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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Egg incubation

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Academic literature on the topic 'Egg incubation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Egg incubation"

1

Ackerman, Ralph A., David, Tracy Barker, Geoff Birchard, Donal M. Boyer, Michael Gamer, Stephen Hammack, Bruce Shwedick, and Robert Nathan. "Egg Incubation." Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery 12, no. 1 (January 2002): 7–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5818/1529-9651.12.1.7.

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Glenn, Donald W., and Terrence R. Tiersch. "An Alternative Egg-Incubation Jar." Progressive Fish-Culturist 59, no. 3 (July 1997): 253–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1997)059<0253:aaeij>2.3.co;2.

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3

Karjalainen, Anna K., Hanna E. Arola, Jukka T. Syrjänen, and Juha Karjalainen. "Water quality assessment by in situ whitefish egg incubation." Advances in Limnology 66 (December 15, 2021): 261–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/adv_limnol/2021/0078.

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4

HULET, R. M., V. L. CHRISTENSEN, and L. G. BAGLEY. "Controlled Egg Weight Loss During Incubation of Turkey Eggs." Poultry Science 66, no. 3 (March 1987): 428–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0660428.

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Soeb, Md Janibul Alam, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Shamima Shammi, Minhaj Uddin, and Rukon Ahmed Eimon. "Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost Incubator to Evaluate Hatching Performance of Egg." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 3, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2021.6.7.2662.

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In this study, a poultry egg incubator was designed, fabricated, and tested to evaluate its hatching performance. The incubator consists of a microcontroller with egg turner trays and incubating chamber of 116 nos. of egg capacity. The hatchability of the developed incubator was 79.3% and 87.1% hatchability during manual and automatic trials respectively. The temperature in the developed incubator was within the acceptable incubation temperature ranges from 37.6 °C to 38.6 °C. The average relative humidity in the developed incubator was maintained at 63.6% at manual and 55-65% at automatic trial. The eggs were turned manually approximately at 6 hours of interval. On the other hand, in the automatically controlled trial, it was done by egg turner maintaining exactly 6 hours of interval. It is noted that the percentage of hatching in rice husk incubators is below 55% which is much below comparing with the developed incubator. Also, the newborn chickens in rice husk incubators are unhealthy as they don’t get a sufficient amount of heat. Besides, in the sand incubation technique, kerosene-based hurricane lamps are used which produce Carbon Dioxide. The developed incubator is environment friendly because it doesn’t produce any by-product that is responsible for harming the environment. Also, after the successful trials, we have found the benefit-cost ratio was 1.42 which was quite satisfactory. The egg incubator can maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs and is capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs effectively. If the developed incubator is commercially supplied to the end-user, it will be a beneficial process of hatching for the farmer of Bangladesh.

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Soeb, Md Janibul Alam, Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun, Shamima Shammi, Minhaj Uddin, and Rukon Ahmed Eimon. "Design and Fabrication of Low-Cost Incubator to Evaluate Hatching Performance of Egg." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 6, no. 7 (December 3, 2021): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ej-eng.2021.6.7.2662.

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In this study, a poultry egg incubator was designed, fabricated, and tested to evaluate its hatching performance. The incubator consists of a microcontroller with egg turner trays and incubating chamber of 116 nos. of egg capacity. The hatchability of the developed incubator was 79.3% and 87.1% hatchability during manual and automatic trials respectively. The temperature in the developed incubator was within the acceptable incubation temperature ranges from 37.6 °C to 38.6 °C. The average relative humidity in the developed incubator was maintained at 63.6% at manual and 55-65% at automatic trial. The eggs were turned manually approximately at 6 hours of interval. On the other hand, in the automatically controlled trial, it was done by egg turner maintaining exactly 6 hours of interval. It is noted that the percentage of hatching in rice husk incubators is below 55% which is much below comparing with the developed incubator. Also, the newborn chickens in rice husk incubators are unhealthy as they don’t get a sufficient amount of heat. Besides, in the sand incubation technique, kerosene-based hurricane lamps are used which produce Carbon Dioxide. The developed incubator is environment friendly because it doesn’t produce any by-product that is responsible for harming the environment. Also, after the successful trials, we have found the benefit-cost ratio was 1.42 which was quite satisfactory. The egg incubator can maintain the optimum conditions for the hatching of the chicken eggs and is capable of incubating and hatching the chicken eggs effectively. If the developed incubator is commercially supplied to the end-user, it will be a beneficial process of hatching for the farmer of Bangladesh.

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Dewey, Dana, and Eric J. Wagner. "Inexpensive Polyvinyl Chloride Egg Incubation Jar." Progressive Fish-Culturist 55, no. 3 (July 1993): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8640(1993)055<0207:ipceij>2.3.co;2.

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Yen, An, Hsiao-Jou Wu, Pin-Yi Chen, Hon-Tsen Yu, and Jia-Yang Juang. "Egg Incubation Mechanics of Giant Birds." Biology 10, no. 8 (August 1, 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10080738.

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Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to conduct mechanical analyses on eggshells of giant birds, and relate this to the evolution and reproductive behavior of avian species. We aim to (1) investigate mechanical characteristics of eggshell structures of various ratite species, enabling comparisons between species with or without reversed sexual size dimorphism (RSSD); (2) quantify the safety margin provided by RSSD; (3) determine whether the Williams’ egg can have been incubated by an extinct giant bird Genyornis newtoni; (4) determine the theoretical maximum body mass for contact incubation. We use a dimensionless number C to quantify relative shell stiffness with respect to the egg size, allowing for comparison across wide body masses. We find that RSSD in moas significantly increases the safety margin of contact incubation by the lighter males. However, their safety margins are still smaller than those of the moa species without RSSD. Two different strategies were adopted by giant birds—one is RSSD and thinner shells, represented by some moa species; the other is no RSSD and regular shells, represented by the giant elephant bird. Finally, we predicted that the upper limit of body mass for contact incubation was 2000 kg.

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Faki, Aisha E., E. A. E. Obeid, Hagir I. M. Osman, and A. E. Amin. "Ostrich (Struthio camelus ) Egg Embryonic Death During Artificial Incubation." International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 3, no. 4 (December 30, 2015): 566–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijasbt.v3i4.13523.

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Intensification of ostrich farming revealed that egg hatchability was remarkably lower than the wild. This review considers the factors leading to, as pertaining to the ostrich, egg and incubator. Ostrich genotype, age, season and congenital problems affect clutch and egg sizes and egg quality- fertility to lead a successful hatch. Egg treatment prior incubation can later reduce hatchability, affected by storage conditions and duration. Most detrimental factors lie in the incubator and hatcher management. Egg correct positioning and turning in the appropriate incubator humidity and temperature are likely to yield high hatch. Variability in egg size, shell quality, pore sizes and numbers govern the water loss and exchange of gases. The hatcher management is important when chicks need intervention. Dead-in-shell embryos, early or late were likely to be affected by all of the above factors plus egg microbial contamination or be merely nutritional.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 3(4): 566-578

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Ronconi, R. A., and J. M. Hipfner. "Egg neglect under risk of predation in Cassin’s Auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 87, no. 5 (May 2009): 415–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z09-027.

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We tested predictions concerning the significance of egg neglect for the burrow-nesting seabird Cassin’s auklet (Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas, 1811)) at a colony where endemic Keen’s mice (Peromyscus keeni Merriam, 1897) depredate unattended eggs. A video-camera probe was used to monitor neglect and predation in 32 burrows, and mass loss of incubating adults was measured in 12 separate burrows. Incubating birds lost 8.1% of their body mass over obligate 24 h incubation shifts, suggesting that incubation is costly. In response, most pairs (79%) neglected their egg at least once. As predicted, rates of neglect decreased as incubation progressed, and the costs of neglect increased. Rates of neglect increased during periods of strong winds, which create poor foraging conditions at sea. Contrary to predictions, rates of neglect did not increase when burrows were colder and self-maintenance costs were higher. Neglect was risky in that rates of egg loss by predation increased with frequency of neglect. Increased neglect early in incubation and during periods of poor foraging conditions, despite high rates of predation on neglected eggs, is consistent with the existence of a fitness trade-off between costs and benefits of neglect.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Egg incubation"

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Rosell, R. S. "Incubation of crustacean eggs in vitro." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377136.

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Bogdanova, Maria Ivanova. "Variation in parental investment during avian egg production and incubation." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418349.

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Stetten, George, Fred Koontz, Christine Sheppard, and Charles Koontz. "TELEMETRIC EGG FOR MONITORING NEST MICROCLIMATE OF ENDANGERED BIRDS." International Foundation for Telemetering, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613481.

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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 29-November 02, 1990 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada
A series of artificial eggs has been developed for the New York Zoological Society to measure conditions in the nest of the white-naped crane (Grus Vipio). Investigations undertaken at the Bronx Zoo have endeavored to improve artificial incubation of the eggs of endangered species of birds. Artificial eggs were constructed and camouflaged so that a pair of birds would accept and incubate them. Inside each counterfeit egg, a radio telemetry transmitter was hidden to report on the temperature and humidity in the nest and the orientation of the egg itself with respect to gravity.

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Alvarado, Mora Leonardo. "Processo de incubação artificial de ovos : desenvolvimento de sistemas de medição de temperatura e massa." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/256983.

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Orientador: Nelson Luis Cappelli
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agricola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T05:24:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlvaradoMora_Leonardo_M.pdf: 7314728 bytes, checksum: da3e081b1a33326f3ba964a8ccdd55ac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008
Resumo: O aumento na demanda da produção de avicultura de corte no Brasil faz que seja necessário o desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias que melhorem a operacionalidade das máquinas incubadoras. Na atualidade existem problemas no controle de variáveis físicas no espaço confinado das incubadoras que impedem maximizar a eclosão dos ovos e afetam o desempenho do pintainho pós-eclosão. Dois destas variáveis que são tema de estudo neste trabalho são a temperatura do embrião e a perda de massa do ovo, as quais são determinantes em todo o processo pois afetam as taxas de bicagem interna e de nascimentos com sucesso. Não existem dispositivos que quantifiquem estes fatores, causando o seu desconhecimento dentro das incubadoras. Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um sistema de medição de temperatura por sensores com contato, comparando o seu funcionamento com um sensor sem contato (Infravermelho), utilizado em medições preliminares dentro das máquinas. Foi também desenvolvido um sistema de medição de peso para quantificar a perda de massa do ovo. Para a medição da temperatura com contato foi desenvolvido um dispositivo com cinco sensores tipo circuito integrado previamente calibrados, dos quais, três foram dispostos em contato com a casca do ovo, e dois foram posicionados a 10mm da casca para medir a temperatura ambiente. Como temperatura de referência foi assumida a registrada dentro de um ovo instrumentado com três sensores tipo circuito integrado. Com o fim de simular o ambiente interno da incubadora, o ovo instrumentado, o sensor com contato e o sensor sem contato foram posicionados em um duto de ar construído em madeira de média densidade (MDF). Neste local, foram simuladas duas condições do processo de incubação: no inicio quando é preciso fornecer calor por parte da máquina para aquecer o ovo e no final quando devido à máxima produção de calor do embrião, a máquina resfria o ovo; verificando-se nas duas situações a exatidão e a influência da velocidade do ar nas leituras de temperatura dos sensores. Para a medição da massa foram usados quatro sensores de força extensométricos fixados a uma subestrutura de uma prateleira que faz parte de uma máquina de incubação de estágio único. Realizou-se a calibração estática na capacidade nominal e na faixa de utilização do sistema, com cargas de ovos colocados em duas bandejas de incubação com a finalidade de obter as principais características estáticas e a equação de calibração. Verificou-se também a influência da viragem dos ovos nas leituras da massa. O dispositivo de medição de temperatura com contato registrou maior exatidão nas leituras das duas condições simuladas. A menor exatidão deste dispositivo apresentou-se no resfriamento do ovo, chegando próximo de 96% do valor de referência; sendo esta diminuição conseqüência direta da alteração da temperatura ambiente. A velocidade do ar não influenciou nas leituras de nenhum dos sistemas de medição de temperatura. O sensor sem contato devido ao menor tempo de resposta, registrou leituras menos exatas. Em condições de regime permanente o sensor sem contato registra 3ºC de erro respeito ao valor de referência. Na calibração do sistema de pesagem na capacidade nominal e na faixa útil, registraram-se baixos valores de histerese, não linearidade e repetitividade. O erro da diferença entre a massa de referência e a massa calculada diminuiu na faixa de utilização. A influência da viragem dos ovos foi desprezível e não interferiu na precisão das leituras do valor da massa.
Abstract: The increasing demand of the poultry farming production in Brazil requires the development of new technologies that improve the results of the incubator machines. At the present time, there are some problems in the control of physical variables of the confined space of the incubators that don't allow to maximize the hatching eggs and that affect the chick performance in farm. Two of these variables; subject of study in this work, are the temperature of the embryo and the loss of mass of the egg, which are determinant through all the process because they affect the pipping measures and the number of successful births. Unfortunately till now it does not exist an adequate device that quantifies these factors, causing ignorance about it. In this work, a temperature measurement system by sensors with contact was developed, comparing its performance with a sensor without contact (Infrared), which was used in preliminary measurements inside the incubators. It was also developed a weight measurement system to quantify the loss of mass of the egg. In order to apply the measurement of temperature with contact, it was developed a device with five integrated circuit type sensors previously calibrated, three of them were in contact with the eggshell, and two of them were placed to 10mm from the eggshell to measure the air temperature around the egg. As temperature of reference it was assumed the registered one inside an instrumented egg was manufactured with three integrated circuit type sensors. In order to simulate the internal atmosphere of the incubator, the instrumented egg, the sensor with contact and the sensor without contact were placed in a tunnel of air built in wood of medium density. In this place, two conditions of the incubation process were simulated: at the beginning when it is necessary that the machine supplies heat to heat up the egg and finally when the machine cool the egg due to the maximum production of heat of the embryo; being verified in the two situations the accuracy and the influence of the air speed in the sensors temperature recordings. For the measurement of the mass, four load cells were used; they were fit and set to a shelf substructure which belong to a part of a single-stage incubation machine. The static calibration of the system was made in the nominal capacity and the rank of use, with egg placed in two incubation trays with the purpose of obtaining the main static characteristics and the calibration equation. The influence of the eggs turning in the recordings of the mass was also verified. The device of temperature measurement with contact registered a highest accuracy in the recordings of the two simulated conditions. The smallest accuracy of this device appeared or was presented during the cooling of the egg, almost achieving a 96% from the reference value, being this decrease a direct consequence of the air temperature alteration. The air speed did not influence in the recordings of any of the temperature measurement systems. The sensor without contact registered less accuracy recordings, due to its smallest delay time. In conditions of equilibrium the sensor without contact registers 3°C of error in relation to the reference value. In the calibration of the weight system in the nominal capacity and the interval of use, low values of hysteresis were registered, there were nonlinearity and repeatability. The error of the dissimilarity between the mass of reference and the calculated mass diminished in the interval of use. The influence of the eggs turning was trivial and it did not interfere in the precision of the readings of the value of the mass.
Mestrado
Maquinas Agricolas
Mestre em Engenharia Agrícola

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5

Bwika, Racheal Musonda, and Syeda Samra Munir. "Nursing the Egg : Evaluation of facilitating factors leading towards innovation through managing corporate incubation process." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-66107.

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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the facilitating factors that lead towards innovation through the management of corporate incubation process. Design/methodology/approach: This research was conducted through utilising the multiple case study research design. The interviews were semi structured (Skype and in person) with multinational companies having corporate incubators. Number of interviews conducted were 13 in 6 companies out of 12 companies contacted. Theoretical framework: The theoretical framework firstly encompasses corporate incubation process literature that relates it to innovation, followed by the description of the business incubation process and corporate incubation process and comparison between both. Lastly, the facilitating factors that are identified from theory related to general business incubation process by (Patton et al. 2009) are identified for investigation on corporate incubation process. Afterwards the proposed drivers related to each facilitating factor and literature associated with themare elaborated in order to thoroughly explain the identified facilitating factors’ impact on corporate incubation process. Findings: From the findings, innovation can be considered as the outcome of corporate incubation process. The results showed that the factors: a quality ‘pipeline’, picking the winners, developing commercialisation skills in new tenant/client companies’ team, monitoring and evaluating progress, creating synergies within the internal support network, building and maintaining an effective external support network, access to appropriate funding streams and managed exit are the facilitating factors for the management of corporate incubation process. The drivers proposed in the existing study are proven to be useful in order to explain the impact of these facilitating factors on corporate incubation process. Furthermore, it is found that out of these eight facilitating factors, having a quality pipeline is the most important factor that should be developed and improved, in order to make the corporate incubation process more efficient. Managerial implications: For managers of multinational firms, it is recommended that they should utilise the corporate incubation process in order to contribute towards organisational innovation. However, the purpose of bringing innovation should be aligned with the long term objectives of the firm. Furthermore, they should concentrate on developing a quality pipeline of ideas in the initial phase of the process, since it will reduce the chances of failure of projects at a later stage of the corporate incubation process. Limitations: Small sample size without adequately diverse geographical spread. Since,the study is conducted on the basis of interviews of 6 multinational firms having corporate incubators, and out of which majority were from Northern European countries. Originality/value: This paper is one of the first to analyse the facilitating factors leading towards innovation exclusively for corporate incubation process by interviewing those multinational firms which are currently following the process.

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Deeming, Denis Charles. "An investigation into the physiological basis for egg turning during incubation in birds." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.329681.

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Churchill, Giles John. "An investigation into the captive spawning, egg characteristics and egg quality of the mud crab (Scylla serrata) in South Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015963.

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The source of a reliable supply of seed is one of the most important factors determining the success of aquaculture. At present mud crab culture is reliant on wild caught juveniles, which limits the expansion of mud crab farming globally. This, coupled with the paucity of knowledge of the spawning and egg characteristics of mud crabs, prompted the investigation into the captive spawning, incubation and egg quality of Scylla serrata in South Africa. A total of 112 mature females were caught from three estuaries in northern KwaZulu Natal and acclimated to captive conditions. Mature females were present in the estuaries throughout the year and ranged from 90 to 200 mm carapace width. Except for 40 crabs all the females spawned in captivity. On average spawning took place 38 ± 23 days after capture but was not dependent on crab size. Fecundity was significantly correlated to crab size (p = 0.026), with larger females producing more eggs. The average fecundity per batch was 5.79 ± 2.07 million eggs. Hatch success rate for all egg batches was high averaging 84 ± 6 %. Egg dropping occurred in all egg batches during incubation. On average 6.5 % of the egg mass was dropped during incubation. At the average temperature of 27⁰C eggs in the incubation system hatched within 292 ± 12 hours after extrusion. In-vitro incubation of eggs proved to be an ineffective means of incubating Scylla serrata eggs with a hatch success rate of only 25 ± 5 %. Egg quality was assessed both directly, using variables such as hatch success rate and hatch synchronicity and retrospectively by using stress tests and comparing survival of larvae from different coloured egg batches. Lipid class composition and fatty acid methyl ester content for 28 batches of eggs and 16 batches of larvae were analyzed. The biochemical composition of the egg was correlated to survival of larvae in the stress tests to ascertain if the lipid content of the eggs determines their quality. Stress tests were used to retrospectively assess egg quality. Four stressors were administered to newly hatched larvae and the LD50 values recorded. An average LD50 of 64 hours was recorded for the starvation tests, 40% for the salinity tests, 37 ppm for the formalin tests and 39.7 mg/l NH3 for the ammonia stress tests was recorded. Egg colour ranged from pale yellow to orange-red. Egg colour was not influenced by female size or the time the females spent in captivity prior to spawning. Egg colour can therefore not be used as an indicator of quality. The lipid profiles of newly extruded eggs had no effect on hatch synchronicity or hatch success rate. However, the stress tests identified female size (p ≤ 0.02), DHA content of the egg (p ≤ 0.02), Σ omega-3 fatty acids of eggs (p ≤ 0.02) and EPA content of eggs (p ≤ 0.007) as possible determinants of egg quality. Larger crabs tended to produce poorer quality eggs. Egg quality also decreased as the amount of DHA, EPA and the Σ omega-3 fatty acids decreased in the eggs. To summarize, the results of this study indicated that the following parameters affect egg quality - crab size, DHA, EPA and Σ omega-3 fatty acid content of eggs.

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Harper, Christopher J. "A large volume striped bass egg incubation chamber design and comparison with a traditional method /." Connect to this title online, 2008. http://etd.lib.clemson.edu/documents/1233081263/.

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Jafari, Shadi. "The expression of thermoTRP channels in the brood patch of jungle fowl (Gallus gallus) during egg incubation." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-19100.

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The regulation of egg temperature requires the transfer of heat from the brood patch. Thus, the brood patch needs the presence of thermo receptors as well as an appropriate vasomotor response. During the incubation an exact detection of the egg’s temperature is essential. So, in this study we attempted to detect the presence and regulation of the expressionof thermoTRP channels (thermo Transient Receptor Potential channels) (TRPV1, TRPV3, TRPV4, TRPM8 and TRPA1) during egg incubation. Six incubating Jungle fowl hens, and five non incubating jungle fowl hens and one jungle fowl cock were used as main samples and controls. Total RNA was extracted from liver, kidney, heart, blood, White Blood Cell, Dorsal Root Ganglion and skin. The samples from the skin were taken from the brood patch and inter scapular region. PCR investigation showed that different thermo TRP channels were expressed in different tissues. TRPV1, V3, V4 and M8 mRNA were detected in the skin of brood patch. However, V1 and V3 expression in the brood patch skin did not differ between broody and non broody hens. In conclusion, although considerable morphological changes in the skin of brood patch could be seen, the expression of TRPV1 and V3 channels did not change significantly, but this cannot exclude the alteration in the expression of TRP channels in different stages of broodiness or specific parts of skin like AVAs (Arteriovenous anastomosis) which will be the subject for more studies.

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Besson, Anne Amelie, and n/a. "Effects of cool temperature on egg incubation, thermoregulation and physiological performance of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) : implications for conservation programmes." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090713.160643.

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Tuatara (Sphenodon spp.) were once widespread over both the North and the South Islands of New Zealand approximately 1000 years ago but are now restricted to offshore islands due to introduced predators and habitat destruction. The survival of tuatara is now threatened by climate change because of isolation on islands that prevent them from migrating to cooler regions, and by their limited capacity to adapt due to their long life span and low genetic diversity. The thermal suitability of cooler regions for future translocations could be the key for tuatara conservation. The overall aim of the study was to determine the effect of cool temperature on the physiology, behaviour and egg incubation of Cook Strait tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). As well answering specific questions about tuatara and their adaptation to cool temperature this study aimed at answering general questions about the behavioural and evolutionary ecology of reptiles. I first compared the preferred body temperature, feeding responses and tolerance to cold temperature of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) with three lizard species that inhabit the Otago region of southern New Zealand: Hoplodactylus maculatus, Naultinus gemmeus and Oligosoma maccanni. As well as testing the co-adaptation hypothesis between preferred body temperature and physiological performance of reptiles, I wanted to determine whether tuatara (which are planned to be reintroduced from a warmer site to the Otago region) have similar responses to cool temperature as do Otago lizard species. I found that tuatara show responses to cold temperatures similar to those of lizards from southern New Zealand, suggesting that if tuatara are translocated outside of their geographical range, they are likely to survive. I then tested if tuatara were capable of modifying their thermoregulatory behaviour if translocated to a cooler region. To do so, I conducted a laboratory experiment in which tuatara were provided with three thermal treatments corresponding to the thermal environments they would experience in their current habitat and the proposed reintroduction site. Contrary to the prediction of the cost-benefit model of thermoregulation, tuatara became active thermoregulators when the thermal quality of the habitat decreased. The results suggest that the model is less applicable to cold-adapted species and that if translocated to cooler regions, tuatara will be able to adjust their thermoregulatory behaviour to their thermal environment. Tuatara are temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) reptiles and their translocation to cooler regions could have an dramatic impact on the sex ratio of new populations. To determine if potentially lower incubation temperature would be a limiting factor for the reintroduction of tuatara, I translocated eggs to the proposed reintroduction site. Some tuatara embryos developed at the site (and later hatched in the laboratory), but incubation lasted longer than in natural nests and all hatchlings were female. This trend observed in biased sex ratio might change in the context of climate change as an increase of soil temperature by 3�C would allow the production of males at the proposed site. The present study demonstrates that the translocation of tuatara further south, outside of their current geographical range, is possible and recommended. Tuatara show similar responses to cool temperatures compared with lizards that live in southern New Zealand, they can also adjust their thermoregulatory behaviour if translocated to cooler habitats, and tuatara embryos could potentially develop successfully in cooler regions. The greatest chance for the future survival of tuatara and TSD species in general, lies in translocation to other locations that are thermally suitable.

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Books on the topic "Egg incubation"

1

Service, Game Conservancy Advisory. Egg production and incubation. Fordingbridge: Game Conservancy, 1993.

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Service, Game Conservancy Advisory. Egg production and incubation. Fordingbridge: Game Conservancy, 1993.

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Hatched from an egg. Bethany, MO: Fitzgerald Books, 2007.

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Kraus, Frederic R. A guide to classroom salmon egg incubation in Alaska. Anchorage, Alaska: Alaska Dept. of Fish and Game, Division of Sport Fish, Research and Technical Services, 1999.

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Liaw, W. K. Habitat suitability criteria for walleye spawning and egg incubation in Saskatchewan. Saskatoon: Saskatchewan Fisheries Laboratory, Dept. of Parks and Renewable Resources, 1991.

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Moore, Alan A. Manipulation of hatchery spawning procedures to improve walleye egg fertility and survival. [Des Moines, Iowa]: Iowa Dept. of Natural Resources, 1997.

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Alun yr Arth a'r wy Pasg. Talybont, Ceredigion: Y Lolfa, 2014.

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Chelnokova, Marina, Farhat Suleymanov, Andrey Chelnokov, Yuliya Arzhankova, Zoya Nikolaeva, and Ol'ga Lanskaya. Patterns of growth, metabolism of egg cross chicken embryos and the development of their visceral organs under the influence of variable incubation temperatures. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1870595.

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The monograph is devoted to the study of the growth patterns, metabolism of chicken egg cross embryos and the development of their visceral organs under the influence of variable incubation temperatures. New data on the main patterns of growth and energy metabolism in the embryogenesis of birds are summarized. Up-to-date information on the growth and development, energy exchange of egg and meat cross chicken embryos is presented. New data have been obtained on the effectiveness of the effect of variable incubation temperature on the growth and metabolism of egg cross chicken embryos and the development of their visceral organs. It is intended for graduate students and teachers of higher education, researchers related to the problems of artificial incubation of farm birds.

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Simmons, Jane. Tai-hsi ho pao pei tan =: Daisy and the egg. London, England: Milet, 2000.

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S, Robins G. E., ed. The incubation book. Reading: World Pheasant Association, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Egg incubation"

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Parkhurst, Carmen R., and George J. Mountney. "Incubation and Hatchery Management." In Poultry Meat and Egg Production, 65–84. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0683-3_5.

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Parkhurst, Carmen R., and George J. Mountney. "Incubation and Hatchery Management." In Poultry Meat and Egg Production, 65–84. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7053-6_5.

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Summerfelt, Robert C., and J. Alan Johnson. "Intensive Culture of Walleye from Egg Incubation to Juvenile." In Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes, 313–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7227-3_11.

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Hagiwara, Atsushi, and Akinori Hino. "Effect of incubation and preservation on resting egg hatching and mixis in the derived clones of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis." In Rotifer Symposium V, 415–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0465-1_51.

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Scherbatov, Vyacheslav, and Ksenia Bachinina. "Pre-incubation Selection of Quail Eggs." In Fundamental and Applied Scientific Research in the Development of Agriculture in the Far East (AFE-2021), 350–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-91405-9_38.

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Cyriac, Stella, and Leo Joseph. "Incubation and Hatching of Duck Eggs." In Duck Production and Management Strategies, 339–83. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6100-6_9.

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van den Brand, H., M. J. W. Heetkamp, and B. Kemp. "Chapter 12: Indirect calorimetry during incubation of hatching eggs." In Indirect calorimetry, 231–46. The Netherlands: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-261-0_12.

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Luo, BinHao, and JiYi Liang. "Development of an egg incubator with PID closed-loop control." In Energy Revolution and Chemical Research, 206–15. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003332657-31.

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Junaidi, Apri, Faisal Dharma Adhinata, Ade Rahmat Iskandar, and Jerry Lasama. "Image Classification for Egg Incubator Using Transfer Learning VGG16 and InceptionV3." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Electronics, Biomedical Engineering, and Health Informatics, 85–95. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1804-9_7.

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May, Linda. "Effect of incubation temperature on the hatching of rotifer resting eggs collected from sediments." In Rotifer Symposium IV, 335–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4059-8_46.

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Conference papers on the topic "Egg incubation"

1

Duvanov, E. S., Y. I. Kudinov, and F. F. Pashchenko. "Features of Egg Incubation Process Control." In 2022 4th International Conference on Control Systems, Mathematical Modeling, Automation and Energy Efficiency (SUMMA). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/summa57301.2022.9974119.

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Wang, X. C., B. M. Li, and Q. Tong. "Manipulation of green LED in chicken egg incubation." In 2017 14th China International Forum on Solid State Lighting: International Forum on Wide Bandgap Semiconductors China (SSLChina: IFWS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ifws.2017.8245980.

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Yoshida, Toma, and Tomoyuki Yamaguchi. "Egg Masses Classification of Golden Apple Snail Considering Incubation Process." In 2022 61st Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/sice56594.2022.9905856.

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Kutsira, G. V., N. I. Nwulu, and E. M. Dogo. "Development of a Small Scaled Microcontroller-Based Poultry Egg Incubation System." In 2019 International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing Symposium (IDAP). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/idap.2019.8875897.

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Rafik, ARBOUCHE, ARBOUCHE Yasmine, BENSAHA hocine, MENNANI Achour, and ARBOUCHE fodil. "Strains of Algerian farmhouse laying hens:Physicochemical characteristics and egg incubation parameters." In 4th International Conference on Applied Research in Science, Technology and Knowledge. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/4th.stk.2019.11.675.

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Tolentino, Lean Karlo S., Emmanuel Justine G. Enrico, Ralph Lawrence M. Listanco, Mark Anthony M. Ramirez, Ted Lorenz U. Renon, and Mark Rikko B. Samson. "Development of Fertile Egg Detection and Incubation System Using Image Processing and Automatic Candling." In TENCON 2018 - 2018 IEEE Region 10 Conference. IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tencon.2018.8650320.

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Duvanov, E. S., Y. I. Kudinov, F. F. Pashchenko, and V. S. Duvanova. "Analysis of the Technological Process of Egg Incubation and Formulation of the Control Problem." In 2021 3rd International Conference on Control Systems, Mathematical Modeling, Automation and Energy Efficiency (SUMMA). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/summa53307.2021.9632224.

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ŽIBIENĖ, Gražina, Alvydas ŽIBAS, and Laima ŠVIRINIENĖ. "THE EFFECTS OF TANNIC ACID ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EGG FERTILIZATION AND REMOVING CARP EGG ADHESIVENESS." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.016.

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Egg adhesiveness is one of the major problems in carp artificial breeding. The appropriate elimination of egg adhesiveness impacts the effectiveness of the breeding. This article discusses two used methods of carp egg adhesiveness removal: tannic acid+water and milk+water+salt solutions. Milk, water and salt solution was based on the following proportions: 1 litre of milk + 7 litres of water +50g of NaCl. Adhesiveness is removed from fertilized eggs in bowls by mixing them with geese feathers for no shorter than 60 minutes. The tannic acid solution was prepared by mixing 7 grams of tannic acid powder with 5 litres of water. 1 litre of solution is immediately poured into a bowl with fertilized eggs. Adhesiveness is removed from fertilized eggs in bowls by intensively mixing them for 10 minutes. After fertilization and removal of adhesiveness, the eggs were transferred into Weiss jars. The results showed that during the process of incubation, 3.7 million eggs were fertilized; out of them 1.6 million were rid of adhesiveness by milk solution, 2.1 – by tannic solution. It is plausible that unfavourable environmental conditions influenced the low egg vitality. 750 000 (47%) carp larvae hatched from milk solution treated eggs, while 800 000 (38%) of larvae hatched from the eggs treated with tannic solution.

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Pattison, I., D. A. Sear, P. Carling, and A. L. Collins. "Assessing the effect of fine sediment upon salmonid egg incubation using a modelling approach: SIDO-UK." In BHS 11th National Hydrology symposium. British Hydrological Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7558/bhs.2012.ns43.

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Amdadul Bari, Md, Md Julhas Hossain, and Mohammad Monirujjaman Khan. "Development of Smart Egg Incubator." In 2021 IEEE 12th Annual Ubiquitous Computing, Electronics & Mobile Communication Conference (UEMCON). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/uemcon53757.2021.9666653.

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Reports on the topic "Egg incubation"

1

Warner, Daniel, Timothy Mitchell, and Fredric J. Janzen. The Effects of Egg-incubation Temperature on Growth and Survival of Hatchling Painted Turtles. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-505.

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Ryan, Kathleen M. Effects of egg incubation condition on the post-hatching growth and performance of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10154684.

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Ryan, K. M. Effects of egg incubation condition on the post-hatching growth and performance of the snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6531158.

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El Halawani, Mohamed, and Israel Rozenboim. Environmental factors affecting the decline in reproductive efficiency of turkey hens: Mediation by vasoactive intestinal peptide. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7696508.bard.

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Reproductive failure associated with heat stress is a well known phenomenon in avian species. Increased prolactin (PRL) levels in response to heat stress have been suggested as a mechanism involved in this reproductive malfunction. To test this hypothesis, laying female turkeys were subjected to 40°C for 12 h during the photo-phase daily or maintained at 24–26°C. Birds in each group received oral treatment with parachlorophenyalanine (PCPA; 50 mg/kg BW/day for 3 days), an inhibitor of serotonin (5-HT) biosynthesis; or immunized against vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). Both treatments are known to reduce circulating PRL levels. Non treated birds were included as controls. In the control group, high ambient temperature terminated egg laying, induced ovarian regression, reduced plasma luteinizing hormone (LH) and ovarian steroids (progesterone, testosterone, estradiol) levels, and increased plasma PRL levels and the incidence of incubation behavior. Pretreatment with PCPA reduced (P< 0.05) heat stress-induced decline in egg production, increase in PRL levels, and expression of incubation behavior. Plasma LH and ovarian steroid levels of heat stressed birds were restored to that of controls by PCPA treatment. As in PCPA-treated birds, VIP immunoneutralization of heat-stressed turkeys reduced (P< 0.05) circulating PRL levels and prevented the expression of incubation behavior. But it did not restore the decline in LH, ovarian steroids, and egg production (P> 0.05). The present findings indicate that the detrimental effect of high temperature on reproductive performance may not be related to the elevated PRL levels in heat-stressed birds but to mechanism(s) that involve 5-HT neurotransmission and the induction of hyperthermia.

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El Halawani, Mohamed, and Israel Rozenboim. Temperature Stress and Turkey Reproduction. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7570546.bard.

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High temperature stress is of major concern to turkey producers in Israel and the United States. The decline in the rate of egg production at high environmental temperature is well recognized, but the neuroendocrinological basis is not understood. Our objectives were: 1) to characterize the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis involvement in the mechanism(s) underlying the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproduction, and 2) to establish procedures that alleviate the damaging effect of heat stress on reproduction. Heat stress (40oC, Israel; 32oC, U.S.) caused significant reduction in egg production, which was restored by VIP immunoneutralization. The decline in egg production did not appear to be entirely related to the expression of incubation behavior due to the rise in circulating PRL in stressed birds. Heat stress was found to increase circulating PRL in ovariectomized turkeys independent of the reproductive stage. Active immunization against VIP was shown for the first time to up-regulate LHb and FSHb subunit mRNA contents. These findings taken together with the results that the heat stress-induced decline in egg production may not be dependent upon the reproductive stage, lead to the suggestion that the detrimental effect of heat stress on reproductive performance may be in part mediated by VIP acting directly on the GnRH/gonadotropin system. Inhibin (INH) immunoneutralization has been shown to enhance FSH secretion and induces ovulation in mammals. It is hypothesized that immunization of heat-stressed turkeys against INH will increase levels of circulating FSH and the number of preovulating follicles which leads to improved reproductive performance. We have cloned and expressed turkey INH-a and INH-bA. Active immunization of turkey hens with rtINH-a increased pituitary FSH-b subunit mRNA and the number of non-graded preovulatory yellow follicles, but no significant increase in egg production was observed.

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Uni, Zehava, and Peter Ferket. Enhancement of development of broilers and poults by in ovo feeding. United States Department of Agriculture, May 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7695878.bard.

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The specific objectives of this research were the study of the physical and nutritional properties of the In Ovo Feeding (IOF) solution (i.e. theosmostic properties and the carbohydrate: protein ratio composition). Then, using the optimal solution for determining its effect on hatchability, early nutritional status and intestinal development of broilers and turkey during the last quarter of incubation through to 7 days post-hatch (i.e. pre-post hatch period) by using molecular, biochemical and histological tools. The objective for the last research phase was the determination of the effect of in ovo feeding on growth performance and economically valuable production traits of broiler and turkey flocks reared under practical commercial conditions. The few days before- and- after hatch is a critical period for the development and survival of commercial broilers and turkeys. During this period chicks make the metabolic and physiological transition from egg nutriture (i.e. yolk) to exogenous feed. Late-term embryos and hatchlings may suffer a low glycogen status, especially when oxygen availability to the embryo is limited by low egg conductance or poor incubator ventilation. Much of the glycogen reserve in the late-term chicken embryo is utilized for hatching. Subsequently, the chick must rebuild that glycogen reserve by gluconeogenesis from body protein (mostly from the breast muscle) to support post-hatch thermoregulation and survival until the chicks are able to consume and utilize dietary nutrients. Immediately post-hatch, the chick draws from its limited body reserves and undergoes rapid physical and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in order to digest feed and assimilate nutrients. Because the intestine is the nutrient primary supply organ, the sooner it achieves this functional capacity, the sooner the young bird can utilize dietary nutrients and efficiently grow at its genetic potential and resist infectious and metabolic disease. Feeding the embryo when they consume the amniotic fluid (IOF idea and method) showed accelerated enteric development and elevated capacity to digest nutrients. By injecting a feeding solution into the embryonic amnion, the embryo naturally consume supplemental nutrients orally before hatching. This stimulates intestinal development to start earlier as was exhibited by elevated gene expression of several functional genes (brush border enzymes an transporters , elvated surface area, elevated mucin production . Moreover, supplying supplemental nutrients at a critical developmental stage by this in ovo feeding technology improves the hatchling’s nutritional status. In comparison to controls, administration of 1 ml of in ovo feeding solution, containing dextrin, maltose, sucrose and amino acids, into the amnion of the broiler embryo increased dramatically total liver glycogen in broilers and in turkeys in the pre-hatch period. In addition, an elevated relative breast muscle size (% of broiler BW) was observed in IOF chicks to be 6.5% greater at hatch and 7 days post-hatch in comparison to controls. Experiment have shown that IOF broilers and turkeys increased hatchling weights by 3% to 7% (P<0.05) over non injected controls. These responses depend upon the strain, the breeder hen age and in ovo feed composition. The weight advantage observed during the first week after hatch was found to be sustained at least through 35 days of age. Currently, research is done in order to adopt the knowledge for commercial practice.

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Halevy, Orna, Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni, and Israel Rozenboim. Enhancement of meat production by monochromatic light stimuli during embryogenesis: effect on muscle development and post-hatch growth. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7586471.bard.

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The original objectives were: A. To determine the critical embryonic age for monochromatic green light stimulation. B. To follow the ontogeny of embryos exposed to monochromatic green light vs. darkness. C. To investigate the effects of monochromatic green light illumination on myoblast and fiber development in the embryo. D. To investigate the stimulatory effect of light combinations during embryo and post-hatch periods on growth and meat production. E. To evaluate the direct effect of monochromatic green light on cultured embryonic and adult myoblasts. The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of monochromatic light stimuli during incubation period of broilers on muscle development and satellite cell myogenesis. Based on previous studies (Halevy et al., 1998; Rozenboim et al., 1999) that demonstrated the positive effects of green-light illumination on body and muscle growth, we hypothesized that monochromatic light illumination accelerates embryo and muscle development and subsequently enhances muscle growth and meat production. Thus, further decreases management costs. Under the cooperation of the laboratories at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and University of Washington we have conducted the following: 1. We have established the critical stage for exposure to green monochromatic light which has the maximal effect on body and muscle growth (Objective A). We report that embryonic day 5 is optimal for starting illumination. The optimal regime of lighting that will eliminate possible heat effects was evaluated by monitoring egg core temperature at various illumination periods. We found that intermitted lighting (15 min. on; 15 min. off) is optimal to avoid heat effects. 2. We have evaluated in detail gross changes in embryo development profile associated to green light stimuli vs. darkness. In addition, we have investigated the stimulatory effect of light combinations during embryo and post-hatch periods on body and muscle growth (Objective B,D). 3. We have studied the expression profile of muscle regulatory proteins during chicken muscle cell differentiation in cultures using newly developed antibodies. This study paved the way for analyzing the expression of these proteins in our photo stimulation experiments (Objective C). 4. We have studied the pattern ofPax7 expression during myogenesis in the posthatch chicken. Experimental chick pectoralis muscles as well adult myoblast cultures were used in this study and the results led us to propose a novel model for satellite cell differentiation and renewal. 5. The effects of monochromatic green light illumination during embryogenesis have been studied. These studies focused on fetal myoblast and satellite cell proliferation and differentiation at pre- and posthatch periods and on the effects on the expression of muscle regulatory proteins which are involved in these processes. In addition, we have analyzed the effect of photo stimulation in the embryo on myofiber development at early posthatch (Objective C). 6. In follow the reviewers' comments we have not conducted Objective E. The information gathered from these studies is of utmost importance both, for understanding the molecular basis of muscle development in the posthatch chicks and for applied approach for future broiler management. Therefore, the information could be beneficial to agriculture in the short term on the one hand and to future studies on chick muscle development in the embryo and posthatch on the other hand.

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Applebaum, Shalom W., Lawrence I. Gilbert, and Daniel Segal. Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of Juvenile Hormone Synthesis and its Regulation in the Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata). United States Department of Agriculture, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7570564.bard.

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Original Objectives and revisions: (1) "To determine the biosynthetic pathway of JHB3 in the adult C. capitata CA in order to establish parameters for the future choice and synthesis of suitable inhibitors". Modified: to determine the pattern of FR-7 biosynthesis during normal reproductive maturation, and identify enzymes potentially involved in its synthesis. (2) "To correlate allatal epoxidase activity to the biosynthesis of JHB3 at different stages of reproductive maturation/vitellogenesis and evaluate the hypothesis that a specific JH-epoxidase may be rate limiting". Modified: to study the effects of epoxidase inhibitors on the pattern of allatal JH biosynthesis in vitro and on female reproduction in vive. (3) "To probe and clone the gene homologous to ap from C. capitata, determine its exon-intron organization, sequence it and demonstrate its spatial and temporal expression in larvae, pupae and adults." The "Medfly" (Ceratitis capitata) is a serious polyphagous fruit pest, widely distributed in subtropical regions. Damage is caused by oviposition and subsequent development of larvae. JH's are dominant gonadotropic factors in insects. In the higher Diptera, to which the Medfly belongs, JHB3 is a major homolog. It comprises 95% of the total JH produced in vitro in D. melanogaster, with JH-III found as a minor component. The biosynthesis of both JH-III and JHB3 is dependent on epoxidation of double bonds in the JH molecule. The specificity of such epoxidases is unknown. The male accessory gland D. melanogaster produces a Sex Peptide, transferred to the female during copulation. SP reduces female receptivity while activating specific JH biosynthesis in vitro and inducing oviposition in vive. It also reduces pheromone production and activates CA of the moth Helicoverpa armigera. In a previous study, mutants of the apterous (ap) gene of D. melanogaster were analyzed. This gene induces previteilogenic arrest which can be rescued by external application of JH. Considerable progress has been made in recombinant DNA technology of the Medfly. When fully operative, it might be possible to effectively transfer D. melanogaster endocrine gene-lesions into the Medfly as a strategy for their genetic control. A marked heterogeneity in the pattern of JH homologs produced by Medfly CA was observed. Contrary to the anticipated biosynthesis of JHB;, significant amounts of an unknown JH-like compound, of unknown structure and provisionally termed FR-7, were produced, in addition to significant amounts of JH-III and JHB3. Inhibitors of monooxygenases, devised for their effects on ecdysteroid biosynthesis, affect Medfly JH biosynthesis but do not reduce egg deposition. FR-7 was isolated from incubation media of Medfly CA and examined by various MS procedures, but its structure is not yet resolved. MS analysis is being done in collaboration with Professor R.R.W. Rickards of the Australian National University in Canberra, Australia. A homologue of the ap gene of D. melanogaster exists in the Medfly. LIM domains and the homeo-domain, important for the function of the D. melanogaster ap gene, are conserved here too. Attempts to clone the complete gene were unsuccessful. Due to the complexity of JH homologs, presence of related FR-7 in the biosynthetic products of Medfly CA and lack of reduction in eggs deposited in the presence of monooxygenase inhibitors, inhibition of epoxidases is not a feasible alternative to control Medfly reproduction, and raises questions which cannot be resolved within the current dogma of hormonal control of reproduction in Diptera. The Medfly ap gene has similar domains to the D. melanogaster ap gene. Although mutant ap genes are involved in JH deficiency, ap is a questionable candidate for an endocrine lesion, especially since the D. melanogoster gene functions is a transcription factor.

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Browdy, Craig, and Esther Lubzens. Cryopreservation of Penaeid Shrimp Embryos: Development of a Germplasm Cryo-Bank for Preservation of High Health and Genetically Improved Stocks. United States Department of Agriculture, August 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695849.bard.

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The objectives of the project were to develop a successful protocol for cryopreservation of penaeid germ plasm in order to preserve a pathogen-free broodstock nucleus for commercial exploitation of marine shrimp in aquaculture. The critical parameters to be characterized in the project were: 1. Determination of chill sensitivity and chill tolerant embryonic stages, including a full description and time course study of embryonic developmental stages. 2. Development of protocols for loading and removal of cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) from embryos; determination of optimal concentrations and duration of loading. 3. Characterization of the toxicity of the selected CP As and 4. Establishing optimal cooling and thawing procedures. Studies were performed on two penaeid species: Litopenaeus vannamei (in the USA) and P. semisulcatus (in Israel). The effect of incubation temperature on embryonic development rate and hatching success was studied in L. vannamei, showing that spawns maybe maintained at temperatures ranging from 24°C to 30°C, without compromising hatchability. Embryonic development extends from 12 hr to 19 hr at 30°C and 24°C, respectively. Studies showed that advanced embryonic developmental stages were chill tolerant in the two studied species, but P. semisulcatus could better endure lower temperatures than L. vannamei. A large number of experiments were performed to determine the optimal CP As, their concentration and duration of loading. Permeating (e.g. glycerol, methanol, DMSO, 1,2- propanediol, ethylene glycol, glucose) and non-permeating CPAs (sucrose, PVP, polyethylene glycol) were tested and several combinations of permeating and non-permeating CP As, on fertilized eggs (embryos), nauplii and protozoeae. In general, nauplii tolerated higher CPA concentrations than eggs and nauplii were also more permeable to radiolabeled methanol. Chlorine treatment intended to remove the chitinous envelop from eggs, did not increase dramatically the permeation of radiolabled methanol into eggs. Cooling eggs, nauplii or protozoeae to cryogenic temperatures, by either vitrification or slow cooling protocols, did not result in full survival of thawed samples, despite exhaustive attempts testing various protocols and CP As. Results seemed more encouraging in freezing of nauplii in comparison to eggs or protozoeae. Successful preliminary results in cryopreservation of spermatozoa of P. vannamei, will facilitate preservation of genetic specific to some extent.

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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake, and Orna Halevy. Pre-natal Epigenetic Adaptation to Improve Thermotolerance Acquisition and Performance of Fast-growing Meat-type Chickens. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592120.bard.

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: The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and performance led to the following hypothesis: (a) thethermoregulatory-response threshold for heat production can be altered by thermal manipulation (TM) during incubation so as to improve the acquisition of thermotolerance in the post-hatch broiler;and (b) TM during embryogenesis will improve myoblast proliferation during the embryonic and post-hatch periods with subsequent enhanced muscle growth and meat production. The original objectives of this study were as follow: 1. to assess the timing, temperature, duration, and turning frequency required for optimal TM during embryogenesis; 2. to evaluate the effect of TM during embryogenesis on thermoregulation (heat production and heat dissipation) during four phases: (1) embryogenesis, (2) at hatch, (3) during growth, and (4) during heat challenge near marketing age; 3. to investigate the stimulatory effect of thermotolerance on hormones that regulate thermogenesis and stress (T₄, T₃, corticosterone, glucagon); 4. to determine the effect of TM on performance (BW gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, carcass yield, breast muscle yield) of broiler chickens; and 5. to study the effect of TM during embryogenesis on skeletal muscle growth, including myoblast proliferation and fiber development, in the embryo and post-hatch chicks.This study has achieved all the original objectives. Only the plasma glucagon concentration (objective 3) was not measured as a result of technical obstacles. Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of embryogenesis when satellite cell population normally expand should increase absolute pectoralis muscle weight in broilers post-hatch. Major conclusions: Intermittent TM (39.5°C for 12 h/day) during embryogenesis when the thyroid and adrenal axis was developing and maturing (E7 to E16 inclusive) had a long lasting thermoregulatory effect that improved thermotolerance of broiler chickens exposed to acute thermal stress at market age by lowering their functional Tb set point, thus lowering metabolic rate at hatch, improving sensible heat loss, and significantly decreasing the level of stress. Increased machine ventilation rate was required during TM so as to supply the oxygen required for the periods of increased embryonic development. Enhancing embryonic development was found to be accomplished by a combination of pre-incubation heating of embryos for 12 h at 30°C, followed by increasing incubation temperature to 38°C during the first 3 days of incubation. It was further facilitated by increasing turning frequency of the eggs to 48 or 96 times daily. TM during critical phases of muscle development in the late-term chick embryo (E16 to E18) for 3 or 6 hours (39.5°C) had an immediate stimulatory effect on myoblast proliferation that lasted for up to two weeks post-hatch; this was followed by increased hypertrophy at later ages. The various incubation temperatures and TM durations focused on the fine-tuning of muscle development and growth processes during late-term embryogenesis as well as in post-hatch chickens.

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