), HC, FL and EFW was not associated with risk of subsequent GDM. The observed mean difference in fetal size across gestation by GDM was small; there was less than 1 mm difference for AC, HC, and FL, and less than 5 g for EFW before 24 weeks. Despite similar mean fetal growth among women who were and were not later diagnosed with GDM, mothers with fetuses in the lowest decile of HC, FL and EFW at 22–24 weeks tended to have higher risk of GDM.
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Blickstein, I., R. Namir, A. Weissman, and Y. Diamant. "The Influence of Birth Order and Presentation on Intrauterine Growth of Twins." Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae: twin research 42, no. 2 (April 1993): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000156600000204x.
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AbstractIn order to evaluate the influence of birth order and fetal presentation on antenatal growth of twins we conducted a comparison of prospective measurements of five fetal biometric indices in 50 vertex-vertex and 47 vertex-breech twins. We compared (a) twin A to twin B in both groups; (b) the second and (c) the first twins of both groups. Both groups had similar maternal and neonatal characteristics. The growth curves of the twins were also very similar except for three significant (p<0.05) deviations: (a) Twin A of the vertex-vertex group, had larger femur length (FL) at 18-19 weeks, abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 29 weeks, and EFW measurements at 36 weeks, (b) Second breech twins, compared to their second vertex cohorts, had significantly smaller biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and FL at 18-19 weeks, BPD and HC at 29 weeks, and EFW at 37 weeks, (c) First twins of the vertex-breech group, as compared to first twins of the vertex-vertex group, had significantly smaller BPD and AC at 18-19 weeks, FL and AC at 21-22 and 29 weeks, FL at 31 weeks, and EFW at 27-28 and 36 weeks' gestation. We concluded that significantly different sonographic fetal indices may be measured at about 20 and 30 weeks' gestation, but not later. An adaptive mechanism attributed to fetal presentation is suggested to explain similar birthweights in spite of these antepartum differences.
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Triunfo, Stefania, Miguel Parra-Saavedra, Victor Rodriguez-Sureda, Francesca Crovetto, Carmen Dominguez, Eduard Gratacós, and Francesc Figueras. "Angiogenic Factors and Doppler Evaluation in Normally Growing Fetuses at Routine Third-Trimester Scan: Prediction of Subsequent Low Birth Weight." Fetal Diagnosis and Therapy 40, no. 1 (October 1, 2015): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000440650.
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Objective: To evaluate in normally growing fetuses at routine 32-36 weeks scan the performance of maternal angiogenic factors, Doppler and ultrasound indices in predicting smallness for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Methods: A cohort of 1,000 singleton pregnancies with normal estimated fetal weight (EFW, ≥10th centile) at 32-36 weeks scan was included. At inclusion, Doppler indices (mean uterine artery pulsatility index [mUtA-PI], cerebroplacental ratio and normalized umbilical vein blood flow by EFW (ml/min/kg) were evaluated, and blood samples were collected and frozen. Nested in this cohort, maternal circulating placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFlt-1) were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in all cases with a birth weight <10th centile by customized standards and in an equivalent number of controls (birth weight ≥10th centile). Results: 160 cases were included (80 SGA and 80 controls). EFW (2,128 vs. 2,279 g, p < 0.001), mUtA-PI z-values (-0.25 vs. -0.65, p = 0.034) and sFlt-1/PlGF ratio (11.10 vs. 6.74, p < 0.005) were lower in SGA. The combination of sFlt-1/PlGF ratio and EFW resulted in a 66.3% detection rate for subsequent SGA, with 20% of false-positives. Fetal Doppler indices were not predictive of SGA. Conclusions: In normally growing fetuses, maternal angiogenic factors add to ultrasound parameters in predicting subsequent SGA at birth. This supports further research to investigate composite scores in order to improve the definition and identification of fetal growth restriction.
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Joshi, Birendra Raj. "Fetal weight nomogram for Nepalese population." Nepalese Journal of Radiology 6, no. 1-2 (February 17, 2018): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njr.v6i1-2.19206.
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Introduction: Determination of fetal weight is important in all pregnancies. Accurate antenatal assessment of the fetal weight is essential for deciding the plan of management that will minimize the perinatal morbidity and mortality rate.Methods: This prospective longitudinal study was based on 221 low-risk pregnancies. Gestational age was computed from last menstrual period (LMP). Biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femoral length (FL) were measured using ultrasound and Estimated fetal weight (EFW) was calculated.Results: Intrauterine growth expressed by EFW showed a continuous pattern until term. Conclusion: The presented growth chart is recommended as robust reference ranges for assessing growth.
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Feng, Wenjun. "Diagnostic Value of Prenatal Ultrasound Parameters and Esophageal Signs in Pouch and Lower Thoracic Segment in Fetuses with Esophageal Atresia." Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine 2021 (December 22, 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8107461.
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In order to investigate the diagnostic value of prenatal ultrasound parameters and signs of pouch and lower thoracic esophagus in the fetus with esophageal atresia (EA), the prenatal ultrasound data of 35 EA fetuses (observation group) confirmed by autopsy after induced labor or postnatal surgery and imaging examination in our hospital from May 2019 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed and compared with 35 normal postnatal fetuses (control group). General information and prenatal ultrasound parameters of the two groups, including head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), double parietal diameter (BPD), fetal body weight (EFW), and signs (small or unmanifested gastric vesicles, amniotic fluid, neck or upper chest pouch, lower chest esophagus not visible), were analyzed using logistic regression. The logistic multifactor regression model for EA diagnosis was established, and the diagnostic value for EA was analyzed. As a result, the HC, AC, and EFW of the observation group were lower than those of the control group, the gastric bubbles were small or not displayed, the amniotic fluid was more, and the signs of neck or upper chest pouch and lower chest esophagus were not visible in the observation group ( P < 0.05 ). Logistic regression analysis showed that decreased ultrasound parameters HC, AC, EFW, small or no gastric bubble, amniotic fluid, neck or upper chest pouch, and no visible signs of lower chest esophagus were all risk factors for EA ( P < 0.05 ). And in the prenatal ultrasound diagnostic model of EA was established, logistic P = − 19.851 + HC × 0.384 + AC × 0.682 + EFW × 0.695 + small or no gastric vesicle × 3.747 + amniotic fluid × 3.607 + cervical or upper chest sac × 4.104 + invisible lower thoracic esophagus × 4.623 .When logistic P > 0.468 , AUC was 0.891, χ 2 was 7.764, diagnostic sensitivity was 91.24%, and specificity was 79.22%. To draw a conclusion, prenatal ultrasound parameters and signs are of great value in the diagnosis of EA. Independent influencing factors of EA include small or no HC, AC, EFW and gastric vesicles, polyhydramnios, neck or upper chest pouch, and invisible lower thoracic esophagus. Logistic multifactor regression model has a high coincidence rate for the prenatal diagnosis of EA, providing a basis for clinical decision-making.
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Adeyekun, Ademola A., and Gbolahan G. Awosanya. "Relationship Between Amniotic Fluid Index and Ultrasound Estimated Fetal Weight in Healthy Pregnant African Women." Journal of Clinical Imaging Science 3 (January 30, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2156-7514.106614.
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Introduction: Fetal weight (FW) estimation in late pregnancy is an important guide in obstetric care. Amniotic fluid protects the fetus against traumatic and infective insults. There possibly exists a relationship between FW and amniotic fluid index (AFI) that can be estimated by ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fifty-eight low-risk pregnancies were prospectively studied by means of ultrasound over a 12-month period. FW was estimated using a combination of fetal parameters; bi-parietal diameter, fetal trunk cross sectional area, and femur length. AFI was assessed using the 4-quadrant method. Spearman's correlation was used to test possible relationship between amniotic fluid indices and estimated FW pairs. The level of statistical significance was set at P ≤ 0.05. Results: The mean AF1 and estimated fetal weight (EFW) pairs were as follows: at 27-29 weeks the values were 172.1 mm and 1,250.2 g; at 30-32 weeks AF1 and EFW values were 170.3 mm and 1,648.0 g; at 33-35 weeks values were 162.3 mm and 2,273.5 g; at 36-38 weeks values were 144.09 mm and 2,906.1 g; at 39-40 weeks AF1 and EFW values were 125.0 mm and 3,222.6 g. Overall, there was no statistically significant relationship between AFI and EFW (P > 0.05; r = 0.241). Conclusion: While FW calculations and amniotic index showed variations in value in late pregnancy, there does not appear to be a linear relationship between ultrasound estimate of FW and amniotic index. The implication of this is that fetal size need not be taken into cognizance when alterations in amniotic fluid values are noted.
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Ausloos, Marcel, and Philippe Bronlet. "Economic Freedom: The Top, the Bottom, and the Reality. I. 1997–2007." Entropy 24, no. 1 (December 25, 2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24010038.
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We recall the historically admitted prerequisites of Economic Freedom (EF). We have examined 908 data points for the Economic Freedom of the World (EFW) index and 1884 points for the Index of Economic Freedom (IEF); the studied periods are 2000–2006 and 1997–2007, respectively, thereby following the Berlin wall collapse, and including 11 September 2001. After discussing EFW index and IEF, in order to compare the indices, one needs to study their overlap in time and space. That leaves 138 countries to be examined over a period extending from 2000 to 2006, thus 2 sets of 862 data points. The data analysis pertains to the rank-size law technique. It is examined whether the distributions obey an exponential or a power law. A correlation with the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), an admittedly major determinant of EF, follows, distinguishing regional aspects, i.e., defining 6 continents. Semi-log plots show that the EFW-rank relationship is exponential for countries of high rank (≥20); overall the log–log plots point to a behaviour close to a power law. In contrast, for the IEF, the overall ranking has an exponential behaviour; but the log–log plots point to the existence of a transitional point between two different power laws, i.e., near rank 10. Moreover, log–log plots of the EFW index relationship to country GDP are characterised by a power law, with a rather stable exponent (γ≃0.674) as a function of time. In contrast, log–log plots of the IEF relationship with the country’s gross domestic product point to a downward evolutive power law as a function of time. Markedly the two studied indices provide different aspects of EF.
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Eroglu, Hasan, Gokcen Orgul, Emine Avcı, Orhan Altınboga, Gokhan Karakoc, and Aykan Yucel. "Comparison of automated vs. manual measurement to estimate fetal weight in isolated polyhydramnios." Journal of Perinatal Medicine 47, no. 6 (August 27, 2019): 592–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2019-0083.
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Abstract Objective To understand the impact of the measurement method to predict actual birthweight in pregnancies complicated with isolated polyhydramnios in the third trimester. Methods A prospective study was conducted with 60 pregnant women between the 37th and 40th weeks of gestation. Routine biometric measurements were obtained by two-dimensional (2D) ultrasonography. When a satisfactory image was obtained, the image was frozen to get two measurements. First, calipers were placed to get the manual measurement. Then automated measurement was captured by the ultrasonography machine in the same image. The fetal weight was estimated by using the Hadlock II formula. Results The mean difference was found to be 0.03, −0.77, −0.02 and 0.17 for biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC) and femur length (FL), respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient between automated and manual estimated fetal weights (EFWs) and the actual birthweight was 0.919 and 0.796, respectively. The mean difference between actual and manual EFW measurement values was 46.16 ± 363.81 g (range between −745 g and 685 g) (P = 0.330). Also, the mean difference between actual and automated EFW measurement values was found to be 31.98 ± 218.65 g (range between −378 g and 742 g) (P = 0.262). The Bland-Altman test results have shown that, 666 g lower or 759 g higher values were obtained when the measurement was performed manually. On the other hand, EFW results were 396 g lower or 460 g higher than the actual birthweight with automated measurement tools. Conclusion The accuracy rate of fetal weight estimation with ultrasonography is high for both automated and manual measurements. Automated tools have a higher success to predict the EFW.
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Weschenfelder, Friederike, Nadin Baum, Thomas Lehmann, Ekkehard Schleußner, and Tanja Groten. "The Relevance of Fetal Abdominal Subcutaneous Tissue Recording in Predicting Perinatal Outcome of GDM Pregnancies: A Retrospective Study." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2020): 3375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9103375.
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Guidelines on the management of gestational diabetes (GDM) instruct physicians to involve ultrasound-based monitoring of fetal growth in addition to blood glucose. So far, glucose control besides clinical parameters like maternal body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain have been shown to predict neonatal outcome. We aimed to evaluate the discriminative ability of fetal abdominal subcutaneous tissue (FAST) in addition to standard ultrasound parameters like abdominal circumference (AC) and estimated fetal weight (EFW) for perinatal complications like large for gestational age (LGA), hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, mode of delivery and admission to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Ultrasound data and neonatal outcome was collected of 805 GDM cases from 2012 to 2016: 3205 FAST, 3195 AC-measurements and 3190 EFW calculations were included. AC, EFW and FAST increased linear with gestational age. Combining ultrasound and clinical parameters improved predictive power for LGA. In the subgroup where fetuses grow with an AC > 75th additional adding of FAST to standard ultrasound parameters increased predictive power for hypoglycemia. Our results confirm inclusion of ultrasound parameters to be beneficial in monitoring GDM pregnancies. Additional FAST determination revealed to be of potential clinical relevance in the subgroup AC > 75th percentile.
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Yunita, Astrid, and Tyas Priyatini. "Stress urinary incontinence in relation to pelvic floor muscle strength and associated factors in the third trimester of pregnancy: A cross-sectional study." F1000Research 8 (September 24, 2019): 1684. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.20220.1.
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Background: Many predictors of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) during pregnancy have been investigated. However, no studies have specifically identified a cutoff for pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength and associated factors that could predict SUI during pregnancy. The aim of this study was to identify the cutoff between PFM strength and SUI, late in the third trimester of pregnancy and associated factors in Indonesian women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 142 women with a pregnancy of 36–40 weeks of gestational age at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic of Tebet Subdistrict Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. The data were collected through a medical interview, Questionnaire for Urinary Incontinence Diagnosis, physical examination, perineometer, and cough test. Results: SUI was identified in 54.2% of the 142 women. PFM strength 25.5 cmH2O and estimated fetal weight (EFW) ³3,100 g were the factors with the greatest influence on SUI (odds ratio (OR) = 2.52, p = 0.021, and OR = 3.34, p = 0.001, respectively). For women with PFM strength £25.5 cmH2O and EFW ³3,100 g, the prediction for SUI was ~75.39%. Conclusion: Weakening of the PFMs and EFW influence SUI. The cutoff values identified for both variables may be helpful for predicting SUI late in pregnancy.
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Caliseo, Caio Tosato, Stênio Roberto Castro Lima Santos, Climério Pereira do Nascimento Jr, Sérgio Samir Arap, Lenine Garcia Brandão, and Fábio Luiz de Menezes Montenegro. "Resultados funcionais do auto-implante de paratireóides em loja única no tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo secundário." Revista do Colégio Brasileiro de Cirurgiões 38, no. 2 (April 2011): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-69912011000200003.
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OBJETIVO: Avaliar o funcionamento e tempo cirúrgico do auto-implante de paratireóide em loja única comparando-o ao implante realizado em cinco e vinte lojas. MÉTODOS: Pacientes submetidos à parotidectomia total com auto implante (Ptx-AI) por hiperparatireoidismo secundário e terciário foram avaliados em grupos de implantes em 20 lojas (A), cinco lojas (B) e loja única (C), em relação ao Estado Funcional (EF) do implante e ao tempo cirúrgico deste. Foram determinados quatro Estados Funcionais de acordo com o nível sistêmico de PTH: 1-abaixo do normal; 2-normal; 3- elevado não mais que três vezes; 4- elevado mais que três vezes. RESULTADOS: Foram submetidos a Ptx-AI 349 pacientes, por hiperparatireoidismo renal, entre 1994 a 2009. Para o estudo funcional foram elegíveis 101 pacientes com as seguintes observações: grupo A (n=30) - EF1 16,6%, EF2 50%, EF3 23,3% e EF4 10%; grupo B (n=41) - EF1 14,6%, EF2 58,5%, EF3 22% e EF4 4,9%; Grupo C (n=30) - EF1 17%, EF2 57%, EF3 20% e EF4 6% (p=0,9, x²). Porém no grupo C, o tempo cirúrgico médio do implante foi estatisticamente mais rápida (7,9 minutos) em relação à média em cinco lojas (18,6 minutos) e 20 lojas (44 minutos), em 66 pacientes avaliados (p<0,0001, ANOVA). CONCLUSÃO: O auto-implante em loja única diminui o tempo cirúrgico sem alterar a funcionalidade do mesmo.
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Paulikas, Marius J., Thomas W. Schmidlin, and Timothy P. Marshall. "The Stability of Passenger Vehicles at Tornado Wind Intensities of the (Enhanced) Fujita Scale." Weather, Climate, and Society 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-15-0051.1.
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Abstract Two independent datasets (total n = 959) of tornado-stricken passenger vehicles collected from 12 tornado events over a 15-yr time span are combined and tested to determine whether vehicle movement and/or upset are consistent at various wind speed intensities. Impacted vehicles are classified into three categories of upset motions (no movement, lateral shifting, rolling and lofting motions) for each wind intensity category of the Fujita and Enhanced Fujita scales. Vehicles observed by Schmidlin exposed to F1 and F2 winds are statistically assessed to determine if upset distribution values are consistent with those assessed by Marshall at these respective wind speeds; this same approach is subsequently conducted for vehicles at F3/EF3 and F4/EF4 winds. No statistical differences are found between the two sets of field survey data, which are therefore considered to be of the same population. Passenger vehicles are currently not utilized as damage indicators for rating tornado wind intensities, although the results of this study suggest that only 10% of vehicles are typically shifted at EF0 wind speeds, 36% are displaced at EF1 and EF2 winds (5% are rolled or lofted), 63% are displaced at EF3 and EF4 winds (15% are rolled and lofted), and all vehicles exhibit some form of movement or upset at the EF5 wind speed. The results of this study may potentially serve as a basis for providing better tornado safety protocols, designing safer vehicles and infrastructure, and estimating tornado wind speeds where few EF-scale damage indicators are available.
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van Zundert, Sofie, Simone van der Padt, Sten Willemsen, Melek Rousian, Mina Mirzaian, Ron van Schaik, Régine Steegers-Theunissen, and Lenie van Rossem. "Periconceptional Maternal Protein Intake from Animal and Plant Sources and the Impact on Early and Late Prenatal Growth and Birthweight: The Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort." Nutrients 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 5309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14245309.
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Plant-based diets continue to rise in popularity, including among women of reproductive age, while consequences for pregnancy outcomes have hardly been studied. During pregnancy, maternal diet is the only source of proteins for the developing fetus. Hence, we investigated the effects of periconceptional maternal animal and plant protein intake on prenatal growth and birthweight. 501 pregnancies were included from the prospective Rotterdam Periconceptional Cohort. Embryonic growth was depicted by crown-rump length (CRL) and embryonic volume (EV) at 7, 9 and 11 weeks using 3D ultrasound scans. Estimated fetal weight (EFW) at 20 weeks and birthweight were retrieved from medical records and standardized. Multivariable mixed models were used for CRL and EV trajectories, and linear regression for EFW and birthweight. A 10 g/day higher maternal animal protein intake was positively associated with increased embryonic growth (CRL: β = 0.023 √mm, p = 0.052; EV: β = 0.015 ∛cm, p = 0.012). A positive association, albeit non-significant, was found between maternal animal protein intake and EFW, and birthweight. No clear associations emerged between maternal plant protein intake and prenatal growth and birthweight, with effect estimates close to zero. In conclusion, maternal animal protein intake during the periconception period was positively associated with early and late prenatal growth and birthweight, while no associations were found between maternal plant protein intake and prenatal growth and birthweight.
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Konwar, Ranjumoni, Bharati Basumatary, Malamoni Dutta, and Putul Mahanta. "Accuracy of Fetal Weight Estimation by Ultrasonographic Evaluation in a Northeastern Region of India." International Journal of Biomaterials 2021 (December 20, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9090338.
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Background and Objectives. Fetal weight evaluation in utero is a significant component in obstetric practices. The present study aims to estimate the fetal weight (EFW) by evaluating two available formulas using ultrasound parameters and comparing them with actual birth weight (ABW) after delivery. The accuracy and efficacy of both EFW formulas in detecting intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and macrosomia were also compared in our local sample of the population. Methods. The cross-sectional study included 100 pregnant women aged 20–45 years from the Kamrup district admitted to Guwahati Medical College and Hospital, Guwahati, Assam. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and SPSS version 16. The EFW at term was calculated using Shepard’s formula and Hadlock’s formula. Differences in means are compared using the one-way ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test and paired t-test. The accuracy of the two procedures was evaluated using mean absolute error (MAE) and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). A p value<0.05 was considered significant. Results. The present study included 100 pregnant women aged 21–38 years with term or postterm pregnancies subjected to ultrasonographic evaluation within 72 hours of delivery. The mean (±s.d.) EFW by Shepard’s formula was 2716.05 (±332.38) g and Hadlock’s formula was 2740.44 (±353.23) g, respectively. For Hadlock’s formula, MAE ± s.d. was found to be higher (overall 84.59 ± 76.54) specifically in the weight category less than 2500 (106.42 ± 88.11) as compared to Shepard’s (overall MAE ± s.d = 79.86 ± 64.78, and among ABW < 2500 g, MAE ± s.d = 65.04 ± 61.02). The overall MAPE of Hadlock’s formula was 3.14% and that for Shepard’s formula was 2.91%, and the difference was not statistically significant. Both Shepard’s formula and Hadlock’s formula had a sensitivity of 92.85% in detecting IUGR, but Hadlock’s method had higher specificity (66%), higher PPV (86.67%), and higher NPV (80%). Conclusion. The ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal weight helps predict fetal birth weight precisely and can influence obstetric management decisions concerning timing and route of delivery, thus reducing perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Seol, Hyun-Joo, Ho Yeon Kim, Geum-Joon Cho, and Min-Jeong Oh. "Hourly fetal urine production rate in isolated oligohydramnios at term." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 21, 2021): e0250659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250659.
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Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the hourly fetal urine production rate (HFUPR) via three-dimensional ultrasonography in women with isolated oligohydramnios and compare with normal pregnant women at term. Materials and methods This was a prospective observational cohort study of 112 women from 34 to 40 6/7 weeks’ gestation. They were classified into three groups according to the amniotic fluid index (AFI) and ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW) as isolated oligohydramnios (defined as AFI below 5% and appropriate EFW corresponding to gestational age) (n = 34) and IUGR (defined as EFW below 5% corresponding to gestational age irrespective amniotic fluid) (n = 17), and normal pregnancy (n = 61). HFUPR was measured using three-dimensional virtual organ computer-aided analysis. Adverse perinatal outcomes in all participants were examined. Results There was no significant difference in HFUPR between patients with isolated oligohydramnios and women with normal pregnancies (median, 40.0 mL/h [interquartile range [IQR] 31.0–66.5] vs. 48.6 [31.5–81.2], p = 0.224). HFUPR was significantly decreased in the IUGR group (13.8 mL/h [IQR 10.1–24.8]), compared to the normal pregnancy group (p<0.001) and the isolated oligohydramnios group (p<0.001). HFUPR was significantly decreased in neonates with adverse perinatal outcomes compared to the control (24.7 mL/h [IQR 13.4–47.4] vs. 43.6 [29.8–79.0], p = 0.016). Conclusion HFUPR was not decreased in patients with isolated oligohydramnios but was decreased in patients with IUGR when compared to normal controls at term.
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Zhu, Feng, Chong Cao, Lidong Cao, Fengmin Li, Fengpei Du, and Qiliang Huang. "Wetting Behavior and Maximum Retention of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions on Tea Leaves." Molecules 24, no. 11 (June 1, 2019): 2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24112094.
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In this research, the maximum retention and wetting behavior of surfactant solutions (N-200, N-300, Tween-80, Morwet EFW, DTAB, SDS) on the surfaces of tea leaves was investigated based on surface free energy, surface tension, the contact angle, adhesion work, and adhesion force. The results showed that the contact angles of all surfactant solutions were kept constant with low adsorption at the tea leaf–liquid interfaces below 0.005%. With an increase in concentration, the contact angle of Tween-80 decreased sharply because the adsorption of molecules at the solid–liquid interfaces (ΓSL’) was several times greater than that at the liquid–air interfaces (ΓLV). Adhesion work decreased sharply and then reached a minimum at the critical micelle concentration (CMC), but then increased until reaching a constant. Moreover, a high adhesion force did not indicate better wettability, as it does with rose petals and peanut leaves. For tea leaf surfaces, an increase in the contact angle brought about an increase in the adhesion force. In addition, the maximum retention for Morwet EFW is at different concentrations compared to N-200, N-300, Tween-80, DTAB, and SDS, where the maximum retention of Morwet EFW on tea leaves was 6.05 mg/cm2 at 0.005%.According to the mechanisms of wetting behavior on plant surfaces, a recipe for pesticide formulation can be adjusted with better wettability to reduce loss, improve utilization efficiency, and alleviate adverse effects on the environment.
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Efanga, Samuel Archibong, and Akintunde Olusijibomi Akintomide. "Comparative sonographic evaluation of placental thickness in pregnancy-induced hypertension and normotensive pregnant women in the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria." Calabar Journal of Health Sciences 4 (August 24, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/cjhs_13_2020.
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Objectives: The human placenta is the nourishing reservoir for the sustenance of the fetus and synthesizes a growth-stimulating hormone to enhance proper growth and maturation. The size or thickness of the placenta enlarges as the pregnancy progresses in age to attain a favorable state which can cope with the increasing fetal demands. Placental thickness (PT) is a reflector of fetal well-being, and it is related to fetal weight making it necessary to assess the influence of pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH), a common pathology in pregnancy, on the placental size or thickness. The main objective of this research is to compare and evaluate the PT and fetal weight in PIH and normotensive pregnant women. Material and Methods: The study was a prospective cross-sectional case-controlled study done in the Radiology Department of the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital. During a 12 months study period, 200 singleton pregnant women (consisting of 100 pregnancy-induced hypertensives and 100 normotensive pregnant women) of between 20 and 40 weeks of gestation were enrolled in this study. The two groups were gestational age-matched. The PT was measured trans-abdominally using an ultrasound scan. Pearson’s correlation analysis was used to establish the degree of relationship between PT and other fetal anthropometric and maternal parameters. Results: PT was significantly lower in pregnancy-induced hypertensives than in the controls (28.95 ± 5.71 mm vs. 32.31 ± 5.47 mm, P = 0.000). There was a significant negative correlation between the PT and the degree of proteinuria (P = 0.011). Conversely, a significant positive correlation existed between PT and estimated gestational age (P = 0.000) and also estimated fetal weight (EFW) (P = 0.000), in both groups. This same relationship was observed between the body mass index and PT (P = 0.007) as well as the EFW (P = 0.002) in the control group. The mean EFW in pregnancy-induced hypertensives (2.23 ± 1.07 kg) was higher than in the controls (2.13 ± 1.03 kg), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.505). Conclusion: There was a reduction in the PT in PIH, which may be due to the appearance of proteinuria when the blood pressure was elevated. However, we did not observe the expected reduction in the EFW due to a reduction in PT, which usually results from proteinuria.
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Wang, Yao, Ai Zhang, Tineck Stock, Enrico Lopriore, Dick Oepkes, and Qiuzhen Wang. "The accuracy of prenatal diagnosis of selective fetal growth restriction with second trimester Doppler ultrasound in monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 9, 2021): e0255897. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255897.
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Background Selective fetal restriction growth (sFGR) is one of the common diseases of monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies, resulting in many adverse outcomes. At present, second trimester ultrasonography is widely used in the prenatal diagnosis of sFGR, but the diagnostic effectiveness is still uncertain. The aim of this study is to assess the diagnostic accuracy of second trimester Doppler ultrasound measurements for sFGR. Methods A retrospective study included 280 pregnant women (118 with and 162 without sFGR) with MCDA pregnancies was conducted in the fetal medicine center from Leiden University Medical Center from January 2008 to December 2013. The women participating had already undergone an ultrasound examination in the second trimester. The postnatal criteria of sFGR was a single birth weight (BW) < 3 rd percentile in a twin, or birth weight discordance (BWD)≥25% between two twins, while the BW of the smaller twin < 10th percentile. Early prenatal diagnosis of sFGR was defined as a single EFW < 3 rd percentile in a twin, or at least 2 of the following 4 parameters must be met (fetal weight of one fetus < 10th percentile, AC of one fetus <10th percentile, EFW discordance≥25%, UA pulsatility index (PI) of the smaller fetus > 95th percentile). According to the diagnosis of sFGR after birth, we evaluate diagnostic effectiveness of Doppler ultrasound in the second trimester for sFGR. Results Of these 280 participants, the mean age was 32.06 ± 4.76 years. About 43.9% of pregnant women were primiparas. The ability of second trimester Doppler ultrasound to accurately diagnosed sFGR is 75.4%, missed diagnosis rate and the misdiagnosis rate were 24.6% and 10.5% respectively. The ROC curve indicated that the combination of AC discordance, EFW discordance, and small fetal UA blood flow was the best diagnostic indicator of sFGR in MCDA pregnancy with the AUC was 0.882 (95%CI, 0.839–0.926). Conclusions Second trimester Doppler and ultrasound measurements is an effective method for early prenatal diagnosis of sFGR. The combined indicator of AC discordance, EFW discordance, and the small fetal UA blood flow reaches highest diagnostic value.
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Jinadu, Faosat O., Adedolapo O. Nelson-Paseda, Tawaqualit A Ottun, and Ayokunle M. Olumodeji. "Placenta thickness: A sonographic index for foetal gestational age estimation." Indian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Research 8, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijogr.2021.045.
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A healthy placenta is crucial for foetal well-being, growth and development and neonatal survival. Foetal sonographic biometric parameters are crucial in obstetric decision making. This study correlated placenta thickness with foetal biometry in the estimation of gestational age (EGA) and estimated foetal weight (EFW). This was a prospective cross-sectional study in which 400 healthy pregnant women at gestational ages of 13 to 37 weeks, who attended antenatal clinic at the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, were consecutively recruited. Obstetric ultrasound (USS) was performed to assess placenta thickness (PT), USS EGA and EFW in each study participant. Correlation of these parameters was done using Pearson’s correlation. A regression equation used to assess the relationship between PT and EGA was determined using linear regression analysis at confidence interval of 95% and p-value<0.05. The mean age of the women studied was 30.8±4.8 years. The mean PT ranged from 14.50±0.71 mm at 14 weeks to 36.58±1.54 mm at 37 weeks (wks). There was strong positive correlation between PT and USS EGA (r=0.968, p=0.000). A significant positive correlation was also noted between PT and EFW (r=0.900, p=0.000). There was no correlation between PT and maternal characteristics such as parity(r=-0.015, p=0.772) or maternal age(r=0.018, p=0.720). Ultrasound determined placenta thickness correlated linearly and positively with estimated gestational age and foetal weight. A regression equation of estimated PT was derived as follows; PT(mm) = 1.011 EGA (wks) – 0.663. Ultrasound determined placenta thickness correlates linearly and positively with estimated gestational age and foetal weight.